North Carolina journal of education.

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CONTENTS
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--, •
Rules and Regulations Governing Public High Schools ...Page 3
Seal of North Carolina Page 4
All Public Schools Must Run at Least Four Months Page 6
Reasons for Teaching Domestic Science Page 7
Rhodes Scholarship Questions Page 7
Summer School of the South Page 8
Local Taxation Spreading Page 8
Editorial
The North Carolina Journal of Education—Hon. J. Y.Joyuer CandidataBpr -^
Re-election—Prof. J. I. Foust, President—The State Historical CommlSsfcHi
—North Carolina First in the Hearts of theChickasawGirls—Faults of .the
Schoolmaster—School Gardens Page 9
Prizes for Exhibits of Methods Page 10
School News Notes and Personal Items Page 1
1
[ June 1,1907 E. C. BROOKS,
H. E. SEEMAN,
- Editor
Publisher
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THE NORTH CAROLINA JOURNAL OF EDUCATION
- H. E. SEEMAN, Publisher
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TWO SIDES TO THE QUESTION
THE TEACHER
feels that he should have an advance in salary proportion-ate
to the additional demands now made upon him. Living
expenses have increased materially. Wages in many other
occupations have advanced, and he argues that it is unfair
to him to expect his best services without proper recognition.
THE PUBLIC
is beginning to see the fairness of the proposition, but in
return for advanced salary insists upon increased efficiency.
In some states the call for a better educated teaching force
has resulted in legislative enactments, raising the require-ments
for teachers' certificates.
This is a serious, personal question with you, as your own State may demand qualifications you do not possess. Your
teaching ability must be high grade to guarantee continued success. In seeking help to advance, you should demand high
grade instruction in order to meet these new requirements.
WE MEET THE DEMAND
Our School is especially equipped to promote the interest of teachers. The students of our Normal and Primary Methods
Courses are meeting the demand for increased teaching requirements through the high grade instruction which we are giving
them.
SPECIAL—No correspondence school not affiliated with a great university can
offer courses of such strength that they receive university entrance credits. • Our in-structors
are university graduates, who give their whole time to our students, and
the instruction is carefully adapted to individual needs. We give every j'ear four
$100 scholarships in Northwestern University for the best work done by our corre-spondence
students. Cut out the coupon, mark it properly and mail it today.
Interstate School of Correspondence
Affiliated with Northwestern University
374-386 Wabasti Avenue, CHICAGO, ILL
DRAW UNES THROUGH SUaiECTS IN WHICH YOU *HE INTERESTED WHITE
VOun MAME AND ADDRESS BELOW AKD HAiL TO THE SCHOOL B
NOBMAL DCPARTUENT
Jtrsng Beriowi. ACauraalncludat Anr FliiSubjtcIt
ACADBUIC DEPT.
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Arllbmetle
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Sookkteplng
Plint Gaon<«lr|
Grammar
Coinpoiitlon
BhtloHtt
Lltanlur*
Drtwing
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Phtslcil 0*OflriRhT
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COMMERCriL DEPT. UnKtd Sti|«i Hlitorr
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SPECIAL COURSCI
Phinnicf
1 Mdreii." , „„ , H
N. C. Journal of Educdtlon, June 1 |
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Entered at the Postofflce at Durham, N. C, as Second Class Matter.
Vol. I Durham, N. C, June 1, 1907 No. 18
Rules and Regulations Governing Public High Schools.
The new high school law is already very
popular. It is very evident that the en-tire
appropriation will be used the first
year. In order to regulate the establish-ment
of these schools the State Board of
Education has adopted the following
rules and regulations
:
LOCATION OF SCHOOLS.
1. Apijlication for a public high school
must be made to the County Board of
Education, through the County Superin-tendent.
The school or schools must be
located by the County Board of Educa-tion,
after due consideration of the desira-bility,
convenience, and accessibility of
the location to those entitled to the bene-fits
of the school, and of the financial
inducements offered by competing places.
2. The County Superintendent shall
notify the State Superintendent of Public
Instruction of the application, and later
of the location selected by the county
board for the schools ; and the State Su-perintendent
shall cause the same to be
inspected, if he deems it necessary, as
directed in section 4 of the act, and sub-mit
the report of the inspector to the
State Board of Education for approval
of the school and location.
3. No public high school shall be estab-lished
in a town of more than twelve
hundred inhabitants, nor in connection
with any school that has less than three
teachers, including one high school
teacher. In every such school at least
five months' instruction in all branches
of study required to be taught in the pub-lic
schools shall first be provided.
COURSE OF STUDY AND CLASSIFICATION OF
SCHOOLS.
1. The course of study shall be that pre-scribed
by the State Superintendent of
Public Instruction. It will be issued in
pamphlet form for distribution.
2. The public high schools shall be
divided into two classes
:
a. Those receiving from all sources for
high school instruction not less than
$1,000 shall be First Grade High Schools.
6. Those receiving from all sources for
high school instruction not less than $500
and not more than $1,000 shall be Second
Grade High Schools.
3. First Grade High Schools must pro-vide
not less than two years nor more
than four years of the prescribed high
school course of study, and must maintain
an average daily attendance of not less
than twenty pupils.
4. Second Grade High Schools must pro-vide
not less than one year nor more
than two years of the prescribed course
of study, and must maintain an average
daily attendance of not less than ten
pupils. Upon recommendation of the
County Superintendent and the High
School Inspector, such schools may, by per-mission
of the State Superintendent of
Public Instruction, extend their course of
study to three years.
5. The term of every public high school
receiving aid under this act must be not
less than twenty-eight weeks.
THOSE ENTITLED TO THE BENEFITS OF THE
PUBLIC HIGH SCHOOLS.
1. Every First Grade High School shall
be open, without tuition, to all children
and all public school teachers of the county
of sufficient preparation- to enter.
2. If there be but one public high school
established in a county, whether it be
first grade or second grade, upon order of
the County Board of Education it shall
be open, without tuition, to all children
and public school teachers of the town-ship
or county of sufiicient preparation to
enter.
- 3. If there be more than one First Grade
or Second Grade High School in a county,
the territory to each may be limited and
assigned by the County Board of Educa-tion.
REQUIREMENTS FOR ADMISSION.
Pupils who have satisfactorily com-pleted
the course of study prescribed for
the first seven grades or years in the ele-mentary
public schools, or an equivalent
course of study, may be admitted to any
public high school upon certificates signed
by their teachers and countersigned by
the County Superintendent, or upon pre-scribed
examination on those subjects, ac-cording
to the discretion of the principal
of the high school.
APPORTIONMENT OF THE STATE HIGH SCHOOL
FUND.
1. On August 1, 1907, the first appor-tionment
of the State high school fund
will be made as follows
:
Counties having one member of the
House of Representatives will be entitled
to receive not more than $500 for the es-tablishment
of one or two schools ; coun-ties
having two members, not more than
.$750 for the establishment of two or three
schools ; counties having three members,
not more than $1,000 for the establish-ment
of two, three or four schools. If on
that date the applications on file exceed
the appropriation, they shall be scaled in
proportion to the representation of each
county in the House of Representatives.
In the apportionment the establishment of
First Grade High Schools will be encour-aged.
Every county ought to have at
least one First Grade School.
2. After August 1, 1907, the balance of
the State high school fund will be avail-able
to such counties as shall legally ap-p\
j for it before November 15, 1907. Ap-plications
from counties not having pre-viously
received any part of the appor-priation
will be given preference ; and if
any balance then remains, it will be ap-portioned
among the other counties hav-ing
on file applications, as nearly as may
be in proportion to the representation of
each county in the House of Representa-tives.
FUNDS TO BE PRO\^DED BY COUNTY TOWNSHIP
OR DISTRICT.
1. The county, township, or school dis-trict
must provide for each public high
school established an amount at least
equal to that contributed by the State,
in no case less than $250.
2. In counties receiving aid from the
second hundred thousand dollars for a
four months' school term, no part of the
county school fund shall be used for the
establishment of any public high school.
In such counties, the local funds for these
high schools must be raised by private
subscription or by special taxation in the
township or school district, as provided in
sections 4113, 4114, or 4115, of the public
school law.
4 NORTH CAROLINA JOURNAL OF EDUCATION
3. In other counties, the township or
school district in which the high school is
located shall raise annually by special
taxation, or by private subscription, at
least as much as the amount received
from the State for high school instruc-tion
; and the County Board of Education
shall appropriate from the county fund a
sum equal to that raised by the township
or district, not to exceed $500.
4. All funds thus provided must be used
exclusively for high school instruction
and paid out separately for that purpose
as directed by law.
CONTRACTS FOB HIGH SCHOOL INSTRUCTION
IN PUBLIC OR GRADED SCHOOLS.
1. Part of the funds available for high
school instruction in any county may, in
the discretion of the County Board of
Education, be used, as directed in section
9 of the law, by contract with the commit-tee
or trustees of any public or graded
school wherein high school branches are
already taught. Such contracts must pro-vide
for the admission to such schools of
students and public school teachers of the
township or county in the high school
grades and for the payment of tuition of
such who attend from outside the limits
of such school district, at a rate of tui-tion
not to exceed $2 per school month
for each pupil. Under section 6 of the
law, contracts can be made with the trus-tees
or committee of one existing public
high school of the county to admit to the
high school grades thereof all public
school teachers and children of the county
at such rate of tuition for each as may be
agreed upon. Only one-half of such tui-tion,
however, can be paid out of the
State appropriation, and the maximum
available for this purpose to any county
shall not exceed the maximum amount
lieretofore fixed for the counties in the
apportionment of the State fund. In
counties receiving aid from the second
hundred thousand dollars, the other half
of such tuition shall be provided by dis-trict
or township taxation, or by private
donation ; and in other counties at least
one-half of this amount must be provided
by townships or district taxation, or pri-vate
donation, and the other half may be
provided out of a general school fund.
Such contracts may be made with graded
schools in towns of more than twelve hun-dred
inhabitants, as well as smaller
towns. Such contracts may include free
tuition for all children and public school
teachers of the entire county, or may be
limited to one or more townships of the
county. If, however, all the money avail-able
for high school instruction is used
in connection with one such school, then
the high school grades of the school must
be open, without tuition, to all children
and teachers of the entire county.
2. The high school course of study in
such schools must either conform to the
prescribed course or must be approved by
the State Superintendent of Public In-struction.
INSPECTION.
All public high schools aided under this
act shall be subject to such inspection as
may be directed by the State Superinten-dent
of Public Instruction.
PAMPHLET CONTAINING COURSE OF STUDY.
The course of study and additional
rules for the operation and management
of the public high schools will be issued
in a separate pamphlet later.
The following is a paper read by Kemp
P. Battle, LL. D., Professor of History in
the University of North Carolina, at the
annual meeting of the Wachovia Histori-cal
Society, held in its rooms in Salem,
October 25, 1901:
The great seal of the lords proprietors
had only one face on which was cut their
coat of arms, eight in all. After the sale
of Carolina to the crown in 1728, a new
seal was adopted, of which we have not
a coiJy. In 1767, however, King George
III was pleased to supersede it by one,
which is described in volume 7 of the
Colonial Records, page 523. It had two
faces designed to make impressions on
both sides of a cake of wax, in which were
the two ends of a ribbon passed through a
slit in the instrument executed. On one
side were the royal arms, the garter, the
crown supporter. The record states that
around the circumference was the inscrip-tion,
"Georgius III, D. G. IMag, Bri. Fr.
et Hib Rex. T. D. Brun, et Sun. dux,
S. B. I. ar Thes, at El." On the other side
are the royal effigies and liberty intro-ducing
Plenty to the King, with the motto,
"Qua sero tamen respexit." The inscrip-tion
around the circumference was- Sigil-lum
Provincea, Nostrea, Carolina Septen
troralis. Liberty (Libertas) had her pole
and cap and (Copia) her Cornucopia.
There are errors in the first named leg-end
: T. D. should be F. D. ; "at sun"
should be et Lun, "at El" should be et
El, and the whole in English is, George
III, by the Grace of God, King of Great
Britain, France and Ireland, Defender of
the Faith. Duke of Brunswick and Lune-liurg
was another name for Hanover. The
motto "Qua sero tamen respexit" may
lia^e an error ; qua may be intended for
quam or quamvis, and may mean that
liowever, or although late. Plenty looks
back to the King, as representing the
mother country, for her prosperity.
In the constitutional convention, or Con-gress
of 1776, William Hooper, Joseph
Hewes and Thomas Burke were appointed
a committee to have a great seal of the
free State of North Carolina made, the
design to be approved by the Governor,
Richard Caswell. They never reported.
In April, 1778, William Tisdale was ap-pointed
to cut and engrave a seal under
the direction of the Governor, Richard
Caswell. This was finished and was used
until 1794. In some features it resembled
that in use under Governor Tryon and
Governor Josiah Martin. I will describe
it, using my own instead of the language
of heraldry, because I have not made
much study of that science, and it is
possible that some of you have not.
I promise by reminding you that the
cap of Liberty was a small red cap placed
on the heads of manumitted slaves in old
Rome. The pole is said by some to be
the rod of the proetor or judge who
touched with it the shoulder of the freed-man.
Others say it is a spear, denoting
that the enfranchised can now use the
weapons of a freedman. The cornucopia
is said by some to be the horn of the
goat Amalthea, which fed the infant Zeus,
or Jupiter, when he was in hiding from
the voracious appetite of his father. An-other
legend is that when Hercules fought
the river god Aehelous, the latter changed
himself into a bull, whereupon the mighty
hero tore off one of his horns. In both
cases the happy possessor always found
it overflowing with all good things, and
impossible to be emptied. The Goddess of
Agriculture. Ceres, is represented some-times
as carrying a lamp, while searching
for her daughter Persephone or Proser-pina,
who was stolen by Pluto. Sometimes
she bears the cornucopia. The Romans
had a goddess called Copia or Abundance,
who is already represented with the horn
of plenty. Tou may take your choice be-tween
these two, as the emblems will fit
both. The seal of 1778 bears two faces.
The obverse has either Minerva, the
patroness of science and the arts, includ-ing
the art of war as enforcing peace, or
Libertas, the Goddess of Independence.
She stands in a firm and martial attitude
with a strong touch-me-not expression, the
right side of her face being in view. Her
hair is so combed back as to give the im-pression
of an Indian warrior. It ap-pears
to me to be a rough attempt to por-tray
Minerva and her crest. In her hand
NOETH CAHOLINA JOUENAL OF EDUCATIOiN"
she holds, if she is Minerva, a spear with
broad head. If she is Libertas, it is the
liberty pole and a very diminutive cap.
Beneath is the phrase, "In Legibus Salus"
^-In Laws there is Safety. Around the
circumference is "The Great Seal of the
State of North Carolina." The reverse
is a country scene. There is a tree much
blasted, but with leaves to show that it is
living. Under it is a fat and horned cow
browsing on the grass. Near by stands
flat-footed, with feet wide enough apart
to emphasize that she is there to stay,
plump and comely, Ceres or Plenty. In
her left hand, her arm extended at full
length, is a portentous ear of Indian
corn, the shucks not detached, extending
at right angles, a regular Hyde county
ear, so long that Colonel Saunders took it
for a sword. Her right forearm resting
on her bosom and holds what appears to
me to be a torch—it is not large enough
to be a cornucopia. At her feet is the
legend in capital letters, INDEPEN-DENCE,
MDCCLXXVI. Around the mar-gin
is "O fortunatus nimium sua si bona
norint," which may be freely translated,
"Oh, very fortunate are those who know
what is good for them," or, as Colonel
Saunders has it, "Jlost fortunate are those
who know on which side their bread is
buttered."
The plan of having a heavy wax pen-dant
to instruments was found to be
very cumbrous, and the rough and shift-ing
habits of our people caused the seal
to be torn off. At the next change a new
plan was adopted of impressing the die
directly on a large wafer affixed to the
instrument. It became necessary in the
new seal to have all the inscriptions on
one side only. Liberty and Plenty must
dwell together in harmony and not back
to back.
In 1791 the legislature authorized Gov-ernor
Alexander Martin to have this new
seal prepared. He delegated his powers
to Dr. Hugh Williamson, the historian
and member of Congress, and Colonel
Abesha Thomas, commissioner of this
State, for the adjustment of our Revolu-tionary
accounts. Being, however, a grad-uate
of Princeton, and a lover of Muses,
albeit not very successful in his wooing,
he submitted the following design, request-ing
that an expert be employed to furnish
a substitute if not approved.
The great seal is laid off into quarters,
the first sinister is intended for a sheaf,
and I wish Ceres with her torch could be
inserted to rcpvesi-nt the farming interest
in the western part of this State. The
first dexter is intended for Amalthea,
with her cornucopia heaped with Indian
corn, representing the great planting in-terest
of Roanoke and the northern part.
The second dexter is filled witb hogshead
and barrels and bales of goods, represent-ing
the commerce of this State. The
fourth sinister contains a pine tree, repre-senting
the timber, pitch, tar and turpen-tine
productions of the southern part, and
Liberty standing under the shade with her
cap on a staff held by her right hand, and
the constitution held by her left. The
motto "His Cresco" to be done in the
shape of a ribband or lapel at the bottom.
The diameter of the shield is to be three
inches.
Not wishing, I suppose, to offend the
Governor, Dr. Williamson and Colonel
Thomas waited two years until the execu-tive
chair was occupied by Richard Dobbs
Spaight. To him Colonel Thomas wrote
that the Martin design was condemned by
all experts. It was too complex, the fig-ures
were too small, and besides it was
against the rules of heraldry to have the
seal of a single State quartered. Colonel
Thomas forwarded to Governor Spaight
the design, recommended by the artist
whom he had employed. I abridge the
description of it.
Jlinerva introduces Ceres with her horn
of plenty to Liberty, who is seated on a
pedestal with a book in her right hand,
on which is the word constitution. In
the background are a pyramid, denoting
strength and durability, and a pinetree,
representing the produce of the State.
Around the circumference was the usual
legend, "The Great Seal of the State of
North Carolina."
This plan is objectionable as being too
crowded. Three such strong-minded ladies
could not abide in such a small compass.
Governor Spaight replied, avowing his
ignorance of heraldry, and leaving the
whole matter to Colonel Thomas. He
preferred the design of the artist to that
of ex-Governor Martin, but suggested the
addition of a ship, which would signify
"boxes, bales, tobacco, hogshead, pitch,
tar and turpentine barrels, and a thou-sand
other minute articles, the basis of
commerce." If this recommendation had
been adopted we would have had three
goddesses, a book, a tree, a pyramid, and
a ship, besides the legend, crowded
together.
In 179.3 the new seal arrived, a modifi-cation
of that of the artist. It was "ap-probated"
by the General Assembly at
once. As, however, the screw of the ma-chine
would not work, it was not until
1794 that it was used. The University
has had an excellent impression of this
made in 1795 when Samuel Ashe was Gov-ernor.
It is a curiosity. The seal has
only one side, it having been determined,
as I have said, to discard the wax cake.
It has two figures, Liberty and Plenty.
Liberty has a most Grecian nose. Her
side face is towards the spectator. Her
hair is done up "a la Grecq." She has
only a very decollette dress. She is seated
on her pedestal and leans in a most ex-cited
manner towards Plenty. In her
right hand is the pole or spear on which
is the cap of Liberty. In her left is a
scroll, representing the constitution, with
that name on it. She eagerly shows this
to plenty as if exulting over its greatness.
Both of her arms are bare to the elbows.
To my eye she is in too much haste, and
leans forward too excitedly to be grace-ful,
and I grieve to say that she is not
handsome. Plenty is much more comely
and more graceful. She seems to be
afraid that Liberty will collide with her,
so she leans slightly backward. Her dress
is less decollette than that of her com-panion,
though enough so to be in the
fashion of a hundred years ago. Her
hair seems to be decorated with flowers.
Although I cannot say that she has a
beautiful countenance, she appears agree-ably
dignified and prepossessing. In her
right hand, leaning against her shoulder,
and overflowing with fruit or sweet pota-toes,
is the cornucopia, the horn of abun-dance.
In her left is a large ear of Indian
corn. Both of the figures have bare feet.
Around the whole are the words, "The
Great Seal of North Carolina."
This seal lasted until 1S35, when the
General Assembly authorized the Gover-nor
to have it replaced by a new one. At
the same time an act was passed giving the
Governor authority to renew the same
whenever necessary. The design of 1S35
appears, however, to have been used un-changed
until 1891.
There is a wonderful artistic improve-ment
in the new seal. The Goddess of
Liberty stands majestic and graceful.
Her arms are bare, but with a light shawl
over the left. In her right hand she
holds the constitution, not showing it to
the Goddess of Liberty, but to the world.
Her left hand holds upright the spear and
the cap of liberty. She looks toward
Plenty. Her hair is a la pompadour, or
cut short in front and flowing behind.
Her whole attitude is commanding and
alert, and gives the impression of energy
and fearlesness. The Goddess of Plenty
is seated. She has a sheaf of wheat in
her right hand. Her left holds the small
end of a capacious cornucopia, which
pours abundant fruit and herbs at her
feet. Her dress is graceful in its folds,
but of such light material as to show the
outline of her limbs. Her hair is arranged
in Grecian style. Both of the figures have
pleasing countenances. The one foot seen
is without covering. Above Plenty may
be seen the drapery of a curtain. Around
the circumference are the words, "The
Great Seal of the State of North Caro-lina."
Let me add that undoubtedly Wheeler's
History has very much valuable matter,
its statements should be tested if you wish
te be accurate. The coat of arms pub-lished
by him in 1S51, although he copied
it from previous publications, is not cor-rect:
he has Plenty standing and Liberty
seated, the opposite of the truth. I have
impressions from 1837 to 1873, and all are
as I have described.
In 1893 the General Assembly made
another change. The act ratified Febru-ary
21st as a preamble, declaring that
"contrary to the usage of nearly all the
states of the American Union the coat of
arms and the Great Seal of the State bear
no motto ; and that a suitable motto, ex-pressive
of some noble sentiment and in-dicative
of some leading trait of our peo-ple,
will be instructive as well as orna-mental,
and that the State shall always
NOKTH CAROLINA JOURNAL OF EDUCATION
keep in pei'petual reineinbrance the im-mortal
Declaration of Independence made
at Charlotte." The motto "esse quam vi-deri"
was then adopted and ordered to be
engraved on the great seal, and likewise
at the foot of the coat of arms. On the
coat of arms, but not on the great seal, at
the toj) must be inscribed, May the 20th,
1775. The sentence from which the motto
is taken, is "esse quam videri malim"—
I
prefer to be rather than to seem to be.
It sutflciently expresses the sturdy honesty
and modesty of our people.
With the exceptions of these legends the
design of 1835 has not been changed. The
artistic execution to my eye appears to be
exquisite. The figures are strikingly
graceful.
It will be noticed that the General As-sembly
has settled by law an important
historical question. That august body
had previously gone into the spelling
business and commanded that we should
use no "e" in Forsyth, and only one "a"
in Cleveland. And so let all doubters
beware of casting reflections on the Meck-lenburg,
20th May, 1775, resolutions. The
General Assembly has decided the ques-tion
and contrary arguments are out of
place.
Let me add that I have seen in picture
books, what purported to be our coat of
arms, with one of these goddesses not so
modestly dressed as those which I have
described, and now which I now show
you. It is certain that they were not
authentic, but originated in the brain of
the artist.
Authorities : Colonel William L. Saun-der's
reports to Governor Jarvis, acts of
Assembly, impressions of seal on docu-ments
at the University owned by the
North Carolina Historical Society.
Subscribe to the Jouknal.
All Public Schools Must Run at Least Four Months.
state Superintendent Joyner believes
that the principle of law enunciated in
Barksdale v. Commissioners of Sampson
County case, which held that the public
schools were not a necessary expense does
no longer obtain, and that the present Su-preme
Court would reverse the decision of
the court of 1885. Basing his conclu-sions
upon this premise he has written to
the various superintendents calling at-tention
to section .3, article 9, of the con-stitution,
instructing them to see to it
that a special tax be levied to guarantee
a four months' term of school, as directed
in section 4112 of the public school law,
"and as required by section 3, article 9,
of the constitution."
INSTRUCTIONS TO COUNTY SUPERINTENDENTS.
"According to tlie application in my
office, your county lacked during this year
$ of receiving enough money, from all
sources, including its apportionment from
the first and second hundred thousand
dollars, to maintain one or more public
schools in every school district at least
four months. The application for aid
from the second hundred thousand for
a four months' school term have exceeded
that appropriation every year by $20,000
or .^30,000, thereby rendering it necessary
to reduce the amount certified to be re-quired
for a four months' school in every
district by 20 or 30 per cent. It seems,
therefore, unlikely that the application
next year for this purpose will come
within the appropriation, or that every
district in your county will be able to get
a full four months' school term from all
present available sources for the year
ending .June 30, 1908. The strong proba-bilities
are that the funds for that year
will fall short about as much as they did
this year.
THE PURPOSE or THE CONSTITUTION.
I believe it to be the purpose and intent
of the Constitution of North Carolina and
of the Public School Law of the State,
that every child in the State shall have
an opportunity to attend a public school
in his district for not less than four
montljg in every year. I see no way at
present of carrying out this intent and
purpose, except by the enforcement of the
law as expressed in Section 3, Article IX,
of the Constittion of North Carolina, and
reafiirmed in even clearer language in Sec-tion
4112 of the Revisal of North Carolina
and the Public School Law. I beg to call
your attention to these sections and to
ask your careful reading of the same. I
beg, further, to ask you to read carefully
Section 27, Article I ; Section 1 and Sec-tion
2, Article IX ; and Section 4, Article
VI, of the Constitution of the State.
PUBLIC SCHOOLS AEE A NECESSARY EXPENSE.
"It seems very clear to me that the Con-stitution
and the Public School Law im-pose
upon the County Commissioners the
duty of providing for the maintenance of
one or more public schools in every school
district for at least four months in every
year. It is clear also, that to provide
such a school in every district, a special
tax will be necessary in your county, as
directed in Section 4112 of the Public
School Law. This tax has not been levied
heretofore on account of the opinion of
the Supreme Court in the case of Barks-dale
vs. The Commissioners of Sampson
County, rendered in 1885, in which it was
substantially held that the public schools
were not a necessary expense, and that,
therefore, the requirement to levy a spe-cial
tax for a four months' school in coun-ties
that had reached the constitutional
limit of State and conty taxation, fixed by
Section 1, Article V, of the Constitution,
was in conflict with that provision of the
Constitution. Judge Merrimon, one of the
three members then constituting the Su-preme
Court, filed a very strong dissent-ing
opinion in the case, contending even
then that one or more public schools in
every district for at least four months in
every year was as much a part of the nec-essary
expenses of each county as the
construction and repairing of bridges,
public roads, court houses, jails, etc. ; and
that, therefore, there was no conflict be-tween
these two provisions of the Consti-tution.
However that may have been in
1885, and even if the majority of the
court was right at that time. I confidently
believe that the conditions have so
changed since then as to make a four
months' school a necessary expense now
for which a special tax may be constitu-tionally
levied, and that the Supreme
Court, under these changed conditions,
would now so hold. Necessary expenses
for a county as for an individual, it seems
to me, must inevitably vary according to
the demands of the age and of civiliza-tion
and according to the varying ability
of the people to meet those demands.
Nobody can doubt that since 1885 the
public demand for education in North
Carolina, in the United States, and in all
enlightened countries has become so
strong as to make at least a four months'
school in every school district, for every
child, a necessity to any county able to
provide for it. The adoption of the con-stitutional
amendment making an educa-tional
qualification for suffrage has fur-ther
emphasized a four months' school as
a necessary expense. Nobody can doubt
that the ability of North Carolina to pro-
^ide such a school has greatly increased
since 1885 ; and granting that it may not
liave been able at that time, the increase
In property values will now show that it
is now able to provide this necessary de-mand
of the age and of civilization.
PREPARE FOR A FOUB MONTHS' TERM.
"Feeling it, therefore, to be my duty as
Superintendent of Public Instruction to
demand the enforcement of what I be-lieve
to be the law and the right of the
children of the State. I request and in-struct
you and your County Board of Edu-cation
to make a careful estimate of the
funds necessary for the support and main-tenance
of one or more schools in each
school district in your county for a period
of four months ; and to present this esti-mate
to the Board of County Commission-ers
of your county, and demand the levy-ing
by said board, at the regular time of
levying other State and county taxes in
.Tune, of a special tax sufiicient to supply
said deficiency for the support and main-tenance
of all public schools of the county
for a period of four months or more, as
directed in Section 4112 of the Public
School Law, and as required by Section
3, Article IX, of the Constitution.
NOETH CAROLINA JOUENAL OF EDUCATION
"Prepare this estimate carefully and pre-sent
it in writing with the demand for the
levying of the special tax necessary to
supply the deficiency for a four months'
school in every district to the Board of
County Commissioners at its meeting on
first Monday of June, 1907."
THE CONSTITUTION".
Section 27, Article I.—The people have
the right to the privilege of education, and
it is the duty of the State to guard and
maintain that right.
Section 1, Article IX.—Religion, moral-ity
and knowledge being necessary to good
government and the happiness of man-kind,
schools and the means of education
shall forever be encouraged.
Section 2, Article IV.—The General As-sembly,
at its first session under this Con-stitution,
shall provide by taxation and
otherwise for a general and uniform sys-tem
of public schools, wherein tuition
shall be free of charge to all the children
of the State between the ages of six and
twenty-one years. The children of the
white race and the children of the colored
race shall be taught in separate schools
;
but there shall be no discrimination in
favor of or to the prejudice of either race.
Section 3, Article IX.—Each county of
the State shall be divided into a conven-ient
number of districts, in which one or
more public schools shall be maintained
at least four months in every year ; and
if the commissioners of any county shall
fail to comply with the aforesaid require-ments
of this section they shall be liable
to indictment.
Reasons for Teaching Domestic Science.
By Supt. H. E. TROUT, ol Clearfield, Mass.
In the work iu domestic science, which
includes cooking and sewing, the aims and
purposes differ somewhat from those in-dicated
in the discussion of Manual
training for boys. While I do not wish
to lose sight of the educational side, for
this work is as truly educational as the
former, yet this work is far more practi-cal
and touches the home life more closely.
"We do not here wish to make profes-sional
dressmakers nor do we wish nor
attempt to make professional cooks. How-ever,
girls do learn to make dresses and
they do learn to cook, both of which are
as essential, or even more so to the major-ity
of girls than a great deal of the work
which they are required to do in the
modern high schools.
The educational aims in domestic
science are in conformity with those in
manual training for boys. Here the girls
have their complete equipment for cook-ing,
with all the conveniences essential
for thorough and systematic work. It
brings the entire child into active service.
She does not listen to a lecture on how
things should be done, or how certain
foods are to be prepared, but she is re-quired
to do the actual work.
The results of her efforts can be meas-ured
very accurately. The food which she
has been instructed to prepare must be
properly prepared according to instruction
received. The child is required to ex-press
with her hands the impressions
received through the senses, and the re-sults
of her efforts are largely dependent
upon the correct interpretation of these
impressions. The child has a definite
purpose in view, the same to be reached
by a definite plan, and the execution of
this plan requires judgment. Without
careful consideration, constant attention,
in many instances requiring the keenest
judgment, her efforts will fail. The child
learns to inquire into the reasons for cer-tain
things and conditions. She is taught
to systematize her labors. All the work
ill the school kitchen is performed in the
most systematic manner. Everything
uuist be done at the right time and every-tliing
must be in its proper place. In-struction
along this line is helpful to the
child and has a telling effect upon the
regular school work.
Domestic science establishes a closer
relation between the home and the school.
No other study or science can be carried
so directly from the school and "applied in
the home. The child acquires the ability
to do things and is anxious to demon-strate
her ability to her parent. The
parent becomes interested because of the
fact that the child has learned to do a cer-tain
thing, and has learned it sufficiently
well to be able to do it at home. The
work of the school is appealing to her
directly. The child learns that there is
lionor and credit in being able to prepare
things in the kitchen for the meal. The
idea of labor being unattractive, or being
intended for the servants alone, is being
eliminated from her mind. Through the
school kitchen the home kitchen is made
attractive.
In connection with this work the child
is taught economy of material, economy
of time, and economy of energy. These
are valuable lessons in themselves, and
the practical application of them in the
school will have gratifying influence in a
great many homes. The lessons on the
composition of foods form a valuable por-tion
of the instruction received. With
this the food values of the same, together
with the adaptability of different kinds
of food for certain people. These instruc-tions
will have a tendency to bring about
better home conditions, from which will
come more healthy and more robust chil-dren
for pupils in our schools. Well and
properly fed children are the better
scholars. The influence of domestic
science in the home will again be felt in
the schools if the study becomes univer-sal.
In this work then we have the edu-cational
value, and joined with it we have
a practical side, which reaches into every
home and benefits it.
Representative directors of the school
districts of this great commonwealth, let
me make an appeal for the boys and girls
of your respective districts. To those of
you who are giving the children under
your care instruction along these lines,
give to your school organizations your
very best support and jour most enthu-siastic
encouragement. To those of you
who represent districts in which this in-struction
is not available to the boys and
girls, do not permit another year to pass
without having set on foot a movement
for the establishment of these additional
advantages to the young people of your
community. There is nothing that will
be .so beneficial to your schools and that
will give your pupils so much interest in
their work as the equipment of depart-ments
for instruction in manual train-ing
and domestic science.—I'ennsylvania
School Journal.
Rhodes Scholarship Questions.
Following were the (juestions in arith-metic
used in the Rhodes Scholarship ex-amination,
January IS, for admission to
Oxford University, England. Can you
work them?
1. A' merchant began business with
JflOO.OOO. In the first year he made 10 per
cent, which he added to his capital. In
the second year he made 20 per cent and
added the profits to his capital. In the
third year he again made 20 per cent,
and laid out $60,000 on real estate. How
much capital would he have left in the
business at the beginning of the fourth
year?
2. Find the difference between 9 1-5 mi-nus
1 2-.3 times 3 3-8 and 2 3-4 times 1 1-C
minus 4-5.
3. Find the square root of 4 1-0 to four
places of decimals.
4. If, by selling an article for ^2, a man
gains 1-7 of the cost price, at what price
must he sell it so as to gain S per cent?
5. The area of one side of a cubical
cistern is 14.0625 square feet, find to the
nearest gallon the amount of water which
it will hold when full, assuming that one
cubic foot weighs 1,000 ounces and that one
gallon of water weighs 10 lbs.
6. Find the cost of a carpet to cover a
floor 22 ft. 6 in. long and 18 ft. 9 in. wide
at 5s. 4d. per square yard.
7. Divide £37. 10s. 4 l-2d. by 4 1-7 and
express £3. 14s. 7 l-2d. as the decimal of
£10.
8. A sum of 552,500 is lent at compound
interest at 3 1-2 per cent per annum.
What is uue to the lender at the end of
three years?
9. A can do a piece of work in 24 days
which B can do in 36 days. What fraction
will remain to be done if both are engaged
upon the work for 6 days?
NOETH CAEOLIlSrA JOUEITAL OF EDUCATION
Summer School of the South.
From the first day of the first session, in
J002, wlien more tlian twelve liundred stu-dents
registered from thirty states, this
school has taken rank among the very
best summer schools for teachers in the
world. Many teachers, members of the
faculty aud students, who have taught and
studied iu the great schools of the North
and East unhesitatingly say that the Sum-mer
School of the South is best of all.
With its large number of instructors,
selected with the greatest care from the
faculties of the great universities, normal
schools and public school systems in all
parts of the country ; with its 150 courses
of study, covering all subjects of interest
to all grades, from the kindergarten to the
university ; with its thousands of teachers,
gathered from all the Southern States and
from more than half the states of the
Union ; with its conventions of Southern
and Xational societies, many of which
have originated here, the school has from
the very first beeu a very important fea-ture
in the great movement for the im-provement
of the educational conditions in
the South. Its influence has been felt in
the public and private schools of city and
county, in the great gatherings of teach-ers,
and in the halls of legislation. No-where
else do so many expert instructors
and so many of the best Southern teachers
of all grades come together for six weeks
of eager, enthusiastic study and keen in-tellectual
enjoyment.
The sixth session of this school will be
held at the University of Tennessee, Knos-ville,
June 25 to August 2. The announce-ment
shows many imijrovements over that
of previous sessions. The work in several
departments is fuller and more closely
articulated. The list of seventy-five in-structors
contains the names of some of
the best known teachers in the United
States. Among them are a half dozen
presidents of great universities and col-leges,
as many deans of faculties, two
dozen heads of departments in universi-ties,
a dozen superintendents and special-ist
supervisors in public ^schools, and a
half dozen authors of national reputation.
One hundred and fifty courses are of-fered
in twenty-five departments, rang-ing
from the kindergarten to subjects of
interest, chiefly to college specialists.
Best attention is given to subjects espe-cially
helpful to teachers of primary,
grammar, and high schools.
Among the subjects which will receive
fuller attention this year than at previous
sessions are those of nature study and
elementary agriculture and horticulture.
The faculty in this department contains
seven regular members and four or five
special lecturers, who will give brief
courses in special subjects. Among these
special lecturers are Dr. Seaman A. Knapp,
of Lake Charles, La., who has charge of
the co-operative agricultural experimental
work for the U. S. Department of Agricul-ture
; Dr. W. J. Spillman, agriculturist of
the U. S. Department of Agriculture ; Prof.
D. G. Holden, the great corn specialist, of
the Agricultural and Mechanical College
of Iowa.
Courses will be given in nature study,
including plant life, insect life, and the life
of the higher and domestic animals ; the
elements of agriculture, with illustrated
lectures, animal husbandry, with special
instruction in regard to economic farm
animals, and practical courses in dairying,
poultry raising and bee-keeping. For this
department the Tennessee Agricultural
Exiseriment Station, with its two farms
and its laboratories, will be freely used.
While this school is in no sense a Chau-tauijua
Assembly, but a school whose pur-pose
is to do the most serious work, yet
it offers to students at the open ten o'clock
hour and in the evenings a large number
of lectures, readings and music recitals
of the very best type. Among the lectur-ers
this year will be Dr. W. L. Moore,
chief of the United States Weather Bu-reau
; Dr. Edwin D. Mead, formerly editor
of the New England Magazine, and now
one of the leaders of the great Peace move-ment
; Miss Jane Addams, of Hull House,
who has been called the first citizen of
Chicago, and who is one of the best in-formed
persons on social questions in
America ; Dr. 6. Stanley Hall, president
of Clark University ; Dr. Alice Fortier, of
Tulane University; Dr. Charles W. Dab-ney,
president of the University of Cin-cinnati,
etc. A^series of ten illustrated art
lectures will be given by Prof. Fred Ham-ilton
Daniels, supervisor of drawing in
the public schools of Springfield, Mass.
Dean Henry L. Southwick and Mrs. Jessie
Eldridge Southwick, of the Emerson Col-lege
of Oratory, will give a number of
readings.
There will be two series of music recit-als
; the first, a series of three, during the
first week of the session, by Henri Ern,
the great Swiss violinist, and Lillyn Sheila
Powell, the famous Celtic ballad singer;
the second, a series of five. In the fifth
week, by Maud Powell, by common con-sent
the greatest woman violiniste in the
world ; Daniel Beddoe, tenor ; Herbert
Weatherspoon, basso ; Janet Spencer, con-tralto,
and Viola Waterhouse, soprano
—
all well known oratorio and concert sing-ers
of the first rank. Students of the Sum-mer
School are admitted to all these lec-tures
and entertainments without charge.
In connection with the school this year
will be held the annual convention of the
following associations : The National Story
Tellers' League, July 5 and 6 ; The South-ern
Kindergarten Association, July 12 and
13 ; The Interstate League for the Better-ment
of Public Schools, July 17 and IS
;
The National Guild of Play, July 19 and
20, and the Tennessee State Teachers' As-sociation,
July 23, 24, and 25.
A new feature of the Summer School of
the South this year will be the School of
JIusie, under the direction of the College
of Music of Cincinnati, and conducted by
members of the faculty of that institu-tion,
under the supervision of the acting
president. Dr. A. J. Gantvoort. Instruc-tion
will be given this year in piano,
voice and violin, with lessons in the his-tory
and theory of music. The fees for
special music lessons will be very rea-sonable.
Local Taxation Spreading.
Superintendent Wright, of Wilkes
county, writes Superintendent Joyner that
six new local tax districts have been estab-lished
in that county, one at Ronda, one at
Roaring River, one at Bugaboo, one at
Whittington, one at Mt. Pleasant, and one
iu Rock Creek township. Seven local tax
elections are now pending, which, if car-ried,
will give the county twenty local tax
districts. Superintendent Wright adds:
"We established two more libraries Mon-day,
running our number up to 73 libra-ries
aud 22 supplementary libraries. It is
our aim to place a library in every school
district iu the county. We have set our
mark high to lead the State in the number
of local tax districts as we now lead in
all the other counties in the rural library
movement."
Superinendent Anderson, of Caldwell
county, reports elections in two local tax
districts, with only two votes against the
tax in one and only ten against it in the
other. The educational outlook in old
Caswell is hopeful.
Superintendent Justice, of Polk county,
writes that on May 7th, Columbus dis-trict
No. 20, Cowper's Gap township, voted
a special school tax.
Superintendent Allen, of Warren county,
reports the election of a special school tax
in the district, including the town of War-renton,
as carried by an overwhelming
majority, only one vote being cast against
it, and writes for blank petitions for other
elections, stating that a number of rural
districts are now agitating the question of
local taxation.
News comes also from Mr. W. A. Sulli-van,
of Pinnacle, Stokes county, of the
overwhelming victory for a special tax for
schools at Pinnacle, and of great rejoicing
among the friends of the schools.
A telegram from Mr. Frank Page, of
Biseoe, states that the graded school tax
was carried in that town on May 9th, by a
vote of 32 to 5.
Superintendent Wall, of Anson county,
reports a victory for a special tax for
schools in district No 5, Burnsville town-ship,
only one vote being cast against it
He reports also a number of other elec-tions
pending, with every prospect of vic-tory.
Robeson county reports another election
—Pairmouut district, and others pending.
Wayne county on JNIny 14th enrolled
Grantham township in the local tax
column.
[Continued on Page 10.]
NOETH OAEOLINA JOUKl^AL OF EDUCATION 9
'Navti} QIaroltna
Journal at iBmtnixnn
Published Semi-Monthly (ten months in the year)
at Durham, North CaroUna
By h- e. se:e:man-
E. C. BROOKS, Editor.
Directed by ^n Advisory Board, representing the State De-
.
partment of Ed*. cation; the County and City Schools; High
Schools, Academies and Colleges ; the Primary Teachers' Asso-ciation
; the Woman's Betterment Association ; the Nature
Study Society.
SUBSCRIPTION ONE DOLLAR A YEAR.
Make all remittances and address all business correspondence
to H. E. Seaman, Publisher, Durham, N. C.
Volume I. JUNE 1. Number 18.
The North Carolina Journal of Education.
This issue closes the first volume of the
North Caeolina Jouenal of Education.
Although the plans for publishing the
Journal were made late in the season,
after the greater number of the teachers'
meetings were closed, still the profession
has come to its support and its contin-uance
is already secured. Mr. Seeman
believed that it was quite possible to
make the Journal a success, and after a
year's experience he is still of the same
opinion. The policy of the Journal is
apparent to those who read it. The pro-fessional
spirit in North Carolina is strong
enough to support a magazine for teach-ers.
This has been clearly shown within
the past year. The number of letters
from city and county superintendents, and
from teachers in all sections of the State,
give abundance of testimony that they de-sire
a strong North Carolina journal of
education to aid them in their daily work
and to teach them how to do more for the
development of the children of North Caro-lina.
This spirit is growing ; it is already
strong, and its effect upon the life of the
State cannot be too seriously considered.
A more united profession, a stronger co-operation,
a more intelligent activity^
these should be the chief concern of every
citizen of North Carolina.
Hon. J. Y. Joyner Candidate for Re-election
The Raleigh correspondent of the Char-lotte
Observer published an authorized
statement from Hon. J. Y. Joyner that he
would be a candidate for re-election as
State Superintendent of Public Instruc-tion.
This statement is in accordance with
his decision on November 20th, when he
chose to continue as the head of the State's
great educational department, rather than
to become president of the State Normal
and Industrial College. In both instances
he chose the larger part. Laying aside all
personal inclinations, he stands out as the
leader of educational thought in North
Carolina.
In February, 1902, he resigned the chair
of English in the State Normal and Indus-trial
College to succeed the late Thomas
F. Toon as State Superintendent of Pub-lic
Instruction, which position he has
filled most ably since that time. In the
five school years that have passed under
his administration the school fund has
nearly doubled ; the amount raised by
local taxation has nearly trebled ; the
rural libraries have grown and multiplied
until they form a considerable working
part of the school system. The salaries
of teachers and county superintendents
have been considerably increased. The
school term has been lengthened about one
week. Never before in the history of the
State has there been such activity in
building school houses and in voting in-creased
appropriations for schools and
bond issues for school buildings. Every-where
the force of wise, conservative lead-ership
in educational activities is being
felt. It is a source of much pleasure to
the profession to be reassured that there
will be no change of leaders, hence no
change of policies, and that the steady
progress of the past five years is but an
index of what a much greater progress
will be in the future. The profession will
be greater as each year passes ; and the
larger and fuller life of the people, made
possible by a bi'oader public education,
will testify in the near future to the wis-dom
of our State Superintendent of Pub-lic
Instruction.
Prof. J. 1. Foust, President.
The Board of Directors of the State
Normal and Industrial College, one of the
foremost colleges for women in America,
has chosen Prof. J. I. Foust as successor
to the late Dr. Charles D. Mclver. On
November 20 this board met and offered
the presidency to Hon. J. Y. Joyner, but
he declined the offer, preferring to remain
at the head of the State Educational De-partment.
The position was left open, and
Prof. J. I. Foust, dean of the college, was
made acting president. All this is well
known history. After serving the institu-tion
for a year in a double capacity. Prof.
Foust gave an account of his stewardship,
which is so eminently satisfactory that
his election as president is but a just rec-ognition
of his fitness for the high position
to which he has been permanently called.
In the people of North Carolina there is
a deep-seated affection for this institution
on account of its great founder, and on
account of the institution itself, for the
good it has accomplished, for the strong,
intellectual womanhood it has fostered.
The new president possesses the qualities
that the institution needs in its executive.
The State Historical Commission.
The last General Assembly amended the
law relating to the State Historical Com-mission
and made it really a very live
force for good. It is composed of six
members appointed by the Governor, as
follows : W. J. Peele, of Raleigh, Chair-man
; J. Bryan Grimes, Secretary of State
;
T. W. Blount, Roper, Prof. M. C. S. Noble,
Chapel Hill, and Prof. D. H. Hill, Raleigh.
The purposes of the commission are set
forth in Section 2 of the law, as follows:
It shall be the duty of the Commission
to have collected from the files of old
newspapers, court records, church records,
private collections, and elsewhere, histori-cal
data pertaining to the history of North
Carolina and the territory included therein
from the earliest times ; to have such ma-terial
properly edited, published by the
State Printer as other State printing, and
distributed under the direction of the Com-mission
; to care for the proper marking
and preservation of battle-fields, houses
and other places celebrated in the history
of the State; to diffuse knowledge in ref-erence
to the history and resources of
North Carolina ; to encourage the study
of Noi'th Carolina history in the schools
of the State, and to stimulate and encour-age
historical investigation and research
among the people of the State ; to make a
biennial report of its receipts and disburse-ments,
its work and needs, to the Gover-nor,
to be by him transmitted to the Gen-eral
Assembly ; and said Commission is
especially charged with the duty of co-operating
with the Commission appointed
by the Governor to make an exhibit at the
Jamestown Exposition in making at said
exposition an historical exhibit illustrat-ing
the history of North Carolina from the
earliest times.
The General Assembly appropriated
$5,000 to be used by the Commission in
carrying out the purposes of the law. The
first act of the Commission after organiz-ing,
was to elect a secretary, who will de-vote
his entire time to this work.
Jlr. R. D. W. Connor, who has been con-nected
with the State Department of Edu-cation,
was the choice of the committee.
His accuracy in historical research, his
experience in the educational department,
his success in literary activities make him
peculiarly qualified to take charge of this
work. He is the author of "The Story of
the Old North State," a text-book on
North Carolina history recommended for
use in the public schools by the State
Board of Education. He is also author of
several North Carolina sketches. Mr.
Connor's election adds a new force to the
educational work of the State.
North Carolina First in the Hearts of the
Chickasaw Girls.
AVe might have expected it, but we were
unprepared for it just the same. Those
wealthy Indian maidens of the Chickasaw
tribe of Indian Territory desire to marry
any students of the Agricultural and Me-chanical
College of Raleigh. It pays to
advertise, for how else could Arrow Little-heart
and Lizzie Lightfoot, for these are
the names of the fair maidens, know of
the promising youths of this great institu-tion.
Dr. George T. Winston has been re-quested
by the fair applicants to manage
this matrimonial bureau, and it is need-less
to say that the attractive offers will
not go by default Misses Littleheart and
Lightfoot have been reading some. They
10 NOETH CAEOLINA JOUENAL OF EDUCATIOI^
know that North Carolina was first at
Bethel and everywhere else. They have
become convinced that her sons have
always been last to give up any good prop-osition.
They know that every great man
was either born in North Carolina or a
descendant of a North Carolinian or ought
to have been. They are planning for pos-terity.
We take off our hat to Misses
Littleheart and Lightfoot. May their
tribes increase.
Faults of the Schoolmaster.
In any gathering it is usually easy to
detect the schoolmaster. His word being
law in the schoolroom, it is easy to de-tect
him anywhere. He is inclined to grow
petty in an argument. He does not want to
be argued with. His word, he thinks,
should be enough ; he believes there is no
such thing as another side to a statement
made by himself. What the schoolmaster
needs is to go out among men—just ordi-nary
men—who do not in any way recog-nize
his position.
I fear that many teachers are guilty of
cowardice. As a servant of the people he
sometimes, in speaking of his superiors,
hides his own opinions and takes on "foxi-ness."
He fails to take an open stand
with the people he serves. There is some-times
a tendency to mask his own opin-ions.
The schoolmaster, in order to be the
power that he should be in a community,
must first of all be a man—a man of open,
manly courage.
There is another ijoiut I would bring out
for the teacher. It is too easy for him to
shine. In his class he is the wisest per-son
present. He is far above the pupils
in understanding. It is easy to be the
wise teacher. Thei-e is a strong tendency
to leave the mind uncultivated. It is
easy to fall into an attitude of intellectual
sloth. This danger besets the teacher as
it does those in all the other walks of
life. He is tempted to neglect the culture
of his own mind. The teacher's mind, like
the athlete's muscles, needs constant train-ing
to advance. He must keep his intel-lectual
muscles clean and strong.
—
Supt.
Carroll G. Pearse.
School Gardens.
During the past few years there has
been a growing interest in school garden
work in this country. While the movement
here is comparatively new, it has for a
long time been a feature of the educa-tional
work in continental Europe.
And these European schools are a proof
of what the school gardens can do for
agriculture if placed in the hands of the
pupils and their teachers. Germany leads
the world in practical and profitable
methods in agriculture, and there the
school garden is most highly developed.
In that country whence came the
thought and plan of this movement, the
garden schools rival agricultural colleges
in the scope of their work.
In Austria every school by law must
have a gymnasium and a school garden.
In France they have thirty thousand of
these gardens, and no teacher is employed
who has not the ability to teach horticul-ture.
Gardening has been for thirty years
part of the imblic school system of Swe-den,
from one to twenty acres being al-lowed
to each school.
Even in Russia, in one province alone,
there are over one hundred thousand
fruit trees in the school.
To America is reserved the distinction
of being the only enlightened country
which partially ignores this branch of
education ; and except in the most pro-gressive
states this feature has only made
a sporadic and half-hearted beginning.
Is it any wonder that we have abandoned
farms and overcrowded cities?
Aristotle, when asked in what way the
educated differ from the uneducated, re-plied,
"As the living differ from the dead."
"The difference between the educated
man and the uneducated," says President
Schurman, "is that the educated man sees
more, feels more, wants more, is inter-ested
in a vastly greater variety of things,
and in short, lives a larger, a richer, and
a fuller life."
But before the life must come the liv-ing
; and the first duty of man to society
is to support himself by his own indus-try
; therefore, the first function of edu-cation
is to fit him for such support.
Agriculture in its broadest sense is the
primary basis of wealth in this country,
and it seems essential that efforts should
be made in our educational system to
bring early to the mind of the child facts
which will be of value as emphasizing
tlie importance and necessity of agricul-tural
work. There is no better way to do
this than through a well managed and
well conducted system of school garden
training. Aside from the fact that the
interest of the child is early awakened
in an industry which means much to the
future prosperity of this country, there is
often a broader application of the work in
its moral effect on the child. Then, the
work is valuable in broadening lines of
thought, enlarging the scope of the child's
observation, and improving its physique.
in the agricultural class. Exhibits of ap-paratus
of any kind. Outlines of experi-ments
at school or at home ; exhibit of
charts used in teaching agriculture ; photo-graph
of your class at work, experiments,
etc.
Very helpful suggestions along this line
may be obtained from a little bulletin en-titled
the "Use of Illustrative Material
in Teaching Agriculture," by Dick J.
Crosby. This any teacher can get upon
application to the Department of Agricul-ture,
Washington, D. C.
Dr. F. L. Stevens, of the A. & M. Col-lege,
Raleigh, will be glad also to offer
suggestions.
Prizes for Exhibits of Methods.
The North Carolina State Fair offers
three valuable prizes for the best exhibits
of methods of teaching agriculture. The
first prize is $25.00; second prize, $15.00,
and third prize, $10.00.
The competition is open to all public
and common schools of the State, exclud-ing
the colleges and universities. Every
teacher in this State should be interested
in this offer and make efforts to secure
the prizes. Special attention is called to
the fact that it is to be an exhibit of
methods. Anything which goes to illus-trate
your method of teaching agriculture
will be eligible for the exhibit : Such, for
example, as work done by your pupils,
collections of soils, plants, weeds, seeds,
roots, laroduce. Anything made by your
pupils. Collections of I'oot tubercles, note
books and drawings made by your pupils
Local Taxation Spreading.
[Continued from Page 8.]
Guilford county reiwrts another dis-trict,
Oakshade, in Jamestown township.
Macon county reports that the town of
Franklin has just voted the tax and that
two other districts are pending.
Supt. F. T. Wooten, of Columbus county,
writes that an election for local tax was
carried at Cronley without a dissenting
vote. Another election is pending, which
he feels sure will be carried. The three
elections that have been carried since
March will add about $2,000 to the county
school fund. Columbus county will receive
this year from local taxation at least
$10,000. There are twenty local tax dis-tricts
in the county. Nineteen schools
have rural libraries. No county in the
State has made more progress education-ally
within the last few years than Colum-bus.
This is due largely to the wisdom of
the Board of Education in employing a
superintendent for all of his time, and
paying him a salary which justifies him
in giving his time to school work.
Supt. F. P. Hall, of Gaston county,
> writes that an election for special tax was
carried May 15th at King's Mountain.
There was no opposition to the tax. This
district contains three large cotton mills,
and the tax was proposed and carried by
the owners of these mills. A schoolhouse
costing $2,000 will be built at once.
Supt. Paul J. Long, of Northampton
county, writes that a special ' tax was
voted on the 18th of Jlay, at Seaboard.
The vote was 71 for schools, against 41.
Mrs. Russell Sage, widow of the late
multi-millionaire, has set aside $10,000,-
000 for an endowment fund with the ob-ject
of improving the social and living con-ditions
in the United States. A bill incor-porating
the foundation has been passed
in the New York legislature. In speaking
of this donation, she said : "It will be
within the scope of such a foundation to
investigate and study the causes of ad-verse
social conditions, including ignor-ance,
poverty and vice ; to suggest how
these conditions can be remedied or amel-iorated,
and to put in operation any ap-propriate
means to that end. The founda-tion
will be national in its scope and in
its activities." A board of trustees of
prominent philanthropic workers has been
appointed.
NOKTH CAEOLINA JOUKNAL OF EDUCATION 11
School News Notes and Personal Items.
The National Educational Association
will hold its next annual session at Los
Angeles, California, July 8-13.
Prof. Willis Brogden, of the Durham
High School, has resigned to study law.
The legal profession has called off another
strong man.
Prof. A. T. Allen, principal of the Dil-worth,
Mecklenburg county, graded schools,
has been elected superintendent of the
Graham city schools.
• Dr. Edwin Slims, of Trinity College,
will give eleven lectures on literature be-fore
the Colorado Chautauqua and Sum-mer
School at Boulder, Col.
The Raleigh School Board has decided
to place male principals at the head of the
grammar schools of the city. Another
evidence of the growing demand for more
men in the profession.
Lumberton has recently voted a bond
issue of $25,000 for a graded school build-ing.
In the instruction to the architect
the board stated that they desired a build-ing
equal to the best in the State.
Eleven school furniture companies have
been convicted in Chicago for violating
the anti-trust laws. They all pleaded
guilty and were fined heavily. They
formed a conspiracy to control the school
desks of America.
Supt. J. H. Melver, who has been super-intendent
of the Farmville, Pitt county,
graded school for three years, has been
elected to organize the schools of Wades-boro,
which town has recently voted the
tax and a good bond issue.
Georgia knows a good thing when she
sees it. She is using our literature on
school improvement to good advantage.
That reminds us the Betterment Associa-tion
should be heard from. It should hold
its annual session anyway.
Mr. F. A. Daniels, of Goldsboro, has
established a fund at the Methodist Or-phanage
in Raleigh, for the support of an
orphan child. This is a permanent fund,
and is given in memory of Mrs. Daniels,
who died a few months ago.
Where will the Eastern Training School
be located? Greenville has already laid
away a nice little sum of $50,000, hid se-curely
until the proper time. Kinston,
Rocky Mount, Elizabeth City and Wash-ington
will also come forward at the ap-pointed
time.
The State Board of Education has re-elected
Professor John Duckett as Super-intendent
of the Colored Normal Schools,
and the Croatan Indian Schools. The
legislature appropriated $10,000 for the
purpose of purchasing sites. Soon the
colored normals will be in permanent
homes.
State Superintendent W. W. Stetson, of
Maine, has resigned. He will be very
pleasantly remembered by the teachers of
North Carolina who attended the Assem-bly
at Greensboro. Mr. Stetson will devote
the next two years to filling lecture en-gagements.
He will also furnish some
books he is writing.
Write to Mrs. Walter B. Hill, Athens,
Ga., for a copy of "Agricultural Gardens
for our Public Schools." It is the product
of an organization which has had for its
object, "An educational campaign for an
industrial school system which shall in-clude
the teaching of domestic science and
agriculture and manual training in all
public schools in Georgia."
Wilmington is aroused to the necessity
of providing suitable parks and play-grounds
for the children. While the city
was growing, the child was forgotten.
While property was cheap there was
available land in abundance. Wilming-ton's
awakening must be the awakening
of every city in North Carolina. As the
cities become more and more congested
there will be less and less space for chil-dren
to play in. This is a serious matter.
Other towns should study Wilmington.
Mr. Chas. L. Coon, of Raleigh, has been
chosen superintendent of the Wilson
Graded Schools, to succeed Prof. Gray R.
King, who has resigned. Blr. Coon is a
strong man, and he will do excellent work
in Wilson. As superintendent of the Sal-isbury
schools, as Director of the Bureau
of Information at Knoxville for the South-ern
Education Board, as Superintendent of
the State Colored Normal Schools, and as
chief cleric in the State Superintendent's
office, he has demonstrated his peculiar
fitness to manage a system of schools.
His services to education are his best rec-ommendations.
Prof. D. H. Hill's School History of
North Carolina, which has been adopted
for use in the public schools of the State,
will be ready for distribution about the
first of June. It is in the hands of the
binders, and will be delivered the last of
this month. The work is being done under
the direction of the Stone & Barringer
Company, of Charlotte. The volume will
be profusely illustrated, and those who
have examined it pronounce it excellent
in all details as to text as well as to me-chanical
makeup. Prof. Hill's style is
pleasing and attractive, and the history
will doubtless prove a great seller.
"It is my earnest conviction," says Su-perintendent
ShaefCer, of Pennsylvania,
"that the substitute teacher should be the
best paid as well as the most skilful and
experienced teachers in the entire teaching
force of a city. When the substitute
teacher is not needed to take the place of
an absent teacher she should take charge
of backward pupils and try to bring
them up to the average of the classes by
special instruction." While the plan pro-posed
does not quite fulfill the opinion of
the State Superintendent as to remunera-tion
and experience, it is in line with his
suggestion as to regular employment and
would result in much good to the district.
Superintendent Moses, of the Raleigh
schools, has resigned. Twenty-six years
ago Superintendent Moses came to North
Carolina from Tennessee and organized
the Goldsboro schools. His work at once
attracted the attention of the entire State,
and for over a quarter of a century he
has been a constant worker in the educa-tional
development of North Carolina.
Prom Goldsboro Superintendent Moses
went to Raleigh and the schools of the
capital city at once took first rank. He
has done much constructive work ; he is
the author of a phonic primer that is
used widely. Whenever the history of
education in North Carolina is written it
will not be complete without a recognition
of the services of Supt. E. P. Moses.
There was introduced at the last session
of Congress a bill to appropriate $8,000,
000 annually for industrial education In
high schools of secondary grade. It is
proposed in that bill to devote about half
of this sum to instruction in mechanic
arts and home economies in city high
schools and half to instruction in agri-culture
and home economics in agricul-tural
high schools. There have been estab-lished
in variou!^ states between thirty and
forty agricultural high schools, articulat-ing
with the rural schools below and with
the agricultural colleges above. As these
schools return most of their graduates to
country life, they are properly said to
articulate with the farm also. This bill
would cause the states to establish two or
three hundred more of these agricultural
high schools, one for each ten agricultural
counties. Numerous cities have estab-lished
mechanic arts in high schools, and
others have introduced mechanic arts and
home economics as elective studies into
their general high school course.
Parlor Car Service Between Goldsboro,
Morehead City and Beaufort.
Commencing Saturday, June 1st, 1907,
the Parlor Car Vance will be operated on
trains Nos. 2 and 3 between Goldsboro,
Morehead City and Beaufort.
Leave Beaufort 7:30 a. m., Morehead
City 7 :50 a. m., arriving at Goldsboro at
11 :20 a. m., connecting with A. C. L. train
No. 48 for the north and with Southern
Railway train No. 135 for the south,
west and north.
Leave Goldsboro at 4:10 p. m., connect-ing
with A. C. L. train No. 48 from the
south. No. 49 from the north, and Southern
Railway train No. 108 from the south,
west and north.
The parlor care fare, in addition to the
regular first-class fare, will be for distance
of 75 miles or less 25 cents, and for 76 to
9S miles 50 cents.
H. C. HuDGiNS, Gen. Pass. Agent.
R. E. L. Bunch, Traffic Manager.
12 NOKTH CAKOLINA JOURNAL OF EDUCATION
Agricultural Education.
The final placing of agriculture in the
curriculum of the common school is the
culmination of an effort in that direction
which began nearly one hundred years ago.
The early attempts were futile. Time
passed and the efforts were renewed again
only to prove useless, and leaving a record
of the effort buried in obscurity in the re-port
of some agricultural , or horticultural
society. Such was the history of repeated
efforts until the present movement origi-nated.
Agriculture was introduced into the
schools, not because of its technical value,
but because this subject has excellent
training and disciplinary value. It is in
recognition of this fact that thirty States,
territories and provinces in North America
have already taken official action looking
toward the introduction of agricultural
subjects into the common schools. Profes-sor
Bailey, in a recent article on Agricul-tural
Education in the September Century,
points out that it is owing to the cultural
value of their subject that it is making its
way into the curriculum of the school. He
says : "The common public schools do not
teach the professions and trades. The result
of good industrial education is to put the
pupil into contact with his own problem,
to place him near the load, to develop his
creative and constructive instincts, to give
his schooling purpose and meaning, to
awaken a living sympathy with the mov-ing
questions of the time, to fit him to live.
The whole trend of education is to put the
scholar into the actual work of the world;
therefore nothing can prevent the introduc-tion
of agricultural topics into the schools
except a fundamental change in our point
of view on the needs and progress of civili-zation."
The movement of agricultural education
is not limited to America. It is world
wide. It prevails in Russia, France, Italy,
Switzerland, South America and Australia.
The hold that this new subject is getting
on the world is shown by a glance through
the pages of the Experiment Station Rec-ord
in the past seven numbers alone, where
we find recorded such things as these:
"Agricultural education in Belgium is
administered through the college, the agri-cultural
secondary schools, agricultural
schools for women."
"At the Department of Superintendents
of the National Education Association in
Kentucky, the afternoon of the last day was
devoted to industrial training." This took
the form of "a discussion of agriculture in
the schools. This discussion was led by
superintendents from Illinois, Kentucky,
Connecticut and Oklahoma, showing the
wide interest in agriculture."
"A people's high school, including a mod-ern
farm and museum of agriculture, is
maintained at Otterbach. Lectures are at-tended
annually by from three to four thou-sand
farmers' sons."
"Instruction in Agriculture in Antigua
includes lessons in agricultural sciences,
and practical work in school gardens."
The two last quotations indicate activity
concerning this subject in foreign countries.
"The State Normal School at Oklahoma
has recently established a Department of
Agriculture and Physiography. A bulle-tin
on agriculture is being issued."
"Sac City, Iowa, High School has an en-rollment
of fifty-six pupils. The Hagans-ville,
Missouri, High School has a class of
thirty-eight boys and girls studying agri-culture.
"A text-book in Agriculture has just been
issued especially adapted to the primary
schools in Bolivia."
"The Agricultural High School in Berlin
enrolled 893 pupils for the Winter Course.
At Breslow 140. The Agricultural Academy
at Bonn, 501."
"Nine hundred and two teachers of
Michigan adopted a resolution favoring the
introduction of elementary agriculture."
"Over 250 townships in Ohio have placed
agriculture in their schools."
"More than 100 boys have entered the
corn test in Indiana. Each will grow one
acre of corn. Prizes aggregating $300 will
be awarded."
Governor Pardee, of California, states
"that a vast majority of the boys left
school at so early an age that little im-pression
is made on their minds and char-acters.
There is little in the school curricu-lum
to aid them in their life's work."
"Instruction in Agriculture and closely
related subjects is being given in many
schools in California."
"County Schools of Agriculture have been
established in Wisconsin."
"Agriculture is now a required subject of
study in North Dakota."
"In New Hampshire among the studies
that are being taught are Nature Study
and Agriculture."
"Agricultural Education in Rouniania
includes seven elementary agricultural
schools, six secondary agricultural schools,
two model farms, and a Central Agi-icul-tural
School."
"Agricultural Education in Porto Rico;
nineteen agricultural schools were estab-lished."
"Two new Normal High Schools in Mis-souri
will each teach agriculture and hor-ticulture."
"Wisconsin now requires agriculture to
be taught in every rural school in the
State, and no diploma can be issued to
any pupil graduating from a rural school
unless he has had instruction in agricul-ture."
"Agriculture in Poonah, India—seventy-five
students."
"Agricultural instruction in Transvaal;
an institute has recently been established."
"Agriculture in the West Indies is given
to boj's about fourteen years of age."
"Winter schools in the Rhine Province.
There are thirty-one. There have been
11,457 pupils."
"Algeria. A school of agriculture with
farm attached has been organized at Ma-son
Carree."
"Agriculture in Turkey. A school with a
fifty-two-acre farm has been organized."
"Alabama. Nine district schools have
been organized."
The above notes are taken at random
from only seven numbers of the monthly
magazine in order to show what other
States and coimtries are doing in agricul-tural
education.
Is North Carolina doing her part? Are
the adjoining States doing their part? Is
agriculture being taught as widely as it
should be? Are as many taking advantage
of it as should ?
How to Prevent Oat Smut.
By F. L. Stevens, A. & M. College.
All country people are familiar with a
peculiar blackened condition of oats, wheat,
rye and barley at harvest time, commonly
known as "blackheads," "smut," or "bunt."
This is a disease and it prevails wherever
oats and other grains are grown and often
to a very serious extent, much more al-
•svays than the farmer is aware. It is fre-quent
to observe a loss of as much as
forty per cent of the value of the whole
crop from this disease in fields in North
Carolina. Throughout the State the aver-age
loss is about 15 per cent. In one
community which I visited last summer
the loss was more than 10 per cent of the
total taxes collected in that county.
This disease is caused by another small
plant known as a fungus growing within
the oat plant, and the black cloud of dust
shed by the plant as the oats mature con-sists
of the spores or reproductive bodies
of the fungus. In function these spores
correspond with the seed of the higher
plants. If these spores fall upon the oat
plant of susceptible age they will germi-nate
and penetrate into the oat plant.
1824 St. Mary's
R.aleigh
1907
The Episcopal School for Girls and Youn^ Women.
College, Music, Art, Business, Elocution, Preparatory
25 TEACHERS ^2TS—$37S 200 STUDENTS
661h Session Opens Sept. 19, 1907.
Number of Boarding Pupils Limited. Place Reserved in Order of Formal .Application.
To Insure Place, Application Should Be Filed by June 1st.
Address. RECTOR.
St. Mar3''s School, Raleigh.
NORTH CAROLINA JOURNAL OF EDUCATION 13
and as the oat arrives at maturity cause
it to produce smut instead of seed. A
very peculiar thing concerning this dis-ease
is tliat the oat plant is susceptible
to attack only when it is very young, only
pnior to the attainment of a lengtli of a half
inch by its first leaf. It thus happens
that if the farmer can protect the oat plant
in its infancy he can save it from the dis-ease.
It is further true that only those
spores that are on the seed and are con-sequently
planted with it are able to in-fect
the young plants.
The method of prevenHing oat smut,
based upon these facts, consists in so treat-ing
the seed before planting as to loill all
of the adhering spores. This treatment is
an exceedingly simple one and consists in
soaking the seed in formalin, a chemical
which may be had at any druggist at small
cost, diluted to the strength of 1 ounce to
3 gallons of water. After so treating, the
oats are allowed to remain wet for several
hours, and are then dried and planted.
This treatment is absolutely perfect, pre-venting
every single grain of smut. It
applies equally well to wheat, oats, rye and
barley. It costs less than three cents per
acre, and in view of its great eflSeieucy
can be applied to these crops with great
profit.
A Pedagogical Library.
Those who desire to invest a fev7 dol-lars
in books on pedagogy will find the
list given below very helpful. This is in
reply to the several requests received ask-ing
for such information.
I. Science of Teaching:
1. James' Talks to Teachers (Henry
Holt & Co.).
2. Thorndike's Principles of Teaching
CD. Appleton & Co.).
3. McMurry's Method of the Recitation
(Macmillan).
-t. McMurry's Course of Study in Eight
Grades (Macmillan).
II. History of Education.
1. Text-book in the History of Educa-tion
(Macmillan).
2. Painter's A History of Education
(D. Appleton & Co.).
3. Quick's ' Essays in Educational Re-formers
(D. Appleton & Co.).
III. Special Methods.
1. History
—
Hinsdale.—How to Study and Teach
History (D. Appleton).
Brigham.—Geographic Influences in
American History (Ginn & Co.).
McMurry's Special Method in History
(Macmillan).
2. English—
McMurry's Special Method in English
Classics (Macmillan).
Chubb.—The Teaching of English.
3. Reading and Language
—
Hinsdale.—Teaching the Language Arts.
McMurry's Special Method in Primary
Reading.
Arnold.—Reading: How to Teach It
(Silver Burdette & Co.).
Bryant.—How to Tell Stories to Chil-dren.
McMurry's Special Method in Language.
4. Arithmetic
McClellan and Dewey.—Psychology of
Numbers.
Smith.—The Teaching of Elementary
Arithmetic.
5. Geography
—
Parker.—How to Teach Geography.
McMurry.—Special Method in Geogra-phy.
THE NORFOLK & SOUTHERN RY.
The Jamestown Tricentennial Exposition
NORFOLK, VA., APRIL 26th..NOVEMBER 30lh. 1907
Effective April 26, 1907, the Norfolk &
Southern Railway will operate the follow-ing
schedule via Goldsboro
:
Mondays, Wednes- Tuesdays, Thursdays
days and Fridays and Saturdays
A.C.L. 49 A.C.L. 41 A.C.L. 48 A.C.L 42
No. 3 No. 1 No.2 No. 4
Lv Ar
A.M. P.M. P.M. A.M.
8:30 6:40 Norfolk (A. C. L.) 6:05 7:30
4:10 7:30 Goldsboro (N.&S.) 11:20 8:25
4:20 7:43 Millers 11:07 8:15
4:31 7:51 Bests 11:58 8:07
4:43 8:01 LaGrange 10:47 7:56
4 :55 8 :13 Falling Greek 10 :35 7 :43
5:10 8:26 Kinston 10:22 7:30
5:22 8:43 Caswell 10:08 7:16
5:32 8:53 Dover 9:58 7:06
5:46 9:07 Cove 9:41 6:50
5:56 9:17 Tuscarora 9:31 6:40
6:01 9:26 Clarks 9:26 6:34
6 :18 9 :40 Ar New Bern Lv 9 :10 6 :18
6 :23 9 :45 Lv New Bern Ar 9 :05 6 :10
6:48 10:04 Riverdale 8:43 5:45
6:52 10:08 Croatan 8:39 5:41
7:06 10:20 Havelock 8:27 5:29
7:22 10:36 Newport 8:11 5:13
7:28 10:42 Wildwood 8:05 5:07
7:32 10:46 Mansfield 8:01 5:03
7:50 11:00 Moreh'd City 7:50 4:52
8 :10 11 :20 Ar Beaufort Lv 7 :30 4 :35
Pullman Sleeping Cars will be operated
on A. C. L. trains Nos. 41 and 42 and
Chair Cars on trains Nos. 48 and 49 be-tween
Goldsboro and Norfolk.
The following i-ates will apply from
points named to Norfolk and return; (Sea-son
Tickets, first; Sixty-day Tickets, second;
Ten-day Tickets, Third; Coach Tickets,
fourth).
Goldsboro $8.10, $6.80, $6.15, $3.60.
Kinston, Dover, New Bern (via Golds-boro
and A. C. L. or via N. & S. direct),
$8.10, $6.80, $6.15, $3.60.
Morehead City (via Goldsboro and
A. C. L. or via New Bern), $10.20, $8.60,
$7.75, $5.00.
Beaufort (via Goldsboro and A. C. L. or
via New Bern), $10.40, $8.80, $7.95, $5.20.
Note—Coach excursion rate sold day
prior to opening date and on each Tuesday
thereafter, limited seven days and en-dorsed
"Not Good in Sleeping, Pullman
and Parlor Cars." Other tickets go on
sale April 19th, 1907, and continue until
close of Exposition.
M. W. MAGUIRE, General Supt.
R. P. FOSTER, Asst. Gen. Supt. '
R. E. L. BUNCH, Traffic Manager.
H. C. HbDGINS, G. P. A.
BETWEEN RALEIGH AND ZEBILON.
Effective Monday, March 25, 1907.
Eastbound
Daily ex. Sunday
Mixed
1
Westbound
Daily ex. Sunday
Mixed
P.M.
5:30
5:38
5 :40
5:48
6:08
6:25
6:35
6:42
7:00
Lv Raleigh Ar
(Cleveland St. Glenwood)
Pamlico Junction
Duke Siding
Boushall Siding
Knightdale
Eagle Rock
Wendell
Rock Quarry
Zebulon
8:2:
Ar
Read Down
Lv 7
Read
.M.
:00
:48
:45
:37
22
:57
:48
:43
:30
Up
M. W. MAGUIRE, Gen. Supt.
R. P. FOSTER, Asst. Gen. Supt.
E. E. L. BUNCH, Traffic Manager.
H. C. Hudgins, Gen. Pass. Agent.
TEACHERS
DO YOU WANT to teach Art, Music. Business,
Expression or a Public. Private or Normal
School? UDO YOU WISH a book that makes
Teaching Easy, School Furniture, Good School
Journals, Drawing Books, Examination Ques-tion
Books or Entertainment Books, Report
Cards? HWrite at once.
THE TEACHERS' C0=0PERAT1VE COMPANY
Nashville, Tennessee WANTED.
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our book of information which explains
our methods and plans of conducting an
up-to-date, reliable teachers' agency'.
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guaranteed to those who deal with us.
Optional plans of registering offered to
teachers.
THREE offices:
12-16 Trinity Ave., Atlanta, Ga.
101 Market St., Harrisburg, Pa.
1543 Glenarm St., Denver, Cob
Correspond with nearest office.
INTERSTATE TEACHERS' BUREAU
WINTERVILLE HIGH SCHOOL.
Fall Term opens September 3cl, and closes De-cember
1st, 1906. Spring Term begins Decem-ber
31st, 1906, and ends May 17th, 1907.
Thorough instruction under the best moral in-fluence.
Tuition $1 to $3.50 per month. Board,
including furnished rooms, light and fuel .$8 per
month. Expenses per session of nine months
$81 to $130. Separate dormitories for boj-s and
girls under special supervision of members of the
facult.v. Good mineral v^^ater supply on the
grounds. For catalogue and further informa-tion,
address the principal.
G. E. LINEBERRY, Winterville. N. C.
The Normal and Industrial College.
THE STATE'S COLLEGE FOR WOMEN.
Regular Courses Leading to Degrees. Brief Courses for Teachers. One-year Course
beginning September 20th. Two-months' Course beginning September 20th. Two-months'
Course beginning April 1st. Observation and Practice in Training School for
Teachers. For catalogue address, J. I. FOUST, Dean, Greensboro, N. C.
The Southern Educational Bureau,
RICHMOND, VA. RALEIGH, N. C.
Seventeenth year, same management. Conservative and reliable. Operates througli-out
the Southwest. Members located in twenty-eight States. Confidential correspon-dence
invited with schools and colleges looking for teachers, and with good teachers look-ing
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14 NOETH CAEOLIITA JOUEITAL OF EDUCATIOlSr
EQUAL TO ANY DESK.
1. In beauty of design and finish.
2. In character of material and construction.
3. In quality of comfort and healthfulness.
4. In durabilit)', convenience, and noiseless operation.
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1. IN ADAPTATION TO SOUTHERN CLIMATE.
2. Inaccessibility. Immediate shipments and quick delivery.
3. IN PRICE, THE LOWEST. Not in the "Trust."
Low freight rates. Economical and efficient organization
of the best equipped factorv in the country today.
We manufacture School Desks, Church Pews, Opera Chairs, Park
Benches, etc. Write for Catalogue, prices and information.
Mississippi Seating Company
Jackson, IVIississippi.
TO TEACHERS—Show this Ad to your School Board.
New
South
Automatic
SCHOOL DUSK
Schoolrooms
The gravity of the dust question as applied to our schoolrooms is such that we
cannot afford to ignore its sigrnificance. While great attention has been given to
ventilation, very little has been given to dust.
When it is considered how much dust is constantly being raised by shuffling
feet, it becomes necessary that, in order to correct the dust evil in our schools, we
must use some means whereby the dust will be prevented from, circulating. It has
been proved that wherever _m~,. _^p— _ ^ _^-^ _ ^^ _^ STANDARD
Floor Dressing
ia nsed the amonnt of circulating dnst is rednced eleven-twelfths. "What
a boon this must be to teachers and scholars. Irritation of eyes and
physical discomfort are not the most serious consequences of dust : Dust
is one of the most potent factors in the spread of diseases such as
Tuberculosis, Typhoid Fever, Asiatic Cholera, Erysipelas, Diphtheria,
Yellow Fever. Pneamonia, and others too numerous to mention.
standard Floor DresBln^also preserves the flooring, reduces labor,
and saves its cost many times over. Will not evaporate. Sold by the
barrel or in cans of varying capacity by dealers generally.
I'Qtent Standard Oiler makes process of application easy and
economical.
We will apply Standard Floor Dressing, -n-ithout charge, to the floor of
one room or hall in any Hospital, School, or other public building, to
demonstrate that all we claim for it is true. Standard Floor Dressing is
not intended for use on varnished, waxed or polished floors or for use in
private houses.
Testimonials and interesting reports from medical authorities on
"Dust and its Dangers" gladly furnished upon request.
STANDARD OIL COMPANY
(Incorporated)
University of
North Carolina
1789-1907 -^ j^^
Head of the State's Educational System.
LTr^eAinJmil^lflmUoineuilc!:**. Collegiate. Graduate, Medicine, Law, Engineering, Pharmacy.
Library contains 45,000 volumes. New water works, electric
lights, central heating svstem. Ne^v dormitories, gymnasium,
Y. M. C. A. building, library. 730 Students. 74 in Faculty.
The Fall term begins September 9, 1907. Address
Francis P. Venable, President. Chapel Hill, N. C.
The Southern School Furniture Supply Company
MANUFACTURERS, WHOLESALE AND RETAIL DEALERS
QUICKEST SERVICE AND LOWEST PRICES.
Write about what you want or call when in the city. Salesroom and Warehouse, Comer
Broad and Ninth Streets.
RICHMOND, VIRGINIA.
Norfolk & Southern Rwy. Co.
LOCAL TIME TABLE.
GOLDSBORO AND BEAUFORT, N C.
Effective Sunday, April 21, 1907, at
a. m.
12:01
Eastbound Westbound
Read Down Read Up
3 1 2 4
Dailj Daily STATIONS Daily Daily
P.M. A.M. A.M. P.M.
±:10 7 :30 Lv Goldsboro Ar 11:20 8:25
4:20 7 :43 Millers 11:07 8:15
4:31 7:51 Bests 11:58 8:0r
4:43 8:01 LaGrange 10:47 7:56
4 :55 8:13 Falling Creek 10:35 7:43
5:10 8:26 Kinston 10:22 7:30
5:22 8:43 Caswell 10:08 7:16
5:32 8:53 Dover 9:58 7:06
5:46 9:07 Cove 9:41 6:50
5:56 9:17 Tuscarora 9:31 6:40
6:01 9:26 Clarks 9.26 6:34
6:18 9:40 Ar New Bern Lv 9:10 6:18
6:23 9:45 Lv New Bern Ar 9:05 6:10
6:48 10 :0i Riverdale 8:43 5:45
6:52 10 :0S Croatan 8:39 5:41
7:06 10:20 Havelock 8:27 5:29
7:22 10:36 Newport 8:11 5:13
7:28 10:42 Wildwood 8:05 5:07
7:32 10:46 Manstield 8:01 5:03
7:.50 11:00 Moreh'd City 7:50 4:52
8:10 11 :20 Ar Beaufort Lv 7:30 4:35
R. E. L. BUNCH, Traffic Manager
Goldsboro, N. C.
H. C. HUDGINS, General PreightAgent,
Goldsboro, N. C.
,Qi'^^5g^i^!>^
(incorporated)
Capital Stock $30,000.00.
DI|C|\ipCC When vou think of going off to
UUOlllLOO school, write for New Catalogue
and Special Offer of the Leading Business and
Shorthand School. .Address King's Business
College, Raleigh, N. C, or Charlotte, N. C. (We
also teach Bookkeeping, Shorthand, Penman-ship,
etc., by mail.)
"Happy Days"
Is the title of our new song book prepared espe-cially
for use in public and private schools just
from the press. It contains 64 pages of sacred
songs and hymns, school songs, gems of thought
and responsive scripture readings. Every song
is good and singable. It is the book many
teachers have been looking for, and should be in
the hands of every pupil. This splendid book is
n round and shapednotes.manilla binding. Price
15c a copy; $1.50 a dozen, postpaid. Address
the author and publisher,
James D. Vauithan.
Lawrenceburs, Tcnn.
NOETH CAEOLINA JOURNAL OF EDUCATION 15
S—«N0Vc>< -"^—CN0Vr^'~ *—CN0Vt)'- ».-«N0\r^—«nSV^ -«N0\r^—CN^V^- i-cnSSj-^-- *—c\0V^- »—CN^Vr^f
E6c
University of North Carolina
t
I
Summer Term for Teachers, June 17-July 27, 1907
The Summer School for Teachers, held at the University in past years, has been of great benefit
to the teachers of the State. It is believed that a Summer Term of a different type can now be of
most service.
The branches taught will cover the ordinary high-school course, the object being to provide such
instruction as will enable the teachers of the State to prepare themselves more thoroughlj' for their
work. The growth of high-schools in North Carolina causes an increasing demand for well equipped
high-schoolteachers. The instruction will be given by members of the University faculty, and courses
so graded and arranged that teachers can come several summers and make decided progress in the sub-jects
selected. Teachers are advised to concentrate their work on a few subjects,—two, or at most three
courses. In each course there will be six meetings a week, and regular examinations will be held at
the close of the term. It is important that teachers be present at the opening, June 17th.
The only charge, for teachers, will be a registration fee of $3.00; for others, an additional charge
of $10.00 for tuition. Board and lodging can be obtained in the village at reasonable rates, varying
from $10.00 to $20.00 a month. The University buildings will not be available for these purposes.
The courses offered are in English, L,atin, Mathematics, French, German, History and Elemen-tary
Physics.
For announcement, apply to FRANCIS P. VENABLE, President,
Chapel Hill, N. C.
|G/J^0V9—^-^^—•e/j\^v;^«i -•G/-'\0V3—^.^-^-G'-'^0^>^>—G/-'^^^^=>-'G/'^0^>^'-^©''^^'^^—•—^^'G/-'\gv»—
*
1
i
i
Four Departments
CoIIegfiate, Graduate^ Eng;meer-ing:
and Law*
Larg^e Library facilities. Well-equipped
Laboratories in all departments of science.
Gymnasium furnished T^dth best appa-ratus.
Expenses very moderate. Aid for
u'orthy students-
Youag men -uashing to studj' La-u'
should investigate the superior advan-tages
offered by the Department of Law
in Trinity.
For catalogue and further information
address,
D. W. NEWSOM,
Registrar.
Send Orders for School Printing
To The Seeman Printery, Durham, N. C.
YALE
University
Summer
School
Third Session
July 8th to August 16th, 1907.
Courses in Biologj', Chemistry, Commercial
Geography, Drawing, Education (History, The-orj^
and Methods), English (Literature and
Rhetoric), French, Geology, German, Greek, His-tory
(American and European), Latin, Mathe-matics,
Physical Education, Physics, Psychol-ogy,
School Administration.
These courses are designed for teachers and
students. Some are advanced coutses, others
are introductory.
About one hundred suites of rooms in the
dormitories are available for students.
For circulars containing full information ad-dress,
Yale Summer Scliool,
135 Elm Street, New Haven, Conn.
IINTERNATIONALI DICTIONARY
THE ONE GREAT
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Can it truly be said of any other book I
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buildings. Enter at any
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the president.
W.T.Whitsbtt, Ph. D.,
Wbitsett. N. C.
ro
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BUTTON'S Social Phases of Education 1,25
HORNE'S The Philosophy of Education 1.50
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KIRKPATRICK'S Fundamentals of Child Study J.25
McMURRY'S Books on Methods (9) (Send for Special Circular)
McMURRY'S Course of Study in the Eight Grades
Volume I, Grades I-IV 75
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MONROE'S Source Book of the History of Education 2.25
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SMITH'S Teaching of Elementary Mathematics J.OO
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