Bedrock geologic map of the Mount Mitchell 7.5-minute quadrangle, Buncombe and Yancey Counties, North Carolina

North Carolina Department of Environmental Quality Divison of Energy, Mineral and Land Resources Kenneth B. Taylor, State Geologist CORRELATION OF MAP UNITS Ashe Metamorphic Suite stratigraphic relations uncertain INTRODUCTION DESCRIPTION OF MAP UNITS The Mount Mitchell 7.5-minute quadrangle lies in western North Carolina in portions of Buncombe and Yancey counties, south of the city of Burnsville. Within the quadrangle are the communities of Low Gap, Pensacola, Murchison, and Eskota. A large portion of Mount Mitchell State Park is on the southeastern part of the quadrangle. The Big Ivy area in the southwest and land in the northeast belong to Pisgah National Forest. State Highway 197 and the Cane River are the only major road and river on the quadrangle. Total elevation relief is 4008 ft with a low of 2676 ft along the Cane River and a high of 6,684 ft on Mount Mitchell (highest elevation east of the Mississippi River). GEOLOGIC OVERVIEW Bedrock of the Mount Mitchell quadrangle consists of the Neoproterozoic to early Cambrian Ashe Metamorphic Suite (AMS) of the Tugaloo terrane (Hatcher and others, 2007). The AMS is a thick sequence of complexly deformed and metamorphosed clastic sediments deposited in marine rift basins. Interspersed with these sediments are lesser amounts of mafic volcanic rocks and ultramafic rocks thought to have originated as oceanic crust at a spreading center (Misra and Conte, 1991 ; Raymond and Abbott, 1997). Numerous pegmatites occur within the AMS and are thought to be related to the 392-361 Ma pegmatites within the Spruce Pine Plutonic Suite (Kish, 1983, 1989; Johnson and others, 2001). No formal stratigraphic units are recognized in the AMS, but zones of dominant lithologies are shown on the geologic map. The kyanite gneiss and schist unit is distinct within the AMS with much of the peak metamorphic mineralogy and fabrics having been altered. This alteration may have occurred through metasomatism (fluids potentially derived from the Spruce Pine Plutonic Suite), migmatization, or an unrecognized process. Rocks of the AMS were metamorphosed during Taconian orogenesis to kyanite- and sillimanite-grade conditions. Minimum age of prograde metamorphism is constrained by unmetamorphosed trondhjemite dikes dated at 420-405 Ma (Miller et al., 2000; Mapes, 2002) exposed east of the quadrangle. Foliations predominately strike NE-SW and are steeply dipping. The predominate strike direction of steeply dipping joints is WNW-ESE. Ashe Metamorphic Suite Undivided — Heterogeneous unit consisting of interlayered layers and lenses of laterally and vertically grading sedimentary and mafic volcanic rocks metamorphosed to kyanite and sillimanite grade. Rock types include metagraywacke, schist, schistose metagraywacke, kyanite gneiss and schist, conglomeratic metagraywacke, metasandstone, amphibolite, and minor calc-silicate. Thickness of layering ranges from centimeters to meters. Locally intruded by small pegmatite bodies of the Spruce Pine Plutonic Suite. Schistose Metagraywacke — medium-gray to dark-gray; fine- to medium-grained; well foliated; equigranular to inequigranular; granoblastic to lepidoblastic to porphyroblastic; locally migmatitic; consists of quartz, plagioclase feldspar, muscovite, biotite, garnet, minor sillimanite and/or kyanite, and accessory minerals; interlayered with other Za lithologies. Calc-silicate — light-gray; medium- to coarse-grained; weakly foliated; consists of quartz, feldspar, epidote group minerals, garnet, biotite, hornblende, pyroxene, and trace chlorite; interlayered with other Za lithologies. Zak Kyanite Gneiss and Schist — Highly altered and heterogeneous unit characterized by an abundance of kyanite and/or muscovite porphyroblasts. Typical rock is mottled light-gray to brown; coarse-grained; foliated; inequigranular to equigranular; porphyroblastic; locally migmatitic; consists of biotite, plagioclase, quartz, muscovite, kyanite and/or sillimanite, garnet, and minor accessory and trace minerals; kyanite porphyroblasts up to 15 cm; felsic interlayers may be due to metasomatism or migmatization; interlayered with other Za lithologies. WHOLE ROCK ICP ANALYSIS1 OF SELECTED SAMPLES SAMPLE2 BC60 NB 41 BC 195 BC 174 NB 161 NB 78 BC 233 NB 258 NB 259a NB 259b COORDINATES3 228.043N 306.752E 228.802N 305.868E 232.632N 31 3,01 3E 223.346N 310.248E 228.233N 310,68 3E 228.833N 307,531 E 232.549N 31 3.894E 227,1 24N 307,1 75E 227.083N 307.157E 227.083N 307.157E ROCK TYPE4 sil-ky-grt mica schist sil-ky-grt mica schist amphibolite meta¬ sandstone sil-grt schistose metagraywacke altered ultramafic quartz amphibolite grt calc- silicate granofels qtz, grt, hbl gneiss sil-ky-grt schistose metagraywacke MAP UNIT Za Za Zaa Zag Zag Zau Zaa Zaa Zaa Zaa MAJOR OXIDES IN PERCENT Si02 45.97 51.91 47.41 82.57 55.75 42.07 48.91 54.3 47.27 53.14 ai2o3 25.25 25.98 14.18 7.34 21.05 7.53 14.47 25.51 18.16 23.31 Fe203 9.3 9.26 12.85 3.06 10.44 13.49 12.3 2.57 12.4 7.44 MgO 3.08 3.12 10.28 0.51 2.89 31.71 9.99 1.13 6.67 2.14 CaO 0.33 0.13 10.46 0.94 1.76 2.86 10.28 8.6 9.04 2.58 Na20 0.49 0.19 1.15 1.11 1.76 0.04 1.56 5.76 2.68 5.08 K20 6.35 4.55 0.64 3.07 3.1 0.01 0.54 0.06 0.2 2.55 Ti02 1.24 1.19 0.28 0.81 1.09 0.39 0.25 0.13 1.92 0.88 P205 0.08 0.12 0.05 0.09 0.27 0.03 0.04 0.71 0.11 0.13 MnO 0.59 0.12 0.2 0.06 0.15 0.19 0.21 0.11 0.72 0.36 Cr203 0.014 0.014 0.083 0.003 0.012 0.468 0.09 0.003 0.047 0.009 LOI5 7 3.1 2.3 0.2 1.4 0.9 1.2 0.9 0.6 2.1 SUM6 99.77 99.79 99.89 99.83 99.77 99.9 99.89 99.81 99.85 99.79 ELEMENTS IN PPM7 Ba 913 1111 97 686 668 9 51 52 86 765 Ni 58 <20 177 <20 30 1493 181 25 124 30 Sc 26 31 52 5 23 22 47 8 42 25 Be 5 2 <1 <1 2 <1 <1 3 <1 3 Co 62.1 5.6 56.8 4 16.1 126.3 55.8 6.1 45.4 29.4 Cs 4 1.6 <0.1 <0.1 0.9 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 1.4 Ga 42.9 41.4 11.6 11.1 31.2 8.3 10.6 16.8 19 28.9 Hf 7.6 6.6 0.4 13.7 12.2 0.6 0.3 0.3 3.8 5.7 Nb 31 25.2 3.1 13.7 37 0.3 3.3 1.5 3.9 11.4 Rb 241 169.3 11.5 80.4 122.1 0.4 5.6 0.6 0.6 90.8 Sn 5 2 <1 <1 1 <1 2 <1 2 <1 Sr 53 64.6 40.2 144.9 182.4 54.1 62.1 1122.1 199.2 263.8 Та 2 1.2 0.2 1 2.6 <0.1 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.6 Th 28.2 25.9 <0.2 12.3 22.6 <0.2 0.2 <0.2 0.3 20.2 U 8.8 5.7 0.1 1.9 4.6 <0.1 0.1 0.2 <0.1 5 V 139 128 280 39 115 108 258 20 263 107 W 2.4 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 1.6 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 Zr 277.6 238.8 13.5 532.9 420.4 25.1 13.8 13.4 164.7 205.9 Y 81.8 76.9 9 25.5 74.1 6.4 8.5 15.3 35.2 58.8 La 129.1 115.4 3 30.4 81.8 1 2.7 2.1 6.4 97.8 Ce 274.4 219.7 3 64 163 1.2 6.5 5.5 19.5 227.1 Pr 32.07 28.04 0.77 8.24 20.47 0.36 0.87 0.98 3.14 23.89 Nd 121.7 105.7 3.1 32.7 77.9 1.9 3.5 5.2 15.6 89.8 Sm 22.82 19.27 0.68 6.37 15.17 0.63 0.92 1.21 4.53 16.52 Eu 2.59 2.59 0.26 1.04 2.34 0.28 0.49 1.35 1.76 4.09 Gd 19.48 16.4 1.03 5.62 14.14 0.84 1.04 1.61 5.39 13.92 Tb 2.83 2.45 0.19 0.87 2.25 0.17 0.19 0.3 0.95 2.02 Dy 15.4 14.33 1.47 4.92 13.4 1.28 1.34 2.25 5.93 11.03 Ho 3.15 3.07 0.37 0.98 2.87 0.29 0.31 0.57 1.4 2.24 Er 9.21 9.91 1.07 2.9 8.61 0.87 1.1 1.87 4.14 6.92 Tm 1.35 1.48 0.18 0.41 1.28 0.12 0.16 0.27 0.61 1.03 Yb 8.36 9.67 1.27 2.72 7.95 0.86 1.08 1.7 3.89 7.1 Lu 1.27 1.49 0.24 0.46 1.23 0.14 0.19 0.27 0.58 1.13 Mo 3 2.4 0.8 1.1 1.2 0.4 0.7 0.9 1.1 3.2 Cu 122.3 29 13.4 7.9 24.9 52.7 12.8 14.5 46.1 74.7 Pb 5.4 5.5 3.2 1.2 3.8 0.3 1.5 3 1.1 5.3 Zn 105 105 53 27 148 8 35 6 28 116 Ni 64.8 6.7 74.1 7.6 28.3 923 70.1 13.3 92 33.3 As <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 1.5 <0.5 Cd <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 Sb <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 Bi 0.5 <0.1 0.2 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 Ag <0.1 0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 Au <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 1.3 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 Hg <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 Tl 0.8 1 <0.1 0.3 0.7 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 0.6 Se 1.7 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 0.7 0.6 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 1.3 'Whole Rock Inductively Coupled Plasma - Atomic Emission/Mass Spectrometer analysis conducted by Bureau Veritas, 9050 Shaughnessy St, Vancouver, BC Canada V6P 6E5. 2Sample numbers correspond to thin section and whole rock sample localities shown on geologic map 3State Plane Coordinate System 4Mineral abbreviations used in table: qtz-quartz; hbl-hornblende; grt-garnet; sil-sillimanite; ky-kyanite. 6LOI = loss on ignition in percent 6SUM = Sum total in percent 7PPM = parts per million. Ni analyzed by Bureau Veritas LF200 and AQ200 procedures. Zag Metagraywacke — Medium-light-gray to medium-dark-gray; medium- to coarse-grained; weakly foliated to foliated; equigranular to inequigranular; granoblastic to lepidoblastic; locally migmatitic; consists of quartz, plagioclase feldspar, biotite, muscovite, garnet, epidote, sillimanite and/or kyanite, staurolite, chlorite, opaque minerals, trace potassium feldspar and zircon; thickness of layering ranges from decimeters to meters; interlayered with other Za lithologies. Zas Garnet-Mica Schist — Very light-gray to greenish-gray to medium-gray; fine- to coarse-grained; strongly foliated; inequigranular; lepidoblastic to porphyroblastic; locally migmatitic; consists of muscovite, sericite, quartz, biotite, garnet, plagioclase feldspar, sillimanite and/or kyanite, chlorite, and trace opaque minerals; interlayered with other Za lithologies. Zaa Amphibolite — Where mappable it occurs as a metamorphic alteration of an ultramafic or mafic rock. Dark-green to black; fine- to coarse-grained; weakly to strongly foliated; equigranular; granoblastic to nematoblastic; consists of hornblende, plagioclase feldspar, epidote group minerals, quartz, garnet, chlorite, relict pyroxene, titanite, magnetite, and opaque minerals. Locally contains small bodies of altered ultramafic rocks not mapped at this scale. Can occur as a very minor rock type throughout the other map units, where it may represent a metamorphosed volcanic rock. Zau Altered Ultramafics — Dark-green to silvery-grayish-green; fine- to medium-grained; non-foliated to strongly foliated; equigranular; granoblastic to nematoblastic to lepidoblastic; consists of tremolite/actinolite, relict pyroxene, hornblende, chlorite, talc, serpentine, relict olivine, opaque minerals, plagioclase feldspar, magnetite, spinel, and other accessory minerals. These mineralogical variations could not be mapped at a 1:24,000 scale. Amphibolite within and adjacent to this unit occurs as a metamorphic alteration of the ultramafic or mafic rock. Thickness of amphibolitic alteration is variable. Contains inclusions of other variations of altered mafic and ultramafic rock. Mineral abundances are listed in decreasing order of abundance based upon visual estimates of hand samples and thin- SCHMIDT EQUAL AREA STEREONET DATA Equal area Schmidt Net projection of contoured poles to foliation. Foliation count 1147. Equal area Schmidt Net projection of contoured poles to mylonitic foliation. Foliation count 26. Equal area Schmidt Net projection of contoured poles to joints and unidirectional rose diagram inset. Joint count 679. Equal area Schmidt Net projection of bearing and plunge directions of fold hinges in blue and mineral lineations in red. Fold hinge count 38. Mineral lineation count 8. STREAM SEDIMENT HEAVY MINERAL ANALYSIS Stream sediment heavy mineral analysis was conducted from March 2017 through April 2017 to aid geologic mapping, better define conditions of metamorphism, and inventory minerals of potential economic significance. Procedure: In the field, approximately 13.6 kg of stream sediment material was panned to approximately 300 g of heavy mineral concentrate at each sample locality. In the laboratory, concentrate was washed and passed through heavy liquid separation using tetrabromoethane, and scanned with short- and long-wave ultraviolet illumination using an Ultra-violet Products Inc. Model UVGL-48 Mineralight Lamp. Magnetite was removed with a hand magnet. A sample split was grain mounted on a standard 27x46 mm glass slide and approximately 200 grains are identified and counted with the aid of a petrographic microscope and 1.67 index of refraction oil. Results of stream sediment heavy mineral analysis are tabulated below. Mineral abbreviations used in table: Mg-magnetite; Ms-muscovite; Gt-garnet; Zr-zircon; Bt-biotite; Rt-rutile; Ep-epidote; St-staurolite; Sil-sillimanite; Hbl-hornblende; Ky-kyanite; Ttn-titanite; llm-ilmenite and other black opaque minerals; Hem-hematite and other red opaque minerals; Lx- leucoxene; Ud-unidentified. COORDINATES MAP UNITS DRAINED2 % TOTAL HM IN PERCENT HEAVY MINERALS IN SAMPLE 4 SAMPLE1 (State Plane, NAD 83 m) SAMPLE3 Mg Ms Gt Zr Bt Rt Ep St Sil Hbl Ky Ttn llm Hem Lx Ud NB245 230,847N; 310,972E Za, Zas, Zag 2.49 0.44 1.49 45.80 0.50 2.49 1.99 0.50 0.50 1.49 1.49 37.34 0.50 2.99 1.00 - 1.49 NB246 230,338N; 309,366E Za, Zag, Zas 2.15 0.04 0.50 62.97 - 6.00 0.50 - 0.50 5.00 5.50 9.50 - - 1.00 0.50 8.00 NB252 230,1 15N; 31 1 ,577E Za, Zag, Zak 3.43 0.01 1.00 72.99 - 3.00 1.00 - 0.50 2.00 10.00 6.50 - 1.50 - - 1.50 NB253 232,575N; 305,449E Za, Zag, Zaa 1.95 0.07 0.50 42.97 2.50 1.50 1.50 - 1.00 2.50 13.99 7.99 1.50 23.48 0.50 - - NB263 227,612N; 306,364E Za, Zas, Zaa 2.62 0.08 1.00 47.46 2.00 - 1.00 - 1.50 2.00 25.48 11.49 0.50 4.50 0.50 1.50 1.00 'Sample numbers correspond to stream sediment heavy mineral sample localities shown on geologic map 2Up to three most dominant map units contributing to the drainage basin, listed in decending order of map area Percentage of heavy minerals in 13.6 kg stream sediment sample Point count percentages of heavy minerals from processed samples This geologic map was funded in part by the USGS National Cooperative Geologic Mapping Program. 82°22‘30"W 308,403 312,403 82'15'0'W Topographic base produced by the United States Geological Survey. Altered by the North Carolina Geological Survey for use with this map. North American Datum of 1983 (NAD83|. World Geodetic System of 1984 (WGS84). Projection: State Plane North Carolina FIPS 3200 (Meters) 4,000-meter ticks: State Plane North Carolina FIPS 3200 (Meters) MN 6' 36 117 MILS I UTM GRIDAND 201 MAGNETIC NORTH DECLINATION AT CENTER OF SHEET Roads . Roads within US Names . Hydrography . Contours . Boundaries . . ©2006-2012 TomTom Forest Service Lands . FSTopo Data with limited Forest Service updates, 2013 . GNIS, 2013 . National Hydrography Dataset, 2012 . National Elevation Dataset, 2008 . Census, IBWC, IBC, USGS, 1972 - 2012 U.S. National Grid lOO.WO-m Square ID LV Grid Zone Designation 17S 1000 0.5 SCALE 1:24 000 KllCMEIERS 500 0.5 MHIbRS 1000 0 2000 Н-НГ CONTOUR INTERVAL 40 FEET NORTH AMERICAN VERTICAL DATUM OF 1988 This map was produced to conform with the National Geospatial Program USTopo Product Standard, 2011. A metadata file associated with this product is draft version 0.6.1 1 NORTH ^CAROLINA' 1000 0 1CXX) 2000 31**) MIU5 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 10000 QUADRANGLE LOCATION Bald Creek Burnsville MicavUle Bamardsville Mount Mitchell Celo Craggy Pinnacle Montreat Old Fort Expressway Secondary Hwy Ramp I Interstate Route ROAD CLASSIFICATION Local Connector - Local Road - _ 4WD US Route О State Route 6 Q FS Primary Route I - 1 FS Passenger Route FS High Cleara nee Route Check with local Forest Service unit for current travel conditions and restrictions. MOUNT MITCHELL, NC 2013 ADJOINING 7.5' QUADRANGLES REFERENCES Hatcher, R.D., Jr., Bream, B.R., and Merschat, A.J., 2007, Tectonic map of the southern and central Appalachians: A tale of three orogens and a complete Wilson cycle, in Hatcher, R.D., Jr., Carlson, M.P., McBride, J.H., and Martinez Catalan, J.R., eds., 4-D Framework of Continental Crust: Geological Society of America Memoir 200, p. 595-632. Johnson, B.S., Miller, B., and Stewart, K., 2001, The nature and timing of Acadian deformation in the southern Appalachian Blue Ridge constrained by the Spruce Pine Plutonic Suite, western North Carolina: Geological Society of America Abstracts with Program, v. 33, p. A30. Kish, S.A., 1983, A geochronological study of deformation and metamorphism in the Blue Ridge and Piedmont of the Carolinas: Ph.D. Dissertation, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, 220p. Kish, S.A., 1989, Paleozoic thermal history of the Blue Ridge in southwestern North Carolina - constraints based on mineral cooling ages and the ages of intrusive rocks: Geological Society of America Abstracts with Program, v. 21 , p. 45. Mapes, R. W., 2002, Geochemistry and geochronology of mid-Paleozoic granitic plutonism in the southern Appalachian Piedmont terrane, North Carolina-South Carolina-Georgia [M.S. thesis): Nashville, Vanderbilt University, 150 p. Miller, B.V., Stewart, K. G., Miller, C. F., and Thomas, C. W., 2000, U-Pb ages from the Bakersville, North Carolina eclogite: Taconian eclogite metamorphism followed by Acadian and Alleghanian cooling: Geological Society 32(2): 62. Misra, K.C., and Conte, J.A., 1991 , Amphibolites of the Ashe and Alligator Back Formations, North Carolina: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 103, p. 737-750. Raymond, L.A., and Abbott, R.N., 1997, Petrology and Tectonic Significance of Ultramafic Rocks Near The Grandfather Mountain Window In The Blue Ridge Belt, Toe Terrane, Western Piedmont, North Carolina, In: Paleozoic Structure, Metamorphism, and Tectonics of the Blue Ridge of Western North Carolina, Carolina Geological Society Field Trip Guidebook p. 67-85. CROSS SECTION A-A1 CD sz о a> CD -q ir 03 (Л Form Lines interpretive patterns of subsurface foliation orientations based upon surficial structural measurements Research supported by the U.S. Geological Survey, National Cooperative Geologic Mapping Program under STATEMAP (Award - G16AC00288, 2016 and G17AC00264, 2017). The views and conclusions contained in this document are those of the authors and should not be interpreted as necessarily representing the official policies, either expressed or implied, of the U.S. Government. Bedrock Geologic Map of the Mount Mitchell 7.5-minute Quadrangle, Buncombe and Yancey Counties, North Carolina By Bart L. Cattanach, G. Nicholas Bozdog, Sierra J. Isard, and Richard M. Wooten Geology mapped from August 2016 to June 2018. Map preparation, digital cartography and editing by G. Nicholas Bozdog, Bart L. Cattanach, and Sierra J. Isard 2018 This is an Open-File Map. It has been reviewed internally for conformity with North Carolina Geological Survey mapping standards and with the North American Stratigraphic Code. Further revisions or corrections to this Open File map may occur. Some station data omitted from map to improve readability. Please contact the North Carolina Geological Survey for complete observation and thin-section data. North Carolina Geological Survey Open File Report 2018-10 EXPLANATION OF MAP SYMBOLS CONTACTS Contact — Identity and existence certain, location inferred PLANAR FEATURES (For multiple observations at one locality, symbols are joined at the "tail" ends of the strike lines) У У V Inclined metamorphic or tectonic foliation — Showing strike and dip Small, minor inclined joint — Showing strike and dip Inclined metamorphic or tectonic foliation, for multiple observations at one locality — Showing strike and dip Small, minor inclined joint, for multiple observations at one locality — Showing strike and dip Vertical metamorphic or tectonic foliation — Showing strike Vertical metamorphic or tectonic foliation, for multiple observations at one locality — Showing strike Inclined mylonitic foliation — Showing strike and dip / Small, minor vertical or near-vertical joint, for multiple observations at one locality — Showing strike Inclined mylonitic foliation, for multiple observations at one locality — Showing strike and dip Inclined (dip direction to right) bedding, for multiple observations at one locality — Showing strike and dip LINEAR FEATURES OTHER FEATURES У Inclined aligned-mineral lineation — Showing bearing and plunge Inclined slickenline, groove, or striation on fault surface — Showing bearing and plunge - 66 Inclined fold hinge of generic (type or orientation unspecified) / small, minor fold — Showing bearing and plunge 60 X Inclined crenulation lineation — Showing bearing and plunge NATURAL RESOURCES MIC - Mica SDG - Sand and gravel STN C - Stone, Crushed/Broken о Float station N8206 A Thin section and whole rock analysis sample location N8392 (•) Heavy mineral sample location X Prospect (pit or small open cut) X Sand, gravel, clay, or placer pit X Abandoned sand, gravel, clay, or placer pit X Open pit, quarry, or glory hole X Abandoned open pit, quarry, or glory hole ^ Inclined mine shaft METAMORPHIC AND TECTONIC CONDITIONS Location where sillimanite was observed д Location where staurolite was observed in stream sediments • Location where kyanite was observed • Location where chlorite was observed ◄ Arrow — shows plunge direction of fold Antiform — Identity or existence questionable, location accurate Antiform — Identity and existence certain, location accurate. Syntorm — Identity or existence questionable, location accurate Syntorm — Identity and existence certain, location accurate. Overturned syntorm — Identity and existence questionable, location approximate. TRAVERSE MAP Hillshade derived from a six meter pixel resolution LiDAR (Light Detecting And Ranging) digital elevation model. Red lines show paths of field traverses. Mount Mitchell 7.5-minute Quadrangle, Open File Report 2018-10