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NORTH CAROLINA GEOLOGICAL AND ECONOMIC SURVEY
JOSEPH HYDE PRATT, Director and State Geologist
BIENNIAL REPORT
OF THE
STATE GEOLOGIST
1919-1920
Raleigh
Edwaeds & Broughton Peintixg Co.,
State Printers.
1921
GEOLOGICAL BOARD
GovER^'OB T. W. BicKETT, ex officio Chairman Raleigh.
John Sprunt Hill Durham
Frank R. Hewitt Asheville
R. G. Lassiter Oxford
C. C. Smoot, III North Wilkesboro
Joseph Hyde Pratt, Director and State Geologist Chapel Hill
LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL
Chapel Hill, N". C, December 30, 1920.
To His Excellency, Hon. T. W. Bickett,
Governor of North Carolina.
Sir :—There is herewith submitted my biennial report on the opera-tions
of the jSTorth Carolina Geological and Economic Survey for the
years 1919 and 1920.
Suggestions are made as to what legislation is considered necessary
for carrying out more efficiently the duties that have been assigned to
the Survey.
A financial statement covering the expenditures of the Survey for
the past two fiscal years is also made a part of this report.
Yours respectfully,
Joseph Hyde Pratt,
Director.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGE
Introduction 9
Geological and Mining Division 12
Geological Investigations 12
Iron Ores 12
Structural Materials 13
Gold and Copper 14
Examination of Mineral Specimens 14
Mineral Statistics 15
Forestry Division 15
Demand for Timber 16
Present Condition 16
North Carolina 19
Forest Fire Statistics 20
Protection of Watersheds 20
Wood-Using Industries 21
Study of Southern Pines 21
Chestnut Bark Disease 22
North Carolina Forestry Association 22
Work of U. S. Forest Service in North Carolina 23
Forest Investigations 23
Economic and Industrial Investigations 25
Acquisitions to National Forests 26
Suggested Forestry Legislation 26
State Forests and Parks Division 27
Mount Mitchell State Park 27
Camping Sites Along State Highways 28
Water Resources Division 29
A Water Resource Survey of State 30
Application for Investigation 31
Water Supply for Cities and Towns 32
Water Powers 32
Gaging Stations 34
Cooperation with War Department 35
Water Power Statistics 36
Power Census 36
Administration of Water Powers 38
/
/
8 TABLE OF CONTENTS
'
'
I ' ' PAGE
Dbainage and Reclamation Division 39
Drainage of Swamp Lands in Coastal Plain Region 40
Reclamation of Overflowed Lands in Piedmont Section 40
Bringing Settlers to Take Up Reclaimed Lands 40
Biological Division 42
Beaufort Laboratory 42
Fishing Industries 43
Fish. Planted in North Carolina 44
Mapping Division 54
Base Map 54
Topographc Map 54
Traverse Map 55
Soil Map 56
Geological Map 56
Administrative and Records Division 56
Suggested Legislation 56
Publications 59
Exhibits 63
Window Exhibits 64
Financial Statement 64
List of Publications 66
BIENNIAL REPORT
OF THE
STATE GEOLOGIST
On the Operations of the North Carolina Geological and Economic
Survey for the Two Years Ending November 30, 1920.
By JOSEPH HYDE PRATT, Director
INTRODUCTIO^^
The act establishing the present i*lorth Carolina Geological and
Economic Survey was passed by the General Assembly of 1905 and
amended by the General Assemblies of 1909 and 1917, and outlines in
some detail the character and extent of the work to be undertaken and
carried out by this department of the State. As stated in the act, the
work is as follows
:
1. The examination of the mineral, forest, fishery, and other resources
of the State.
2. The examination of the geological formations of the State Avith
reference to their economic products.
3. The examination of the road building materials and the best
methods of utilizing same.*
4. The examination and classification of the soils and forests and
other physical features of the State, with special reference to their
bearing upon the occupations of the people.
5. The examination of the streams and water powers of the State,
with special reference to their development in manufacturing enter-prises
and the preservation of the sources of these streams through the
protection of the forests.
* This is supplemented by an act passed by the General Assembly of 1909 which authorized
the Geo'osical Board to advise with the township and county authorit'es in the building; and
improvement of the public roads by sending to the to^^-nship or county a competent road
ensrineer who will ass'st them in locating: their improved roads, advising; them as to the best
road to build and how to build it, and a'so ?ive advice relatinT to the best kind of bridse
to be built in connection with the improvement of any road. The Geological Board, through
the State Geologist, may make inquiries in regard to systems of road bui'd'ng and manage-ment
throughout the United States, and make investigations and experiments in re-jard to
the best methods of road making and the best kind of road material, and shall disseminate
Buch knowledge by lectures to be given in the different counties, and by preparin?, publishing,
and distributing bulletins and reports on the subject of road improvement, and sha'l also
gather and tabulate information and statistics on road building in North Carolina and dis-seminate
same throughout the State.
10 BIENNIAL REPORT STATE GEOLOGIST,
6. The examination of the water supplies of the State, with special
reference to the sinking of deep artesian wells.
7. The investigation of the location, occurrence and development of
mineral properties.
8. To i^rovide for the prevention and control of forest fires in any
and all parts of this State.
9. To cooperate with the several Federal Bureaus and such other
sources as may assist in carrying oiit the provisions of this Act.
10. The preparation of reports giving the results of the investiga-tions.
As will be seen from the above outline, the work of this department
is very varied and extensive, and although it relates principally to the
investigation, conservation, protection and develpoment of the natural
resources of the State, it touches the diverse interests of all sections of
INTorth Carolina and is of interest and value to every citizen of the State,
With the appropriations that have been made for this work from year
to year it has not been possible for the Survey to carry on all the work
assigned to it, and it has been necessary for the Geological Board to
determine which of the lines of activity were the most important to
the people of the State, and these investigations have been carried on
more extensively than some of the others. In some of the work, as
in protection of forests from fire, the work has been limited to the
amount of the appropriation for this particular purpose.
The Survey has, however, been very fortunate in receiving the hearti-est
cooperation of the various Federal Bureaus which have in many
cases made liberal appropriations for cooperating with the State in
many of its investigations ; and in this way the work of this depart-ment
has progressed much more rapidly than it could otherwise pos-sibly
have done. This relates particularly to the investigation of the
swamp and overflowed lands of the State, the fisheries, water supplies
and forestry.
The Survey has prepared for publication reports regarding its inves-tigations,
but the printing of these has often been delayed for several
years, and in some instances the reports cannot be printed on account
of lack of funds for printing same. As one of the principal works of
the Survey is investigating the occurrence, quantity and value of the
natural resources of the State and making reports for the people of
the State on the results of these investigations, the General Assembly
should make it possible for these reports to be published so that the
people can obtain the results of the investigations which have been
prepared for them. To be of the greatest value to the State these
reports should be printed and be available for distribution at the time
BIENNIAL REPORT STATE GEOLO(iIST. 11
when they will be of the most value either in conserving the interests
of the people or in advertising our resources at the time when these
resources are in most demand. Some of these reports, of course, have
intrinsic value for all times, but some have a much greater value if
they can be published as soon as the investigation is completed. Delay
in publication may and often does mean the withholding of information
which it has cost the State thousands of dollars to obtain, and it may
cause the State to lose many more thousands of dollars because the
information is not available for capitalists who are interested in investi-gating
and developing at once the resources to which it refers. The
demand for those reports on the natural resources of the State comes
not only from the people of North Carolina but people from all over
the country. If the investigations are of value to the State the results
of the investigations are worth a great deal more to the State, but
unless they are made available they are of little or no value.
The work of the Survey is grouped into divisions with an experi-enced
investigator in charge of each division, as follows :
Administrative and Records Division, Josepli Hyde Pratt, Director.
Geological and Mining Division, Wm. F. Prouty, Geologist.
Forestry Division, J. S. Holmes, Forester.
Water Resources Division, Thorndike Saville, Hydraulic Engineer.
Drainage Division, Joseph Hyde Pratt, Engineer.
Mapping Division, T. F. Hickerson, Engineer.
Biological Division, W. C. Coker, Botanist.
State Forests and Parks Division, Joseph Hyde Pratt, Director.
The work accomplished by the several divisions and suggestions for
future work and investigations is described in detail under each head.
The personnel of the l^orth Carolina Geological and Economic
Survey for the past two years has consisted of the following, Avho have
been employed either the whole or a part of their time
:
Joseph Hyde Pratt, Director and State Geologist.
J. S. Holmes. State Forester.
W. D. Clark, Chief Forest Fire Warden.
H. A. Carroll, Special Forestry Agent.
D. L. Moser, Warden, Mitchell State Park.
Wm. F. Prouty, Geologist.
W. S. Bayley, Geologist.
Jasper L. Stuckey, Geologist.
Thorndike Saville, Hydraulic Engineer.
T. F. Hickerson, Civil Engineer.
Miss H. M. Berry, Secretary (To April 15, 1920).
Miss Minnie Queen, Secretary.
Miss Grace White, Stenographer.
B. W. Sipe, Office Assistant.
12 BIENNIAL REPORT STATE GEOLOGIST.
Forest Fire Wardens and Patrolmen:—R. M. Pearson, W. J. Hardin, W. C.
Gore, R. M. Bruton, Geo. F. Rhom, Ed. T. Shearer, C. H. Colvard, L. B.
Murray, C. L. Wilson, Garland V. Stepp, Jas. F. Ferry, Wm. R. Rice and
Geo. F. Blair.
Laborers on Mitchell Park:—Fred Moser, David Moser, Artus Moser,
"William Fore and Charlie King.
Surveyors and Assistants in Water Power Investigations:—S. C. Austin,
A. Y. Cottrell, Hall E. Cobb, E. S. Teague, H. Neville, G. L. Bean, Ned. Trip-lett,
and Lynn Bean.
Surveyors and Assistants in TopogravMc Mapping:—L. W. Fischel, L. J.
Phipps, R. E. Boyd, and Roy J. Morton.
Tenijjorary Clerks and Stenographers:—Elizabeth Moses, Mrs. Laura
Payne Mangum, Leona Priest, Mrs. T. J. Wilson, Mrs. K. J. Brown, Edith
Skemp, Mildred Moses, Mrs. P. H. Winston, Margaret Berry, Mabel Thomp-son,
Miss E. W. Marshall, Zan Koonce, Mrs. Elisabeth W. Baker, Lillian
Long, I. B. Newman, Jesse R. Rhue, and Louise Coffey.
Draftsmen:—S. C. Austin, L. W. Fischel, and Roy J. Morton.
GEOLOGICAL AND MINING DIVISION
Geolog'ical Iiivestig'ations
Iron Ores
The interest in tlie iron ores of the State which was stimulated during
the war period has continued, and requests are constantly coining in for
information as to the location of undeveloped deposits and producing
mines. The present is perhaps the most opportune time in the history
of the State for interesting capital in the iron ores of this State, par-ticularly
the magnetic iron ores of Ashe and Avery Counties and the
brown ores of Cherokee County.
The iron ores of Western Piedmont and Western ISTorth Carolina
have been investigated during the past two years by W. S. Bayley,
Geologist, and to a less extent by the Director. Iron ores of Lincoln,
Gaston and Madison Counties have also been investigated.
The following cooperative agreement was made between the U. S.
Bureau of Mines and the State Survey in regard to investigating the
methods of mining and concentrating iron ores of Cherokee County and
the magnetic iron ores of Ashe and Avery Counties.
Agreement Between the Bureau of Mines and the North
Carolina Geological and Economic Survey
The Bureau of Mines (hereinafter referred to as the Bureau) and the
North Carolina Geological and Economic Survey (hereinafter referred to as
the Survey), desiring to carry on investigations relative to the method of
mining, preparing for market, beneficiating and treatment of iron ores in the
State of North Carolina, do hereby agree each with the other as follows:
BIENNIAL RErORT STATE GEOLOGIST. 13
1. The Bureau agrees to assign one of its mining engineers at a salary of
forty-eight hundred dollars ($4,800) per annum, to advise and assist the
mine operatives in the State of North Carolina in the development of an
improved method of mining, preparing for market, beneficiating and treat-ment
of iron ores.
2. The Survey agrees to turn over all data it might have on hand bearing
on this problem, and cooperate in any other way which might prove helpful
to the solution of the problem herein contemplated.
3. The publication of the results of this investigation shall be under the
control of the Director of the Bureau of Mines. Due recognition, however,
shall be accorded to the Survey for its cooperation.
4. It is understood that this agreement, upon approval of the Secretary
of the Interior, shall be effective from the 25th day of September, 1920, and
may be terminated whenever in the judgment of the Bureau the provisions
of this cooperative agreement have been accomplished.
U. S. Bureau of Mines, (Seal)
By F. G. CoTTRELL, Director
North Carolina Geological and Economic Survey,
By Joseph Hyde Fratt (Seal)
State Geologist and Director.
Mr. Stanley E. Sears was appointed by. tlie Bureau of Mines to
make these investigations, and the results of his work "\^t.11 soon be
available for publication.
Structural Materials
It was realized by the Geological Board early in 1920 that one
of the vital and pressing needs of the State at the jjresent time is
an adequate local supply of structural materials, such as clay, stone,
sand, gravel, etc., and in order to meet this need of the State an
investigation Avas authorized to be made of the location, quantity
and quality of such materials throughout the State. With this in
view, Mr. Jasper L. Stuckey, Geologist, spent six months (1) in-vestigating
localities containing sands and gravels suitable for con-struction
purposes and their preparation for market; (2) examining
stone quarries and stone localities with special reference as to their
becoming sources of supply of crushed stone for concrete and road
purposes; (3') examining clay deposits with special reference as to
their suitability for the manufacture of drain tile, vitrified brick and
common brick.
The result of these investigations has shown that the State is well
supplied with gravel deposits suitable for road surfacing material;
and, when washed, for concrete; with stone suitable, when crushed, for
use in concrete; that such deposits are to be found in many sections
of the State, and many of them suitably located for quarrying. The
14 BIENNIAL REPORT STATE GEOLOGIST,
investigation has shown that the chief difficulty in contractors obtain-ing
crushed stone from ISTorth Carolina deposits has been lack of cars
for transportation. One or more quarries have had to close down com-pletely
because there was no way to ship their product. Others have
had only a small proportion of the cars necessary to take care of the
output of their crushing plants.
Special reports have been and are being prepared from Mr. Stuckey's
investigations on properties for which this special information is de-sired,
and these are being sent out as requests are received. A special
report was prepared on road-building materials, and a portion of this
has already been forwarded to the State Highway Commission.
Gold and Copper
An examination was made by the Director of the Coggins Gold
Mine, near Eldorado, Montgomery County, ISTorth Carolina.
Through the courtesy of Captain Theodore Earle, a mining engi-neer,
and one of the Director's associates when he was Colonel of
the 105th Engineers during the World War, some very interesting
and valuable information has been obtained relating to the Ore Knob
Copper Mine, of Ashe County. Captain Earle was in charge of the
work when this old mine was unwatered and explored in 1915 and
1916. He believes from their investigations and tests that there is a
large body of commercial grade copper ore in this mine. The informa-tion
furnished by Captain Earle will be published in the Survey's
report on the mining industry of 1920.
Through the courtesy of Mr. Thomas Smith, mining engineer, of
Gold Hill, ]Sr. C, maps of the underground workings at the Union
Copper Mine have been furnished the Survey which are additions to
the maps published in the Survey's Bulletin 21 on the Gold Hill
District. He has also furnished considerable new information re-garding
the geology of this district as exposed by these new under-ground
workings. Information has also been given in regard to some
new copper deposits that have been investigated near Moss Spring
in Cabarrus County.
Examination of Mineral Specimens
Mineral specimens are constantly being received at the Survey office
for identification and analysis. Similar specimens received at the
State Department of xlgriculture are also forwarded to this office for
the same purpose. Most of these do not represent anything of com-mercial
or scientific value, but occasionally samples are received which
BIENNIAL KEPORT STATE GEOLOGIST. 15
are of interest, and have led to devcdopuient of commercial supplies
of these minerals. The Survey makes no charge for such minera-logical
determination, but when an assay or chemical analysis is con-sidered
worth while the Survey arranges, if desired, for such analysis
to be made by the chemists to the Survey, for which a special charge
is made. During the past two years 237 samples of minerals and
rocks have been examined and reported upon by the Survey.
Mineral Statistics
Cooperative arrangements have been made for several years with
the TJ. S. Geological Survey for collecting statistics relating to the
mineral production of ISTorth Carolina. For the year 1919, however,
which was the census year, this work was done by the Bureau of the
Census, and these figures are not yet available for the use of the State.
Arrangements have already been made with, the U. S. Geological
Survey to resume the previous cooperative agreement for collecting
these statistics for 1920.
Work of U. S. Geological Survey and U. S. Bureau of Mines in
North Carolina During 1919 and 1920
In .addition to the cooperative work Avith the State Survey, which
has already been mentioned, the U. S. Geological Survey has made
some investigations in regard to chromite and mica, and these reports
have been prepared for publication and will soon be ready for distri-bution.
The Federal Survey has also assisted the State Survey in
preparing the report on the Cretaceous formations of the Coastal
Region of North Carolina.
A representative of the U. S. Bureau of Mines visited a number
of the mica mines and mica trimming plants in ]^orth Carolina dur-ing
April, 1919, to study methods of operation and possible problems
in the industiy. Two short papers have been issued by the Bureau
dealing with mica problems.
A brief examination of some of the talc mines and talc grinding
mills of IvTorth Carolina Avas made by one of the engineers of the
Bureau of Mines in May, 1920. This Avork has been done in connec-tion
AA^ith the preparation of a general report on talc mining and
milling.
FOBESTRY DIVISION
The importance to ]^orth Carolina of her forests is strikingly
shoAA'n by the fact that the forest industries produce material amount-
16 BIENNIAL REPORT STATE GEOLOGIST.
ing in value to at least one hundred million dollars per year and give
employment to over fifty thousand men.
There are but few States in this country where the importance of
the forests is relatively as great as in this State, where one-sixth
of the entire wealth-producing capital is invested in forest lands or
in industries directly dependent upon the products obtained from the'
forests. As a State we recognize that our furniture industry is abso-lutely
dependent upon a permanent supply of hardwood; that the
tanning industry, if it is to' become a permanent one as it should, is
dependent uj)on a constant supply of tanning material, as chestnut
wood and hemlock and chestnut oak bark; and that the paper industry,
Avhich also should be a permanent one, is dependent upon a constant
supply of pulp wood.
Demand for Timber
The wood-using industries of the State are second in value only to
the cotton manufactures, and these factories, which turn out builders'
supplies, furniture, vehicles, packing material, and many other things,
obtained 96 per cent of their raw material from our own State. They
complain, however, that the prices of this raw material are rising, the
supply diminishing, and, what is worse still, the quality of the avail-able
timber rapidly declining.
During the past year 155 of the more important wood-using indus-tries
of the State have been visited and, according to statements
obtained from the majority of these industries, their greatest need at
present and in the future is a supply of suitable timber to be used
in their plants. The statement was made at nearly all of the indus-tries
visited that the quality of their wood supply was not nearly as
good as it was ten years ago, and that they were having to go con-stantly
further for what they did obtain. One leading furniture manu-facturer
in the center of the State said : ''The quality of grades has
been lowered and still continues to be lowered. My production is off
50 per cent because of the scarcity of timber supply and labor."
Representatives of at least one-third of these industries made the state-ment
that their available supply of timber will be exhausted in ten
or fifteen years.
With the shortage of timber there is an increase in price. Seven-manufacturers,
representing the eastern, central and western parts of
JSTorth Carolina, state that the cost of their lumber supply has more
than doubled during the past ten years, and that the quality of the
supply is not nearly so good as it formerly was. One large furniture
manufacturer said : "The supply is getting more scarce and price ia.
BIENNIAL REPORT STATE GEOLOGIST. 17
five times what it was five years ago. The quality of lumber which
we got five years ago at $30 per thousaud was much better than Avhat
we now get at $150 per thousand." Another manufacturer in the
western part of the State writes: "Lumber we paid $40 for in May,
1919, we paid $248 for in May, 1920." Nearly all these industries
report a shortage of raw material Avith a correspondingly large increase
in its cost.
Present Condition
The forest area of North Carolina covers more than 20,000,000
acres, a very large part of which is steep, rough or poor land unsuit-able
for farming purposes. There are also about 2,000,000 acres of
waste land in the State which have been lumbered and burned or
cleared and found unprofitable to cultivate on account of roughness
or erosion, which should be reforested. With this large area of timber
land there w^as no thought given in the early history of the State to
the question of a diminishing supply of forest products. Tlie people
of the State considered they had an inexhaustible supply, and there-fore
gave no thought as to how much they wasted in obtaining what
they wanted or how much was destroyed by fire. 'No care was taken
in lumbering to preserve seed trees and make it possible for the
land to reforest itself to the best advantage. In lumbering no plan
was considered with the end in view of the forests reproducing them-selves
with varieties of trees as valuable as the ones removed or that
they w^ould maintain a density so that the soil might produce its full
capacity, or of even protecting the timber that still remained. Such
methods of lumbering have finally brought us to the place where thiere
is more woody material used or cut each year in ISTorth Carolina than
the forests are replacing by the formation of new wood. Then, again,
each, year the forests become less capable of producing what is required
of them. Their area contracts, less valuable trees take the place of
the more valuable varieties which are cut, the soil becomes more
impoverished and less able to yield large returns, and the demand for
woody materials gradually increases with the increase in population.
Timber Supply.—There is given below an estimated amount and
value of the standing timber and the young forest growth in North
Carolina
:
18 BIENNIAL REPORT STATE GEOLOGIST.
ESTIMATED AMOUNT AND VALUE OF STANDING TIMBER IN NORTH CAROLINA
SUITABLE FOR SAW TIMBER, 1920.
Area Acres
Total areas, acres
Area forested
HardiDOod forest:
Area
Total stand, 1,000-ft.
Value ___
Softivood forest:
Area
Total stand, 1,000-ft.
Value _.
Total stand, 1,000-ft...
Total value
Mountain
Region
4,150,000
3,130,000
2,800,000a
8,500,000
42,000,000
300,0006
600,000
6,000,000
9,100,000
48,000,000
Piedmont
Region
12,
7,
4,
2,
$ 14,
2,
4,
% 20,
7,
$ 35,
Coastal Plain
Region
850,000
200,000
200,000c
9.30,000
650,000 I
400,000d
160,000
000,000
090,000
450,000
,190,000
,800,000
,500,000
,000,000
000,000
300,000/
000,000
,000,000
,000,000
000,000
Total,
State
31,190,000
21,130,000
9,500,000
17,430,000
80,650,000
11,000,000
16,760,000
86,000,000
34,190,000
167,450,000
Note:
a. Includes mixed hardwood and softwood forests.
6. Spruce forests only.
c. Includes mixed hardwood and pine forests.
d. Second growth or old field pine forests.
e. Chiefly hardwood swamps.
/. Includes both longleaf and shortleaf pine forests.
ESTIMATED VALUE OF YOUNG FOREST GROWTH IN NORTH CAROLINA, 1920.
Area Acres
Total area, acres
Forested area
Hardwood forest area _
Area not producing
Merchantable timber area..
Area young growth
Value young growth
Softwood forest area..
Area not producing
Merchantable timber area..
Area young growth
Value young growth
Total value young growth-
Mountain
Region
4,150,000
3,130,000
2,800,000
300,000
1,000,000
2,500,000a
37,500,000
300,000
260,000
40,000
% 37,500,000
Piedrnont
Region
12,850,000
7,200,000
4,200,000
200,000
1,000,000
4,000,000a
S 60,000,000
2,400,000
160,000
240,000
2,000,000
% 40,000,000
100,000,000
Coastal Plain
Region
14,190,000
10,800,000
2,500,000
1,200,000
1,300,000
13,000,000
8,300,000
3,300,000
2,900,000
2,100,000
42,000,000
55,000,000
Total,
State
31,190,000
21,130,000
9,500,000
500,000
3,200,000
7,800,000
S 110,500,000
11,000,000
3,720,000
3,180,000
4,100,000
$ 82,000,000
192,500,000
Note:
a. Includes some areas on which there is mature timber.
As has been sliowii above, the forests represent one of the most
valuable of the State's natural resources, but it is not being conserved
as it should be nor protected in such a way that this valuable resource
will be available to the extent that it should be for future generations.
The General Assembly of North Carolina has passed several very
satisfactory acts relating to the conservation and perpetuation of our
BIENNIAL REPORT STATE GEOLOGIST. 19
forests, such as those relating to (1) a State forest fire protective
system; (2) State-owned and operated demonstration forests and ex-perimental
stations; but has never made adequate appropriations for
carrying out the purposes of these acts.
Protection of the forests from fire is a prerequisite for all other
measures relating to the conservation and perpetuation of our forests.
It is by far the most necessary and important measure for the State
to extensively carry out, because the success of all others is dependent
upon it. The principal object of such a measure is to prevent fires
—
not to wait until they are started and then extinguish them.
During the past ten years the damage done by forest fires is esti-mated
at $10,610,000. The distribution of this damage is shown in the
following table
:
North Carolina
Statement of damage by forest fires throughout the State for ten-year
period 1910-1919, inclusive, as reported annually by township correspondents:
Total forested area of State, acres 20,000,000
Total number of acres of forest land burnt over 3,949,000
Total value timber destroyed $ 2,140,000
Total value young growth destroyed | 3,591,000
Total value forest products destroyed - $ 3,856,000
Total value improvements destroyed $ 1,023,000
Grand total value of all damage reported $10,610,000
The Forestry Division of the Survey is concentrating its work largely
in protection of the forests under authority of the x^ct of 1911.
Patrolmen and fire wardens have been employed during the danger-ous
seasons in the following districts
:
Mt. Mitchell District (Yancey and Buncombe Counties).
Linville District (Watauga, Avery and Caldwell Counties).
Tryon District (Polk County).
Sandhills District (Moore County).
Clay County District.
Wilkes County District.
Surry County District.
Southern McDowell County District.
Western Rutherford County District.
Southern Columbus County District.
Montgomery County District.
Southern Sampson County District.
In this work the Survey has had the cooperation of the U. S.
Forest Service, the Linville Forest Protective Association, the Mt.
Mitchell Forest Protective Association, the Camp Manufacturing Com-
20 BIENNIAL REPORT STATE GEOLOGIST.
pany, the Sandhills Fire Association, the Trjon Forestry Club, and
Miles P. Flack.
With, however, the limited appropriation that the State makes for
this work, and therefore the limited number of forest fire wardens and
patrolmen that can be employed, the work cannot be made as effective
as it will be when larger areas can be patrolled and suiBcient funds
will be available for utilizing the more extensive methods of protec-tion,
such as the construction of fire breaks, lookout towers, telephone
lines, trails, etc.
Forest Fire Statistics
There are collected each year by this Division statistics relating to
forest fires, their causes, area burned over, resulting damage, etc. The
results of this investigation for the year 1918 and 1919 are given in
the following table
:
1918 1919
Number of fires .- 1,135 1,359
Area burned over acres, 204,000 253,743
Standing timber destroyed (in M. ft.) 22,000 23,989
Value of young growth destroyed $322,000 |515,204
Total damage reported $858,000 $1,258,076
This loss is a real loss to the State, but could in a large measure
have been prevented by expenditure of a sum equal to but a very
small per cent of the loss, and the cooperation of our courts, lumber
companies, wood-using industries and the people of the State.
Protection of Watersheds
The reforestation and protection from fire of the many watersheds
supplying water to our cities and towns is as yet not fully appreciated
by our citizens, and particularly by our city councils. This applies
particularly to those cities and towns whose water supply is obtained
from streams within a large forested area which comprises the water-shed.
Such cities as Asheville are very fortunate to be able to obtain
their water supply from a well-forested watershed, and it becomes a
most valuable asset to the city. The protection of these watersheds
from fire is, however, absolutely necessary in order to conserve the
purity and quantity of the water. Many watersheds in the Piedmont
area can be very much improved by the reforestation of the areas.
The Survey is assisting cities and tovsms in every way possible in
planning for the reforestation and protection of their watersheds,
but the amount that can be accomplished in this way is limited by the
lack of realization of many of the commissioners of our cities and
towns as to the need of the protection of their watersheds.
BIENNIAL REPORT STATE GEOLOGIST. 21
Any infraction of the regulations for tlie protection of watersheds
should be severely punished. Recently several convictions were ob-tained
by the City Council of Asheville for depredations on the Ashe-ville
watershed. The judges of our State courts should be informed
of the seriousness of misdemeanors of this sort.
Wood-using' Industries
The demand for information regarding the wood-using industries of
the State and the supply of timber available for their uses has been
steadily increasing of late years. Since the Avar it has been felt
that a radical revision of the report on the wood-using industries was
necessary. For this purpose an inquiry card was sent out to our list
of wood-using industries the latter part of 1919. This inquiry was
renewed in the spring and again in the summer of 1920. The Survey
then secured the cooperation of the U. S. Forest Service in completing
this study, and Mr. H. A. Carroll, of Rural Hall, IST. C, was employed
by the Survey during May and June, 1920, to travel over the State
and secure what information Avas lacking to complete this study. The
results of Mr. Carroll's study, together with the information previously
secured, have been turned over to the Forest Service, and they are
now compiling the data for a new report, which will shortly be ready
for publication by the Survey. An introduction to this report dealing
with the forest conditions of the State and the need of greater care in
using and managing our timber resources will be added by the Survey.
Study of Southern Pines
At a meeting of the ^N'ational Research Council held in Washington,
T>. C, October 4-5, the Survey was represented by the Forester. At
this meeting it was determined to make a study of the growth and
yield of the five important Southern pines throughout their range.
The State Survey was asked, and has consented, to assist by securing
information relating to longleaf pine in Eastern North Carolina, the
Council agreeing to contribute $300 towards the cost of this study.
This will be done by the Forester early next spring. The results may
be published by the Survey, provided the Research Council is supplied
with all information obtained. The need for fuller information upon
this subject has been felt by the Survey for a long time, and this
opportunity of helping to secure it is gladly welcomed. The results
of the whole study will be of enormous benefit to foresters and land-owners
throughout all the Southern States.
22 BIENNIAL EEPORT STATE GEOLOGIST.
Chestnut Bark Disease
At the request of the Survey, the Division of Forest Pathology of
the U. S. Department of Agriculture has made two field studies in
the northeastern counties of the State to determine whether the chestnut
bark disease had invaded oSTorth Carolina. Unfortunately, the disease
was found scattered through three counties last spring, and a second
and more extended scouting trip located infections in the following
seven counties : Surry, Yadkin, Wilkes, Ashe, Watauga, Avery and
Stokes. It is undoubtedly present also in Alleghany, and possibly in
several other adjoining counties. This is the disease which has de-stroyed
practically the entire stand of chestnut throughout the north-eastern
States, and which in an effort to eradicate it Pennsylvania
spent $275,000 without any success. The Federal expert says that it
will probably be ten years before any very large proportion of our
timber is killed, but he is of the opinion that within twenty years most
of our chestnut will have been infected. There seems no remedy, but
the duty of the Survey will be to urge as rapid and complete use of the
dying and dead timber as possible.
North Carolina Forestry Association
The State Survey has cooperated as in previous years with the
North Carolina Forestry Association, and has practically had charge
of arranging for the meetings of this Association. The Ninth Annual
Convention was held in Raleigh on February 6, 1919 ; and the Tenth
Annual Convention in Asheville, June 9th and 10th, 1920. The Forester
of the Survey is secretary of the association. It is believed that the
Forestry Association is one of the best mediums through which the
people of the State can be informed in regard to forestry conditions
and the need of protection and conservation of the forests.
In connection with the meeting of the Forestry Association 'held at
Asheville, Mr. Henry Jewett G-reen, of Worcester, Mass., Vice President
of the Appalachian Mountain Club, made a very forceful and enthusiastic
talk on the work of this club, and what a chapter of the club could do
for the Southern Appalachian region. This address was delivered at
a banquet held at the Battery Park Hotel on June 10th. On June
11th a meeting was held in the Board of Trade rooms, at which Mr
Green was present, to take up the question of the organization of a
Southern Chapter of the Appalachian Mountain Club. Sufficient ap-plications
were in to insure the required number of members, and the
Chapter was officially organized and so declared by Mr. Green. Dr.
Gaillard S. Tennant was elected secretary, and all previous corre-
BIENNIAL REPORT STATE GEOLOGIST. 23
spondence, applications for membership, etc., were turned over to him
by the Forester, Avho had been working for the organization of the
Chapter.
The Survey believes that through this club it will be able to adver-tise
as never before the Southern Appalachian Mountains as a resort
and will create through the club members and their friends a strong
sentiment to protect the forests on these mountains. For this reason
the Survey has taken a very live interest in the organization of this
Chapter.
The Director of the Survey was president from 1916 through 1919
of the Southern Forestry Congress, which held its second convention
in New Orleans, January 28-30, 1920. The Director was unable to
attend this Congress, but the Survey was represented by the Forester,
who was also secretary of the Congress, and was re-elected to that
position. The Director Avas appointed chairman of the executive
committee.
The Survey has also cooperated with the Society of American For-esters,
the Appalachian Logging Congress, the ISTorth Carolina Pine
Association, and the ISTorth Carolina Pine Box and Shook Manufac-turers
Association at their annual meetings by having a representative
of the Survey present. The Director is a member of a committee of the
Society of American Foresters which was appointed to consider na-tional
forestry legislation and to draft a bill covering such legislation.
This bill as drafted has been approved by the society.
It is believed that such cooperative Avork of the Survey with these
forestry associations is of inestimable value to the general forestry
work in the State, and it enables the Survey to keep in direct touch
with forestry problems that are coming up in other States and in the
nation, the solving of which giA^es information that is beneficial in
Avorking out similar problems in this State.
Work of the U. S. Forest Service in North Carolina During 1919-1920
The State SurA^ey has always had the most cordial cooperation from
the Forest Service of the TJ. S. Department of Agriculture, and in
addition to the cooperative work that they have taken up with the
State SurA'ey, the folloAving statement from the Forester gives an idea
of what has been done by the Forest Service relative to investigative
and acquisition work in ISTorth Carolina
:
Forest Investigations.-—The forest investigations conducted by the Forest
Service in North Carolina during the years 1919 and 1920 were in large
part a continuation of earlier work and embraced three principal studies:
1. To determine the effect of past lumbering on the success or failure
24 BIENNIAL REPORT STATE GEOLOGIST.
of reproduction as a guide to future practice. This study is of fundamental
importance since both tlie quality of the second growth and the financial
returns secured depend upon employing the best method of cutting. The
results already secured provide a tentative basis for the cutting of the
present stands so as to secure the most profitable second growth. Much
further work is, however, needed to secure conclusive results under the
wide variety of conditions found in the State, and this will, therefore,
probably continue to be one of the more important lines of investigation
for years to come.
2. To determine the results of thinnings in forest plantations, permanent
sample plots have been established on the Biltmore Estate, thinned, and
left for subsequent thinnings and measurements at 5-year intervals. Valu-able
information as to the increase in rate of growth and the correspond-ingly
increased financial returns resulting from different degrees of thin-ning
will be secured from the first remeasurement of the plots due this
coming summer, and increasingly valuable results will be secured with each
subsequent remeasurement. The work is of great importance and should be
extended experimentally on sample areas throughout the State and Southern
Appalachian region.
3. To classify the various qualities of forest soil for the purpose of esti-mating
the future growth and yield of stands on them, a simple plan for
classification on the basis of height growth has been devised and will be
tried out experimentally. The work is of direct practical value since the
proper classification of forest lands is essential for successful forest man-agement.
The investigative work already done is only a small part of what must
be done to secure efficient, intelligent management of the forests, leading
to their increased productivity. The additional work necessary can be
accomplished most effectively by means of an adequately manned and sup-ported
forest experiment station. Senator Overman and Representative
Weaver have introduced bills (S. 3558 and H. R. 11336) in Congress ap-propriating
$45,000 for the establishment of such a station in North Caro-lina
in cooperation with the State and other agencies which may be inter-ested.
The passage of these bills would provide effectively for the addi-tional
studies which are urgently needed, and which, among other things,
might include:
Reforestation of denuded spruce lands.
Reproduction of forest trees, involving studies of factors which determine
the success of one or another species, such as their seed-bearing habits, seed
germination, manner and vigor of sprouting, etc.
Early growth and competition of forest trees and forest weeds, involving
the rate of growth, tolerance of shade, distribution, and seeding habits of
many of the herbs, shrubs, and small weed trees as well as of the repro-duction
of desirable timber species.
Replacement with other species of chestnut, killed by the chestnut blight.
Methods of brush disposal, to determine the duration of serious fire
hazard from pine or hardwood brush, variously disposed; whether and
under what conditions burning is necessary; to what extent decay of brush
will improve soil conditions; rate of decay, etc.
BIENNIAL REPORT STATE GEOLOGIST, 25
Rate of volume growth for different species and on different classes of
land, to determine what species should be grown and what yields may be
expected from them.
Effect of grazing by different kinds of stock and -with different degrees of
intensity on forest reproduction and on erosion.
Methods and effects of forest fire protection, to determine the best meth-ods
of fire protection and the probable increase in production as a result
of such protection on the many areas of forest land which owe their present
poor quality to repeated fires.
The entire problem of the best methods of handling forest and forest
lands from planting the seed to cutting the mature timber is a vital one to
North Carolina and the Southern Appalachian region. A forest experiment
station is urgently needed to determine what those methods are.
Economic and Industrial Investigations.—During the spring of 1920 a
rather hasty survey of the timber resources of the State was mide by the
Forest Service in connection with the collection of data on timber deple-tion
throughout the country called for by Senate ResolutiLU 311. This
survey determined both for the yellow pine of the Coastal Plain and Pied-mont
regions and the hardwoods of the Appalachians the approximate area
and amount of the present stand of timber, its rate of growth, and the
probable future of the lumber industry in the different regions. It developed
the fact that North Carolina, once famous as the "Longleaf Pine State,"
can now boast of scarcely 50,000 acres of second-growth longleaf pine,
widely scattered in small areas, and that the old-growth hardwood timber
will last hardly twenty years and will come from increasingly small opera-tions.
The seriousness of this situation is emphasized by the fact that,
with the clearing for agricultural purposes of the rich bottomlands in the
Lower Mississippi Valley, the country as a whole must look largely to the
Southern Appalachians for its supply of large-sized, high-grade hardwood
saw timber. Later in the year a further consideration of the pulpwood
situation in North Carolina and elsewhere developed the fact that other
regions are now looking more and more toward the Appalachian region for
hardwoods for the manufacture of book paper, and that even in this region
the industry is having to go farther and farther back into localities hither-to
regarded as inaccessible for the raw material.
In the spring of 1920 the North Carolina Geological and Economic Survey
entered into a cooperative agreement with the Forest Service with a view to
collecting statistical information for use in the preparation of a revision
of Economic Paper No. 20, entitled "Wood-Using Industries of North Caro-lina,"
which was published by the Survey In 1909. The work of collecting
and tabulating the data has been completed and the report is now being
written. It is expected that it will be ready for distribution in the late
spring of 1921.
This report will show the extent to which lumber is further manufac-tured
in the State. It will also indicate what industries of this kind exist,
the kinds and quantities of woods used, the prices paid for them, and the
classes of finished commodities into which they are converted. It will
prove helpful in enabling both the Forest Service and the North Carolina
Geological and Economic Survey to answer numerous requests for informa-tion
from points in North Carolina and adjoining States concerning mar-
26 BIENNIAL REPORT STATE GEOLOGIST.
kets for various kinds of lumber and timber, wood uses, manufacturing
processes followed in various wood-using industries, and wood waste utiliza-tion.
In addition, it will aid the farmer, timberland owner, and sawmill
operator in disposing of timber for which they desire to find a market
through the presentation of information as to the kinds of wood used by
different classes of manufacturers and the forms and prices applicable to
such raw material. Wood-using factories will in turn be benefited by
having these additional sources of supply for raw material brought to their
attention. The report will also contain information helpful to manufac-turers
relating to various matters pertinent to their respective industries,
such as the substitution of cheaper woods for the more costly ones now
being used, regional sources of supply for raw material, etc.
One of the most striking facts brought out by these studies is the deple-tion
of the raw material on which the wood-using industries are dependent
for their continued existence. Thus practically all of the vehicle, furni-ture
and chair manufactvirers, referring to local supplies at present as com-pared
with conditions existing during the past ten or twenty years, re-ported
that these supplies have been greatly reduced. Looking forward to
the next ten years, 22 per cent of the vehicle, 12 per cent of the furniture,
and 43 per cent of the chair factories reported that supplies would be
exhausted, and nearly all of the rest reported that they would be greatly
reduced. Nothing could more clearly indicate the need for the perpetua-tion
of the timber supplies of the State through the practice of forestry in
order to insure the permanence of the wood-using industries and of the
communities dependent on them.
Acquisition to National Forests.—In the fiscal year 1919, 3,016 acres were
approved for purchase in North Carolina. During the fiscal year 1920,
4,701 acres were approved. The total area of all land acquired and being
acquired in the State is 326,786 acres at an average value of $6.24, repre-senting
a total purchase price of $2,039,352.40.
Suggested Foresti-y Legislation
The following forestry legislation which is considered necessary to
carry out more effectively the forestry work of the Survey is submitted :
TJie General Assembly of North Carolina do enact:
Section 1. That the Board of County Commissioners of any county are
hereby authorized and empowered, in their discretion, to cooperate with
the North Carolina Geological and Economic Survey in the protection from
fire of the forests within their respective counties, and to appropriate
and pay out of the funds under their control for such protection an
amount not to exceed one-half of the total expended by said Survey in
such county during any one year for such protection; Provided, that said
Hoard of County Commissioners may, in addition, agree with the Geological
and Economic Survey to pay any part of or all the expenses incurred in
extinguishing forest fires within said county after satisfying themselves
that such expenses were legitimate and proper.
Section 2. All laws and clauses of laws in conflict with this act are
hereby repealed.
Section 3. This act shall be in force on and after its ratification.
BIENNIAL KEPOKT STATE GEOLOGIST. 27
An act should also be passed relating to the elimination of special
fire hazards and should empower the Geological Board to declare cer-tain
things, such as uncleaned railroad rights-of-way, and large ac-cumulations
of brush and slash adjoining municipal or other public
lands to be special fire hazards ; and those responsible for their con-dition
should be required to clean them up so that they would not be
a menance to the safety of neighboring property. It is applying
similar regulations to forest lands as is applied by the Insurance De-partment
to special fire hazards in connection A^dth buildings.
STATE FORESTS AND PARKS DIVISION
Mount Mitchell State Park
When the Mount Mitchell Park Commission was created by the
General Assembly of 1919 and given charge of the Mount Mitchell
State Park no appropriation was made for carrying on the work of
protecting the forests on the park nor for its administration. At the
request of the Governor and the Commission the State Survey has
taken over the administration and protection of the park. Funds for
carrying on this work have been obtained partly from the sale of
dead timber on the park, by appropriation from the State Survey
fund, and a loan from General Julian S. Carr, Chairman of the Mount
Mitchell Park Commission.
At a joint meeting of the Mount Mitchell Park Commission and
the Geological Board, held in Asheville on June 9th, 1920, it was
decided that the best administration of the park would be secured by
transferring it to the State Geological Board. The park has been
carefully patrolled and forest fires have been pretty well eliminated
from this area. x\s a protective measure the Survey is constructing
as rapidly as possible a fire line or lane between the logging operations
and the live timber on the park lands. As a result of the protective
measures that have been in force since the park was created, it is
estimated that the park has practically doubled in value since its
purchase by the State.
Hundreds of people from all over the South have visited the park
on foot during the past year, and more will be attracted each year;
and it is believed that the State should make some provision for their
comfort and convenience. A road that can be used by automobiles
should be constructed by the State in cooperation with the U. S. Bureau
of Public Roads and the U. S. Forest Service. The Chief Warden of
the park has kept, as far as possible, a record of the visitors to the
28 BIENNIAL KEPORT STATE GEOLOGIST.
park during the past year, and this record shows that the Park Avas
visited by 742 people during the season of 1920 from the following
States
:
North Carolina
—
Michigan 4
Middle 91 New Jersey 4
Western 134 District of Columbia 3
Eastern 31 Missouri 3
South Carolina 141 Ohio 3
Mississippi 56 Washington 2
Tennessee 50 West Virginia 2
Georgia 47 Maryland 2
Florida 40 Illinois 2
Virginia 29 Arkansas 1
Alabama 14 Connecticut 1
Kentucky 14 Indiana 1
Louisiana 12 Iowa 1
No address 11 Maine 1
Pennsylvania 9 Massachusetts 1
New York 9 Oregon 1
Texas 8 Wisconsin 1
FOREIGN COUNTRIES
Japan 5 Asia 1
Brazil 3 France 1
China 2 Switzerland 1
Camping Sites Along State Highways
"With the increased construction of good roads throughout E"orth
Carolina and the whole Southern Appalachian region, Western JSTorth
Carolina and the Piedmont section is becoming more and more avail-able
to tourists who are traveling by automobile. The time will come,
and it may be very near, when it will be necessary for IsTorth Carolina
to consider the question of providing public camping sites for such
tourists. Several States have already taken up this question and are
considering legislation authorizing the State to secure land at certain
favorable locations along the highways which shall be public camping
sites for tourists where they can camp for the night. This is going
to become, it is believed, quite necessary in the mountain region. With
a road constructed to Mount Mitchell Park, it becomes very necessary
for the State to provide places along the road where the people can
camp.
It is believed that the General Assembly of 1921 should pass an
act relative to this question, and the following legislation is suggested
:
That the State Highway Commission, the ITorth Carolina Geologi-cal
Survey and Boards of County Commissioners should be empowered
BIENNIAL REPORT STATE GEOLOGIST. 29
to acquire by purchase or gift parcels of land to be used as free public
cami)ing grounds
;
That the location of these sites before purchase or acceptance by
gift should be approved by the State Highway Commission, and that
they should be along and contiguous to a State highway;
That in the selection of camping sites the topography of the land
must be convenient for parking automobiles and other vehicles, with
convenient water supply;
That rules and regulations governing the use by the public of such
camping sites should be agreed upon by the State Highway Commis-sion
and the North Carolina Geological and Economic Survey;
That such camping sites purchased or accepted by gift on behalf
of the State by the State Highway Commission and the IvTorth Carolina
Geological and Economic Survey shall be administered by the IsTorth
Carolina Geological and Economic Survey; those purchased or ac-cepted
by gifts by the Boards of County Commissioners shall be adminis-tered
by said boards, but under such rules and regulations as may be
determined by the State Highway Commission and the North Carolina
Geological and Economic Survey;
That in selecting camping sites, in the mountain region particularly,
larger areas than what would be necessary simply for parking auto-mobiles
may be secured, when by securing such additional land which
is not suitable for parking automobiles, a scenic spot could be included
or an advantage point for some particular view;
That a reasonable amount may be expended by the Boards of County
Commissioners, the State Highway Commission and the jSTorth Caro-lina
Geological and Economic Survey in fencing, when necessary, and
otherwise improving such camping sites;
That it shall be a misdemeanor for any person to destroy any iree^
deface any natural object, befoul any source of water supply located
on or in any public camping site, or in any Avay to commit a nuisance
on the camping site.
WATER RESOURCES DITISIOIV
The water resources of Xorth Carolina are one of the most valuable
of its natural resources, and include water poAvers and water supplied
for cities and towns. These resources are being investigated under
the following heads
:
1. Water Supply for Cities and ToAvns.
2. Water Powers. ^
3. Protection of Watersheds.
30 BIENNIAL REPORT STATE GEOLOGIST.
During tiie year 1919 and the first six montlis of 1920 the principal
work done in connection with the water resources of the State was
the maintenance of gaging stations; but at its semi-annual meeting
held in March, 1920, the Board decided to concentrate work on water
resources. The following press notice, which was sent out soon after,
gives a good idea of the character of the work that was taken up
:
A Water Kesource Surrey of the State
xit a recent meeting of the Geological Board it was decided that
the North Carolina Geological and Economic Survey should begin at
once a water resource survey of the State looking toward the develop-ment
and utilization of our unused water powers and assisting munici-palities
or thickly settled rural communities in the acquirement of
adequate water supplies and watersheds. The utilization of all avail-able
water power is especially desirable at the present time because
of our rapidly growing manufacturing industries and industrial de-velopment,
instances having arisen recently in this State of the aban-donment
of industries in certain communities because of their inability
to secure power. Also the fuel situation is growing more and more
acute, North Carolina having practically no coal supply and a rapidly
diminishing supply of wood. The utilization of these water powers
will do much toward conserving our fuel supplies and diminishing our
coal bills.
Because of the rapid growth and expansion of many of the towns
and cities of North Carolina, the local water supplies are proving
inadequate, and resort must be had to acquiring or extending water-sheds;
or to obtaining new sources of supply.
To carry out this survey effectively will require the assembling of
much data through the scientific study of the areas by competent en-gineers.
Because of the small amount of funds at the disposal of the
Survey for this work, the amount which can be undertaken during
one field season is limited, and some financial cooperation will be ex-pected
from municijpalities or individuals desiring such a survey in
their vicinities.
Requests for assistance or surveys should be sent to the Director,
North Carolina Geological and Economic Survey, Chapel Hill, N. C,
and they will be considered in the order and importance of the appli-cation.
Blanks were prepared and sent to individuals, corporations and
municipalities desiring assistance in regard to water power or water
supply. The following is a copy of this contract blank:
biennial report state geologist. 31
Application for Investigation
Applications for municipalities, manufacturers, or individuals desiring
investigations or reports upon water powers, water supply, drainage, flood
protection or irrigation should be accompanied by this form, properly
filled out:
GENERAL
1. Name of municipality, organization, or individual making application:
2. Location of principal office of applicant:
3. Location of district where investigation is desired:
4. Character of desired investigation (water power, water supply, etc.):
5. Describe in detail reasons for desired investigation:
6. Is applicant prepared to pay, if necessary, 50% of the cost of the inves-tigation?
If investigation is for Water Power, answer following questions:
7. Name of stream to be investigated:
8. Are any estimates of amount of stream flow or available fall known?
9. How much power is it desired to develop^?
10. For what use is power desired?
11. What is average distance from proposed development to where power
will be used ?
12. Are there any existing power development in vicinity of proposed de-velopment?
13. If electric power is now available in district, from whom is it purchased,
or what is its source ?
If investigation is for Mtmicipal Water Supply, answer following ques-tions:
14. What is population of municipality?
15. What is present source of water supply?
16. What is character of local industries using large quantities of water?
Name of applicant :
Address :
Signature of responsible organization or municipal official:
Title:
Date :
32 biennial report state geologist.
Water Supply for Cities and Towns
The recent rapid growth of many N'ortli Carolina cities and towns
has brought many of them upon the verge of a water shortage and
several have appealed to the Geological Survey for aid in seeking and
developing additional supplies. This need for information relating
to the water supply is increasingly acute and the Survey is trying to
prepare itself to meet it.
A special investigation has been made of the water supply for
Carthage, Moore County, and a report with maps and profiles upon
extension of their present water supply system has been prepared for
the town. A special report was made for High Point upon the suf-ficiency
of flow of the north branch of Deep River with reference
to its possible use as a source of water supply for the city. A report
has been prepared and submitted to the mayor of High Point, which
also included suggestions for increasing the efficiency of the present
plant. A complete water resources survey has been made of Wilkes
and Surry Counties, which is described in more detail under Water
Powers. The Commissioners of Buncombe County and the Board of
Trade of Asheville have requested a water resources survey of Bun-combe
County.
The amount of work that the Survey can do along this line for the
cities and towns of the State is entirely limited by the appropriation
allotted for this purpose. There is an increasing demand for this
work, and it is a phase of the operations of the Survey that is of great
value to the cities and towns of ISTorth Carolina; and it is believed
that the State should make this service available to all its cities and
Water Powers
Under Water Powers the work has consisted of special examinations
of certain streams as to available water power; county surveys for
water powers and water supplies ; conferences regarding the utiliza-tion
of water power; installation of gaging stations; and measure-ment
of flow of streams. Part of the stream measurement and in-stallation
of gaging stations has been in cooperation with the Water
Eesource Division of the U. S. Geological Survey through the Ashe-ville
office. The Federal Survey has loaned to the State Survey a com-plete
outfit for measuring the flow of streams; and has also furnished
several gages.
A water power investigation of Surry County was begun in July,
1920. One field party worked in this county until the latter part of
BIENNIAL KEPORT STATE GEOLOGIST. 33
August, making river profiles and cross-sections of dam sites on tlie
following streams
:
Yadkin River, *t Ararat River,*t Fisher River,*t Mitchell River, Elkin
River.
A water power investigation of Wilkes County was begun the latter
part of iVugust and continued, with some interruption, until ^KTovember
17. River profiles and cross sections of dam sites were made on the
following streams, nomenclature being the same as in the preceding
paragraph
:
Elkin River, Roaring River, Recldies River, Lewis' Fork, Yadkin River. *t
The survey did not include any streams or sites which could not be
developed for at least 500 horsepower. Many of these streams have
considerable fall in the upper reaches, but are of such low volume,
especially in the summer months, that no considerable power could be
depended upon, and no storage is available.
It is expected that these surveys will constitute a unit in the plan
of a general State wide survey of the water powers. They were under-taken
advisedly in sections which are relatively undevelopd, but which
by the apjplication of the existing water powers to generation of hydro-electric
energy can be stimulated to great prosperity. It Avill be found
that many of the powers are located within convenient distance of
railway transportation, and the data provided in these reports should
aid the exploitation of the region. Already, even before the publication
of the reports, a number of requests have been made to the Survey for
the data collected. This is notably the case with the Bean Shoals
project, upon which the Ambursen Construction Company is now mak-ing
an estimate for Winston-Salem interests. Requests have also been
made for the data on the Ararat by Mount Airy and Pilot Mountain
interests and on Fishers River by the owners of a site near Dobson.
Similar requests have already been made for the results of the work
in Wilkes County. Altogether, it is quite evident that there is much
demand for this information.
The Chamber of Commerce of Fayetteville requested the Survey
to make a report upon the best location for hydro-electric development
to supply electricity to Fayetteville. This was rendered necessary by
the great dearth of power in that city and the inability of existing
power companies to remedy it. The Chamber of Commerce agreed to
* Gaging stations were established on these streams.
t Storage studies of one or more selected sites were made on these streams.
3
34 BIENNIAL REPORT STATE GEOLOGIST.
pay one-half the expenses of the survey and report. After a prelimi-nary
reconnaissance by the Hydraulic Engineer, Smiley's Falls on the
Cape Fear River near Lillington was selected as the most promising
site. A field party conducted a detailed survey here for about two
weeks, and a complete report has been .rendered the Chamber of Com-merce
of Fayetteville. This power is one of the best not yet developed
in this section of the State, and it is greatly to be hoped that it may
be utilized before long. It is estimated that there is available a con-tinuous
24-hour power of 10,000 horsepower, and a 10-hour power, with
the pondage, of 24,000 horsepower. With the large markets of Fayette-ville
and Raleigh relatively near there seems every incentive present for
development.
An investigation has also been made of the power at Glenn's Mills,
on the Deep River, near Glendon. It seems probable that this may be
developed before long. There are several good power sites on this
river, and a gaging station has been established at Glendon. This
w^ork has led to a request for a proposition from the Survey for a water
power survey of Moore County.
Gaging Stations:—The State Survey is cooperating with the Federal
Survey in operating gaging stations and in making discharge measure-ments
on several streams and rivers in Western and Piedmont l^J^orth
Carolina. This work is now done from the joint office of the Federal
Survey and the State Survey which was located in Asheville, ]^. C, in
September, 1920. Mr. Warren E. Hall, District Engineer for the
Federal Survey, is in charge of the Asheville office, and this work of
measuring streams is under his direction. The following gaging sta-tions
have been in operation during the past two years, in addition to
those already mentioned
:
Hiwassee River, Murphy, N. C, Cherokee County; Nottely River, Ranger,
N. C, Cheroliee County; French Broad River, Asheville, N. C, Huncombe
County; Yadkin River, Donnaho, N. C, Forsyth County; Yadkin River, Salis-bury,
N. C, Rowan County; Catawba River, Rhodhiss, N. C, Caldwell County.
The Survey has recently, in cooperation with the U. S. Geological
Survey, established a model stream gaging station on Morgan's Creek
near Chapel Hill, Orange County. In connection with this station
a survey is being made with some exactitude of the area of the water-shed.
The purpose of this station is threefold: (a) to furnish oppor-tunity
for experiments in stream gaging methods and for the improve-ment
of present apparatus; (b) to obtain discharge measurements from
a small Piedmont stream ; in order to have data relating to such streams
which is now lacking and for which a demand exists in this and adjoin-
BIENNIAL REPORT STATE GEOLOGIST. 35
ing States; (c) to funiish opportunity for experimental work and
instruction in hydraulic measurements by engineering students at the
University, from whom the State and U. S. Surveys recruit their forces,
and who often become connected with the hydro-electric companies of
the State.
There are many problems affecting the measurement, storage and
use of water in this State, concerning which it is hoped to prosecute
investigations at this station. Among these are the subjects of rate
of silting of resei'voirs ; the relation of intensity of rainfall to runoff
and influence of the forest cover ; the testing of hydraulic apparatus
;
methods of channel control and regulation, etc.
Morgan's Creek is particularly well adapted for such experiments
as its characteristics similate closely those of rivers of the Piedmont
and Coastal Plain. It is, however, small enough to handle in an ex-perimental
way, and large enough to make the results of such experi-ments
applicable to larger streams.
The experimental use of this stream could be greatly enhanced if a
hydraulic laboratory were located upon it in conjunction with the model
gaging station. It Avould then be possible not only to carry on experi-mental
work with a far higher degree of precision, but to test water
wheels, to perform experiments on the flow of water over dams, to
study the best methods of filtration and purification of southern waters,
and to train men intensively for service with the hydro-electric com-panies
and municipalities of the State.
Such a laboratory is not only of great value to the work and investi-gations
of the State and Federal Surveys but is really a necessary
adjunct to the teaching of hydraulics and water power engineering in
the University.
Cooperation with War Department:—Congress has made an appro-priation
for a survey of the v,^ater powers and others resources of the
Tennessee River and its tributaries. Through Major Harold C. Fiske,
District Engineer for the War Department, to whom this work has
been assigned, a method of cooperation has been arranged with the
Water Resources Division of the U. S. Geological Survey and the
JSTorth Carolina Geological and Economic Survey, and Mr. Warren E.
Hall, Hydraulic Engineer, who is in charge of the Asheville office,
will have general charge of the water resources work in Western jSTorth
Carolina.
The primary object of this War Department survey in regard to
the water resources is to obtain stream flow data that will be useful
in making studies relating to water powers, storage, and floods. The
data and information as collected will be forwarded to the War Depart-
36 BIENNIAL REPORT STATE GEOLOGIST.
ment District Engineers' office at Chattanooga, but arrangements are
being made so that this information will be available for the State
Survey as it is desired. It is possible that all this information for
"Western JSTorth Carolina will go through the Asheville office and be
copied there before sending the cards and slips to the Chattanooga
office.
"Water Power Statistics
The Survey is trying to keep in touch with the development of water
powers throughout the State, the utilization of this water power, the
percentage of power used in the State that is derived from water
powers, etc. Through the medium of State papers, the Manufacturers'
Eecord, engineering journals, and letters from correspondents the Survey
is able to obtain the names of individuals and corporations who are
undertaking the development and utilization of water powers. In order
to obtain the information that the State should have regarding the
power development in the State a power census is being undertaken by
the Survey in cooperation with the U. S. Geological Survey, beginning
in January, 1921. The following power census blank will be sent out
to all developers of power in the State. The information obtained
will be utilized not only by the two Surveys, but by the State Depart-ment
of Labor and Printing.
PowEK Census
The power situation in North Carolina has become so serious, the dearth of power to meet
our growing industrial exijansion is so great, and accurate data as to exact power is so
meagre, that the State Geological and Economic Survey is conducting a power census of the
State. Tliis census is preliminary to a detailed investigation and report upon the undeveloped
water powers of the State, field work in which is already under way. The success of this
attempt to outline the power needs of the State and to present figures and necessary informa-tion
as to undeveloped sites, is dependent upon a 100 per cent response to this questionnaire
upon the part of all municipalities, manufacturers, or individuals to whom it is sent. Your
cooperation is earnestly requested in a matter which is of vital concern to the growth of the
State at this time.
If requested, the data given below will be held in absolute confidence, and used only by
the Survey in investigating the general power situation and determining localities in which
to concentrate its activities to obtain more power.
Kindly answer as many as possible of the questions below and return form in the stamped
addressed envelope that is enclosed.
Name of municipality, concern or individual
Location: County Town (City) of
Class of goods manufactured (such as cotton, general power, flour, etc.)
Power: Steam:
Water
Electri
' Gasoline:
Crude Oil (Diesel Type) : H. P.
Coal H. P.
Oil H. P.
H. P.
3ity: H. P.
e: H. P.
BIENNIAL REPORT STATE GEOLOGIST. 37
// steam power is used, ansioer following questions:
Railroad serving plant:
Distance from railroad to plant :
Does coal or oil have to be hauled from railroad to plant?
If so, are auto trucks used?
Number tons coal used per year : tons
Number gallons oil used per year: gallons
// water-poioer is used, answer folloiving questions:
Name of stream developed: River; (near) (at) N. C.
Type of development:
Overshot or undershot wheel: Make ; No
Diameter. . ; Setting ; Power H.F.
Turbines : Make ; No ; Diameter ;
Setting (vertical or horizontal) ; Power H. P.
Impulse wheel : Make ; No ; Diameter ;
Setting ; Power H. P.
Head: No. of feet head under operating conditions varies from
feet to feet
Discharge of wheels: Under operating conditions varies from
sec. -ft. to sec.-ft.
Dam : Height above stream bed feet
Top width feet
Concrete-gravity (Answer yes or no
)
Concrete-arch (Answer yes or no)
Concrete-reinforced (hollow) . (Answer yes or no)
Masonry-rubble (Answer yes or no)
Masonry-ashlar (Answer yes or no)
Earth (Answer yes or no
)
Wood-log and rock (Answer yes or no)
Wood-timber crib (Answer yes or no
Water carriage, if any:
Flume, length ft.; slopes ft. per 100; area sq. ft.
Pipe, wood stave: length ft.; diameter ft.
Pipe, steel: length ft.; diameter ft.
Other conveyance :
Spillway : Character and location
Discharge provided for sec.-ft.
Drive: Are water wheels connected through gears direct to machinery?. .
Are water wheels direct connected to electric generators?
If so, answer following questions:
Make of generator :
Size : K. V. A
Voltage generated volts
Voltage transmitted .volts
Voltage used volts
If electric poioer is used, ansicer the following questions:
Is machinery driven in whole or in part Dy individual electric motors?. .. .
Is power generated by you ?
If not, from what company is power purchased?.
Do you need more power?
38 BIENNIAL REPORT STATE GEOLOGIST.
How much? H. P.
Are you able to purchase it from the company now supplying you?
Additional Power:
Are you increasing your power plant at present?
If so, how much H. P., and by what means (steam, water, hydro-electric,
etc.)
Do you desire to develop more hydro-electric power?
How much? . H. P.
Can you enlarge your present hydro-electric or water-power plant for
this purpose ?
If not, is there an undeveloped site near you?
Do you desire information from the North Carolina Geological and Eco-nomic
Survey as to possible hydro-electric sites near your present
establishment?
Are you interested in obtaining information as to undeveloped sites in
other districts?
If so, are you interested in any particular locality?
Administration of Water Powers
Tlie creation of the Federal Power Commission has brought to a
focus many matters relative to water powei' control and administration.
This Commission is authorized to issue permits for all water power
developments upon navigable streams or the headwaters thereof. The
general consensus of opinion seems to be that the Federal Power Com-mission
has the authority to absolutely regulate and control every
develojDment of any character on any stream in the United States
which is itself navigable or is tributary to a navigable stream. This
power is tremendously sweeping, and might work grave injustice to
the State were their rights not safeguarded by the provision that nothing
within the act, nor any decision of the Commission shall be construed
as affecting the laws of the respective States relating to the use and
control of water, and that all decisions of the Commission are made
subject to the prior rules and regulations of the State bodies charged
with the administration of the State power resources, provided that
where the State has no such body, or any such laws, that the Federal
Power Commission will then in effect administer the surface water
resources of the State.
Under the provisions of this act if the State Geological Sur\^ey has
the power to control either the construction of dams or the regulation
of streams within the domain of the State, then the Federal Power
Commission do'es not control; but, lacking State legislation relating
to the control and administration of the water resources of the State,
the Federal Power Commission is empowered to administer these
State resources.
BIENNIAL KEPORT STATE GEOLOGIST. 39
As is seen from the above, if tlie State does not pass tlie necessary
legislation to' control and conserve its water powers, then the Federal
Government will.
The Federal Power Commission is also charged with the rate regula-tion
of hydro-electric companies where the State has no rate-making
body. In K'orth Carolina the State Corporation Commission is charged
with this duty, but it has no means of obtaining information upon
which to base its rates. A power company presents ai'giiments for
an increase in rates, and the Corporation Commission has no informa-tion
of its own as to what the actual valuation of the applicant com-pany
is, what its income is, what its normal capacity is, or whether it
can produce more power if needed. Some State body is thus essential
to function as an agent to collect statistics as to water power develop-ment
and installation for the benefit of the Corporation Commission.
The Federal Power Commission is directed to give preference to
municipalities in issuing permits for water power develoi^ment. It is
expected that all applications for water power permits will first go to
a State Commission—which will notify any municipalities in case
developments are planned in their vicinity, so that they may have
the first opportunity to obtain a permit. It is the duty of such a
State body to canvass the situation in the State and keep infonned
of the power needs of the various municipalities. Xortli Carolina
has no such body authorized to do this; but with authority and funds
the State Survey is in a position to take charge of this work.
Similarly the Power Commission must give preference in the issuing
of permits to States which themselves couteni]ilate water power de-velopments.
Several States—notably California and South Dakota
—
have undertaken to constnict hydro-electric developments. The New
York Conservation Commission has urged very strongly the construction
b}' the State of large developments, and the subsequent leasing to private
corporations for operation. The province of Ontario has empowered
a Commission to construct and operate all the hydro-electric develop-ments
in the Province, Avith the result that every little rural hamlet
gets electric power from one of the many radiating lines at from
2c. to 5c. per kilowatt hour—about half that charged just across the
border in Xew York State.
DRAINAGE A>D RE(LA3IATI0> DIVISION
The drainage work in North Carolina readily divides itself into
four heads: (1) Drainage of the swamp lands in the Coastal Plain
region; (2) Eeclamation of overfloAved lands in the Piedmont region;
40 BIENNIAL REPORT STATE GEOLOGIST.
(3) Tile drainage of the reclaimed lands; and (4) Bringing settlers
to take up these reclaimed lands in the Coastal Plain region.
The work under 1 and 2 readily belongs to that of the Geological
and Economic Survey. The work under 3 is that of the Agricultural
Department, and that under 4 of both the Survey and the Agricultural
Department.
1. Drainage of Swamp Lands in the Coastal Plain Region.—There
are now approximately 600,000 acres of land that formerly was swamp
areas valued at from 25c. to $2 as a maximum per acre, and was not
listed at more than an average of 50c. per acre. These lands are now
worth from $50 to $100 or more per acre. As stated by Congressman
John H. Small in an address befoxe the North Carolina Drainage
Association at Washington, ]^. C. : "I presume it is a fair statement
to make that the market value, upon an average, of these lands today
is $50 an acre, and $50 times 600,000 acres is $30,000,000; so that
there has been added to the assets of the State lands which heretofore
were not worth more than $600,000 or certainly $1,200,000, which
are now woTth at least $30,000,000. Any public movement which can
set forth to the people of the State an increment to the economic
wealth of our people to that extent is entitled to the favorable con-sideration
of the people of North Carolina." This reclamatio'n of the
swamp lands is one of the most successful accomplishments of the
Survey, and it can be justly proud of adding this large asset to the
State.
The Drainage Law, which has made this work possible, has been
the model for drainage legislation in Virginia, South Carolina, Georgia
and Florida.
2. Recla,mation of Ouerfloiued Lands in the Piedmont Section.—The
same law governing the drainage of the swamp lands of Eastern ISTorth
Carolina is applicable to the reclamation of the overflowed lands of
the Piedmont section. Here again, the Survey has been very successful
in assisting in the organization and carrying through of drainage
districts. Many acres in these Piedmont counties have been reclaimed
and brought into cultivation, and these lands have become a valuable
asset to the State, where formerly they were practically non-produc-tive.
4. Bringing Settlers to take iip these Reclaimed Lands in the Coastal
Plain Region.—^One of the large problems that now confronts the
State in connection with the reclamation of the swamp lands is bring-ing
them under cultivation. It is believed that the Survey can be of
very great assistance in this work by establishing a publicity bureau
which, by means of newspaper articles, addresses before agricultural
BIENNIAL BEPORT STATE GEOLOGIST. 41
conventions, agricultural expositions, and. similar meetings, can bring
before the people of this countrv the extent and'ralue of these re-claimed
lands. While at the present time there is a good, deal of
newspaper comment upon the vacant farms in many of our States,
due to the people leaving the farms and going into cities and towns,
yet there is a very large demand throughout the country as a whole
for farms, the land of Avhich is productive and easily cultivated. I
believe it will be found, upon investigation, that the greater pro-portion
of the farms abandoned are those where the returns are small
and the cultivation of the farm is difficult, such as the rocky farms
of portions of Xew England and Xew York and the worn-out lands
of certain of the Piedmont sections. I believe that if we can bring-to
the notice of those people Avho want productive farm lands that we
have some of the most fertile land of the country on these reclaimed
areas of Eastern Xorth Carolina; that the purest drinking water
can be obtained on these farms in the form of artesian water; that
they have good railway and water transportation; that they are
traversed by good roads; that good schools are available for the children;
and that the climate is good throughout the year, it Avill not be very
difficult to bring the right class of people to take up these lands.
The I^orth Carolina Drainage Association is a medium through
which the Survey can keep in touch with the people of the State in
regard to drainage. The annual meeting of this Association Avas held
at Washington, X. C, March 31 and April 1, 1920, and was attended
by delegates from 25 counties. Other delegates and guests present
were from Ohio, Maryland, Virginia, Massachusetts, Georgia, South
Carolina and District of Columbia. The Association re-elected the
Director of the Survey Secretary and Treasurer. The preparations
for this meeting were made by the Survey. A great many interesting
and valuable papers were read and discussed at the convention, and
the report of the meeting has been published as Economic Paper No.
50 of the Survey's publications.
In connection Avith the War Department work in Western JSTorth
Carolina there will be investigated the question of flood prevention
on the French Broad River. If the plans materialize it Avill include
the construction of the dam and lake mentioned under Water Powers.
Delegations from ITendersonville, and Henderson and Transylvania
Counties are having conferences with the War Department engineers
in regard to this project.
At the National Drainage Congress Avhich was held in Atlanta,
Georgia, November 10-12, 1920, the Survey was represented by Mr.
Will D. Alexander, Drainage Engineer of Charlotte, N. C. The
42 BIENNIAL REPORT STATE GEOLOGIST.
Director of the Survey has been appointed a member of the Board of
Governors of the ISTational Congress.
BIOLOGICAL DIVISION
This division of the Survey, which has recently been organized, will
be under the direct supervision of Dr. W. C. Coker, Professor of
Botany of the University of ISTorth Carolina. Arrangements have
already been made for the preparation of a volume on "The Plants of
North Carolina." A volume on mushrooms, by Dr. Coker, is nearly
completed, and it is hoped that this can be published during the com-ing
year.
This division will take up investigations in regard to the value of
game fish in Western North Carolina. Very little effort has been made
to determine what is the actual value to the State of North Carolina
of its waters from the standpoint of the game fish that they contain.
The Federal Government, through its hatcheries, is ready to cooperate
with any State in stocking waters with fish. From the tourist stand-point
fishing in the mountain streams is a very great asset, and it is
believed that with little eifort the Federal Government could be in-duced
to establish a hatchery in Western North Carolina. It is also
believed that the State would find that it would be a good investment
for her to establish a hatchery. There is no doubt that one of the
biggest attractions to many who seek the mountains for recreation is
the fishing.
The Director of the Survey is taking up with the Chief of the
Bureau of Biological Survey the question of a cooperative agreement
between the two Surveys whereby a biological survey of North Carolina
can be conducted. While pretty exhaustive investigations have been
made of the fishes and birds of the State, which have been published
as Volumes II and IV, respectively, of the Survey's publications, but
little work has been done in regard to the mammals of this State; and
it is hoped that the U. S. Bureau will be able to assist the State in
making such a survey.
The U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, with which the Survey has cooperated
for the past twenty years in investigating the fisheries of the State, has
during the past two years carried on considerable work in North
Carolina, as follows
:
Beaufort Laboratory.—The Beaufort Laboratory, which is located on
an island near Beaufort, Carteret County, North Carolina, was estab-lished
in 1897 through the efforts of the North Carolina Geological and
Economic Survey and the University of North Carolina. A temporary
BIENNIAL REPORT STATE GEOLOGIST. 43
station was first established for the investigation of the marine fauna
and flora of the southern coast. Prof. H. V. Wilson of the University
was appoointed director, and for the next three years he and the late
Dr. J. A. Holmes, who was then Director of the Xorth Carolina Geo-logical
and Economic Survey, devoted much time and thought to its
development. Congress finally made an appropriation for the estab-lishment
of a permanent laboratory, but made no appropriation for
the purchase of a site. Arrangements were made by the Survey for the
purchase of the present site and its donation to the Government. Since
that time the State Survey has kept in close touch with the work at the
Laboratory, and they have cooperated in investigating many problems
relating to the cultivation of the oyster, clam, and terrapin.
This Laboratory, which was taken over and occupied by the N^avy
in January, 1918, was only turned back to the U. S. Bureau of Fisheries
shortly after the beginning of the fiscal year 1920 ; so that but little
work has been done by the Laboratory during the past two years. The
Director of the Laboratory and three assistants, each of the latter
for short periods, have devoted themselves to the preparation of an
extensive rejiort on the results of the experimental work on the propa-gation
of the diamond-back terrapin. Attention has been given also
to a study of a bacterial disease of the winter-fed yearling terrapin of
the experimental broods. One tenii)orary investigator has been en-gaged
in the study of the life histories of crabs of the Beaufort region.
Investigations were made of salinity conditions in Currituck Sound
as affected by the Chesapeake and Albemarle Canal.
Fishery Industries—This division of the Bureau, in addition to col-lecting
statistics relating to the fishing industry, makes investigations
and recommendations in regard to utilization of fish and preparation
of fish for market.
The Bureau has urged those in the menhaden industry having hot-air
dryers to manufacture fish meal for feeding hogs, cattle and poultry,
as well as fish scrap for fertilizer; and, through the Bureau of Animal
Industry, has arranged for feeding tests to show the value of this
feed as compared with other protein feeds. (See Bureau of Fisheries
Document 892, pages 11-13.)
The Bureau has recently completed an investigation on the salting
of fish which developed an improved method of salting fish in warm
climates and should be of interest to North Carolina fishermen. (See
Bureau of Fisheries Document 884 and Document 892.)
As a result of the Bui'eau's efforts to establish a fishery for sharks,
and the utilization of all its parts, a number of fisheries have been
established, including one at Morehead City, N". C. (See Bureau of
44 BIENNIAL REPORT STATE GEOLOGIST.
Fisheries Document 892, page 19—fish oils; page 13—fish, leather and
shark fins.)
Fish Planted in North Carolina.—The U. S. Bureau of Fisheries
maintains a fish hatchery at Edenton, Chowan County, at which were
hatched large-mouthed black hass, shad, sunfish, yellow perch and
white perch; and a small hatchery at Weldon, Halifax County, which
is part of the Edenton station, at which striped bass are hatched. The
output of the Edenton station for the fiscal years 1919 and 1920 is
given in the following table
:
Output of Edenton Station, Fiscal Years 1919-1920
1919 1920
Large-mouthed black bass 23,585 36,310
Shad 23,694,000 16,286,000*
Striped bass 13,540,000 16,474,000*
Sunfish 12,700 6,250
White perch 2,035,000*
Yellow perch 114*
In addition to the fish planted from the Edenton station, quite a
number of fish were planted during the fiscal years 1919 and 1920 as
given in the following tables
:
FISH PLANTED IN NORTH CAROLINA WATERS BY THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES
DURING FISCAL YEAR 1919
Location Name of Water Species Number
catfish ... 30
300
30
Blewett Falls Lake 30
30
1,500
15
10,000
4,000
10,000
4,000
1,000
1,000
Ela 4,000
Ela Little Creek 4,000
Ela 4,000
Elk Park .. 15,000
Elk Park Elk River
Little Elk Creek
Rabbit Creek
Toe River
3,600
Elk Park rainbow trout
rainbow trout
rainbow trout
8,400
Franklin
Green Mountain
3,750
4,500
Note.—Indicates fry, all others are fingerlings.
BIEX^'IAL KEPORT STATE GEOLOGIST. 45
FISH PLANTED IN NORTH CAROLINA "iVXTERfi—Continued
Location Name of Water Species Number
Mills River. 7,000
Little Creek... rainbow trout
rainbow trout
rainbow trout
rainbow trout
6,000
Hot Springs 4,000
Lansing Big Horse Creek ._ . 4,000
Lansing Little Horse Creek 3,500
2,000
rainbow trout
rainbow trout
rainbow trout
rainbow trout ..
1,000
2,500
6,000
1,500
5,000
6,000
South Toe River . 10,500
Montezuma 5,000
North Wilkesboro Reddies River. 7,200
7,500
White Water River.. . . 7,500
4,500
4,000
Tuxedo 6,250
Tuxedo 16,250
3,750
4,000
Asheville 10,.500
Canton 6,000
Canton 6,000
Dillard 5,400
Dillard .. Mill Creek .. . 3,600
Dillard Satulah Creek 3,600
Dillard Shoal Creek brook trout 3,600
Dillard 3,600
Dillard Wildcat Lake brook trout 3,600
Ela 3,000
Ela Little Creek 3,000
Willow Creek, South Prong. brook trout 4,500
Foscoe... 6,000
Horseshoe brook trout
brook trout
brook trout
brook trout
brook trout...
17,500
Bear Wallow Creek 11,400
Lake Toxaway 7,200
Lake Toxaway Indian Cr;'ok.. 4,,500
Lake Toxawav Shoal Creek... 4,500
10,500
brook trout
brook trout
brook trout
brook trout..
brook trout
3,000
Linville Big Grassy Creek 5,000
Linville 6,000
Linville 3,ooa
Linville 10,000
Linville 5,000
Linville 5,000
Micaville . South Toe River 8,000
Newland 6,000
Pisgah Forest 26,000
Pisgah Forest South Mills River.. brook trout
brook trout
26,500
Poplar... 7,500
Samarcand 5,400
Tuxedo brook trout , 5,400
Tuxedo 5, 400
Tuxedo Jims Creek .. 5,400
Angier Spring Branch crappie 200
46 BIENNIAL REPORT STATE GEOLOGIST.
FISH PLANTED IN NORTH CAROLINA WATERS—Continued
Location
Battleboro
Bryson City
Burlington
Franklinton
Greensboro
Greensboro
Hickory
High Point
Kinston
Littleton
Marshville
Pendleton
Raleigh
Raleigh
Rosindale
Aberdeen
Aberdeen
Asheboro
Bayboro
Bostic
Burlington
Burlington
Burlington
Burlington
Burlington
Burlington
Calypso
Gary
Charlotte.--
Clinton--
Clinton
Corinth
Dunn
Dunn -.
Durham
Durham
D-irham
Elkin
Elkin
Ellerbe
Ellerbe
Fayetteville
Flat Rock
Flat Rock
Flat Rock
Graham
Graham
Greensboro
Greensboro
Havelock
HendersonviUe.
Hendersonville.
Hendersonville-
Hendersonville-
Hendersonville-
Hendersonville.
Hickory
Name of Water
Davis' Pond
Tuckaseegee River
South Piedmont Pond
Seven Springs Pond-
Cool Spring Pond
Cunningham Mill Pond
Cliffs Lake
Furlo gh Lake
Jericho Pond
Warren Pond
Fairview Pond
Stephenson-Skye Mill Pond
Lakewood Pond
Neuseoco Club Lake
Clark Mill Pond-.-
Marie Pond
Sand Hill Lake
City Pond-..^:.
Bay River
Rocky Broad River
Dickey's Pond
Sartin Mill Pond
Old Willow Brook Pond
Silver Lake
Stinking Quarter Pond
Walker's Pond.-
Sutton's Pond
Holleman's Pond
Catawba River
Great Coharie Creek
Six Runs
Yarborough's Pond
Jernigan's Pond
Smith Mill Pond
Angier Pond
Car enter Pond
Wilbon Pond
Carter Falls Pond
Elkin River
Howell's Pond
Quick's Pond
Marrison's Pond
King's Pond
Ottaray Lake
Smythe's Pond
Pine Hill Pond-
Thompson Pond
Revolution Pond
Seminole Pond
East Creek
Bane's Pond
Few's Pond
Hayne's Pond
Maybank's Pond
Scheppergrell's Pond
Vincent's Pond
Catawba River, Henry's Fork .
Species
crappie
crappie
crappie
crappie
crappie
crappie
crappie
crappie
crappie
crappie
crappie
crappie
crappie
crappie
crappie
largemouth
largemouth
largemouth
largemouth
largemouth
largemouth
largemouth
largemouth
largemouth
largemouth
largemouth
largemouth
largemouth
largemouth
largemouth
largemouth
largemouth
largemouth
largemouth
largemouth
largemouth
largemouth
largemouth
largemouth
largemouth
largemouth
largemouth
largemouth
largemouth
largemouth
largemouth
largemouth
largemouth
largemouth
largemouth
largemouth
largemouth
largemouth
largemouth
largemouth
largemouth
largemouth
black bass .
black bass .
black bass .
black bass .
black bass .
black bass .
black bass .
black bass .
black bass .
black bass .
black bass .
black bass .
black bass .
black bass..
black bass-.
black bass-.
black bass-.
black bass,.
black bass..
black basS-.
black bass-.
black bass.,
black bass-.
black bass-black
bass-,
black bass.,
black bass,
black bass.,
black bass,
black bass,
black bass.
black bass,
black bass-black
bass-black
bass-black
bass-black
bass-black
bass-black
bass-black
bass-black
bass-black
bass-
Number
200
400
200
200
300
300
200
500
400
SOO
100
400
400
600
300
*2,000
3,000
400
*400
450
1,500
1,500
1,500
1,500
1,400
1,400
200
200
1,750
120
120
*400
400
600
300
275
300
200
225
2,000
2,000
400
2,000
3,000
4,000
600
100
3,300
4,100
1,350
100
300
500
300
300
300
100
*NoTE—Indicates fry, all others are fingerlings.
BIEN]yiAL EEPORT STATE GEOLOGIST. 47
FISH PLANTED IN NORTH CAROLINA WATBTIS—Continued
Location
Hickory
High Point
Kinston
Knightdale
Xenoir
Marble
Marbte
Marion.
Marion
Marion
Marion
Marion
Marion
Marshville
Marshville
Marshville
Mount Airy
New Bern
New Bern
New Bern
Newport
Newton
Norlina
Princeton
Eaeford—
Raleigh
Raleigh
Raleigh...
Raleigh...
Randleman
Richfield.
Salisbury
Samarcand
Samarcand
Shulls Mills
Smithfield
Stokesdale
Sylvia
Sylvia
Sylvia
Sylvia
Sylvia
Tarboro
Tarboro
Tarboro
Warren Plains..
Warren Plains..
Washington
Washington
Washington
Washington
Washington
Winston-Salem-
Woodside.
Youngsville
Etowah
Lenoir
Name of Water
Catawba River. Jacob's Fork..
Walnut Branch Pond
Jericho Pond
Mill Pond
Buffalo Creek
Hyatt's Creek
Valley River
Big Buck Creek
Brown Mill Pond.
Catawba River
Little Buck Creek
Lofte Mill Pond .
Morgan's Pond
.Austin's Pond
Lanes Creek
Sim; son's Pond
Minnick's Pond
Brice's Creek
Neuse River.
Trent River
Lake Oxley
Pinchgut Creek Pond
Watson's Pond
Holt' Pond
Beaverdam Pond.
Boone's Pond
Doctor's Lake(A)
Doctors Lake(B)
Ne seoco Club Lake
Bull un Pond
Morgan's Pond
Graf's Pond
Drowning Creek
La' e Taniarlane
Wa a ga River
Holt's Lake.
Enoch's Pond
Cullowhec Creek...
Scott Creek
Tuckaseigee River
Tuckaseige River, Left Fork...
Tuckaseigee River, Right Fork
Fishing Creek
Lake Parks
Tar River
Dillard's Pond
Tharrington's Pond
Broad Creek..
Chocowinity Bay
Chocowinity Creek
Respess Mill Pond
Upper Broad Creek
Ariston Pond
Lake Lil/
Moores Pond...
Bluff Pond
Buffalo Creek Pond
Species Number
largemouth black bass.. 100
largeniouth black bass.. 600
largemouth black bass.. 400
largemouth black bass.. 400
largemouth black bass.. 100
largemouth black bass.. 3,000
largemouth black bass.. 3,000
largemouth black bass.. 100
largemouth black bass.. 100
largemouth black bass.. 100
largemouth black bass.. 100
largemouth black bass.. 100
largemouth black bass.. 100
largemouth black bass.. 700
largemouth black bass.. 450
largemouth black bass.. 1,400
largemouth black bass.. 3,400
largemouth black bass.. 900
largemouth black bass.. 1,100
largemouth black bass.. 1,100
largemouth black bass.. *200
largemouth black bass.. 200
largemouth black bass.. 200
largemouth black bass.. 600
largemouth black bass.. 400
largemouth black bass.. 400
largeniouth black bass.. 400
largemouth black bass.. 400
largemouth black bass.. 200
largemouth black bass.. 200
largemouth black bass.. 100
largemouth black bass.. 100
largeniouth black bass.. 4,000
largemouth black bass.. 2,000
largeniouth black bass . 1,700
largeniouth black bass.. 1,300
largeniouth black bass.. 300
largemouth black bass.. 2,000
largemouth black bass.. 2,000
largemouth black bass.. 5,000
largemouth black bass.. 3,000
largemouth black bass.. 3,000
largemouth black bass.. 400
1 rgemouth black bass.. 400
largemouth black bass.. 400
largemouth black bass.. •200
largemouth black bass.. *200
largemouth black bass.. 200
largemouth black bass.. 600
largemouth black bass.. 600
largemouth black bass.. 600
largemouth black bass.. 600
largemouth black bass.. 2,800
largemouth black bass.
.
•200
largemouth black bass.. •400
tmallmouth black bass. 100
smallmouth black bass. 200
•Note—Indicates fry, all others are fingerlings.
48 BIENNIAL REPORT STATE GEOLOGIST.
FISH PLANTED IN NORTH CAROLINA WATERS—Continued
Location Name of Water Species Number
smallmouth black bass.
smallmouth black bass_
smallmouth black bass_
smallmouth black bass.
450
900
450
Rutherfordton 925
500
400
350
325
400
325
50a
550
1,000
500
Hood Mill Pond 500
400
Raleigh . Neuseoco Club Pond rock bass 3,750
Raleigh Peachtree Pond- rock bass 1,000
Rural HalL- Petree's Pond rock bass 500
Smithfield-.- Holt's Lake rock bass 600
Woodside.. Lake Lottie rock bass 300
Badin.. sunfish (bream). . 2,000
Benson sunfish (bream). 200
Bessemer City sunfish (bream). 400
800
500
500
Moser Mill Pond 400
500
20O
Gary 200
200
Mill Pond.. -- 300
400
Elkin 500
400
200
500
Wood's Mill Pond 300
400
500
200
600
500
250
Kittrell . 100
Willow Club Pond 300
Major Hill Pond sunfish (bream) 500
Jones Mill Pond sunfish (bream) 300
McMillen Pond sunfish (bream) 400
sunfish (bream). 400
sunfish (bream). 200
Marshville sunfish (bream) 200
sunfish (bream) 200
sunfish (bream) 500
Maysville ... . White Oak River sunfish (bream) 1,300
sunfish (bream) 600
800
Mount Airy... _ Brooks Pond sunfish (bream) l.OOO
BIENNIAL EEPORT STATE GEOLOGIST.
FISH PLANTED IN NORTH CAROLINA WXTF,RS—Continued
Location Name of Water Species Number
400
900
Blewett Falls Pond sunfish (bream) 1,800
sunfish (bream)
sunfish (bream).
200
100
Hicks Mill Pond 400
30O
300
1,000
Willow Oaks Pond 200
Ruffin Cox's Pond sunfish (bream) 500
500
500
Broad Creek Mill Pond sunfish (bream)
sunfish (bream)
sunfish (bream) ._
300
200
200
Wise sunfish (bream) 200
Highlands . . Hawkin s Pond vellow perch 50
Roseboro Raggett's Pond- yellow perch__ _.. 50
FISH PLANTED IN NORTH CAROLINA WATERS BY THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES
DURING FISCAL YEAR, 1920
Location Name of Water Species Number
800
Poplar . 140
Marion 800
Pee Dee Blewett Falls Pond
Green River
600
Tuxedo 800
Avoco Albemarle Sound.. shad.. *6, 560, 000
Edenton Albemarle Sound 8,035,000
Merry Hill *1, 691, 000
Asheville Avcrv s Creek 10,200
Asheville 5,000
8,800
Blantyre Little Willow Creek 6,000
Brevard Buckhorn Creek . 2,400
Brevard Cascade Lake.. 1,600
Brevard Cedar Rock Creek 1,600
Brevard Grogan Creek. 1,600
Brevard Laurel Creek .. .. 2,400
Brevard. Little River 3,200
Clayton 3,200
Clyde Bald Creek 3,200
Clyde 4,000
Clyde Liner Creek 3,200
Doughton. Elkin Creek-.. 2,400
Edgemont Anthony's Creek 2,500
Elkin Grassv Creek 2,400
Elkland Meat Camp Creek . 2,400
Flat Rock Pullen s Creek . 1,600
Franklin 4,000
Hendersonville Hickory Creek. . rainbow trout 6,000
Hendersonville Morgan's Creek .. rainbow trout 4,000
•Note—Indicates fry, all others are fingerlings.
60 BIENNIAL REPORT STATE GEOLOGIST.
FISH PLANTED IN NORTH CAROLINA WATERS—Continued
Location Name of Water Species Number
Hendersonville . Rocky Broad River . 7 000
Highlands 3 200
Lake Toxaway Fairfield Lake .__ 4,000
Lansing Little Horse Creek 2 400
Lenoir . 2 500
Linville . 1 500
Linville 1 500
Linville 1,500
Linville 2,000
500
Montezuma. 1,500
Mooresville 1,000
3,000
Mount Sterling Big Creek rainbow trout... 3,000
Old Fort Curtis Creek .. rainbow trout... 4,000
Pisgah 45,000
Relief Mills River rainbow trout... . . 40,000
Ritter.. .. Bone Valley Creek.. 3,200
Ritter Cold Spring Branch. . .. 2,000
Ritter. . Hazel Creek 3,500
Ritter. 2,500
Ritter. 2,500
Ritter Walker Creek 2,500
Tryon . 3,200
Tuxedo 1,600
Tuxedo 6,400
4,000
3,200
3,200
Waynesville rainbow trout 3,200
Willetts - - rainbow trout 2,000
Asheville brook trout 6,000
brook trout .. . 15,000
brook trout. . 3,000
4,500
4,500
Glady Fork Creek 3,000
3,000
Sol Creek 3,000
Steel's Creek... 3,000
3,000
3,000
4.500
4,500
Cherryfield 3,000
3,000
2,000
Elkland 2,400
Elk Park Little Elk Creek 3,000
3,000
brook trout 4,500
Clear Creek brook trout 3,000
3,000
Mill Creek brook trout . 3,000
Salt Neck Branch . 3,000
3,000
3,000
Turtle Pond Creek .. 4,500
Lake Toxaway Alexander Creek... brook trout 2,ooa
BIEIv'K'IAL KEPOKT STATE GEOLOGIST. 51
FISH PLANTED IN NORTH CAROLINA WATERS—Conlinued
Location Name of Water
Lake Toxaway_-
Lake Toxaway..
Lake Toxaway..
Lake Toxaway..
Lake Toxawaj-..
Lake Toxaway..
Lake Toxaway _| Little Creek
Lake Toxaway ._' Mountain View Creek.
Bear Pen Lake
Chattooga River.
Flat Creek
Green's Creek
James Creek
Lake Sapphire
Panther Tail Creek
Robinson Creek
Slicker Creek
Tennessee Creek.
Thompson River
Toxaway Creek, South Fork
.
Wolf Creek
Lake Toxaway..
Lake Toxaway..
Lake Toxaway. _
Lake Toxaway..
Lake Toxaway..
Lake Toxaway..
Lake Toxaway..
Lansing Little Horse Creek.
Montezuma
Montezuma
North Wilkesboro.
Penrose
Pisgah Forest
Pisgah Forest
Pisgah Forest
Rosman
Rosman
Rosman
Tuxedo
Tuxedo
Tuxedo
Waynes\'ille
Waynesville
Waynesville
West Jefferson
Burlington
Burlington-
Concord
Elizabethtown.:...
Franklinton..
Havelock
Lilesville
Marshville
Raleigh
Raleigh
Raleigh..
Raleigh
Raleigh
Raleigh
Asheville
Asheville
Asheville
.\sheville
Asheville
Asheville
Claj'ton
Fayetteville
Flat Rock
Fletchers
Blue Ridge Lake
Kentuck Creek.. _
Pine Creek Pond
Grassy Creek
Lamb's Creek
Looking Glass Creek
Big Creek _._
French Broad River and branches.
Shoal Creek
Toxaway Creek and branches
Cabin Creek
Green River,branch of
Joe Creek-
Pigeon River
Richland Creek..
Stevens Creek
Ezra Fork Creek
Haw Creek Pond
Little Alamance Pond
Coddle Creek
White Lake- -
Wildcr's Pond
East Creek
Juno Pond
Brick Yard Pond
Boone's Pond
Doctor's Lake
Edward's Pond..
HajT\'ard's Pond.-
Neuseoco Club Lake
Yates Pond
Robertson's Pond
Lee Pond
Lake Chetola..
Lane Creek
Stony Creek Pond
West View Pond
Barnes Mill Pond
Stiltery Creek
Highland Lake
Mills River.-
Species . Number
brook trout. 3,000
brook trout... . 3,000
brook trout. .. 2,000
2,000
brook trout 2,000
brook trout 4,000
2,000
brook trout.- ... 3,000
3,000
3,000
2,000
3,000
brook trout. . 3,000
brook trout. 2,000
brook trout. _ 3,000
brook trout. . 2,400
brook trout 10,000
brook trout 3,000
brook trout 800
brook trout 6,000
brook trout 4,500
brook trout ... 30,000
brook trout 3,000
brook trout 15,000
brook trout 9,000
brook trout 9,000
brook trout 3,000
4,500
brook trout 3,000
9,000
brook trout 7,500
brook trout 3,000
2,500
100
100
100
50
50
100
crappie 50
100
200
150
100
100
300
100
largemouth black bass.. *2,000
largemouth black bass.. 200
largemouth black bass.. *5,000
largemouth black bass.. 4,000
largemouth black bass.. 4,000
largemouth black bass.. 2,000
largemouth black bass.. 500
largemouth black bass.. 950
largemouth l)lack bass.. 100
largemouth black bass.. 100
*NoTE—Indicates fry, all others are fingerlings.
52 BIENNIAL EEPOKT STATE GEOLOGIST.
FISH PLANTED IN NORTH CAROLINA WATERS—Contiiiued
Location Name of Water Species Number
Fountain Cheoah Lake . largemouth black bass__
largemouth black bass..
largemouth black bass..
largemouth black bass..
largemouth black bass..
largemouth black bass.,
largemouth black bass._
largemouth black bass..
largemouth black bass..
largemouth black bass..
largemouth black bass..
largemouth black bass__
largemouth black bass_.
largemouth black bass.,
largemouth black baes..
largemouth black bass.,
largemouth black bass.,
largemouth black bass.,
largemouth black bass.,
largemouth black bass.,
largemouth black bass.,
largemouth black bass..
largemouth black bass..
largemouth black bass..
largemouth black bass.,
largemouth black bass..
largemouth black bass..
largemouth black bass..
largemouth black bass.,
largemouth black bass.,
largemouth black bass.,
largemouth black bass.,
largemouth black bass.,
largemouth black bass.,
largemouth black bass.,
largemouth black bass.,
largemouth black bass..
largeraouth black bass__
largemouth black bass..
largemouth black bass.,
smallmouth black bass,
smallmouth black bass,
smallmouth black bass,
smallmouth black bass,
smallmouth black bass,
smallmouth black bass,
smallmouth black bass,
smallmouth black bass.
smallmouth black bass.
100
Franklinton ... Barret's Pond 150
375
3,000
Lumber Bridge Shaw s Pond
Cox's Pond
Sorrell's Pond
Big Wilson Creek
850
150
570
*3,000
180
500
500
New Bern ... Slocumb's Creek .. 500
New Bern Swift Creek 300
New Bern Trent River . .-. 500
Newland.. . Mill Timber Creek *2,000
Toe River *4,000
Fishing Creek Pond 1,200
300
300
800
400
Norlina Weldon Pond . 800
180
Oriental Kershaw Creek 500
Oriental... _ _. 180
Parkton 1,050
Pine Level 500
Raleigh . _ 150
2,300
Richfield 100
Rocky Mount Stony Creek _. . 500
Blount's Mill Pond 500
Statesville Davis Pond... 1,100
Statesville Morrisons Pond . 1,100
Statesville... Temijleton's Pond 710
Statesville . 1,100
Warsaw Cooper Mill Pond . 500
Washington 750
Washington 750
Whiteville Schulken's Mill Pond 225
Burlington ... Back Creek Pond. 750
Burlington . Wilson Pond 1,050
Flat Rock Mitchell's Pond... 100
Lenoir 1,750
Parkton Power Plant Pond 800
Raleigh Boone's Pond.. 100
Sylvia Savannah Creek 1,100
Tryon North Pacolet River 900
Tryon Walnut Creek. 900
600
Concord .. Hathcock's Pond 1,115
Hendersonville Penny's Pond rock bass
rock bass
rock bass
rock bass
rock bass
rock bass
600
Raleigh Boone's Pond 3,100
Raleigh CaTje Fear River Pond 1,200
Raleigh 2,500
Raleigh Neuse River Pond 1,200
Salisbury Kemmerley's Pond 1,000
*NoTE—Indicates fry, all others are fingerlings.
BIENNIAL EEPOKT STATE GEOLOGIST. 53
FISH PLANTED IX NORTH CAROLINA WATERS-Co«;(«!;ed
Location Name of Water Species Number
Mill Creek 400
250
3 000
1,000
Little ,\lamance Pond _ .. . sunfish. 300
Pickard's Pond sunfish. 300
Charlotte 1,000
White Oak Pond 500
Shadv Brook 200
1,000
Dillard 200
1,000
400
Gaston Club Lake 600
Stephens Mill Pond. ... 600
Gold Hill sunfish. 200
Boone's Pond.. . . sunfish. 600
Lake Summit. sunfish. 250
North Buffalo Pond 600
Guilford 400
200
200
200
High Point 250
High Point 250
500
400
200
1 000
Lake Utah 1,000
Liberty . Durham Mill Pond 200
Liberty _. . Fox Pond 250
Marshville Stegall's Pond 200
200
100
200
200
200
4 4''5
Raleigh Cape Fear River Pond 1,800
Raleigh... 250
Raleigh
sunfish
Doctors Lake sunfish 250
Raleigh Drum Pond sunfish.. _ 225
3,250
Hoo-Js Mill Pond 250
2,000
250
Smithfield Holt's Lake 700
Washington 400
Chocowint iy Bay 200
200
Resoess Mill Pond ... sunfish 200
Raleigh Neuseoco Club Lake
Roanoke River
350
Weldon striped bass. •1,6474,000
Note—'Indicates fry, all others are fingerlings.
54 BIENNIAL REPORT STATE GEOLOGIST.
MAPPING DIVISION
Under this head is included the preparation of the various maps
of the State and counties, and can he summarized as follows
:
1. Base Map
2. Topographic Map
3. Traverse Map
4. Soil Map
5. Geological Map
1. Base Map.—A hase map of the State, on a scale of 1 :500,000,
was prepared several years ago hy the Survey in cooperation vnth
the U. S. Geological Survey and is used for preparing special maps,
such as maps showing transmission lines of power companies ; railroad
lines; forest areas; etc. These maps have been furnished to many
of the various State departments.
A new edition of this map is being prepared by the Survey which
will show the JSTational Forests established in the State and the more
important drainage canals in Eastern JSTorth Carolina, in addition
to the corrections and additions relating to roads, towns, county lines,
etc.
2. Topographic Map.—The most valuable map to the State would be
a complete topographic map of the whole area, such as is being pre-pared
by the U. S. Geological Survey. The need of an accurate topo-graphic
map has increased many fold during the past decade, due to
the extensive construction of highways, water power developments,
and geological and mining investigations. It is undoubtedly the in-tention
of the Federal Government to complete a topographic map of
the United States as rapidly as possible, but with the present appropria-tion
it will take at least twenty years before this can be completed
unless there is more cooperation between the States and the Federal
Government. Several of the States have complete topographic maps
of their area, but this has been accomplished by the States paying a
considerable proportion of the cost of making the map. At the present
time about 36 per cent of the area of North Carolina has been com-pleted,
and it is estimated that it will cost $1,244,000 to complete a
topographic map of the State. Such a map would be of inestimable
value to the State Highway Commissio'n in its highway work; to the
Survey in its geological work and mapping of the geological areas
of the State; to the Agricultural Department in the preparation of the
soil maps of the State; to the Survey and power companies in water
power investigations; and to railro'ad corporations in their location
work. All this topographic mapping should be done by the Federal
BIENNIAL EEPORT STATE GEOLOGIST. 55
Survey, as tliev have the complete organization for this type of work
and can do it cheaper and more efficiently than for a State to try
to develop its own organization. If the State would cooperate and
make an appropriation for topographic work, we would get a much
larger appropriation from the Federal Survey for this work.
The need of this map is constantly increasing, and the Board of
Surveys and Maps of the Federal Government is making every en-deavor
possible to bring about the completion of such a map of the
whole country as early as possible. The States that cooperate will be
the first to be mapped, and in a recent communication from the Chair-man
of the Board, he states
:
"I am advised by the Geological Survey that the least workable appropria-tion
which should be asked for is $5,000, for the reason that, on a dollar
for dollar basis, such an appropriation, matched by an equal amount from
the government will serve to survey one regular quadrange; and further,
that probably they would not be able to use annually more than $25,000,
in view of the fact that it is anticipated a large number of States will
secure appropriations this year."
The Director has taken up with the Highway Commissioner the
question of the HighAvay Commission cooperating with the Survey in
asking the legislature to approi)riate a sufficient amount to enable
the State to cooperate with the Federal Government to the amount of
$25,000 per year. It is believed that such a bill should be introduced
and should be supported by the State Highway Commission, the De-partment
of Agriculture and the Survey.
During the past six months topogra])hic ma] is have been made of
areas in Cherokee and Ashe Counties Avhich Avere required for the
preparation of geological maps of the iron ores of the State. This
work was done under the supervision of Prof. T. F. Hickerson of
the University.
3. Traverse Map.—There is a continual demand for traverse maps
of the various counties, and the Director is trying to arrange with
the Federal Survey to assist the counties in the preparation of accurate
traverse maps of the several counties of the State. The traverse map
would not show the topography unless the Federal Survey has already
topographically mapped the area covered by the county, but would
shoAV the toAvnship lines, county lines, railways, streams, swamp areas
(if any), cities and towns, and all houses in country. These maps
are somewhat expensive, as all its roads and streams are actually
traversed. It is hard to make our county commissioners realize that
an accurate map of their county cannot be prepared at a low
figure. We have had several instances where we have prepared plans
56 BIENNIAL REPORT STATE GEOLOGIST.
foT the county for the preparation of a traverse map or topographic
map of the county, where the county commissioners have turned down
the Survey's proposition, stating that they can have an accurate map
made of the county at a cost of one-half or two-thirds less than what
the Survey is asking. When it is realized that the Survey is only
asking the county to pay 50 per cent of the actual cost of the preparation
of the map, as it would be made by the Survey, it can be readily seen
that it would be absolutely impossible for anyone to make an accurate
map of the county at a cost of one-half to two-thirds less than this
4. Soil Map.—These maps are all prepared by the Department of
Agriculture, but they use, whenever possible, the base or topographic
map of the county which has been prepared by the Survey.
5. Geological Map.—The Survey is preparing a new geological map
of the State. jSTo complete map of this type of the State has been
prepared since the publication of the geological map by former State
Geologist, W. C. Kerr, in 1882. Special geological maps have, how-ever,
been published of separate portions of the State, as the Coastal
Plain region. Mountain region, and certain sections of the Piedmont
area. Some progress was made on the geological map by the work
of Prof. W. S. Bayley, Mr. Jasper L. Stuckey and Mr. Thos. Smith
during the field season of 1920.
ADMIIVISTRATIYE AND RECORDS DIVISION
The work of this division has been under the direct supervision of the
Director of the Survey and includes the general correspondence of the
Survey, handling of accounts, editing and preparing for the publisher
of manuscripts of reports, press notices, etc., the general clerical work,
care of library, arranging for cooperative work with Federal and State
bureaus, associations, etc.
Suggested Legislation
The following suggested legislation is submitted, with the approval
of the Geological Board, for the expansion of the work of the Survey
so as to make it a real conservation commission
:
C02SrSERVATI0N COMMISSION AND GEOLOGICAL SuRVEY
A BILL TO BE ENTITLED "An ACT TO ESTABLISH THE NORTH CAROLINA CONSER-VATION
Commission and Geological Sub\'ey."
The General Assembly of North Carolina do enact:
Section 1. There is herewith established a department to be known
as the North Carolina Conservation Commission and Geological Survey,
which shall exercise and perform all the rights, powers, duties and obliga-tions
that have been heretofore exercised and performed by the Geological
BIENK^IAL KEPOET STATE GEOLOGIST. 57
and Economic Survej', and Geological Board, the Mount Mitchell State Park
Commission, the State Geologist and the State Forester, and shall be the
lawful successor of said Survey, Board, Commission, and office, and upon
the passage of this section those portions of the acts establishing the North
Carolina Geological and Economic Survey, the Geological Board, and the
Mount Mitchell State Park Commission, and that portion of the act relat-ing
to the appointment of the State Geologist, are herewith repealed.
Sec. 2. The North Carolina Conservation Commission and Geological Sur-vey
shall be under the supervision of a Conservation Board which shall con-sist
of five members, four of which shall be the members now constituting
the Geological Board, and one member to be appointed by the Governor from
the present Mount Mitchell State Park Commission; and shall hold office
until the expiration of the term of years for which they are now appointed
on the Geological Board and the Mount Mitchell State Park Commission.
Thereafter members will be appointed by the Governor for the period of four
years and until their successors have been appointed. The Governor shall
fill by appointment any vacancies that may occur on the Conservation Board
for the unexpired term. This Board shall meet twice a year at such times
and places as the Board may decide. The members of the Board shall receive
ten dollars per diem and their actual expenses in attending the meetings of
said Board, such sums to be paid out of the moneys appropriated for carry-ing
on the work of the Commission.
Sec. 3. The Conservation Board shall appoint a Director, who shall be
the executive and administrative head of the Commission, and shall organize
the Commission in divisions, to include, among others, a geological and
mining division, a forestry division, a water resources division, a drainage
and reclamation division, a State forests and parks division, fish, game and
bird division, museum of natural resources division, and a mapping division;
and shall supervise same by and with the approval of the Conservation Board.
He shall have charge of the administration and enforcement of all laws
which it is the duty of the Commission to administer and enforce, and shall
direct all inspections and investigations. He shall employ such chiefs of
divisions, assistants and clerical help as may be considered necessary to
carry on the work of the Commission, by and with the approval of the
Conservation Board. The compensation of employees of the Commission
shall be determined by the Conservation Board.
Sec. 4. The chief of the geological and mining division shall be known
as the State Geologist, and the chief of the forestry division shall be known
as the State Forester. All acts that shall be passed by the General Assembly
relating to the investigation, conservation, development and supervision of
the natural resources of the State on the part of the State shall be referred
to and be carried out under the direction of the Conservation Commission;
this does not apply to the commercial fisheries which are under the juris-diction
of the Fisheries Commission, nor to agricultural lands and products
which are under the supervision of the Agricultural Department.
Sec. 5. The Conservation Commission may purchase and hold additional
lands within the State for the production of timber and for State parks,
with such moneys as may be appropriated by the General Assembly or as
may be otherwise obtained. The Commission is also authorized to accept
gifts of lands within the State for such purposes. The Conservation Com-mission
may, in its discretion, make rules and regulations relative to hunting
58 BIENNIAL REPORT STATE GEOLOGIST,
and fishing or other uses of any lands acquired under the provisions of this
act; Provided, that such rules and regulations shall be subject to any re-strictions
imposed by laws now or hereafter in force for the protection of
fish, birds, and quadrupeds.
Sec. 6. The Conservation Commission is herewith authorized to cooperate
with the Bureau of Fisheries of the United States, the United States Bio-logical
Survey, the North Carolina Fisheries Commission, and other similar
public and private surveys and associations in the propagation, protection
and conservation of the song and game birds, game fish, and game of the
State. The Conservation Commission is also authorized to cooperate with,
the North Carolina Audubon Society and other protective associations in-terested
in the preservation of animal life.
Sec. 7. The Conservation Board is hereby authorized and directed to
cooperate with the Federal Power Commission in the carrying out of rules
and regulations promulgated by that Commission; and is further authorized
to act on behalf of the State in carrying out any regulations that may be
passed relating to water powers in North Carolina.
Sec. 8. All laws and clauses of laws in confiict with this act are hereby
repealed.
Sec. 9. This act shall be in effect from and after its ratification.
The Director lias had several conferences with Dr. George Otis
Smith, Director of the United States Geological Survey, and Mr. IST. C.
Grover, Chief of the Division of Water Resources, in regard to estab-lishing
a district engineer's office at Asheville which would be used
also by the State Survey as a branch office. It was also considered that
it Avould be to the advantage of both Surveys to have such a joint office
at Asheville, at which could be illustrated and advertised the resources
of the Southern Appalachian region.
On September 27, 1920, the following letter was received from Dr.
George Otis Smith, Director of the U. S. Geological Survey
:
Colonel Joseph Hyde Peatt, Director,
North Carolina Geological and Economic Survey,
ChaT>el Hill, N. C.
My Dear Colonel Pratt:—In furtherance of the cooperation between the
U. S. Geological Survey and the North Carolina Geological and Economic
Survey in the study of the water resources of North Carolina, a district
office will be established<