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Library OF THE University of Nortti Carolina This book was presented bj' 1 5* 5" - ("^ a "? »- S19.Z-0 UNIVERSITY OF N.C. AT CHAPEL HILL 00033964844 This book must not be token from the Library building. Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2011 with funding from Ensuring Democracy through Digital Access (NC-LSTA) http://www.archive.org/details/biennialgeolo19191920nc NORTH CAROLINA GEOLOGICAL AND ECONOMIC SURVEY JOSEPH HYDE PRATT, Director and State Geologist BIENNIAL REPORT OF THE STATE GEOLOGIST 1919-1920 Raleigh Edwaeds & Broughton Peintixg Co., State Printers. 1921 GEOLOGICAL BOARD GovER^'OB T. W. BicKETT, ex officio Chairman Raleigh. John Sprunt Hill Durham Frank R. Hewitt Asheville R. G. Lassiter Oxford C. C. Smoot, III North Wilkesboro Joseph Hyde Pratt, Director and State Geologist Chapel Hill LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL Chapel Hill, N". C, December 30, 1920. To His Excellency, Hon. T. W. Bickett, Governor of North Carolina. Sir :—There is herewith submitted my biennial report on the opera-tions of the jSTorth Carolina Geological and Economic Survey for the years 1919 and 1920. Suggestions are made as to what legislation is considered necessary for carrying out more efficiently the duties that have been assigned to the Survey. A financial statement covering the expenditures of the Survey for the past two fiscal years is also made a part of this report. Yours respectfully, Joseph Hyde Pratt, Director. TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE Introduction 9 Geological and Mining Division 12 Geological Investigations 12 Iron Ores 12 Structural Materials 13 Gold and Copper 14 Examination of Mineral Specimens 14 Mineral Statistics 15 Forestry Division 15 Demand for Timber 16 Present Condition 16 North Carolina 19 Forest Fire Statistics 20 Protection of Watersheds 20 Wood-Using Industries 21 Study of Southern Pines 21 Chestnut Bark Disease 22 North Carolina Forestry Association 22 Work of U. S. Forest Service in North Carolina 23 Forest Investigations 23 Economic and Industrial Investigations 25 Acquisitions to National Forests 26 Suggested Forestry Legislation 26 State Forests and Parks Division 27 Mount Mitchell State Park 27 Camping Sites Along State Highways 28 Water Resources Division 29 A Water Resource Survey of State 30 Application for Investigation 31 Water Supply for Cities and Towns 32 Water Powers 32 Gaging Stations 34 Cooperation with War Department 35 Water Power Statistics 36 Power Census 36 Administration of Water Powers 38 / / 8 TABLE OF CONTENTS ' ' I ' ' PAGE Dbainage and Reclamation Division 39 Drainage of Swamp Lands in Coastal Plain Region 40 Reclamation of Overflowed Lands in Piedmont Section 40 Bringing Settlers to Take Up Reclaimed Lands 40 Biological Division 42 Beaufort Laboratory 42 Fishing Industries 43 Fish. Planted in North Carolina 44 Mapping Division 54 Base Map 54 Topographc Map 54 Traverse Map 55 Soil Map 56 Geological Map 56 Administrative and Records Division 56 Suggested Legislation 56 Publications 59 Exhibits 63 Window Exhibits 64 Financial Statement 64 List of Publications 66 BIENNIAL REPORT OF THE STATE GEOLOGIST On the Operations of the North Carolina Geological and Economic Survey for the Two Years Ending November 30, 1920. By JOSEPH HYDE PRATT, Director INTRODUCTIO^^ The act establishing the present i*lorth Carolina Geological and Economic Survey was passed by the General Assembly of 1905 and amended by the General Assemblies of 1909 and 1917, and outlines in some detail the character and extent of the work to be undertaken and carried out by this department of the State. As stated in the act, the work is as follows : 1. The examination of the mineral, forest, fishery, and other resources of the State. 2. The examination of the geological formations of the State Avith reference to their economic products. 3. The examination of the road building materials and the best methods of utilizing same.* 4. The examination and classification of the soils and forests and other physical features of the State, with special reference to their bearing upon the occupations of the people. 5. The examination of the streams and water powers of the State, with special reference to their development in manufacturing enter-prises and the preservation of the sources of these streams through the protection of the forests. * This is supplemented by an act passed by the General Assembly of 1909 which authorized the Geo'osical Board to advise with the township and county authorit'es in the building; and improvement of the public roads by sending to the to^^-nship or county a competent road ensrineer who will ass'st them in locating: their improved roads, advising; them as to the best road to build and how to build it, and a'so ?ive advice relatinT to the best kind of bridse to be built in connection with the improvement of any road. The Geological Board, through the State Geologist, may make inquiries in regard to systems of road bui'd'ng and manage-ment throughout the United States, and make investigations and experiments in re-jard to the best methods of road making and the best kind of road material, and shall disseminate Buch knowledge by lectures to be given in the different counties, and by preparin?, publishing, and distributing bulletins and reports on the subject of road improvement, and sha'l also gather and tabulate information and statistics on road building in North Carolina and dis-seminate same throughout the State. 10 BIENNIAL REPORT STATE GEOLOGIST, 6. The examination of the water supplies of the State, with special reference to the sinking of deep artesian wells. 7. The investigation of the location, occurrence and development of mineral properties. 8. To i^rovide for the prevention and control of forest fires in any and all parts of this State. 9. To cooperate with the several Federal Bureaus and such other sources as may assist in carrying oiit the provisions of this Act. 10. The preparation of reports giving the results of the investiga-tions. As will be seen from the above outline, the work of this department is very varied and extensive, and although it relates principally to the investigation, conservation, protection and develpoment of the natural resources of the State, it touches the diverse interests of all sections of INTorth Carolina and is of interest and value to every citizen of the State, With the appropriations that have been made for this work from year to year it has not been possible for the Survey to carry on all the work assigned to it, and it has been necessary for the Geological Board to determine which of the lines of activity were the most important to the people of the State, and these investigations have been carried on more extensively than some of the others. In some of the work, as in protection of forests from fire, the work has been limited to the amount of the appropriation for this particular purpose. The Survey has, however, been very fortunate in receiving the hearti-est cooperation of the various Federal Bureaus which have in many cases made liberal appropriations for cooperating with the State in many of its investigations ; and in this way the work of this depart-ment has progressed much more rapidly than it could otherwise pos-sibly have done. This relates particularly to the investigation of the swamp and overflowed lands of the State, the fisheries, water supplies and forestry. The Survey has prepared for publication reports regarding its inves-tigations, but the printing of these has often been delayed for several years, and in some instances the reports cannot be printed on account of lack of funds for printing same. As one of the principal works of the Survey is investigating the occurrence, quantity and value of the natural resources of the State and making reports for the people of the State on the results of these investigations, the General Assembly should make it possible for these reports to be published so that the people can obtain the results of the investigations which have been prepared for them. To be of the greatest value to the State these reports should be printed and be available for distribution at the time BIENNIAL REPORT STATE GEOLO(iIST. 11 when they will be of the most value either in conserving the interests of the people or in advertising our resources at the time when these resources are in most demand. Some of these reports, of course, have intrinsic value for all times, but some have a much greater value if they can be published as soon as the investigation is completed. Delay in publication may and often does mean the withholding of information which it has cost the State thousands of dollars to obtain, and it may cause the State to lose many more thousands of dollars because the information is not available for capitalists who are interested in investi-gating and developing at once the resources to which it refers. The demand for those reports on the natural resources of the State comes not only from the people of North Carolina but people from all over the country. If the investigations are of value to the State the results of the investigations are worth a great deal more to the State, but unless they are made available they are of little or no value. The work of the Survey is grouped into divisions with an experi-enced investigator in charge of each division, as follows : Administrative and Records Division, Josepli Hyde Pratt, Director. Geological and Mining Division, Wm. F. Prouty, Geologist. Forestry Division, J. S. Holmes, Forester. Water Resources Division, Thorndike Saville, Hydraulic Engineer. Drainage Division, Joseph Hyde Pratt, Engineer. Mapping Division, T. F. Hickerson, Engineer. Biological Division, W. C. Coker, Botanist. State Forests and Parks Division, Joseph Hyde Pratt, Director. The work accomplished by the several divisions and suggestions for future work and investigations is described in detail under each head. The personnel of the l^orth Carolina Geological and Economic Survey for the past two years has consisted of the following, Avho have been employed either the whole or a part of their time : Joseph Hyde Pratt, Director and State Geologist. J. S. Holmes. State Forester. W. D. Clark, Chief Forest Fire Warden. H. A. Carroll, Special Forestry Agent. D. L. Moser, Warden, Mitchell State Park. Wm. F. Prouty, Geologist. W. S. Bayley, Geologist. Jasper L. Stuckey, Geologist. Thorndike Saville, Hydraulic Engineer. T. F. Hickerson, Civil Engineer. Miss H. M. Berry, Secretary (To April 15, 1920). Miss Minnie Queen, Secretary. Miss Grace White, Stenographer. B. W. Sipe, Office Assistant. 12 BIENNIAL REPORT STATE GEOLOGIST. Forest Fire Wardens and Patrolmen:—R. M. Pearson, W. J. Hardin, W. C. Gore, R. M. Bruton, Geo. F. Rhom, Ed. T. Shearer, C. H. Colvard, L. B. Murray, C. L. Wilson, Garland V. Stepp, Jas. F. Ferry, Wm. R. Rice and Geo. F. Blair. Laborers on Mitchell Park:—Fred Moser, David Moser, Artus Moser, "William Fore and Charlie King. Surveyors and Assistants in Water Power Investigations:—S. C. Austin, A. Y. Cottrell, Hall E. Cobb, E. S. Teague, H. Neville, G. L. Bean, Ned. Trip-lett, and Lynn Bean. Surveyors and Assistants in TopogravMc Mapping:—L. W. Fischel, L. J. Phipps, R. E. Boyd, and Roy J. Morton. Tenijjorary Clerks and Stenographers:—Elizabeth Moses, Mrs. Laura Payne Mangum, Leona Priest, Mrs. T. J. Wilson, Mrs. K. J. Brown, Edith Skemp, Mildred Moses, Mrs. P. H. Winston, Margaret Berry, Mabel Thomp-son, Miss E. W. Marshall, Zan Koonce, Mrs. Elisabeth W. Baker, Lillian Long, I. B. Newman, Jesse R. Rhue, and Louise Coffey. Draftsmen:—S. C. Austin, L. W. Fischel, and Roy J. Morton. GEOLOGICAL AND MINING DIVISION Geolog'ical Iiivestig'ations Iron Ores The interest in tlie iron ores of the State which was stimulated during the war period has continued, and requests are constantly coining in for information as to the location of undeveloped deposits and producing mines. The present is perhaps the most opportune time in the history of the State for interesting capital in the iron ores of this State, par-ticularly the magnetic iron ores of Ashe and Avery Counties and the brown ores of Cherokee County. The iron ores of Western Piedmont and Western ISTorth Carolina have been investigated during the past two years by W. S. Bayley, Geologist, and to a less extent by the Director. Iron ores of Lincoln, Gaston and Madison Counties have also been investigated. The following cooperative agreement was made between the U. S. Bureau of Mines and the State Survey in regard to investigating the methods of mining and concentrating iron ores of Cherokee County and the magnetic iron ores of Ashe and Avery Counties. Agreement Between the Bureau of Mines and the North Carolina Geological and Economic Survey The Bureau of Mines (hereinafter referred to as the Bureau) and the North Carolina Geological and Economic Survey (hereinafter referred to as the Survey), desiring to carry on investigations relative to the method of mining, preparing for market, beneficiating and treatment of iron ores in the State of North Carolina, do hereby agree each with the other as follows: BIENNIAL RErORT STATE GEOLOGIST. 13 1. The Bureau agrees to assign one of its mining engineers at a salary of forty-eight hundred dollars ($4,800) per annum, to advise and assist the mine operatives in the State of North Carolina in the development of an improved method of mining, preparing for market, beneficiating and treat-ment of iron ores. 2. The Survey agrees to turn over all data it might have on hand bearing on this problem, and cooperate in any other way which might prove helpful to the solution of the problem herein contemplated. 3. The publication of the results of this investigation shall be under the control of the Director of the Bureau of Mines. Due recognition, however, shall be accorded to the Survey for its cooperation. 4. It is understood that this agreement, upon approval of the Secretary of the Interior, shall be effective from the 25th day of September, 1920, and may be terminated whenever in the judgment of the Bureau the provisions of this cooperative agreement have been accomplished. U. S. Bureau of Mines, (Seal) By F. G. CoTTRELL, Director North Carolina Geological and Economic Survey, By Joseph Hyde Fratt (Seal) State Geologist and Director. Mr. Stanley E. Sears was appointed by. tlie Bureau of Mines to make these investigations, and the results of his work "\^t.11 soon be available for publication. Structural Materials It was realized by the Geological Board early in 1920 that one of the vital and pressing needs of the State at the jjresent time is an adequate local supply of structural materials, such as clay, stone, sand, gravel, etc., and in order to meet this need of the State an investigation Avas authorized to be made of the location, quantity and quality of such materials throughout the State. With this in view, Mr. Jasper L. Stuckey, Geologist, spent six months (1) in-vestigating localities containing sands and gravels suitable for con-struction purposes and their preparation for market; (2) examining stone quarries and stone localities with special reference as to their becoming sources of supply of crushed stone for concrete and road purposes; (3') examining clay deposits with special reference as to their suitability for the manufacture of drain tile, vitrified brick and common brick. The result of these investigations has shown that the State is well supplied with gravel deposits suitable for road surfacing material; and, when washed, for concrete; with stone suitable, when crushed, for use in concrete; that such deposits are to be found in many sections of the State, and many of them suitably located for quarrying. The 14 BIENNIAL REPORT STATE GEOLOGIST, investigation has shown that the chief difficulty in contractors obtain-ing crushed stone from ISTorth Carolina deposits has been lack of cars for transportation. One or more quarries have had to close down com-pletely because there was no way to ship their product. Others have had only a small proportion of the cars necessary to take care of the output of their crushing plants. Special reports have been and are being prepared from Mr. Stuckey's investigations on properties for which this special information is de-sired, and these are being sent out as requests are received. A special report was prepared on road-building materials, and a portion of this has already been forwarded to the State Highway Commission. Gold and Copper An examination was made by the Director of the Coggins Gold Mine, near Eldorado, Montgomery County, ISTorth Carolina. Through the courtesy of Captain Theodore Earle, a mining engi-neer, and one of the Director's associates when he was Colonel of the 105th Engineers during the World War, some very interesting and valuable information has been obtained relating to the Ore Knob Copper Mine, of Ashe County. Captain Earle was in charge of the work when this old mine was unwatered and explored in 1915 and 1916. He believes from their investigations and tests that there is a large body of commercial grade copper ore in this mine. The informa-tion furnished by Captain Earle will be published in the Survey's report on the mining industry of 1920. Through the courtesy of Mr. Thomas Smith, mining engineer, of Gold Hill, ]Sr. C, maps of the underground workings at the Union Copper Mine have been furnished the Survey which are additions to the maps published in the Survey's Bulletin 21 on the Gold Hill District. He has also furnished considerable new information re-garding the geology of this district as exposed by these new under-ground workings. Information has also been given in regard to some new copper deposits that have been investigated near Moss Spring in Cabarrus County. Examination of Mineral Specimens Mineral specimens are constantly being received at the Survey office for identification and analysis. Similar specimens received at the State Department of xlgriculture are also forwarded to this office for the same purpose. Most of these do not represent anything of com-mercial or scientific value, but occasionally samples are received which BIENNIAL KEPORT STATE GEOLOGIST. 15 are of interest, and have led to devcdopuient of commercial supplies of these minerals. The Survey makes no charge for such minera-logical determination, but when an assay or chemical analysis is con-sidered worth while the Survey arranges, if desired, for such analysis to be made by the chemists to the Survey, for which a special charge is made. During the past two years 237 samples of minerals and rocks have been examined and reported upon by the Survey. Mineral Statistics Cooperative arrangements have been made for several years with the TJ. S. Geological Survey for collecting statistics relating to the mineral production of ISTorth Carolina. For the year 1919, however, which was the census year, this work was done by the Bureau of the Census, and these figures are not yet available for the use of the State. Arrangements have already been made with, the U. S. Geological Survey to resume the previous cooperative agreement for collecting these statistics for 1920. Work of U. S. Geological Survey and U. S. Bureau of Mines in North Carolina During 1919 and 1920 In .addition to the cooperative work Avith the State Survey, which has already been mentioned, the U. S. Geological Survey has made some investigations in regard to chromite and mica, and these reports have been prepared for publication and will soon be ready for distri-bution. The Federal Survey has also assisted the State Survey in preparing the report on the Cretaceous formations of the Coastal Region of North Carolina. A representative of the U. S. Bureau of Mines visited a number of the mica mines and mica trimming plants in ]^orth Carolina dur-ing April, 1919, to study methods of operation and possible problems in the industiy. Two short papers have been issued by the Bureau dealing with mica problems. A brief examination of some of the talc mines and talc grinding mills of IvTorth Carolina Avas made by one of the engineers of the Bureau of Mines in May, 1920. This Avork has been done in connec-tion AA^ith the preparation of a general report on talc mining and milling. FOBESTRY DIVISION The importance to ]^orth Carolina of her forests is strikingly shoAA'n by the fact that the forest industries produce material amount- 16 BIENNIAL REPORT STATE GEOLOGIST. ing in value to at least one hundred million dollars per year and give employment to over fifty thousand men. There are but few States in this country where the importance of the forests is relatively as great as in this State, where one-sixth of the entire wealth-producing capital is invested in forest lands or in industries directly dependent upon the products obtained from the' forests. As a State we recognize that our furniture industry is abso-lutely dependent upon a permanent supply of hardwood; that the tanning industry, if it is to' become a permanent one as it should, is dependent uj)on a constant supply of tanning material, as chestnut wood and hemlock and chestnut oak bark; and that the paper industry, Avhich also should be a permanent one, is dependent upon a constant supply of pulp wood. Demand for Timber The wood-using industries of the State are second in value only to the cotton manufactures, and these factories, which turn out builders' supplies, furniture, vehicles, packing material, and many other things, obtained 96 per cent of their raw material from our own State. They complain, however, that the prices of this raw material are rising, the supply diminishing, and, what is worse still, the quality of the avail-able timber rapidly declining. During the past year 155 of the more important wood-using indus-tries of the State have been visited and, according to statements obtained from the majority of these industries, their greatest need at present and in the future is a supply of suitable timber to be used in their plants. The statement was made at nearly all of the indus-tries visited that the quality of their wood supply was not nearly as good as it was ten years ago, and that they were having to go con-stantly further for what they did obtain. One leading furniture manu-facturer in the center of the State said : ''The quality of grades has been lowered and still continues to be lowered. My production is off 50 per cent because of the scarcity of timber supply and labor." Representatives of at least one-third of these industries made the state-ment that their available supply of timber will be exhausted in ten or fifteen years. With the shortage of timber there is an increase in price. Seven-manufacturers, representing the eastern, central and western parts of JSTorth Carolina, state that the cost of their lumber supply has more than doubled during the past ten years, and that the quality of the supply is not nearly so good as it formerly was. One large furniture manufacturer said : "The supply is getting more scarce and price ia. BIENNIAL REPORT STATE GEOLOGIST. 17 five times what it was five years ago. The quality of lumber which we got five years ago at $30 per thousaud was much better than Avhat we now get at $150 per thousand." Another manufacturer in the western part of the State writes: "Lumber we paid $40 for in May, 1919, we paid $248 for in May, 1920." Nearly all these industries report a shortage of raw material Avith a correspondingly large increase in its cost. Present Condition The forest area of North Carolina covers more than 20,000,000 acres, a very large part of which is steep, rough or poor land unsuit-able for farming purposes. There are also about 2,000,000 acres of waste land in the State which have been lumbered and burned or cleared and found unprofitable to cultivate on account of roughness or erosion, which should be reforested. With this large area of timber land there w^as no thought given in the early history of the State to the question of a diminishing supply of forest products. Tlie people of the State considered they had an inexhaustible supply, and there-fore gave no thought as to how much they wasted in obtaining what they wanted or how much was destroyed by fire. 'No care was taken in lumbering to preserve seed trees and make it possible for the land to reforest itself to the best advantage. In lumbering no plan was considered with the end in view of the forests reproducing them-selves with varieties of trees as valuable as the ones removed or that they w^ould maintain a density so that the soil might produce its full capacity, or of even protecting the timber that still remained. Such methods of lumbering have finally brought us to the place where thiere is more woody material used or cut each year in ISTorth Carolina than the forests are replacing by the formation of new wood. Then, again, each, year the forests become less capable of producing what is required of them. Their area contracts, less valuable trees take the place of the more valuable varieties which are cut, the soil becomes more impoverished and less able to yield large returns, and the demand for woody materials gradually increases with the increase in population. Timber Supply.—There is given below an estimated amount and value of the standing timber and the young forest growth in North Carolina : 18 BIENNIAL REPORT STATE GEOLOGIST. ESTIMATED AMOUNT AND VALUE OF STANDING TIMBER IN NORTH CAROLINA SUITABLE FOR SAW TIMBER, 1920. Area Acres Total areas, acres Area forested HardiDOod forest: Area Total stand, 1,000-ft. Value ___ Softivood forest: Area Total stand, 1,000-ft. Value _. Total stand, 1,000-ft... Total value Mountain Region 4,150,000 3,130,000 2,800,000a 8,500,000 42,000,000 300,0006 600,000 6,000,000 9,100,000 48,000,000 Piedmont Region 12, 7, 4, 2, $ 14, 2, 4, % 20, 7, $ 35, Coastal Plain Region 850,000 200,000 200,000c 9.30,000 650,000 I 400,000d 160,000 000,000 090,000 450,000 ,190,000 ,800,000 ,500,000 ,000,000 000,000 300,000/ 000,000 ,000,000 ,000,000 000,000 Total, State 31,190,000 21,130,000 9,500,000 17,430,000 80,650,000 11,000,000 16,760,000 86,000,000 34,190,000 167,450,000 Note: a. Includes mixed hardwood and softwood forests. 6. Spruce forests only. c. Includes mixed hardwood and pine forests. d. Second growth or old field pine forests. e. Chiefly hardwood swamps. /. Includes both longleaf and shortleaf pine forests. ESTIMATED VALUE OF YOUNG FOREST GROWTH IN NORTH CAROLINA, 1920. Area Acres Total area, acres Forested area Hardwood forest area _ Area not producing Merchantable timber area.. Area young growth Value young growth Softwood forest area.. Area not producing Merchantable timber area.. Area young growth Value young growth Total value young growth- Mountain Region 4,150,000 3,130,000 2,800,000 300,000 1,000,000 2,500,000a 37,500,000 300,000 260,000 40,000 % 37,500,000 Piedrnont Region 12,850,000 7,200,000 4,200,000 200,000 1,000,000 4,000,000a S 60,000,000 2,400,000 160,000 240,000 2,000,000 % 40,000,000 100,000,000 Coastal Plain Region 14,190,000 10,800,000 2,500,000 1,200,000 1,300,000 13,000,000 8,300,000 3,300,000 2,900,000 2,100,000 42,000,000 55,000,000 Total, State 31,190,000 21,130,000 9,500,000 500,000 3,200,000 7,800,000 S 110,500,000 11,000,000 3,720,000 3,180,000 4,100,000 $ 82,000,000 192,500,000 Note: a. Includes some areas on which there is mature timber. As has been sliowii above, the forests represent one of the most valuable of the State's natural resources, but it is not being conserved as it should be nor protected in such a way that this valuable resource will be available to the extent that it should be for future generations. The General Assembly of North Carolina has passed several very satisfactory acts relating to the conservation and perpetuation of our BIENNIAL REPORT STATE GEOLOGIST. 19 forests, such as those relating to (1) a State forest fire protective system; (2) State-owned and operated demonstration forests and ex-perimental stations; but has never made adequate appropriations for carrying out the purposes of these acts. Protection of the forests from fire is a prerequisite for all other measures relating to the conservation and perpetuation of our forests. It is by far the most necessary and important measure for the State to extensively carry out, because the success of all others is dependent upon it. The principal object of such a measure is to prevent fires — not to wait until they are started and then extinguish them. During the past ten years the damage done by forest fires is esti-mated at $10,610,000. The distribution of this damage is shown in the following table : North Carolina Statement of damage by forest fires throughout the State for ten-year period 1910-1919, inclusive, as reported annually by township correspondents: Total forested area of State, acres 20,000,000 Total number of acres of forest land burnt over 3,949,000 Total value timber destroyed $ 2,140,000 Total value young growth destroyed | 3,591,000 Total value forest products destroyed - $ 3,856,000 Total value improvements destroyed $ 1,023,000 Grand total value of all damage reported $10,610,000 The Forestry Division of the Survey is concentrating its work largely in protection of the forests under authority of the x^ct of 1911. Patrolmen and fire wardens have been employed during the danger-ous seasons in the following districts : Mt. Mitchell District (Yancey and Buncombe Counties). Linville District (Watauga, Avery and Caldwell Counties). Tryon District (Polk County). Sandhills District (Moore County). Clay County District. Wilkes County District. Surry County District. Southern McDowell County District. Western Rutherford County District. Southern Columbus County District. Montgomery County District. Southern Sampson County District. In this work the Survey has had the cooperation of the U. S. Forest Service, the Linville Forest Protective Association, the Mt. Mitchell Forest Protective Association, the Camp Manufacturing Com- 20 BIENNIAL REPORT STATE GEOLOGIST. pany, the Sandhills Fire Association, the Trjon Forestry Club, and Miles P. Flack. With, however, the limited appropriation that the State makes for this work, and therefore the limited number of forest fire wardens and patrolmen that can be employed, the work cannot be made as effective as it will be when larger areas can be patrolled and suiBcient funds will be available for utilizing the more extensive methods of protec-tion, such as the construction of fire breaks, lookout towers, telephone lines, trails, etc. Forest Fire Statistics There are collected each year by this Division statistics relating to forest fires, their causes, area burned over, resulting damage, etc. The results of this investigation for the year 1918 and 1919 are given in the following table : 1918 1919 Number of fires .- 1,135 1,359 Area burned over acres, 204,000 253,743 Standing timber destroyed (in M. ft.) 22,000 23,989 Value of young growth destroyed $322,000 |515,204 Total damage reported $858,000 $1,258,076 This loss is a real loss to the State, but could in a large measure have been prevented by expenditure of a sum equal to but a very small per cent of the loss, and the cooperation of our courts, lumber companies, wood-using industries and the people of the State. Protection of Watersheds The reforestation and protection from fire of the many watersheds supplying water to our cities and towns is as yet not fully appreciated by our citizens, and particularly by our city councils. This applies particularly to those cities and towns whose water supply is obtained from streams within a large forested area which comprises the water-shed. Such cities as Asheville are very fortunate to be able to obtain their water supply from a well-forested watershed, and it becomes a most valuable asset to the city. The protection of these watersheds from fire is, however, absolutely necessary in order to conserve the purity and quantity of the water. Many watersheds in the Piedmont area can be very much improved by the reforestation of the areas. The Survey is assisting cities and tovsms in every way possible in planning for the reforestation and protection of their watersheds, but the amount that can be accomplished in this way is limited by the lack of realization of many of the commissioners of our cities and towns as to the need of the protection of their watersheds. BIENNIAL REPORT STATE GEOLOGIST. 21 Any infraction of the regulations for tlie protection of watersheds should be severely punished. Recently several convictions were ob-tained by the City Council of Asheville for depredations on the Ashe-ville watershed. The judges of our State courts should be informed of the seriousness of misdemeanors of this sort. Wood-using' Industries The demand for information regarding the wood-using industries of the State and the supply of timber available for their uses has been steadily increasing of late years. Since the Avar it has been felt that a radical revision of the report on the wood-using industries was necessary. For this purpose an inquiry card was sent out to our list of wood-using industries the latter part of 1919. This inquiry was renewed in the spring and again in the summer of 1920. The Survey then secured the cooperation of the U. S. Forest Service in completing this study, and Mr. H. A. Carroll, of Rural Hall, IST. C, was employed by the Survey during May and June, 1920, to travel over the State and secure what information Avas lacking to complete this study. The results of Mr. Carroll's study, together with the information previously secured, have been turned over to the Forest Service, and they are now compiling the data for a new report, which will shortly be ready for publication by the Survey. An introduction to this report dealing with the forest conditions of the State and the need of greater care in using and managing our timber resources will be added by the Survey. Study of Southern Pines At a meeting of the ^N'ational Research Council held in Washington, T>. C, October 4-5, the Survey was represented by the Forester. At this meeting it was determined to make a study of the growth and yield of the five important Southern pines throughout their range. The State Survey was asked, and has consented, to assist by securing information relating to longleaf pine in Eastern North Carolina, the Council agreeing to contribute $300 towards the cost of this study. This will be done by the Forester early next spring. The results may be published by the Survey, provided the Research Council is supplied with all information obtained. The need for fuller information upon this subject has been felt by the Survey for a long time, and this opportunity of helping to secure it is gladly welcomed. The results of the whole study will be of enormous benefit to foresters and land-owners throughout all the Southern States. 22 BIENNIAL EEPORT STATE GEOLOGIST. Chestnut Bark Disease At the request of the Survey, the Division of Forest Pathology of the U. S. Department of Agriculture has made two field studies in the northeastern counties of the State to determine whether the chestnut bark disease had invaded oSTorth Carolina. Unfortunately, the disease was found scattered through three counties last spring, and a second and more extended scouting trip located infections in the following seven counties : Surry, Yadkin, Wilkes, Ashe, Watauga, Avery and Stokes. It is undoubtedly present also in Alleghany, and possibly in several other adjoining counties. This is the disease which has de-stroyed practically the entire stand of chestnut throughout the north-eastern States, and which in an effort to eradicate it Pennsylvania spent $275,000 without any success. The Federal expert says that it will probably be ten years before any very large proportion of our timber is killed, but he is of the opinion that within twenty years most of our chestnut will have been infected. There seems no remedy, but the duty of the Survey will be to urge as rapid and complete use of the dying and dead timber as possible. North Carolina Forestry Association The State Survey has cooperated as in previous years with the North Carolina Forestry Association, and has practically had charge of arranging for the meetings of this Association. The Ninth Annual Convention was held in Raleigh on February 6, 1919 ; and the Tenth Annual Convention in Asheville, June 9th and 10th, 1920. The Forester of the Survey is secretary of the association. It is believed that the Forestry Association is one of the best mediums through which the people of the State can be informed in regard to forestry conditions and the need of protection and conservation of the forests. In connection with the meeting of the Forestry Association 'held at Asheville, Mr. Henry Jewett G-reen, of Worcester, Mass., Vice President of the Appalachian Mountain Club, made a very forceful and enthusiastic talk on the work of this club, and what a chapter of the club could do for the Southern Appalachian region. This address was delivered at a banquet held at the Battery Park Hotel on June 10th. On June 11th a meeting was held in the Board of Trade rooms, at which Mr Green was present, to take up the question of the organization of a Southern Chapter of the Appalachian Mountain Club. Sufficient ap-plications were in to insure the required number of members, and the Chapter was officially organized and so declared by Mr. Green. Dr. Gaillard S. Tennant was elected secretary, and all previous corre- BIENNIAL REPORT STATE GEOLOGIST. 23 spondence, applications for membership, etc., were turned over to him by the Forester, Avho had been working for the organization of the Chapter. The Survey believes that through this club it will be able to adver-tise as never before the Southern Appalachian Mountains as a resort and will create through the club members and their friends a strong sentiment to protect the forests on these mountains. For this reason the Survey has taken a very live interest in the organization of this Chapter. The Director of the Survey was president from 1916 through 1919 of the Southern Forestry Congress, which held its second convention in New Orleans, January 28-30, 1920. The Director was unable to attend this Congress, but the Survey was represented by the Forester, who was also secretary of the Congress, and was re-elected to that position. The Director Avas appointed chairman of the executive committee. The Survey has also cooperated with the Society of American For-esters, the Appalachian Logging Congress, the ISTorth Carolina Pine Association, and the ISTorth Carolina Pine Box and Shook Manufac-turers Association at their annual meetings by having a representative of the Survey present. The Director is a member of a committee of the Society of American Foresters which was appointed to consider na-tional forestry legislation and to draft a bill covering such legislation. This bill as drafted has been approved by the society. It is believed that such cooperative Avork of the Survey with these forestry associations is of inestimable value to the general forestry work in the State, and it enables the Survey to keep in direct touch with forestry problems that are coming up in other States and in the nation, the solving of which giA^es information that is beneficial in Avorking out similar problems in this State. Work of the U. S. Forest Service in North Carolina During 1919-1920 The State SurA^ey has always had the most cordial cooperation from the Forest Service of the TJ. S. Department of Agriculture, and in addition to the cooperative work that they have taken up with the State SurA'ey, the folloAving statement from the Forester gives an idea of what has been done by the Forest Service relative to investigative and acquisition work in ISTorth Carolina : Forest Investigations.-—The forest investigations conducted by the Forest Service in North Carolina during the years 1919 and 1920 were in large part a continuation of earlier work and embraced three principal studies: 1. To determine the effect of past lumbering on the success or failure 24 BIENNIAL REPORT STATE GEOLOGIST. of reproduction as a guide to future practice. This study is of fundamental importance since both tlie quality of the second growth and the financial returns secured depend upon employing the best method of cutting. The results already secured provide a tentative basis for the cutting of the present stands so as to secure the most profitable second growth. Much further work is, however, needed to secure conclusive results under the wide variety of conditions found in the State, and this will, therefore, probably continue to be one of the more important lines of investigation for years to come. 2. To determine the results of thinnings in forest plantations, permanent sample plots have been established on the Biltmore Estate, thinned, and left for subsequent thinnings and measurements at 5-year intervals. Valu-able information as to the increase in rate of growth and the correspond-ingly increased financial returns resulting from different degrees of thin-ning will be secured from the first remeasurement of the plots due this coming summer, and increasingly valuable results will be secured with each subsequent remeasurement. The work is of great importance and should be extended experimentally on sample areas throughout the State and Southern Appalachian region. 3. To classify the various qualities of forest soil for the purpose of esti-mating the future growth and yield of stands on them, a simple plan for classification on the basis of height growth has been devised and will be tried out experimentally. The work is of direct practical value since the proper classification of forest lands is essential for successful forest man-agement. The investigative work already done is only a small part of what must be done to secure efficient, intelligent management of the forests, leading to their increased productivity. The additional work necessary can be accomplished most effectively by means of an adequately manned and sup-ported forest experiment station. Senator Overman and Representative Weaver have introduced bills (S. 3558 and H. R. 11336) in Congress ap-propriating $45,000 for the establishment of such a station in North Caro-lina in cooperation with the State and other agencies which may be inter-ested. The passage of these bills would provide effectively for the addi-tional studies which are urgently needed, and which, among other things, might include: Reforestation of denuded spruce lands. Reproduction of forest trees, involving studies of factors which determine the success of one or another species, such as their seed-bearing habits, seed germination, manner and vigor of sprouting, etc. Early growth and competition of forest trees and forest weeds, involving the rate of growth, tolerance of shade, distribution, and seeding habits of many of the herbs, shrubs, and small weed trees as well as of the repro-duction of desirable timber species. Replacement with other species of chestnut, killed by the chestnut blight. Methods of brush disposal, to determine the duration of serious fire hazard from pine or hardwood brush, variously disposed; whether and under what conditions burning is necessary; to what extent decay of brush will improve soil conditions; rate of decay, etc. BIENNIAL REPORT STATE GEOLOGIST, 25 Rate of volume growth for different species and on different classes of land, to determine what species should be grown and what yields may be expected from them. Effect of grazing by different kinds of stock and -with different degrees of intensity on forest reproduction and on erosion. Methods and effects of forest fire protection, to determine the best meth-ods of fire protection and the probable increase in production as a result of such protection on the many areas of forest land which owe their present poor quality to repeated fires. The entire problem of the best methods of handling forest and forest lands from planting the seed to cutting the mature timber is a vital one to North Carolina and the Southern Appalachian region. A forest experiment station is urgently needed to determine what those methods are. Economic and Industrial Investigations.—During the spring of 1920 a rather hasty survey of the timber resources of the State was mide by the Forest Service in connection with the collection of data on timber deple-tion throughout the country called for by Senate ResolutiLU 311. This survey determined both for the yellow pine of the Coastal Plain and Pied-mont regions and the hardwoods of the Appalachians the approximate area and amount of the present stand of timber, its rate of growth, and the probable future of the lumber industry in the different regions. It developed the fact that North Carolina, once famous as the "Longleaf Pine State," can now boast of scarcely 50,000 acres of second-growth longleaf pine, widely scattered in small areas, and that the old-growth hardwood timber will last hardly twenty years and will come from increasingly small opera-tions. The seriousness of this situation is emphasized by the fact that, with the clearing for agricultural purposes of the rich bottomlands in the Lower Mississippi Valley, the country as a whole must look largely to the Southern Appalachians for its supply of large-sized, high-grade hardwood saw timber. Later in the year a further consideration of the pulpwood situation in North Carolina and elsewhere developed the fact that other regions are now looking more and more toward the Appalachian region for hardwoods for the manufacture of book paper, and that even in this region the industry is having to go farther and farther back into localities hither-to regarded as inaccessible for the raw material. In the spring of 1920 the North Carolina Geological and Economic Survey entered into a cooperative agreement with the Forest Service with a view to collecting statistical information for use in the preparation of a revision of Economic Paper No. 20, entitled "Wood-Using Industries of North Caro-lina," which was published by the Survey In 1909. The work of collecting and tabulating the data has been completed and the report is now being written. It is expected that it will be ready for distribution in the late spring of 1921. This report will show the extent to which lumber is further manufac-tured in the State. It will also indicate what industries of this kind exist, the kinds and quantities of woods used, the prices paid for them, and the classes of finished commodities into which they are converted. It will prove helpful in enabling both the Forest Service and the North Carolina Geological and Economic Survey to answer numerous requests for informa-tion from points in North Carolina and adjoining States concerning mar- 26 BIENNIAL REPORT STATE GEOLOGIST. kets for various kinds of lumber and timber, wood uses, manufacturing processes followed in various wood-using industries, and wood waste utiliza-tion. In addition, it will aid the farmer, timberland owner, and sawmill operator in disposing of timber for which they desire to find a market through the presentation of information as to the kinds of wood used by different classes of manufacturers and the forms and prices applicable to such raw material. Wood-using factories will in turn be benefited by having these additional sources of supply for raw material brought to their attention. The report will also contain information helpful to manufac-turers relating to various matters pertinent to their respective industries, such as the substitution of cheaper woods for the more costly ones now being used, regional sources of supply for raw material, etc. One of the most striking facts brought out by these studies is the deple-tion of the raw material on which the wood-using industries are dependent for their continued existence. Thus practically all of the vehicle, furni-ture and chair manufactvirers, referring to local supplies at present as com-pared with conditions existing during the past ten or twenty years, re-ported that these supplies have been greatly reduced. Looking forward to the next ten years, 22 per cent of the vehicle, 12 per cent of the furniture, and 43 per cent of the chair factories reported that supplies would be exhausted, and nearly all of the rest reported that they would be greatly reduced. Nothing could more clearly indicate the need for the perpetua-tion of the timber supplies of the State through the practice of forestry in order to insure the permanence of the wood-using industries and of the communities dependent on them. Acquisition to National Forests.—In the fiscal year 1919, 3,016 acres were approved for purchase in North Carolina. During the fiscal year 1920, 4,701 acres were approved. The total area of all land acquired and being acquired in the State is 326,786 acres at an average value of $6.24, repre-senting a total purchase price of $2,039,352.40. Suggested Foresti-y Legislation The following forestry legislation which is considered necessary to carry out more effectively the forestry work of the Survey is submitted : TJie General Assembly of North Carolina do enact: Section 1. That the Board of County Commissioners of any county are hereby authorized and empowered, in their discretion, to cooperate with the North Carolina Geological and Economic Survey in the protection from fire of the forests within their respective counties, and to appropriate and pay out of the funds under their control for such protection an amount not to exceed one-half of the total expended by said Survey in such county during any one year for such protection; Provided, that said Hoard of County Commissioners may, in addition, agree with the Geological and Economic Survey to pay any part of or all the expenses incurred in extinguishing forest fires within said county after satisfying themselves that such expenses were legitimate and proper. Section 2. All laws and clauses of laws in conflict with this act are hereby repealed. Section 3. This act shall be in force on and after its ratification. BIENNIAL KEPOKT STATE GEOLOGIST. 27 An act should also be passed relating to the elimination of special fire hazards and should empower the Geological Board to declare cer-tain things, such as uncleaned railroad rights-of-way, and large ac-cumulations of brush and slash adjoining municipal or other public lands to be special fire hazards ; and those responsible for their con-dition should be required to clean them up so that they would not be a menance to the safety of neighboring property. It is applying similar regulations to forest lands as is applied by the Insurance De-partment to special fire hazards in connection A^dth buildings. STATE FORESTS AND PARKS DIVISION Mount Mitchell State Park When the Mount Mitchell Park Commission was created by the General Assembly of 1919 and given charge of the Mount Mitchell State Park no appropriation was made for carrying on the work of protecting the forests on the park nor for its administration. At the request of the Governor and the Commission the State Survey has taken over the administration and protection of the park. Funds for carrying on this work have been obtained partly from the sale of dead timber on the park, by appropriation from the State Survey fund, and a loan from General Julian S. Carr, Chairman of the Mount Mitchell Park Commission. At a joint meeting of the Mount Mitchell Park Commission and the Geological Board, held in Asheville on June 9th, 1920, it was decided that the best administration of the park would be secured by transferring it to the State Geological Board. The park has been carefully patrolled and forest fires have been pretty well eliminated from this area. x\s a protective measure the Survey is constructing as rapidly as possible a fire line or lane between the logging operations and the live timber on the park lands. As a result of the protective measures that have been in force since the park was created, it is estimated that the park has practically doubled in value since its purchase by the State. Hundreds of people from all over the South have visited the park on foot during the past year, and more will be attracted each year; and it is believed that the State should make some provision for their comfort and convenience. A road that can be used by automobiles should be constructed by the State in cooperation with the U. S. Bureau of Public Roads and the U. S. Forest Service. The Chief Warden of the park has kept, as far as possible, a record of the visitors to the 28 BIENNIAL KEPORT STATE GEOLOGIST. park during the past year, and this record shows that the Park Avas visited by 742 people during the season of 1920 from the following States : North Carolina — Michigan 4 Middle 91 New Jersey 4 Western 134 District of Columbia 3 Eastern 31 Missouri 3 South Carolina 141 Ohio 3 Mississippi 56 Washington 2 Tennessee 50 West Virginia 2 Georgia 47 Maryland 2 Florida 40 Illinois 2 Virginia 29 Arkansas 1 Alabama 14 Connecticut 1 Kentucky 14 Indiana 1 Louisiana 12 Iowa 1 No address 11 Maine 1 Pennsylvania 9 Massachusetts 1 New York 9 Oregon 1 Texas 8 Wisconsin 1 FOREIGN COUNTRIES Japan 5 Asia 1 Brazil 3 France 1 China 2 Switzerland 1 Camping Sites Along State Highways "With the increased construction of good roads throughout E"orth Carolina and the whole Southern Appalachian region, Western JSTorth Carolina and the Piedmont section is becoming more and more avail-able to tourists who are traveling by automobile. The time will come, and it may be very near, when it will be necessary for IsTorth Carolina to consider the question of providing public camping sites for such tourists. Several States have already taken up this question and are considering legislation authorizing the State to secure land at certain favorable locations along the highways which shall be public camping sites for tourists where they can camp for the night. This is going to become, it is believed, quite necessary in the mountain region. With a road constructed to Mount Mitchell Park, it becomes very necessary for the State to provide places along the road where the people can camp. It is believed that the General Assembly of 1921 should pass an act relative to this question, and the following legislation is suggested : That the State Highway Commission, the ITorth Carolina Geologi-cal Survey and Boards of County Commissioners should be empowered BIENNIAL REPORT STATE GEOLOGIST. 29 to acquire by purchase or gift parcels of land to be used as free public cami)ing grounds ; That the location of these sites before purchase or acceptance by gift should be approved by the State Highway Commission, and that they should be along and contiguous to a State highway; That in the selection of camping sites the topography of the land must be convenient for parking automobiles and other vehicles, with convenient water supply; That rules and regulations governing the use by the public of such camping sites should be agreed upon by the State Highway Commis-sion and the North Carolina Geological and Economic Survey; That such camping sites purchased or accepted by gift on behalf of the State by the State Highway Commission and the IvTorth Carolina Geological and Economic Survey shall be administered by the IsTorth Carolina Geological and Economic Survey; those purchased or ac-cepted by gifts by the Boards of County Commissioners shall be adminis-tered by said boards, but under such rules and regulations as may be determined by the State Highway Commission and the North Carolina Geological and Economic Survey; That in selecting camping sites, in the mountain region particularly, larger areas than what would be necessary simply for parking auto-mobiles may be secured, when by securing such additional land which is not suitable for parking automobiles, a scenic spot could be included or an advantage point for some particular view; That a reasonable amount may be expended by the Boards of County Commissioners, the State Highway Commission and the jSTorth Caro-lina Geological and Economic Survey in fencing, when necessary, and otherwise improving such camping sites; That it shall be a misdemeanor for any person to destroy any iree^ deface any natural object, befoul any source of water supply located on or in any public camping site, or in any Avay to commit a nuisance on the camping site. WATER RESOURCES DITISIOIV The water resources of Xorth Carolina are one of the most valuable of its natural resources, and include water poAvers and water supplied for cities and towns. These resources are being investigated under the following heads : 1. Water Supply for Cities and ToAvns. 2. Water Powers. ^ 3. Protection of Watersheds. 30 BIENNIAL REPORT STATE GEOLOGIST. During tiie year 1919 and the first six montlis of 1920 the principal work done in connection with the water resources of the State was the maintenance of gaging stations; but at its semi-annual meeting held in March, 1920, the Board decided to concentrate work on water resources. The following press notice, which was sent out soon after, gives a good idea of the character of the work that was taken up : A Water Kesource Surrey of the State xit a recent meeting of the Geological Board it was decided that the North Carolina Geological and Economic Survey should begin at once a water resource survey of the State looking toward the develop-ment and utilization of our unused water powers and assisting munici-palities or thickly settled rural communities in the acquirement of adequate water supplies and watersheds. The utilization of all avail-able water power is especially desirable at the present time because of our rapidly growing manufacturing industries and industrial de-velopment, instances having arisen recently in this State of the aban-donment of industries in certain communities because of their inability to secure power. Also the fuel situation is growing more and more acute, North Carolina having practically no coal supply and a rapidly diminishing supply of wood. The utilization of these water powers will do much toward conserving our fuel supplies and diminishing our coal bills. Because of the rapid growth and expansion of many of the towns and cities of North Carolina, the local water supplies are proving inadequate, and resort must be had to acquiring or extending water-sheds; or to obtaining new sources of supply. To carry out this survey effectively will require the assembling of much data through the scientific study of the areas by competent en-gineers. Because of the small amount of funds at the disposal of the Survey for this work, the amount which can be undertaken during one field season is limited, and some financial cooperation will be ex-pected from municijpalities or individuals desiring such a survey in their vicinities. Requests for assistance or surveys should be sent to the Director, North Carolina Geological and Economic Survey, Chapel Hill, N. C, and they will be considered in the order and importance of the appli-cation. Blanks were prepared and sent to individuals, corporations and municipalities desiring assistance in regard to water power or water supply. The following is a copy of this contract blank: biennial report state geologist. 31 Application for Investigation Applications for municipalities, manufacturers, or individuals desiring investigations or reports upon water powers, water supply, drainage, flood protection or irrigation should be accompanied by this form, properly filled out: GENERAL 1. Name of municipality, organization, or individual making application: 2. Location of principal office of applicant: 3. Location of district where investigation is desired: 4. Character of desired investigation (water power, water supply, etc.): 5. Describe in detail reasons for desired investigation: 6. Is applicant prepared to pay, if necessary, 50% of the cost of the inves-tigation? If investigation is for Water Power, answer following questions: 7. Name of stream to be investigated: 8. Are any estimates of amount of stream flow or available fall known? 9. How much power is it desired to develop^? 10. For what use is power desired? 11. What is average distance from proposed development to where power will be used ? 12. Are there any existing power development in vicinity of proposed de-velopment? 13. If electric power is now available in district, from whom is it purchased, or what is its source ? If investigation is for Mtmicipal Water Supply, answer following ques-tions: 14. What is population of municipality? 15. What is present source of water supply? 16. What is character of local industries using large quantities of water? Name of applicant : Address : Signature of responsible organization or municipal official: Title: Date : 32 biennial report state geologist. Water Supply for Cities and Towns The recent rapid growth of many N'ortli Carolina cities and towns has brought many of them upon the verge of a water shortage and several have appealed to the Geological Survey for aid in seeking and developing additional supplies. This need for information relating to the water supply is increasingly acute and the Survey is trying to prepare itself to meet it. A special investigation has been made of the water supply for Carthage, Moore County, and a report with maps and profiles upon extension of their present water supply system has been prepared for the town. A special report was made for High Point upon the suf-ficiency of flow of the north branch of Deep River with reference to its possible use as a source of water supply for the city. A report has been prepared and submitted to the mayor of High Point, which also included suggestions for increasing the efficiency of the present plant. A complete water resources survey has been made of Wilkes and Surry Counties, which is described in more detail under Water Powers. The Commissioners of Buncombe County and the Board of Trade of Asheville have requested a water resources survey of Bun-combe County. The amount of work that the Survey can do along this line for the cities and towns of the State is entirely limited by the appropriation allotted for this purpose. There is an increasing demand for this work, and it is a phase of the operations of the Survey that is of great value to the cities and towns of ISTorth Carolina; and it is believed that the State should make this service available to all its cities and Water Powers Under Water Powers the work has consisted of special examinations of certain streams as to available water power; county surveys for water powers and water supplies ; conferences regarding the utiliza-tion of water power; installation of gaging stations; and measure-ment of flow of streams. Part of the stream measurement and in-stallation of gaging stations has been in cooperation with the Water Eesource Division of the U. S. Geological Survey through the Ashe-ville office. The Federal Survey has loaned to the State Survey a com-plete outfit for measuring the flow of streams; and has also furnished several gages. A water power investigation of Surry County was begun in July, 1920. One field party worked in this county until the latter part of BIENNIAL KEPORT STATE GEOLOGIST. 33 August, making river profiles and cross-sections of dam sites on tlie following streams : Yadkin River, *t Ararat River,*t Fisher River,*t Mitchell River, Elkin River. A water power investigation of Wilkes County was begun the latter part of iVugust and continued, with some interruption, until ^KTovember 17. River profiles and cross sections of dam sites were made on the following streams, nomenclature being the same as in the preceding paragraph : Elkin River, Roaring River, Recldies River, Lewis' Fork, Yadkin River. *t The survey did not include any streams or sites which could not be developed for at least 500 horsepower. Many of these streams have considerable fall in the upper reaches, but are of such low volume, especially in the summer months, that no considerable power could be depended upon, and no storage is available. It is expected that these surveys will constitute a unit in the plan of a general State wide survey of the water powers. They were under-taken advisedly in sections which are relatively undevelopd, but which by the apjplication of the existing water powers to generation of hydro-electric energy can be stimulated to great prosperity. It Avill be found that many of the powers are located within convenient distance of railway transportation, and the data provided in these reports should aid the exploitation of the region. Already, even before the publication of the reports, a number of requests have been made to the Survey for the data collected. This is notably the case with the Bean Shoals project, upon which the Ambursen Construction Company is now mak-ing an estimate for Winston-Salem interests. Requests have also been made for the data on the Ararat by Mount Airy and Pilot Mountain interests and on Fishers River by the owners of a site near Dobson. Similar requests have already been made for the results of the work in Wilkes County. Altogether, it is quite evident that there is much demand for this information. The Chamber of Commerce of Fayetteville requested the Survey to make a report upon the best location for hydro-electric development to supply electricity to Fayetteville. This was rendered necessary by the great dearth of power in that city and the inability of existing power companies to remedy it. The Chamber of Commerce agreed to * Gaging stations were established on these streams. t Storage studies of one or more selected sites were made on these streams. 3 34 BIENNIAL REPORT STATE GEOLOGIST. pay one-half the expenses of the survey and report. After a prelimi-nary reconnaissance by the Hydraulic Engineer, Smiley's Falls on the Cape Fear River near Lillington was selected as the most promising site. A field party conducted a detailed survey here for about two weeks, and a complete report has been .rendered the Chamber of Com-merce of Fayetteville. This power is one of the best not yet developed in this section of the State, and it is greatly to be hoped that it may be utilized before long. It is estimated that there is available a con-tinuous 24-hour power of 10,000 horsepower, and a 10-hour power, with the pondage, of 24,000 horsepower. With the large markets of Fayette-ville and Raleigh relatively near there seems every incentive present for development. An investigation has also been made of the power at Glenn's Mills, on the Deep River, near Glendon. It seems probable that this may be developed before long. There are several good power sites on this river, and a gaging station has been established at Glendon. This w^ork has led to a request for a proposition from the Survey for a water power survey of Moore County. Gaging Stations:—The State Survey is cooperating with the Federal Survey in operating gaging stations and in making discharge measure-ments on several streams and rivers in Western and Piedmont l^J^orth Carolina. This work is now done from the joint office of the Federal Survey and the State Survey which was located in Asheville, ]^. C, in September, 1920. Mr. Warren E. Hall, District Engineer for the Federal Survey, is in charge of the Asheville office, and this work of measuring streams is under his direction. The following gaging sta-tions have been in operation during the past two years, in addition to those already mentioned : Hiwassee River, Murphy, N. C, Cherokee County; Nottely River, Ranger, N. C, Cheroliee County; French Broad River, Asheville, N. C, Huncombe County; Yadkin River, Donnaho, N. C, Forsyth County; Yadkin River, Salis-bury, N. C, Rowan County; Catawba River, Rhodhiss, N. C, Caldwell County. The Survey has recently, in cooperation with the U. S. Geological Survey, established a model stream gaging station on Morgan's Creek near Chapel Hill, Orange County. In connection with this station a survey is being made with some exactitude of the area of the water-shed. The purpose of this station is threefold: (a) to furnish oppor-tunity for experiments in stream gaging methods and for the improve-ment of present apparatus; (b) to obtain discharge measurements from a small Piedmont stream ; in order to have data relating to such streams which is now lacking and for which a demand exists in this and adjoin- BIENNIAL REPORT STATE GEOLOGIST. 35 ing States; (c) to funiish opportunity for experimental work and instruction in hydraulic measurements by engineering students at the University, from whom the State and U. S. Surveys recruit their forces, and who often become connected with the hydro-electric companies of the State. There are many problems affecting the measurement, storage and use of water in this State, concerning which it is hoped to prosecute investigations at this station. Among these are the subjects of rate of silting of resei'voirs ; the relation of intensity of rainfall to runoff and influence of the forest cover ; the testing of hydraulic apparatus ; methods of channel control and regulation, etc. Morgan's Creek is particularly well adapted for such experiments as its characteristics similate closely those of rivers of the Piedmont and Coastal Plain. It is, however, small enough to handle in an ex-perimental way, and large enough to make the results of such experi-ments applicable to larger streams. The experimental use of this stream could be greatly enhanced if a hydraulic laboratory were located upon it in conjunction with the model gaging station. It Avould then be possible not only to carry on experi-mental work with a far higher degree of precision, but to test water wheels, to perform experiments on the flow of water over dams, to study the best methods of filtration and purification of southern waters, and to train men intensively for service with the hydro-electric com-panies and municipalities of the State. Such a laboratory is not only of great value to the work and investi-gations of the State and Federal Surveys but is really a necessary adjunct to the teaching of hydraulics and water power engineering in the University. Cooperation with War Department:—Congress has made an appro-priation for a survey of the v,^ater powers and others resources of the Tennessee River and its tributaries. Through Major Harold C. Fiske, District Engineer for the War Department, to whom this work has been assigned, a method of cooperation has been arranged with the Water Resources Division of the U. S. Geological Survey and the JSTorth Carolina Geological and Economic Survey, and Mr. Warren E. Hall, Hydraulic Engineer, who is in charge of the Asheville office, will have general charge of the water resources work in Western jSTorth Carolina. The primary object of this War Department survey in regard to the water resources is to obtain stream flow data that will be useful in making studies relating to water powers, storage, and floods. The data and information as collected will be forwarded to the War Depart- 36 BIENNIAL REPORT STATE GEOLOGIST. ment District Engineers' office at Chattanooga, but arrangements are being made so that this information will be available for the State Survey as it is desired. It is possible that all this information for "Western JSTorth Carolina will go through the Asheville office and be copied there before sending the cards and slips to the Chattanooga office. "Water Power Statistics The Survey is trying to keep in touch with the development of water powers throughout the State, the utilization of this water power, the percentage of power used in the State that is derived from water powers, etc. Through the medium of State papers, the Manufacturers' Eecord, engineering journals, and letters from correspondents the Survey is able to obtain the names of individuals and corporations who are undertaking the development and utilization of water powers. In order to obtain the information that the State should have regarding the power development in the State a power census is being undertaken by the Survey in cooperation with the U. S. Geological Survey, beginning in January, 1921. The following power census blank will be sent out to all developers of power in the State. The information obtained will be utilized not only by the two Surveys, but by the State Depart-ment of Labor and Printing. PowEK Census The power situation in North Carolina has become so serious, the dearth of power to meet our growing industrial exijansion is so great, and accurate data as to exact power is so meagre, that the State Geological and Economic Survey is conducting a power census of the State. Tliis census is preliminary to a detailed investigation and report upon the undeveloped water powers of the State, field work in which is already under way. The success of this attempt to outline the power needs of the State and to present figures and necessary informa-tion as to undeveloped sites, is dependent upon a 100 per cent response to this questionnaire upon the part of all municipalities, manufacturers, or individuals to whom it is sent. Your cooperation is earnestly requested in a matter which is of vital concern to the growth of the State at this time. If requested, the data given below will be held in absolute confidence, and used only by the Survey in investigating the general power situation and determining localities in which to concentrate its activities to obtain more power. Kindly answer as many as possible of the questions below and return form in the stamped addressed envelope that is enclosed. Name of municipality, concern or individual Location: County Town (City) of Class of goods manufactured (such as cotton, general power, flour, etc.) Power: Steam: Water Electri ' Gasoline: Crude Oil (Diesel Type) : H. P. Coal H. P. Oil H. P. H. P. 3ity: H. P. e: H. P. BIENNIAL REPORT STATE GEOLOGIST. 37 // steam power is used, ansioer following questions: Railroad serving plant: Distance from railroad to plant : Does coal or oil have to be hauled from railroad to plant? If so, are auto trucks used? Number tons coal used per year : tons Number gallons oil used per year: gallons // water-poioer is used, answer folloiving questions: Name of stream developed: River; (near) (at) N. C. Type of development: Overshot or undershot wheel: Make ; No Diameter. . ; Setting ; Power H.F. Turbines : Make ; No ; Diameter ; Setting (vertical or horizontal) ; Power H. P. Impulse wheel : Make ; No ; Diameter ; Setting ; Power H. P. Head: No. of feet head under operating conditions varies from feet to feet Discharge of wheels: Under operating conditions varies from sec. -ft. to sec.-ft. Dam : Height above stream bed feet Top width feet Concrete-gravity (Answer yes or no ) Concrete-arch (Answer yes or no) Concrete-reinforced (hollow) . (Answer yes or no) Masonry-rubble (Answer yes or no) Masonry-ashlar (Answer yes or no) Earth (Answer yes or no ) Wood-log and rock (Answer yes or no) Wood-timber crib (Answer yes or no Water carriage, if any: Flume, length ft.; slopes ft. per 100; area sq. ft. Pipe, wood stave: length ft.; diameter ft. Pipe, steel: length ft.; diameter ft. Other conveyance : Spillway : Character and location Discharge provided for sec.-ft. Drive: Are water wheels connected through gears direct to machinery?. . Are water wheels direct connected to electric generators? If so, answer following questions: Make of generator : Size : K. V. A Voltage generated volts Voltage transmitted .volts Voltage used volts If electric poioer is used, ansicer the following questions: Is machinery driven in whole or in part Dy individual electric motors?. .. . Is power generated by you ? If not, from what company is power purchased?. Do you need more power? 38 BIENNIAL REPORT STATE GEOLOGIST. How much? H. P. Are you able to purchase it from the company now supplying you? Additional Power: Are you increasing your power plant at present? If so, how much H. P., and by what means (steam, water, hydro-electric, etc.) Do you desire to develop more hydro-electric power? How much? . H. P. Can you enlarge your present hydro-electric or water-power plant for this purpose ? If not, is there an undeveloped site near you? Do you desire information from the North Carolina Geological and Eco-nomic Survey as to possible hydro-electric sites near your present establishment? Are you interested in obtaining information as to undeveloped sites in other districts? If so, are you interested in any particular locality? Administration of Water Powers Tlie creation of the Federal Power Commission has brought to a focus many matters relative to water powei' control and administration. This Commission is authorized to issue permits for all water power developments upon navigable streams or the headwaters thereof. The general consensus of opinion seems to be that the Federal Power Com-mission has the authority to absolutely regulate and control every develojDment of any character on any stream in the United States which is itself navigable or is tributary to a navigable stream. This power is tremendously sweeping, and might work grave injustice to the State were their rights not safeguarded by the provision that nothing within the act, nor any decision of the Commission shall be construed as affecting the laws of the respective States relating to the use and control of water, and that all decisions of the Commission are made subject to the prior rules and regulations of the State bodies charged with the administration of the State power resources, provided that where the State has no such body, or any such laws, that the Federal Power Commission will then in effect administer the surface water resources of the State. Under the provisions of this act if the State Geological Sur\^ey has the power to control either the construction of dams or the regulation of streams within the domain of the State, then the Federal Power Commission do'es not control; but, lacking State legislation relating to the control and administration of the water resources of the State, the Federal Power Commission is empowered to administer these State resources. BIENNIAL KEPORT STATE GEOLOGIST. 39 As is seen from the above, if tlie State does not pass tlie necessary legislation to' control and conserve its water powers, then the Federal Government will. The Federal Power Commission is also charged with the rate regula-tion of hydro-electric companies where the State has no rate-making body. In K'orth Carolina the State Corporation Commission is charged with this duty, but it has no means of obtaining information upon which to base its rates. A power company presents ai'giiments for an increase in rates, and the Corporation Commission has no informa-tion of its own as to what the actual valuation of the applicant com-pany is, what its income is, what its normal capacity is, or whether it can produce more power if needed. Some State body is thus essential to function as an agent to collect statistics as to water power develop-ment and installation for the benefit of the Corporation Commission. The Federal Power Commission is directed to give preference to municipalities in issuing permits for water power develoi^ment. It is expected that all applications for water power permits will first go to a State Commission—which will notify any municipalities in case developments are planned in their vicinity, so that they may have the first opportunity to obtain a permit. It is the duty of such a State body to canvass the situation in the State and keep infonned of the power needs of the various municipalities. Xortli Carolina has no such body authorized to do this; but with authority and funds the State Survey is in a position to take charge of this work. Similarly the Power Commission must give preference in the issuing of permits to States which themselves couteni]ilate water power de-velopments. Several States—notably California and South Dakota — have undertaken to constnict hydro-electric developments. The New York Conservation Commission has urged very strongly the construction b}' the State of large developments, and the subsequent leasing to private corporations for operation. The province of Ontario has empowered a Commission to construct and operate all the hydro-electric develop-ments in the Province, Avith the result that every little rural hamlet gets electric power from one of the many radiating lines at from 2c. to 5c. per kilowatt hour—about half that charged just across the border in Xew York State. DRAINAGE A>D RE(LA3IATI0> DIVISION The drainage work in North Carolina readily divides itself into four heads: (1) Drainage of the swamp lands in the Coastal Plain region; (2) Eeclamation of overfloAved lands in the Piedmont region; 40 BIENNIAL REPORT STATE GEOLOGIST. (3) Tile drainage of the reclaimed lands; and (4) Bringing settlers to take up these reclaimed lands in the Coastal Plain region. The work under 1 and 2 readily belongs to that of the Geological and Economic Survey. The work under 3 is that of the Agricultural Department, and that under 4 of both the Survey and the Agricultural Department. 1. Drainage of Swamp Lands in the Coastal Plain Region.—There are now approximately 600,000 acres of land that formerly was swamp areas valued at from 25c. to $2 as a maximum per acre, and was not listed at more than an average of 50c. per acre. These lands are now worth from $50 to $100 or more per acre. As stated by Congressman John H. Small in an address befoxe the North Carolina Drainage Association at Washington, ]^. C. : "I presume it is a fair statement to make that the market value, upon an average, of these lands today is $50 an acre, and $50 times 600,000 acres is $30,000,000; so that there has been added to the assets of the State lands which heretofore were not worth more than $600,000 or certainly $1,200,000, which are now woTth at least $30,000,000. Any public movement which can set forth to the people of the State an increment to the economic wealth of our people to that extent is entitled to the favorable con-sideration of the people of North Carolina." This reclamatio'n of the swamp lands is one of the most successful accomplishments of the Survey, and it can be justly proud of adding this large asset to the State. The Drainage Law, which has made this work possible, has been the model for drainage legislation in Virginia, South Carolina, Georgia and Florida. 2. Recla,mation of Ouerfloiued Lands in the Piedmont Section.—The same law governing the drainage of the swamp lands of Eastern ISTorth Carolina is applicable to the reclamation of the overflowed lands of the Piedmont section. Here again, the Survey has been very successful in assisting in the organization and carrying through of drainage districts. Many acres in these Piedmont counties have been reclaimed and brought into cultivation, and these lands have become a valuable asset to the State, where formerly they were practically non-produc-tive. 4. Bringing Settlers to take iip these Reclaimed Lands in the Coastal Plain Region.—^One of the large problems that now confronts the State in connection with the reclamation of the swamp lands is bring-ing them under cultivation. It is believed that the Survey can be of very great assistance in this work by establishing a publicity bureau which, by means of newspaper articles, addresses before agricultural BIENNIAL BEPORT STATE GEOLOGIST. 41 conventions, agricultural expositions, and. similar meetings, can bring before the people of this countrv the extent and'ralue of these re-claimed lands. While at the present time there is a good, deal of newspaper comment upon the vacant farms in many of our States, due to the people leaving the farms and going into cities and towns, yet there is a very large demand throughout the country as a whole for farms, the land of Avhich is productive and easily cultivated. I believe it will be found, upon investigation, that the greater pro-portion of the farms abandoned are those where the returns are small and the cultivation of the farm is difficult, such as the rocky farms of portions of Xew England and Xew York and the worn-out lands of certain of the Piedmont sections. I believe that if we can bring-to the notice of those people Avho want productive farm lands that we have some of the most fertile land of the country on these reclaimed areas of Eastern Xorth Carolina; that the purest drinking water can be obtained on these farms in the form of artesian water; that they have good railway and water transportation; that they are traversed by good roads; that good schools are available for the children; and that the climate is good throughout the year, it Avill not be very difficult to bring the right class of people to take up these lands. The I^orth Carolina Drainage Association is a medium through which the Survey can keep in touch with the people of the State in regard to drainage. The annual meeting of this Association Avas held at Washington, X. C, March 31 and April 1, 1920, and was attended by delegates from 25 counties. Other delegates and guests present were from Ohio, Maryland, Virginia, Massachusetts, Georgia, South Carolina and District of Columbia. The Association re-elected the Director of the Survey Secretary and Treasurer. The preparations for this meeting were made by the Survey. A great many interesting and valuable papers were read and discussed at the convention, and the report of the meeting has been published as Economic Paper No. 50 of the Survey's publications. In connection Avith the War Department work in Western JSTorth Carolina there will be investigated the question of flood prevention on the French Broad River. If the plans materialize it Avill include the construction of the dam and lake mentioned under Water Powers. Delegations from ITendersonville, and Henderson and Transylvania Counties are having conferences with the War Department engineers in regard to this project. At the National Drainage Congress Avhich was held in Atlanta, Georgia, November 10-12, 1920, the Survey was represented by Mr. Will D. Alexander, Drainage Engineer of Charlotte, N. C. The 42 BIENNIAL REPORT STATE GEOLOGIST. Director of the Survey has been appointed a member of the Board of Governors of the ISTational Congress. BIOLOGICAL DIVISION This division of the Survey, which has recently been organized, will be under the direct supervision of Dr. W. C. Coker, Professor of Botany of the University of ISTorth Carolina. Arrangements have already been made for the preparation of a volume on "The Plants of North Carolina." A volume on mushrooms, by Dr. Coker, is nearly completed, and it is hoped that this can be published during the com-ing year. This division will take up investigations in regard to the value of game fish in Western North Carolina. Very little effort has been made to determine what is the actual value to the State of North Carolina of its waters from the standpoint of the game fish that they contain. The Federal Government, through its hatcheries, is ready to cooperate with any State in stocking waters with fish. From the tourist stand-point fishing in the mountain streams is a very great asset, and it is believed that with little eifort the Federal Government could be in-duced to establish a hatchery in Western North Carolina. It is also believed that the State would find that it would be a good investment for her to establish a hatchery. There is no doubt that one of the biggest attractions to many who seek the mountains for recreation is the fishing. The Director of the Survey is taking up with the Chief of the Bureau of Biological Survey the question of a cooperative agreement between the two Surveys whereby a biological survey of North Carolina can be conducted. While pretty exhaustive investigations have been made of the fishes and birds of the State, which have been published as Volumes II and IV, respectively, of the Survey's publications, but little work has been done in regard to the mammals of this State; and it is hoped that the U. S. Bureau will be able to assist the State in making such a survey. The U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, with which the Survey has cooperated for the past twenty years in investigating the fisheries of the State, has during the past two years carried on considerable work in North Carolina, as follows : Beaufort Laboratory.—The Beaufort Laboratory, which is located on an island near Beaufort, Carteret County, North Carolina, was estab-lished in 1897 through the efforts of the North Carolina Geological and Economic Survey and the University of North Carolina. A temporary BIENNIAL REPORT STATE GEOLOGIST. 43 station was first established for the investigation of the marine fauna and flora of the southern coast. Prof. H. V. Wilson of the University was appoointed director, and for the next three years he and the late Dr. J. A. Holmes, who was then Director of the Xorth Carolina Geo-logical and Economic Survey, devoted much time and thought to its development. Congress finally made an appropriation for the estab-lishment of a permanent laboratory, but made no appropriation for the purchase of a site. Arrangements were made by the Survey for the purchase of the present site and its donation to the Government. Since that time the State Survey has kept in close touch with the work at the Laboratory, and they have cooperated in investigating many problems relating to the cultivation of the oyster, clam, and terrapin. This Laboratory, which was taken over and occupied by the N^avy in January, 1918, was only turned back to the U. S. Bureau of Fisheries shortly after the beginning of the fiscal year 1920 ; so that but little work has been done by the Laboratory during the past two years. The Director of the Laboratory and three assistants, each of the latter for short periods, have devoted themselves to the preparation of an extensive rejiort on the results of the experimental work on the propa-gation of the diamond-back terrapin. Attention has been given also to a study of a bacterial disease of the winter-fed yearling terrapin of the experimental broods. One tenii)orary investigator has been en-gaged in the study of the life histories of crabs of the Beaufort region. Investigations were made of salinity conditions in Currituck Sound as affected by the Chesapeake and Albemarle Canal. Fishery Industries—This division of the Bureau, in addition to col-lecting statistics relating to the fishing industry, makes investigations and recommendations in regard to utilization of fish and preparation of fish for market. The Bureau has urged those in the menhaden industry having hot-air dryers to manufacture fish meal for feeding hogs, cattle and poultry, as well as fish scrap for fertilizer; and, through the Bureau of Animal Industry, has arranged for feeding tests to show the value of this feed as compared with other protein feeds. (See Bureau of Fisheries Document 892, pages 11-13.) The Bureau has recently completed an investigation on the salting of fish which developed an improved method of salting fish in warm climates and should be of interest to North Carolina fishermen. (See Bureau of Fisheries Document 884 and Document 892.) As a result of the Bui'eau's efforts to establish a fishery for sharks, and the utilization of all its parts, a number of fisheries have been established, including one at Morehead City, N". C. (See Bureau of 44 BIENNIAL REPORT STATE GEOLOGIST. Fisheries Document 892, page 19—fish oils; page 13—fish, leather and shark fins.) Fish Planted in North Carolina.—The U. S. Bureau of Fisheries maintains a fish hatchery at Edenton, Chowan County, at which were hatched large-mouthed black hass, shad, sunfish, yellow perch and white perch; and a small hatchery at Weldon, Halifax County, which is part of the Edenton station, at which striped bass are hatched. The output of the Edenton station for the fiscal years 1919 and 1920 is given in the following table : Output of Edenton Station, Fiscal Years 1919-1920 1919 1920 Large-mouthed black bass 23,585 36,310 Shad 23,694,000 16,286,000* Striped bass 13,540,000 16,474,000* Sunfish 12,700 6,250 White perch 2,035,000* Yellow perch 114* In addition to the fish planted from the Edenton station, quite a number of fish were planted during the fiscal years 1919 and 1920 as given in the following tables : FISH PLANTED IN NORTH CAROLINA WATERS BY THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES DURING FISCAL YEAR 1919 Location Name of Water Species Number catfish ... 30 300 30 Blewett Falls Lake 30 30 1,500 15 10,000 4,000 10,000 4,000 1,000 1,000 Ela 4,000 Ela Little Creek 4,000 Ela 4,000 Elk Park .. 15,000 Elk Park Elk River Little Elk Creek Rabbit Creek Toe River 3,600 Elk Park rainbow trout rainbow trout rainbow trout 8,400 Franklin Green Mountain 3,750 4,500 Note.—Indicates fry, all others are fingerlings. BIEX^'IAL KEPORT STATE GEOLOGIST. 45 FISH PLANTED IN NORTH CAROLINA "iVXTERfi—Continued Location Name of Water Species Number Mills River. 7,000 Little Creek... rainbow trout rainbow trout rainbow trout rainbow trout 6,000 Hot Springs 4,000 Lansing Big Horse Creek ._ . 4,000 Lansing Little Horse Creek 3,500 2,000 rainbow trout rainbow trout rainbow trout rainbow trout .. 1,000 2,500 6,000 1,500 5,000 6,000 South Toe River . 10,500 Montezuma 5,000 North Wilkesboro Reddies River. 7,200 7,500 White Water River.. . . 7,500 4,500 4,000 Tuxedo 6,250 Tuxedo 16,250 3,750 4,000 Asheville 10,.500 Canton 6,000 Canton 6,000 Dillard 5,400 Dillard .. Mill Creek .. . 3,600 Dillard Satulah Creek 3,600 Dillard Shoal Creek brook trout 3,600 Dillard 3,600 Dillard Wildcat Lake brook trout 3,600 Ela 3,000 Ela Little Creek 3,000 Willow Creek, South Prong. brook trout 4,500 Foscoe... 6,000 Horseshoe brook trout brook trout brook trout brook trout brook trout... 17,500 Bear Wallow Creek 11,400 Lake Toxaway 7,200 Lake Toxaway Indian Cr;'ok.. 4,,500 Lake Toxawav Shoal Creek... 4,500 10,500 brook trout brook trout brook trout brook trout.. brook trout 3,000 Linville Big Grassy Creek 5,000 Linville 6,000 Linville 3,ooa Linville 10,000 Linville 5,000 Linville 5,000 Micaville . South Toe River 8,000 Newland 6,000 Pisgah Forest 26,000 Pisgah Forest South Mills River.. brook trout brook trout 26,500 Poplar... 7,500 Samarcand 5,400 Tuxedo brook trout , 5,400 Tuxedo 5, 400 Tuxedo Jims Creek .. 5,400 Angier Spring Branch crappie 200 46 BIENNIAL REPORT STATE GEOLOGIST. FISH PLANTED IN NORTH CAROLINA WATERS—Continued Location Battleboro Bryson City Burlington Franklinton Greensboro Greensboro Hickory High Point Kinston Littleton Marshville Pendleton Raleigh Raleigh Rosindale Aberdeen Aberdeen Asheboro Bayboro Bostic Burlington Burlington Burlington Burlington Burlington Burlington Calypso Gary Charlotte.-- Clinton-- Clinton Corinth Dunn Dunn -. Durham Durham D-irham Elkin Elkin Ellerbe Ellerbe Fayetteville Flat Rock Flat Rock Flat Rock Graham Graham Greensboro Greensboro Havelock HendersonviUe. Hendersonville. Hendersonville- Hendersonville- Hendersonville- Hendersonville. Hickory Name of Water Davis' Pond Tuckaseegee River South Piedmont Pond Seven Springs Pond- Cool Spring Pond Cunningham Mill Pond Cliffs Lake Furlo gh Lake Jericho Pond Warren Pond Fairview Pond Stephenson-Skye Mill Pond Lakewood Pond Neuseoco Club Lake Clark Mill Pond-.- Marie Pond Sand Hill Lake City Pond-..^:. Bay River Rocky Broad River Dickey's Pond Sartin Mill Pond Old Willow Brook Pond Silver Lake Stinking Quarter Pond Walker's Pond.- Sutton's Pond Holleman's Pond Catawba River Great Coharie Creek Six Runs Yarborough's Pond Jernigan's Pond Smith Mill Pond Angier Pond Car enter Pond Wilbon Pond Carter Falls Pond Elkin River Howell's Pond Quick's Pond Marrison's Pond King's Pond Ottaray Lake Smythe's Pond Pine Hill Pond- Thompson Pond Revolution Pond Seminole Pond East Creek Bane's Pond Few's Pond Hayne's Pond Maybank's Pond Scheppergrell's Pond Vincent's Pond Catawba River, Henry's Fork . Species crappie crappie crappie crappie crappie crappie crappie crappie crappie crappie crappie crappie crappie crappie crappie largemouth largemouth largemouth largemouth largemouth largemouth largemouth largemouth largemouth largemouth largemouth largemouth largemouth largemouth largemouth largemouth largemouth largemouth largemouth largemouth largemouth largemouth largemouth largemouth largemouth largemouth largemouth largemouth largemouth largemouth largemouth largemouth largemouth largemouth largemouth largemouth largemouth largemouth largemouth largemouth largemouth largemouth black bass . black bass . black bass . black bass . black bass . black bass . black bass . black bass . black bass . black bass . black bass . black bass . black bass . black bass.. black bass-. black bass-. black bass-. black bass,. black bass.. black basS-. black bass-. black bass., black bass-. black bass-black bass-, black bass., black bass, black bass., black bass, black bass, black bass. black bass, black bass-black bass-black bass-black bass-black bass-black bass-black bass-black bass-black bass-black bass- Number 200 400 200 200 300 300 200 500 400 SOO 100 400 400 600 300 *2,000 3,000 400 *400 450 1,500 1,500 1,500 1,500 1,400 1,400 200 200 1,750 120 120 *400 400 600 300 275 300 200 225 2,000 2,000 400 2,000 3,000 4,000 600 100 3,300 4,100 1,350 100 300 500 300 300 300 100 *NoTE—Indicates fry, all others are fingerlings. BIEN]yiAL EEPORT STATE GEOLOGIST. 47 FISH PLANTED IN NORTH CAROLINA WATBTIS—Continued Location Hickory High Point Kinston Knightdale Xenoir Marble Marbte Marion. Marion Marion Marion Marion Marion Marshville Marshville Marshville Mount Airy New Bern New Bern New Bern Newport Newton Norlina Princeton Eaeford— Raleigh Raleigh Raleigh... Raleigh... Randleman Richfield. Salisbury Samarcand Samarcand Shulls Mills Smithfield Stokesdale Sylvia Sylvia Sylvia Sylvia Sylvia Tarboro Tarboro Tarboro Warren Plains.. Warren Plains.. Washington Washington Washington Washington Washington Winston-Salem- Woodside. Youngsville Etowah Lenoir Name of Water Catawba River. Jacob's Fork.. Walnut Branch Pond Jericho Pond Mill Pond Buffalo Creek Hyatt's Creek Valley River Big Buck Creek Brown Mill Pond. Catawba River Little Buck Creek Lofte Mill Pond . Morgan's Pond .Austin's Pond Lanes Creek Sim; son's Pond Minnick's Pond Brice's Creek Neuse River. Trent River Lake Oxley Pinchgut Creek Pond Watson's Pond Holt' Pond Beaverdam Pond. Boone's Pond Doctor's Lake(A) Doctors Lake(B) Ne seoco Club Lake Bull un Pond Morgan's Pond Graf's Pond Drowning Creek La' e Taniarlane Wa a ga River Holt's Lake. Enoch's Pond Cullowhec Creek... Scott Creek Tuckaseigee River Tuckaseige River, Left Fork... Tuckaseigee River, Right Fork Fishing Creek Lake Parks Tar River Dillard's Pond Tharrington's Pond Broad Creek.. Chocowinity Bay Chocowinity Creek Respess Mill Pond Upper Broad Creek Ariston Pond Lake Lil/ Moores Pond... Bluff Pond Buffalo Creek Pond Species Number largemouth black bass.. 100 largeniouth black bass.. 600 largemouth black bass.. 400 largemouth black bass.. 400 largemouth black bass.. 100 largemouth black bass.. 3,000 largemouth black bass.. 3,000 largemouth black bass.. 100 largemouth black bass.. 100 largemouth black bass.. 100 largemouth black bass.. 100 largemouth black bass.. 100 largemouth black bass.. 100 largemouth black bass.. 700 largemouth black bass.. 450 largemouth black bass.. 1,400 largemouth black bass.. 3,400 largemouth black bass.. 900 largemouth black bass.. 1,100 largemouth black bass.. 1,100 largemouth black bass.. *200 largemouth black bass.. 200 largemouth black bass.. 200 largemouth black bass.. 600 largemouth black bass.. 400 largemouth black bass.. 400 largeniouth black bass.. 400 largemouth black bass.. 400 largemouth black bass.. 200 largemouth black bass.. 200 largemouth black bass.. 100 largemouth black bass.. 100 largeniouth black bass.. 4,000 largemouth black bass.. 2,000 largeniouth black bass . 1,700 largeniouth black bass.. 1,300 largeniouth black bass.. 300 largemouth black bass.. 2,000 largemouth black bass.. 2,000 largemouth black bass.. 5,000 largemouth black bass.. 3,000 largemouth black bass.. 3,000 largemouth black bass.. 400 1 rgemouth black bass.. 400 largemouth black bass.. 400 largemouth black bass.. •200 largemouth black bass.. *200 largemouth black bass.. 200 largemouth black bass.. 600 largemouth black bass.. 600 largemouth black bass.. 600 largemouth black bass.. 600 largemouth black bass.. 2,800 largemouth black bass. . •200 largemouth black bass.. •400 tmallmouth black bass. 100 smallmouth black bass. 200 •Note—Indicates fry, all others are fingerlings. 48 BIENNIAL REPORT STATE GEOLOGIST. FISH PLANTED IN NORTH CAROLINA WATERS—Continued Location Name of Water Species Number smallmouth black bass. smallmouth black bass_ smallmouth black bass_ smallmouth black bass. 450 900 450 Rutherfordton 925 500 400 350 325 400 325 50a 550 1,000 500 Hood Mill Pond 500 400 Raleigh . Neuseoco Club Pond rock bass 3,750 Raleigh Peachtree Pond- rock bass 1,000 Rural HalL- Petree's Pond rock bass 500 Smithfield-.- Holt's Lake rock bass 600 Woodside.. Lake Lottie rock bass 300 Badin.. sunfish (bream). . 2,000 Benson sunfish (bream). 200 Bessemer City sunfish (bream). 400 800 500 500 Moser Mill Pond 400 500 20O Gary 200 200 Mill Pond.. -- 300 400 Elkin 500 400 200 500 Wood's Mill Pond 300 400 500 200 600 500 250 Kittrell . 100 Willow Club Pond 300 Major Hill Pond sunfish (bream) 500 Jones Mill Pond sunfish (bream) 300 McMillen Pond sunfish (bream) 400 sunfish (bream). 400 sunfish (bream). 200 Marshville sunfish (bream) 200 sunfish (bream) 200 sunfish (bream) 500 Maysville ... . White Oak River sunfish (bream) 1,300 sunfish (bream) 600 800 Mount Airy... _ Brooks Pond sunfish (bream) l.OOO BIENNIAL EEPORT STATE GEOLOGIST. FISH PLANTED IN NORTH CAROLINA WXTF,RS—Continued Location Name of Water Species Number 400 900 Blewett Falls Pond sunfish (bream) 1,800 sunfish (bream) sunfish (bream). 200 100 Hicks Mill Pond 400 30O 300 1,000 Willow Oaks Pond 200 Ruffin Cox's Pond sunfish (bream) 500 500 500 Broad Creek Mill Pond sunfish (bream) sunfish (bream) sunfish (bream) ._ 300 200 200 Wise sunfish (bream) 200 Highlands . . Hawkin s Pond vellow perch 50 Roseboro Raggett's Pond- yellow perch__ _.. 50 FISH PLANTED IN NORTH CAROLINA WATERS BY THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES DURING FISCAL YEAR, 1920 Location Name of Water Species Number 800 Poplar . 140 Marion 800 Pee Dee Blewett Falls Pond Green River 600 Tuxedo 800 Avoco Albemarle Sound.. shad.. *6, 560, 000 Edenton Albemarle Sound 8,035,000 Merry Hill *1, 691, 000 Asheville Avcrv s Creek 10,200 Asheville 5,000 8,800 Blantyre Little Willow Creek 6,000 Brevard Buckhorn Creek . 2,400 Brevard Cascade Lake.. 1,600 Brevard Cedar Rock Creek 1,600 Brevard Grogan Creek. 1,600 Brevard Laurel Creek .. .. 2,400 Brevard. Little River 3,200 Clayton 3,200 Clyde Bald Creek 3,200 Clyde 4,000 Clyde Liner Creek 3,200 Doughton. Elkin Creek-.. 2,400 Edgemont Anthony's Creek 2,500 Elkin Grassv Creek 2,400 Elkland Meat Camp Creek . 2,400 Flat Rock Pullen s Creek . 1,600 Franklin 4,000 Hendersonville Hickory Creek. . rainbow trout 6,000 Hendersonville Morgan's Creek .. rainbow trout 4,000 •Note—Indicates fry, all others are fingerlings. 60 BIENNIAL REPORT STATE GEOLOGIST. FISH PLANTED IN NORTH CAROLINA WATERS—Continued Location Name of Water Species Number Hendersonville . Rocky Broad River . 7 000 Highlands 3 200 Lake Toxaway Fairfield Lake .__ 4,000 Lansing Little Horse Creek 2 400 Lenoir . 2 500 Linville . 1 500 Linville 1 500 Linville 1,500 Linville 2,000 500 Montezuma. 1,500 Mooresville 1,000 3,000 Mount Sterling Big Creek rainbow trout... 3,000 Old Fort Curtis Creek .. rainbow trout... 4,000 Pisgah 45,000 Relief Mills River rainbow trout... . . 40,000 Ritter.. .. Bone Valley Creek.. 3,200 Ritter Cold Spring Branch. . .. 2,000 Ritter. . Hazel Creek 3,500 Ritter. 2,500 Ritter. 2,500 Ritter Walker Creek 2,500 Tryon . 3,200 Tuxedo 1,600 Tuxedo 6,400 4,000 3,200 3,200 Waynesville rainbow trout 3,200 Willetts - - rainbow trout 2,000 Asheville brook trout 6,000 brook trout .. . 15,000 brook trout. . 3,000 4,500 4,500 Glady Fork Creek 3,000 3,000 Sol Creek 3,000 Steel's Creek... 3,000 3,000 3,000 4.500 4,500 Cherryfield 3,000 3,000 2,000 Elkland 2,400 Elk Park Little Elk Creek 3,000 3,000 brook trout 4,500 Clear Creek brook trout 3,000 3,000 Mill Creek brook trout . 3,000 Salt Neck Branch . 3,000 3,000 3,000 Turtle Pond Creek .. 4,500 Lake Toxaway Alexander Creek... brook trout 2,ooa BIEIv'K'IAL KEPOKT STATE GEOLOGIST. 51 FISH PLANTED IN NORTH CAROLINA WATERS—Conlinued Location Name of Water Lake Toxaway_- Lake Toxaway.. Lake Toxaway.. Lake Toxaway.. Lake Toxawaj-.. Lake Toxaway.. Lake Toxaway _| Little Creek Lake Toxaway ._' Mountain View Creek. Bear Pen Lake Chattooga River. Flat Creek Green's Creek James Creek Lake Sapphire Panther Tail Creek Robinson Creek Slicker Creek Tennessee Creek. Thompson River Toxaway Creek, South Fork . Wolf Creek Lake Toxaway.. Lake Toxaway.. Lake Toxaway. _ Lake Toxaway.. Lake Toxaway.. Lake Toxaway.. Lake Toxaway.. Lansing Little Horse Creek. Montezuma Montezuma North Wilkesboro. Penrose Pisgah Forest Pisgah Forest Pisgah Forest Rosman Rosman Rosman Tuxedo Tuxedo Tuxedo Waynes\'ille Waynesville Waynesville West Jefferson Burlington Burlington- Concord Elizabethtown.:... Franklinton.. Havelock Lilesville Marshville Raleigh Raleigh Raleigh.. Raleigh Raleigh Raleigh Asheville Asheville Asheville .\sheville Asheville Asheville Claj'ton Fayetteville Flat Rock Fletchers Blue Ridge Lake Kentuck Creek.. _ Pine Creek Pond Grassy Creek Lamb's Creek Looking Glass Creek Big Creek _._ French Broad River and branches. Shoal Creek Toxaway Creek and branches Cabin Creek Green River,branch of Joe Creek- Pigeon River Richland Creek.. Stevens Creek Ezra Fork Creek Haw Creek Pond Little Alamance Pond Coddle Creek White Lake- - Wildcr's Pond East Creek Juno Pond Brick Yard Pond Boone's Pond Doctor's Lake Edward's Pond.. HajT\'ard's Pond.- Neuseoco Club Lake Yates Pond Robertson's Pond Lee Pond Lake Chetola.. Lane Creek Stony Creek Pond West View Pond Barnes Mill Pond Stiltery Creek Highland Lake Mills River.- Species . Number brook trout. 3,000 brook trout... . 3,000 brook trout. .. 2,000 2,000 brook trout 2,000 brook trout 4,000 2,000 brook trout.- ... 3,000 3,000 3,000 2,000 3,000 brook trout. . 3,000 brook trout. 2,000 brook trout. _ 3,000 brook trout. . 2,400 brook trout 10,000 brook trout 3,000 brook trout 800 brook trout 6,000 brook trout 4,500 brook trout ... 30,000 brook trout 3,000 brook trout 15,000 brook trout 9,000 brook trout 9,000 brook trout 3,000 4,500 brook trout 3,000 9,000 brook trout 7,500 brook trout 3,000 2,500 100 100 100 50 50 100 crappie 50 100 200 150 100 100 300 100 largemouth black bass.. *2,000 largemouth black bass.. 200 largemouth black bass.. *5,000 largemouth black bass.. 4,000 largemouth black bass.. 4,000 largemouth black bass.. 2,000 largemouth black bass.. 500 largemouth black bass.. 950 largemouth l)lack bass.. 100 largemouth black bass.. 100 *NoTE—Indicates fry, all others are fingerlings. 52 BIENNIAL EEPOKT STATE GEOLOGIST. FISH PLANTED IN NORTH CAROLINA WATERS—Contiiiued Location Name of Water Species Number Fountain Cheoah Lake . largemouth black bass__ largemouth black bass.. largemouth black bass.. largemouth black bass.. largemouth black bass.. largemouth black bass., largemouth black bass._ largemouth black bass.. largemouth black bass.. largemouth black bass.. largemouth black bass.. largemouth black bass__ largemouth black bass_. largemouth black bass., largemouth black baes.. largemouth black bass., largemouth black bass., largemouth black bass., largemouth black bass., largemouth black bass., largemouth black bass., largemouth black bass.. largemouth black bass.. largemouth black bass.. largemouth black bass., largemouth black bass.. largemouth black bass.. largemouth black bass.. largemouth black bass., largemouth black bass., largemouth black bass., largemouth black bass., largemouth black bass., largemouth black bass., largemouth black bass., largemouth black bass., largemouth black bass.. largeraouth black bass__ largemouth black bass.. largemouth black bass., smallmouth black bass, smallmouth black bass, smallmouth black bass, smallmouth black bass, smallmouth black bass, smallmouth black bass, smallmouth black bass, smallmouth black bass. smallmouth black bass. 100 Franklinton ... Barret's Pond 150 375 3,000 Lumber Bridge Shaw s Pond Cox's Pond Sorrell's Pond Big Wilson Creek 850 150 570 *3,000 180 500 500 New Bern ... Slocumb's Creek .. 500 New Bern Swift Creek 300 New Bern Trent River . .-. 500 Newland.. . Mill Timber Creek *2,000 Toe River *4,000 Fishing Creek Pond 1,200 300 300 800 400 Norlina Weldon Pond . 800 180 Oriental Kershaw Creek 500 Oriental... _ _. 180 Parkton 1,050 Pine Level 500 Raleigh . _ 150 2,300 Richfield 100 Rocky Mount Stony Creek _. . 500 Blount's Mill Pond 500 Statesville Davis Pond... 1,100 Statesville Morrisons Pond . 1,100 Statesville... Temijleton's Pond 710 Statesville . 1,100 Warsaw Cooper Mill Pond . 500 Washington 750 Washington 750 Whiteville Schulken's Mill Pond 225 Burlington ... Back Creek Pond. 750 Burlington . Wilson Pond 1,050 Flat Rock Mitchell's Pond... 100 Lenoir 1,750 Parkton Power Plant Pond 800 Raleigh Boone's Pond.. 100 Sylvia Savannah Creek 1,100 Tryon North Pacolet River 900 Tryon Walnut Creek. 900 600 Concord .. Hathcock's Pond 1,115 Hendersonville Penny's Pond rock bass rock bass rock bass rock bass rock bass rock bass 600 Raleigh Boone's Pond 3,100 Raleigh CaTje Fear River Pond 1,200 Raleigh 2,500 Raleigh Neuse River Pond 1,200 Salisbury Kemmerley's Pond 1,000 *NoTE—Indicates fry, all others are fingerlings. BIENNIAL EEPOKT STATE GEOLOGIST. 53 FISH PLANTED IX NORTH CAROLINA WATERS-Co«;(«!;ed Location Name of Water Species Number Mill Creek 400 250 3 000 1,000 Little ,\lamance Pond _ .. . sunfish. 300 Pickard's Pond sunfish. 300 Charlotte 1,000 White Oak Pond 500 Shadv Brook 200 1,000 Dillard 200 1,000 400 Gaston Club Lake 600 Stephens Mill Pond. ... 600 Gold Hill sunfish. 200 Boone's Pond.. . . sunfish. 600 Lake Summit. sunfish. 250 North Buffalo Pond 600 Guilford 400 200 200 200 High Point 250 High Point 250 500 400 200 1 000 Lake Utah 1,000 Liberty . Durham Mill Pond 200 Liberty _. . Fox Pond 250 Marshville Stegall's Pond 200 200 100 200 200 200 4 4''5 Raleigh Cape Fear River Pond 1,800 Raleigh... 250 Raleigh sunfish Doctors Lake sunfish 250 Raleigh Drum Pond sunfish.. _ 225 3,250 Hoo-Js Mill Pond 250 2,000 250 Smithfield Holt's Lake 700 Washington 400 Chocowint iy Bay 200 200 Resoess Mill Pond ... sunfish 200 Raleigh Neuseoco Club Lake Roanoke River 350 Weldon striped bass. •1,6474,000 Note—'Indicates fry, all others are fingerlings. 54 BIENNIAL REPORT STATE GEOLOGIST. MAPPING DIVISION Under this head is included the preparation of the various maps of the State and counties, and can he summarized as follows : 1. Base Map 2. Topographic Map 3. Traverse Map 4. Soil Map 5. Geological Map 1. Base Map.—A hase map of the State, on a scale of 1 :500,000, was prepared several years ago hy the Survey in cooperation vnth the U. S. Geological Survey and is used for preparing special maps, such as maps showing transmission lines of power companies ; railroad lines; forest areas; etc. These maps have been furnished to many of the various State departments. A new edition of this map is being prepared by the Survey which will show the JSTational Forests established in the State and the more important drainage canals in Eastern JSTorth Carolina, in addition to the corrections and additions relating to roads, towns, county lines, etc. 2. Topographic Map.—The most valuable map to the State would be a complete topographic map of the whole area, such as is being pre-pared by the U. S. Geological Survey. The need of an accurate topo-graphic map has increased many fold during the past decade, due to the extensive construction of highways, water power developments, and geological and mining investigations. It is undoubtedly the in-tention of the Federal Government to complete a topographic map of the United States as rapidly as possible, but with the present appropria-tion it will take at least twenty years before this can be completed unless there is more cooperation between the States and the Federal Government. Several of the States have complete topographic maps of their area, but this has been accomplished by the States paying a considerable proportion of the cost of making the map. At the present time about 36 per cent of the area of North Carolina has been com-pleted, and it is estimated that it will cost $1,244,000 to complete a topographic map of the State. Such a map would be of inestimable value to the State Highway Commissio'n in its highway work; to the Survey in its geological work and mapping of the geological areas of the State; to the Agricultural Department in the preparation of the soil maps of the State; to the Survey and power companies in water power investigations; and to railro'ad corporations in their location work. All this topographic mapping should be done by the Federal BIENNIAL EEPORT STATE GEOLOGIST. 55 Survey, as tliev have the complete organization for this type of work and can do it cheaper and more efficiently than for a State to try to develop its own organization. If the State would cooperate and make an appropriation for topographic work, we would get a much larger appropriation from the Federal Survey for this work. The need of this map is constantly increasing, and the Board of Surveys and Maps of the Federal Government is making every en-deavor possible to bring about the completion of such a map of the whole country as early as possible. The States that cooperate will be the first to be mapped, and in a recent communication from the Chair-man of the Board, he states : "I am advised by the Geological Survey that the least workable appropria-tion which should be asked for is $5,000, for the reason that, on a dollar for dollar basis, such an appropriation, matched by an equal amount from the government will serve to survey one regular quadrange; and further, that probably they would not be able to use annually more than $25,000, in view of the fact that it is anticipated a large number of States will secure appropriations this year." The Director has taken up with the Highway Commissioner the question of the HighAvay Commission cooperating with the Survey in asking the legislature to approi)riate a sufficient amount to enable the State to cooperate with the Federal Government to the amount of $25,000 per year. It is believed that such a bill should be introduced and should be supported by the State Highway Commission, the De-partment of Agriculture and the Survey. During the past six months topogra])hic ma] is have been made of areas in Cherokee and Ashe Counties Avhich Avere required for the preparation of geological maps of the iron ores of the State. This work was done under the supervision of Prof. T. F. Hickerson of the University. 3. Traverse Map.—There is a continual demand for traverse maps of the various counties, and the Director is trying to arrange with the Federal Survey to assist the counties in the preparation of accurate traverse maps of the several counties of the State. The traverse map would not show the topography unless the Federal Survey has already topographically mapped the area covered by the county, but would shoAV the toAvnship lines, county lines, railways, streams, swamp areas (if any), cities and towns, and all houses in country. These maps are somewhat expensive, as all its roads and streams are actually traversed. It is hard to make our county commissioners realize that an accurate map of their county cannot be prepared at a low figure. We have had several instances where we have prepared plans 56 BIENNIAL REPORT STATE GEOLOGIST. foT the county for the preparation of a traverse map or topographic map of the county, where the county commissioners have turned down the Survey's proposition, stating that they can have an accurate map made of the county at a cost of one-half or two-thirds less than what the Survey is asking. When it is realized that the Survey is only asking the county to pay 50 per cent of the actual cost of the preparation of the map, as it would be made by the Survey, it can be readily seen that it would be absolutely impossible for anyone to make an accurate map of the county at a cost of one-half to two-thirds less than this 4. Soil Map.—These maps are all prepared by the Department of Agriculture, but they use, whenever possible, the base or topographic map of the county which has been prepared by the Survey. 5. Geological Map.—The Survey is preparing a new geological map of the State. jSTo complete map of this type of the State has been prepared since the publication of the geological map by former State Geologist, W. C. Kerr, in 1882. Special geological maps have, how-ever, been published of separate portions of the State, as the Coastal Plain region. Mountain region, and certain sections of the Piedmont area. Some progress was made on the geological map by the work of Prof. W. S. Bayley, Mr. Jasper L. Stuckey and Mr. Thos. Smith during the field season of 1920. ADMIIVISTRATIYE AND RECORDS DIVISION The work of this division has been under the direct supervision of the Director of the Survey and includes the general correspondence of the Survey, handling of accounts, editing and preparing for the publisher of manuscripts of reports, press notices, etc., the general clerical work, care of library, arranging for cooperative work with Federal and State bureaus, associations, etc. Suggested Legislation The following suggested legislation is submitted, with the approval of the Geological Board, for the expansion of the work of the Survey so as to make it a real conservation commission : C02SrSERVATI0N COMMISSION AND GEOLOGICAL SuRVEY A BILL TO BE ENTITLED "An ACT TO ESTABLISH THE NORTH CAROLINA CONSER-VATION Commission and Geological Sub\'ey." The General Assembly of North Carolina do enact: Section 1. There is herewith established a department to be known as the North Carolina Conservation Commission and Geological Survey, which shall exercise and perform all the rights, powers, duties and obliga-tions that have been heretofore exercised and performed by the Geological BIENK^IAL KEPOET STATE GEOLOGIST. 57 and Economic Survej', and Geological Board, the Mount Mitchell State Park Commission, the State Geologist and the State Forester, and shall be the lawful successor of said Survey, Board, Commission, and office, and upon the passage of this section those portions of the acts establishing the North Carolina Geological and Economic Survey, the Geological Board, and the Mount Mitchell State Park Commission, and that portion of the act relat-ing to the appointment of the State Geologist, are herewith repealed. Sec. 2. The North Carolina Conservation Commission and Geological Sur-vey shall be under the supervision of a Conservation Board which shall con-sist of five members, four of which shall be the members now constituting the Geological Board, and one member to be appointed by the Governor from the present Mount Mitchell State Park Commission; and shall hold office until the expiration of the term of years for which they are now appointed on the Geological Board and the Mount Mitchell State Park Commission. Thereafter members will be appointed by the Governor for the period of four years and until their successors have been appointed. The Governor shall fill by appointment any vacancies that may occur on the Conservation Board for the unexpired term. This Board shall meet twice a year at such times and places as the Board may decide. The members of the Board shall receive ten dollars per diem and their actual expenses in attending the meetings of said Board, such sums to be paid out of the moneys appropriated for carry-ing on the work of the Commission. Sec. 3. The Conservation Board shall appoint a Director, who shall be the executive and administrative head of the Commission, and shall organize the Commission in divisions, to include, among others, a geological and mining division, a forestry division, a water resources division, a drainage and reclamation division, a State forests and parks division, fish, game and bird division, museum of natural resources division, and a mapping division; and shall supervise same by and with the approval of the Conservation Board. He shall have charge of the administration and enforcement of all laws which it is the duty of the Commission to administer and enforce, and shall direct all inspections and investigations. He shall employ such chiefs of divisions, assistants and clerical help as may be considered necessary to carry on the work of the Commission, by and with the approval of the Conservation Board. The compensation of employees of the Commission shall be determined by the Conservation Board. Sec. 4. The chief of the geological and mining division shall be known as the State Geologist, and the chief of the forestry division shall be known as the State Forester. All acts that shall be passed by the General Assembly relating to the investigation, conservation, development and supervision of the natural resources of the State on the part of the State shall be referred to and be carried out under the direction of the Conservation Commission; this does not apply to the commercial fisheries which are under the juris-diction of the Fisheries Commission, nor to agricultural lands and products which are under the supervision of the Agricultural Department. Sec. 5. The Conservation Commission may purchase and hold additional lands within the State for the production of timber and for State parks, with such moneys as may be appropriated by the General Assembly or as may be otherwise obtained. The Commission is also authorized to accept gifts of lands within the State for such purposes. The Conservation Com-mission may, in its discretion, make rules and regulations relative to hunting 58 BIENNIAL REPORT STATE GEOLOGIST, and fishing or other uses of any lands acquired under the provisions of this act; Provided, that such rules and regulations shall be subject to any re-strictions imposed by laws now or hereafter in force for the protection of fish, birds, and quadrupeds. Sec. 6. The Conservation Commission is herewith authorized to cooperate with the Bureau of Fisheries of the United States, the United States Bio-logical Survey, the North Carolina Fisheries Commission, and other similar public and private surveys and associations in the propagation, protection and conservation of the song and game birds, game fish, and game of the State. The Conservation Commission is also authorized to cooperate with, the North Carolina Audubon Society and other protective associations in-terested in the preservation of animal life. Sec. 7. The Conservation Board is hereby authorized and directed to cooperate with the Federal Power Commission in the carrying out of rules and regulations promulgated by that Commission; and is further authorized to act on behalf of the State in carrying out any regulations that may be passed relating to water powers in North Carolina. Sec. 8. All laws and clauses of laws in confiict with this act are hereby repealed. Sec. 9. This act shall be in effect from and after its ratification. The Director lias had several conferences with Dr. George Otis Smith, Director of the United States Geological Survey, and Mr. IST. C. Grover, Chief of the Division of Water Resources, in regard to estab-lishing a district engineer's office at Asheville which would be used also by the State Survey as a branch office. It was also considered that it Avould be to the advantage of both Surveys to have such a joint office at Asheville, at which could be illustrated and advertised the resources of the Southern Appalachian region. On September 27, 1920, the following letter was received from Dr. George Otis Smith, Director of the U. S. Geological Survey : Colonel Joseph Hyde Peatt, Director, North Carolina Geological and Economic Survey, ChaT>el Hill, N. C. My Dear Colonel Pratt:—In furtherance of the cooperation between the U. S. Geological Survey and the North Carolina Geological and Economic Survey in the study of the water resources of North Carolina, a district office will be established<
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Title | Biennial report of the state geologist |
Other Title | Biennial report of the state geologist and director |
Creator | North Carolina Geological and Economic Survey. |
Contributor |
Holmes, J. S. (John Simcox), 1868-1958. North Carolina Geological Survey (1883-1905) |
Date | 1919; 1920 |
Subjects |
Cartography Fisheries--North Carolina Forests and forestry--North Carolina Geology--North Carolina--Periodicals Mines and mineral resources--North Carolina North Carolina. Department of Conservation and Development--Periodicals Natural resources--North Carolina--Periodicals Parks--North Carolina |
Place | North Carolina, United States |
Time Period | (1900-1929) North Carolina's industrial revolution and World War One |
Description | Publisher and printer varies. Published by the North Carolina Geological and Economic Survey, 1908-; Enumeration dropped after 1st (1891/1892). |
Publisher | [Raleigh, N.C.] :North Carolina Geological Survey,1893-1925(Raleigh :Josephus Daniels, state printer and binder) |
Agency-Current |
North Carolina Department of Environmental Quality |
Rights | State Document see http://digital.ncdcr.gov/u?/p249901coll22,63754 |
Physical Characteristics | 17 v. :ill., plates, maps ;25 cm. |
Collection | University Library. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill |
Type | text |
Language | English |
Format | Reports |
Digital Characteristics-A | 3061 KB; 94 p. |
Digital Collection |
Ensuring Democracy through Digital Access, a North Carolina LSTA-funded grant project North Carolina Digital State Documents Collection |
Digital Format | application/pdf |
Title Replaced By | North Carolina. Department of Conservation and Development..Biennial report of the director |
Audience | All |
Pres File Name-M | pubs_edp_biennialreportgeologist19191920.pdf |
Pres Local File Path-M | \Preservation_content\StatePubs\pubs_edp\images_master\ |
Full Text | Library OF THE University of Nortti Carolina This book was presented bj' 1 5* 5" - ("^ a "? »- S19.Z-0 UNIVERSITY OF N.C. AT CHAPEL HILL 00033964844 This book must not be token from the Library building. Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2011 with funding from Ensuring Democracy through Digital Access (NC-LSTA) http://www.archive.org/details/biennialgeolo19191920nc NORTH CAROLINA GEOLOGICAL AND ECONOMIC SURVEY JOSEPH HYDE PRATT, Director and State Geologist BIENNIAL REPORT OF THE STATE GEOLOGIST 1919-1920 Raleigh Edwaeds & Broughton Peintixg Co., State Printers. 1921 GEOLOGICAL BOARD GovER^'OB T. W. BicKETT, ex officio Chairman Raleigh. John Sprunt Hill Durham Frank R. Hewitt Asheville R. G. Lassiter Oxford C. C. Smoot, III North Wilkesboro Joseph Hyde Pratt, Director and State Geologist Chapel Hill LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL Chapel Hill, N". C, December 30, 1920. To His Excellency, Hon. T. W. Bickett, Governor of North Carolina. Sir :—There is herewith submitted my biennial report on the opera-tions of the jSTorth Carolina Geological and Economic Survey for the years 1919 and 1920. Suggestions are made as to what legislation is considered necessary for carrying out more efficiently the duties that have been assigned to the Survey. A financial statement covering the expenditures of the Survey for the past two fiscal years is also made a part of this report. Yours respectfully, Joseph Hyde Pratt, Director. TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE Introduction 9 Geological and Mining Division 12 Geological Investigations 12 Iron Ores 12 Structural Materials 13 Gold and Copper 14 Examination of Mineral Specimens 14 Mineral Statistics 15 Forestry Division 15 Demand for Timber 16 Present Condition 16 North Carolina 19 Forest Fire Statistics 20 Protection of Watersheds 20 Wood-Using Industries 21 Study of Southern Pines 21 Chestnut Bark Disease 22 North Carolina Forestry Association 22 Work of U. S. Forest Service in North Carolina 23 Forest Investigations 23 Economic and Industrial Investigations 25 Acquisitions to National Forests 26 Suggested Forestry Legislation 26 State Forests and Parks Division 27 Mount Mitchell State Park 27 Camping Sites Along State Highways 28 Water Resources Division 29 A Water Resource Survey of State 30 Application for Investigation 31 Water Supply for Cities and Towns 32 Water Powers 32 Gaging Stations 34 Cooperation with War Department 35 Water Power Statistics 36 Power Census 36 Administration of Water Powers 38 / / 8 TABLE OF CONTENTS ' ' I ' ' PAGE Dbainage and Reclamation Division 39 Drainage of Swamp Lands in Coastal Plain Region 40 Reclamation of Overflowed Lands in Piedmont Section 40 Bringing Settlers to Take Up Reclaimed Lands 40 Biological Division 42 Beaufort Laboratory 42 Fishing Industries 43 Fish. Planted in North Carolina 44 Mapping Division 54 Base Map 54 Topographc Map 54 Traverse Map 55 Soil Map 56 Geological Map 56 Administrative and Records Division 56 Suggested Legislation 56 Publications 59 Exhibits 63 Window Exhibits 64 Financial Statement 64 List of Publications 66 BIENNIAL REPORT OF THE STATE GEOLOGIST On the Operations of the North Carolina Geological and Economic Survey for the Two Years Ending November 30, 1920. By JOSEPH HYDE PRATT, Director INTRODUCTIO^^ The act establishing the present i*lorth Carolina Geological and Economic Survey was passed by the General Assembly of 1905 and amended by the General Assemblies of 1909 and 1917, and outlines in some detail the character and extent of the work to be undertaken and carried out by this department of the State. As stated in the act, the work is as follows : 1. The examination of the mineral, forest, fishery, and other resources of the State. 2. The examination of the geological formations of the State Avith reference to their economic products. 3. The examination of the road building materials and the best methods of utilizing same.* 4. The examination and classification of the soils and forests and other physical features of the State, with special reference to their bearing upon the occupations of the people. 5. The examination of the streams and water powers of the State, with special reference to their development in manufacturing enter-prises and the preservation of the sources of these streams through the protection of the forests. * This is supplemented by an act passed by the General Assembly of 1909 which authorized the Geo'osical Board to advise with the township and county authorit'es in the building; and improvement of the public roads by sending to the to^^-nship or county a competent road ensrineer who will ass'st them in locating: their improved roads, advising; them as to the best road to build and how to build it, and a'so ?ive advice relatinT to the best kind of bridse to be built in connection with the improvement of any road. The Geological Board, through the State Geologist, may make inquiries in regard to systems of road bui'd'ng and manage-ment throughout the United States, and make investigations and experiments in re-jard to the best methods of road making and the best kind of road material, and shall disseminate Buch knowledge by lectures to be given in the different counties, and by preparin?, publishing, and distributing bulletins and reports on the subject of road improvement, and sha'l also gather and tabulate information and statistics on road building in North Carolina and dis-seminate same throughout the State. 10 BIENNIAL REPORT STATE GEOLOGIST, 6. The examination of the water supplies of the State, with special reference to the sinking of deep artesian wells. 7. The investigation of the location, occurrence and development of mineral properties. 8. To i^rovide for the prevention and control of forest fires in any and all parts of this State. 9. To cooperate with the several Federal Bureaus and such other sources as may assist in carrying oiit the provisions of this Act. 10. The preparation of reports giving the results of the investiga-tions. As will be seen from the above outline, the work of this department is very varied and extensive, and although it relates principally to the investigation, conservation, protection and develpoment of the natural resources of the State, it touches the diverse interests of all sections of INTorth Carolina and is of interest and value to every citizen of the State, With the appropriations that have been made for this work from year to year it has not been possible for the Survey to carry on all the work assigned to it, and it has been necessary for the Geological Board to determine which of the lines of activity were the most important to the people of the State, and these investigations have been carried on more extensively than some of the others. In some of the work, as in protection of forests from fire, the work has been limited to the amount of the appropriation for this particular purpose. The Survey has, however, been very fortunate in receiving the hearti-est cooperation of the various Federal Bureaus which have in many cases made liberal appropriations for cooperating with the State in many of its investigations ; and in this way the work of this depart-ment has progressed much more rapidly than it could otherwise pos-sibly have done. This relates particularly to the investigation of the swamp and overflowed lands of the State, the fisheries, water supplies and forestry. The Survey has prepared for publication reports regarding its inves-tigations, but the printing of these has often been delayed for several years, and in some instances the reports cannot be printed on account of lack of funds for printing same. As one of the principal works of the Survey is investigating the occurrence, quantity and value of the natural resources of the State and making reports for the people of the State on the results of these investigations, the General Assembly should make it possible for these reports to be published so that the people can obtain the results of the investigations which have been prepared for them. To be of the greatest value to the State these reports should be printed and be available for distribution at the time BIENNIAL REPORT STATE GEOLO(iIST. 11 when they will be of the most value either in conserving the interests of the people or in advertising our resources at the time when these resources are in most demand. Some of these reports, of course, have intrinsic value for all times, but some have a much greater value if they can be published as soon as the investigation is completed. Delay in publication may and often does mean the withholding of information which it has cost the State thousands of dollars to obtain, and it may cause the State to lose many more thousands of dollars because the information is not available for capitalists who are interested in investi-gating and developing at once the resources to which it refers. The demand for those reports on the natural resources of the State comes not only from the people of North Carolina but people from all over the country. If the investigations are of value to the State the results of the investigations are worth a great deal more to the State, but unless they are made available they are of little or no value. The work of the Survey is grouped into divisions with an experi-enced investigator in charge of each division, as follows : Administrative and Records Division, Josepli Hyde Pratt, Director. Geological and Mining Division, Wm. F. Prouty, Geologist. Forestry Division, J. S. Holmes, Forester. Water Resources Division, Thorndike Saville, Hydraulic Engineer. Drainage Division, Joseph Hyde Pratt, Engineer. Mapping Division, T. F. Hickerson, Engineer. Biological Division, W. C. Coker, Botanist. State Forests and Parks Division, Joseph Hyde Pratt, Director. The work accomplished by the several divisions and suggestions for future work and investigations is described in detail under each head. The personnel of the l^orth Carolina Geological and Economic Survey for the past two years has consisted of the following, Avho have been employed either the whole or a part of their time : Joseph Hyde Pratt, Director and State Geologist. J. S. Holmes. State Forester. W. D. Clark, Chief Forest Fire Warden. H. A. Carroll, Special Forestry Agent. D. L. Moser, Warden, Mitchell State Park. Wm. F. Prouty, Geologist. W. S. Bayley, Geologist. Jasper L. Stuckey, Geologist. Thorndike Saville, Hydraulic Engineer. T. F. Hickerson, Civil Engineer. Miss H. M. Berry, Secretary (To April 15, 1920). Miss Minnie Queen, Secretary. Miss Grace White, Stenographer. B. W. Sipe, Office Assistant. 12 BIENNIAL REPORT STATE GEOLOGIST. Forest Fire Wardens and Patrolmen:—R. M. Pearson, W. J. Hardin, W. C. Gore, R. M. Bruton, Geo. F. Rhom, Ed. T. Shearer, C. H. Colvard, L. B. Murray, C. L. Wilson, Garland V. Stepp, Jas. F. Ferry, Wm. R. Rice and Geo. F. Blair. Laborers on Mitchell Park:—Fred Moser, David Moser, Artus Moser, "William Fore and Charlie King. Surveyors and Assistants in Water Power Investigations:—S. C. Austin, A. Y. Cottrell, Hall E. Cobb, E. S. Teague, H. Neville, G. L. Bean, Ned. Trip-lett, and Lynn Bean. Surveyors and Assistants in TopogravMc Mapping:—L. W. Fischel, L. J. Phipps, R. E. Boyd, and Roy J. Morton. Tenijjorary Clerks and Stenographers:—Elizabeth Moses, Mrs. Laura Payne Mangum, Leona Priest, Mrs. T. J. Wilson, Mrs. K. J. Brown, Edith Skemp, Mildred Moses, Mrs. P. H. Winston, Margaret Berry, Mabel Thomp-son, Miss E. W. Marshall, Zan Koonce, Mrs. Elisabeth W. Baker, Lillian Long, I. B. Newman, Jesse R. Rhue, and Louise Coffey. Draftsmen:—S. C. Austin, L. W. Fischel, and Roy J. Morton. GEOLOGICAL AND MINING DIVISION Geolog'ical Iiivestig'ations Iron Ores The interest in tlie iron ores of the State which was stimulated during the war period has continued, and requests are constantly coining in for information as to the location of undeveloped deposits and producing mines. The present is perhaps the most opportune time in the history of the State for interesting capital in the iron ores of this State, par-ticularly the magnetic iron ores of Ashe and Avery Counties and the brown ores of Cherokee County. The iron ores of Western Piedmont and Western ISTorth Carolina have been investigated during the past two years by W. S. Bayley, Geologist, and to a less extent by the Director. Iron ores of Lincoln, Gaston and Madison Counties have also been investigated. The following cooperative agreement was made between the U. S. Bureau of Mines and the State Survey in regard to investigating the methods of mining and concentrating iron ores of Cherokee County and the magnetic iron ores of Ashe and Avery Counties. Agreement Between the Bureau of Mines and the North Carolina Geological and Economic Survey The Bureau of Mines (hereinafter referred to as the Bureau) and the North Carolina Geological and Economic Survey (hereinafter referred to as the Survey), desiring to carry on investigations relative to the method of mining, preparing for market, beneficiating and treatment of iron ores in the State of North Carolina, do hereby agree each with the other as follows: BIENNIAL RErORT STATE GEOLOGIST. 13 1. The Bureau agrees to assign one of its mining engineers at a salary of forty-eight hundred dollars ($4,800) per annum, to advise and assist the mine operatives in the State of North Carolina in the development of an improved method of mining, preparing for market, beneficiating and treat-ment of iron ores. 2. The Survey agrees to turn over all data it might have on hand bearing on this problem, and cooperate in any other way which might prove helpful to the solution of the problem herein contemplated. 3. The publication of the results of this investigation shall be under the control of the Director of the Bureau of Mines. Due recognition, however, shall be accorded to the Survey for its cooperation. 4. It is understood that this agreement, upon approval of the Secretary of the Interior, shall be effective from the 25th day of September, 1920, and may be terminated whenever in the judgment of the Bureau the provisions of this cooperative agreement have been accomplished. U. S. Bureau of Mines, (Seal) By F. G. CoTTRELL, Director North Carolina Geological and Economic Survey, By Joseph Hyde Fratt (Seal) State Geologist and Director. Mr. Stanley E. Sears was appointed by. tlie Bureau of Mines to make these investigations, and the results of his work "\^t.11 soon be available for publication. Structural Materials It was realized by the Geological Board early in 1920 that one of the vital and pressing needs of the State at the jjresent time is an adequate local supply of structural materials, such as clay, stone, sand, gravel, etc., and in order to meet this need of the State an investigation Avas authorized to be made of the location, quantity and quality of such materials throughout the State. With this in view, Mr. Jasper L. Stuckey, Geologist, spent six months (1) in-vestigating localities containing sands and gravels suitable for con-struction purposes and their preparation for market; (2) examining stone quarries and stone localities with special reference as to their becoming sources of supply of crushed stone for concrete and road purposes; (3') examining clay deposits with special reference as to their suitability for the manufacture of drain tile, vitrified brick and common brick. The result of these investigations has shown that the State is well supplied with gravel deposits suitable for road surfacing material; and, when washed, for concrete; with stone suitable, when crushed, for use in concrete; that such deposits are to be found in many sections of the State, and many of them suitably located for quarrying. The 14 BIENNIAL REPORT STATE GEOLOGIST, investigation has shown that the chief difficulty in contractors obtain-ing crushed stone from ISTorth Carolina deposits has been lack of cars for transportation. One or more quarries have had to close down com-pletely because there was no way to ship their product. Others have had only a small proportion of the cars necessary to take care of the output of their crushing plants. Special reports have been and are being prepared from Mr. Stuckey's investigations on properties for which this special information is de-sired, and these are being sent out as requests are received. A special report was prepared on road-building materials, and a portion of this has already been forwarded to the State Highway Commission. Gold and Copper An examination was made by the Director of the Coggins Gold Mine, near Eldorado, Montgomery County, ISTorth Carolina. Through the courtesy of Captain Theodore Earle, a mining engi-neer, and one of the Director's associates when he was Colonel of the 105th Engineers during the World War, some very interesting and valuable information has been obtained relating to the Ore Knob Copper Mine, of Ashe County. Captain Earle was in charge of the work when this old mine was unwatered and explored in 1915 and 1916. He believes from their investigations and tests that there is a large body of commercial grade copper ore in this mine. The informa-tion furnished by Captain Earle will be published in the Survey's report on the mining industry of 1920. Through the courtesy of Mr. Thomas Smith, mining engineer, of Gold Hill, ]Sr. C, maps of the underground workings at the Union Copper Mine have been furnished the Survey which are additions to the maps published in the Survey's Bulletin 21 on the Gold Hill District. He has also furnished considerable new information re-garding the geology of this district as exposed by these new under-ground workings. Information has also been given in regard to some new copper deposits that have been investigated near Moss Spring in Cabarrus County. Examination of Mineral Specimens Mineral specimens are constantly being received at the Survey office for identification and analysis. Similar specimens received at the State Department of xlgriculture are also forwarded to this office for the same purpose. Most of these do not represent anything of com-mercial or scientific value, but occasionally samples are received which BIENNIAL KEPORT STATE GEOLOGIST. 15 are of interest, and have led to devcdopuient of commercial supplies of these minerals. The Survey makes no charge for such minera-logical determination, but when an assay or chemical analysis is con-sidered worth while the Survey arranges, if desired, for such analysis to be made by the chemists to the Survey, for which a special charge is made. During the past two years 237 samples of minerals and rocks have been examined and reported upon by the Survey. Mineral Statistics Cooperative arrangements have been made for several years with the TJ. S. Geological Survey for collecting statistics relating to the mineral production of ISTorth Carolina. For the year 1919, however, which was the census year, this work was done by the Bureau of the Census, and these figures are not yet available for the use of the State. Arrangements have already been made with, the U. S. Geological Survey to resume the previous cooperative agreement for collecting these statistics for 1920. Work of U. S. Geological Survey and U. S. Bureau of Mines in North Carolina During 1919 and 1920 In .addition to the cooperative work Avith the State Survey, which has already been mentioned, the U. S. Geological Survey has made some investigations in regard to chromite and mica, and these reports have been prepared for publication and will soon be ready for distri-bution. The Federal Survey has also assisted the State Survey in preparing the report on the Cretaceous formations of the Coastal Region of North Carolina. A representative of the U. S. Bureau of Mines visited a number of the mica mines and mica trimming plants in ]^orth Carolina dur-ing April, 1919, to study methods of operation and possible problems in the industiy. Two short papers have been issued by the Bureau dealing with mica problems. A brief examination of some of the talc mines and talc grinding mills of IvTorth Carolina Avas made by one of the engineers of the Bureau of Mines in May, 1920. This Avork has been done in connec-tion AA^ith the preparation of a general report on talc mining and milling. FOBESTRY DIVISION The importance to ]^orth Carolina of her forests is strikingly shoAA'n by the fact that the forest industries produce material amount- 16 BIENNIAL REPORT STATE GEOLOGIST. ing in value to at least one hundred million dollars per year and give employment to over fifty thousand men. There are but few States in this country where the importance of the forests is relatively as great as in this State, where one-sixth of the entire wealth-producing capital is invested in forest lands or in industries directly dependent upon the products obtained from the' forests. As a State we recognize that our furniture industry is abso-lutely dependent upon a permanent supply of hardwood; that the tanning industry, if it is to' become a permanent one as it should, is dependent uj)on a constant supply of tanning material, as chestnut wood and hemlock and chestnut oak bark; and that the paper industry, Avhich also should be a permanent one, is dependent upon a constant supply of pulp wood. Demand for Timber The wood-using industries of the State are second in value only to the cotton manufactures, and these factories, which turn out builders' supplies, furniture, vehicles, packing material, and many other things, obtained 96 per cent of their raw material from our own State. They complain, however, that the prices of this raw material are rising, the supply diminishing, and, what is worse still, the quality of the avail-able timber rapidly declining. During the past year 155 of the more important wood-using indus-tries of the State have been visited and, according to statements obtained from the majority of these industries, their greatest need at present and in the future is a supply of suitable timber to be used in their plants. The statement was made at nearly all of the indus-tries visited that the quality of their wood supply was not nearly as good as it was ten years ago, and that they were having to go con-stantly further for what they did obtain. One leading furniture manu-facturer in the center of the State said : ''The quality of grades has been lowered and still continues to be lowered. My production is off 50 per cent because of the scarcity of timber supply and labor." Representatives of at least one-third of these industries made the state-ment that their available supply of timber will be exhausted in ten or fifteen years. With the shortage of timber there is an increase in price. Seven-manufacturers, representing the eastern, central and western parts of JSTorth Carolina, state that the cost of their lumber supply has more than doubled during the past ten years, and that the quality of the supply is not nearly so good as it formerly was. One large furniture manufacturer said : "The supply is getting more scarce and price ia. BIENNIAL REPORT STATE GEOLOGIST. 17 five times what it was five years ago. The quality of lumber which we got five years ago at $30 per thousaud was much better than Avhat we now get at $150 per thousand." Another manufacturer in the western part of the State writes: "Lumber we paid $40 for in May, 1919, we paid $248 for in May, 1920." Nearly all these industries report a shortage of raw material Avith a correspondingly large increase in its cost. Present Condition The forest area of North Carolina covers more than 20,000,000 acres, a very large part of which is steep, rough or poor land unsuit-able for farming purposes. There are also about 2,000,000 acres of waste land in the State which have been lumbered and burned or cleared and found unprofitable to cultivate on account of roughness or erosion, which should be reforested. With this large area of timber land there w^as no thought given in the early history of the State to the question of a diminishing supply of forest products. Tlie people of the State considered they had an inexhaustible supply, and there-fore gave no thought as to how much they wasted in obtaining what they wanted or how much was destroyed by fire. 'No care was taken in lumbering to preserve seed trees and make it possible for the land to reforest itself to the best advantage. In lumbering no plan was considered with the end in view of the forests reproducing them-selves with varieties of trees as valuable as the ones removed or that they w^ould maintain a density so that the soil might produce its full capacity, or of even protecting the timber that still remained. Such methods of lumbering have finally brought us to the place where thiere is more woody material used or cut each year in ISTorth Carolina than the forests are replacing by the formation of new wood. Then, again, each, year the forests become less capable of producing what is required of them. Their area contracts, less valuable trees take the place of the more valuable varieties which are cut, the soil becomes more impoverished and less able to yield large returns, and the demand for woody materials gradually increases with the increase in population. Timber Supply.—There is given below an estimated amount and value of the standing timber and the young forest growth in North Carolina : 18 BIENNIAL REPORT STATE GEOLOGIST. ESTIMATED AMOUNT AND VALUE OF STANDING TIMBER IN NORTH CAROLINA SUITABLE FOR SAW TIMBER, 1920. Area Acres Total areas, acres Area forested HardiDOod forest: Area Total stand, 1,000-ft. Value ___ Softivood forest: Area Total stand, 1,000-ft. Value _. Total stand, 1,000-ft... Total value Mountain Region 4,150,000 3,130,000 2,800,000a 8,500,000 42,000,000 300,0006 600,000 6,000,000 9,100,000 48,000,000 Piedmont Region 12, 7, 4, 2, $ 14, 2, 4, % 20, 7, $ 35, Coastal Plain Region 850,000 200,000 200,000c 9.30,000 650,000 I 400,000d 160,000 000,000 090,000 450,000 ,190,000 ,800,000 ,500,000 ,000,000 000,000 300,000/ 000,000 ,000,000 ,000,000 000,000 Total, State 31,190,000 21,130,000 9,500,000 17,430,000 80,650,000 11,000,000 16,760,000 86,000,000 34,190,000 167,450,000 Note: a. Includes mixed hardwood and softwood forests. 6. Spruce forests only. c. Includes mixed hardwood and pine forests. d. Second growth or old field pine forests. e. Chiefly hardwood swamps. /. Includes both longleaf and shortleaf pine forests. ESTIMATED VALUE OF YOUNG FOREST GROWTH IN NORTH CAROLINA, 1920. Area Acres Total area, acres Forested area Hardwood forest area _ Area not producing Merchantable timber area.. Area young growth Value young growth Softwood forest area.. Area not producing Merchantable timber area.. Area young growth Value young growth Total value young growth- Mountain Region 4,150,000 3,130,000 2,800,000 300,000 1,000,000 2,500,000a 37,500,000 300,000 260,000 40,000 % 37,500,000 Piedrnont Region 12,850,000 7,200,000 4,200,000 200,000 1,000,000 4,000,000a S 60,000,000 2,400,000 160,000 240,000 2,000,000 % 40,000,000 100,000,000 Coastal Plain Region 14,190,000 10,800,000 2,500,000 1,200,000 1,300,000 13,000,000 8,300,000 3,300,000 2,900,000 2,100,000 42,000,000 55,000,000 Total, State 31,190,000 21,130,000 9,500,000 500,000 3,200,000 7,800,000 S 110,500,000 11,000,000 3,720,000 3,180,000 4,100,000 $ 82,000,000 192,500,000 Note: a. Includes some areas on which there is mature timber. As has been sliowii above, the forests represent one of the most valuable of the State's natural resources, but it is not being conserved as it should be nor protected in such a way that this valuable resource will be available to the extent that it should be for future generations. The General Assembly of North Carolina has passed several very satisfactory acts relating to the conservation and perpetuation of our BIENNIAL REPORT STATE GEOLOGIST. 19 forests, such as those relating to (1) a State forest fire protective system; (2) State-owned and operated demonstration forests and ex-perimental stations; but has never made adequate appropriations for carrying out the purposes of these acts. Protection of the forests from fire is a prerequisite for all other measures relating to the conservation and perpetuation of our forests. It is by far the most necessary and important measure for the State to extensively carry out, because the success of all others is dependent upon it. The principal object of such a measure is to prevent fires — not to wait until they are started and then extinguish them. During the past ten years the damage done by forest fires is esti-mated at $10,610,000. The distribution of this damage is shown in the following table : North Carolina Statement of damage by forest fires throughout the State for ten-year period 1910-1919, inclusive, as reported annually by township correspondents: Total forested area of State, acres 20,000,000 Total number of acres of forest land burnt over 3,949,000 Total value timber destroyed $ 2,140,000 Total value young growth destroyed | 3,591,000 Total value forest products destroyed - $ 3,856,000 Total value improvements destroyed $ 1,023,000 Grand total value of all damage reported $10,610,000 The Forestry Division of the Survey is concentrating its work largely in protection of the forests under authority of the x^ct of 1911. Patrolmen and fire wardens have been employed during the danger-ous seasons in the following districts : Mt. Mitchell District (Yancey and Buncombe Counties). Linville District (Watauga, Avery and Caldwell Counties). Tryon District (Polk County). Sandhills District (Moore County). Clay County District. Wilkes County District. Surry County District. Southern McDowell County District. Western Rutherford County District. Southern Columbus County District. Montgomery County District. Southern Sampson County District. In this work the Survey has had the cooperation of the U. S. Forest Service, the Linville Forest Protective Association, the Mt. Mitchell Forest Protective Association, the Camp Manufacturing Com- 20 BIENNIAL REPORT STATE GEOLOGIST. pany, the Sandhills Fire Association, the Trjon Forestry Club, and Miles P. Flack. With, however, the limited appropriation that the State makes for this work, and therefore the limited number of forest fire wardens and patrolmen that can be employed, the work cannot be made as effective as it will be when larger areas can be patrolled and suiBcient funds will be available for utilizing the more extensive methods of protec-tion, such as the construction of fire breaks, lookout towers, telephone lines, trails, etc. Forest Fire Statistics There are collected each year by this Division statistics relating to forest fires, their causes, area burned over, resulting damage, etc. The results of this investigation for the year 1918 and 1919 are given in the following table : 1918 1919 Number of fires .- 1,135 1,359 Area burned over acres, 204,000 253,743 Standing timber destroyed (in M. ft.) 22,000 23,989 Value of young growth destroyed $322,000 |515,204 Total damage reported $858,000 $1,258,076 This loss is a real loss to the State, but could in a large measure have been prevented by expenditure of a sum equal to but a very small per cent of the loss, and the cooperation of our courts, lumber companies, wood-using industries and the people of the State. Protection of Watersheds The reforestation and protection from fire of the many watersheds supplying water to our cities and towns is as yet not fully appreciated by our citizens, and particularly by our city councils. This applies particularly to those cities and towns whose water supply is obtained from streams within a large forested area which comprises the water-shed. Such cities as Asheville are very fortunate to be able to obtain their water supply from a well-forested watershed, and it becomes a most valuable asset to the city. The protection of these watersheds from fire is, however, absolutely necessary in order to conserve the purity and quantity of the water. Many watersheds in the Piedmont area can be very much improved by the reforestation of the areas. The Survey is assisting cities and tovsms in every way possible in planning for the reforestation and protection of their watersheds, but the amount that can be accomplished in this way is limited by the lack of realization of many of the commissioners of our cities and towns as to the need of the protection of their watersheds. BIENNIAL REPORT STATE GEOLOGIST. 21 Any infraction of the regulations for tlie protection of watersheds should be severely punished. Recently several convictions were ob-tained by the City Council of Asheville for depredations on the Ashe-ville watershed. The judges of our State courts should be informed of the seriousness of misdemeanors of this sort. Wood-using' Industries The demand for information regarding the wood-using industries of the State and the supply of timber available for their uses has been steadily increasing of late years. Since the Avar it has been felt that a radical revision of the report on the wood-using industries was necessary. For this purpose an inquiry card was sent out to our list of wood-using industries the latter part of 1919. This inquiry was renewed in the spring and again in the summer of 1920. The Survey then secured the cooperation of the U. S. Forest Service in completing this study, and Mr. H. A. Carroll, of Rural Hall, IST. C, was employed by the Survey during May and June, 1920, to travel over the State and secure what information Avas lacking to complete this study. The results of Mr. Carroll's study, together with the information previously secured, have been turned over to the Forest Service, and they are now compiling the data for a new report, which will shortly be ready for publication by the Survey. An introduction to this report dealing with the forest conditions of the State and the need of greater care in using and managing our timber resources will be added by the Survey. Study of Southern Pines At a meeting of the ^N'ational Research Council held in Washington, T>. C, October 4-5, the Survey was represented by the Forester. At this meeting it was determined to make a study of the growth and yield of the five important Southern pines throughout their range. The State Survey was asked, and has consented, to assist by securing information relating to longleaf pine in Eastern North Carolina, the Council agreeing to contribute $300 towards the cost of this study. This will be done by the Forester early next spring. The results may be published by the Survey, provided the Research Council is supplied with all information obtained. The need for fuller information upon this subject has been felt by the Survey for a long time, and this opportunity of helping to secure it is gladly welcomed. The results of the whole study will be of enormous benefit to foresters and land-owners throughout all the Southern States. 22 BIENNIAL EEPORT STATE GEOLOGIST. Chestnut Bark Disease At the request of the Survey, the Division of Forest Pathology of the U. S. Department of Agriculture has made two field studies in the northeastern counties of the State to determine whether the chestnut bark disease had invaded oSTorth Carolina. Unfortunately, the disease was found scattered through three counties last spring, and a second and more extended scouting trip located infections in the following seven counties : Surry, Yadkin, Wilkes, Ashe, Watauga, Avery and Stokes. It is undoubtedly present also in Alleghany, and possibly in several other adjoining counties. This is the disease which has de-stroyed practically the entire stand of chestnut throughout the north-eastern States, and which in an effort to eradicate it Pennsylvania spent $275,000 without any success. The Federal expert says that it will probably be ten years before any very large proportion of our timber is killed, but he is of the opinion that within twenty years most of our chestnut will have been infected. There seems no remedy, but the duty of the Survey will be to urge as rapid and complete use of the dying and dead timber as possible. North Carolina Forestry Association The State Survey has cooperated as in previous years with the North Carolina Forestry Association, and has practically had charge of arranging for the meetings of this Association. The Ninth Annual Convention was held in Raleigh on February 6, 1919 ; and the Tenth Annual Convention in Asheville, June 9th and 10th, 1920. The Forester of the Survey is secretary of the association. It is believed that the Forestry Association is one of the best mediums through which the people of the State can be informed in regard to forestry conditions and the need of protection and conservation of the forests. In connection with the meeting of the Forestry Association 'held at Asheville, Mr. Henry Jewett G-reen, of Worcester, Mass., Vice President of the Appalachian Mountain Club, made a very forceful and enthusiastic talk on the work of this club, and what a chapter of the club could do for the Southern Appalachian region. This address was delivered at a banquet held at the Battery Park Hotel on June 10th. On June 11th a meeting was held in the Board of Trade rooms, at which Mr Green was present, to take up the question of the organization of a Southern Chapter of the Appalachian Mountain Club. Sufficient ap-plications were in to insure the required number of members, and the Chapter was officially organized and so declared by Mr. Green. Dr. Gaillard S. Tennant was elected secretary, and all previous corre- BIENNIAL REPORT STATE GEOLOGIST. 23 spondence, applications for membership, etc., were turned over to him by the Forester, Avho had been working for the organization of the Chapter. The Survey believes that through this club it will be able to adver-tise as never before the Southern Appalachian Mountains as a resort and will create through the club members and their friends a strong sentiment to protect the forests on these mountains. For this reason the Survey has taken a very live interest in the organization of this Chapter. The Director of the Survey was president from 1916 through 1919 of the Southern Forestry Congress, which held its second convention in New Orleans, January 28-30, 1920. The Director was unable to attend this Congress, but the Survey was represented by the Forester, who was also secretary of the Congress, and was re-elected to that position. The Director Avas appointed chairman of the executive committee. The Survey has also cooperated with the Society of American For-esters, the Appalachian Logging Congress, the ISTorth Carolina Pine Association, and the ISTorth Carolina Pine Box and Shook Manufac-turers Association at their annual meetings by having a representative of the Survey present. The Director is a member of a committee of the Society of American Foresters which was appointed to consider na-tional forestry legislation and to draft a bill covering such legislation. This bill as drafted has been approved by the society. It is believed that such cooperative Avork of the Survey with these forestry associations is of inestimable value to the general forestry work in the State, and it enables the Survey to keep in direct touch with forestry problems that are coming up in other States and in the nation, the solving of which giA^es information that is beneficial in Avorking out similar problems in this State. Work of the U. S. Forest Service in North Carolina During 1919-1920 The State SurA^ey has always had the most cordial cooperation from the Forest Service of the TJ. S. Department of Agriculture, and in addition to the cooperative work that they have taken up with the State SurA'ey, the folloAving statement from the Forester gives an idea of what has been done by the Forest Service relative to investigative and acquisition work in ISTorth Carolina : Forest Investigations.-—The forest investigations conducted by the Forest Service in North Carolina during the years 1919 and 1920 were in large part a continuation of earlier work and embraced three principal studies: 1. To determine the effect of past lumbering on the success or failure 24 BIENNIAL REPORT STATE GEOLOGIST. of reproduction as a guide to future practice. This study is of fundamental importance since both tlie quality of the second growth and the financial returns secured depend upon employing the best method of cutting. The results already secured provide a tentative basis for the cutting of the present stands so as to secure the most profitable second growth. Much further work is, however, needed to secure conclusive results under the wide variety of conditions found in the State, and this will, therefore, probably continue to be one of the more important lines of investigation for years to come. 2. To determine the results of thinnings in forest plantations, permanent sample plots have been established on the Biltmore Estate, thinned, and left for subsequent thinnings and measurements at 5-year intervals. Valu-able information as to the increase in rate of growth and the correspond-ingly increased financial returns resulting from different degrees of thin-ning will be secured from the first remeasurement of the plots due this coming summer, and increasingly valuable results will be secured with each subsequent remeasurement. The work is of great importance and should be extended experimentally on sample areas throughout the State and Southern Appalachian region. 3. To classify the various qualities of forest soil for the purpose of esti-mating the future growth and yield of stands on them, a simple plan for classification on the basis of height growth has been devised and will be tried out experimentally. The work is of direct practical value since the proper classification of forest lands is essential for successful forest man-agement. The investigative work already done is only a small part of what must be done to secure efficient, intelligent management of the forests, leading to their increased productivity. The additional work necessary can be accomplished most effectively by means of an adequately manned and sup-ported forest experiment station. Senator Overman and Representative Weaver have introduced bills (S. 3558 and H. R. 11336) in Congress ap-propriating $45,000 for the establishment of such a station in North Caro-lina in cooperation with the State and other agencies which may be inter-ested. The passage of these bills would provide effectively for the addi-tional studies which are urgently needed, and which, among other things, might include: Reforestation of denuded spruce lands. Reproduction of forest trees, involving studies of factors which determine the success of one or another species, such as their seed-bearing habits, seed germination, manner and vigor of sprouting, etc. Early growth and competition of forest trees and forest weeds, involving the rate of growth, tolerance of shade, distribution, and seeding habits of many of the herbs, shrubs, and small weed trees as well as of the repro-duction of desirable timber species. Replacement with other species of chestnut, killed by the chestnut blight. Methods of brush disposal, to determine the duration of serious fire hazard from pine or hardwood brush, variously disposed; whether and under what conditions burning is necessary; to what extent decay of brush will improve soil conditions; rate of decay, etc. BIENNIAL REPORT STATE GEOLOGIST, 25 Rate of volume growth for different species and on different classes of land, to determine what species should be grown and what yields may be expected from them. Effect of grazing by different kinds of stock and -with different degrees of intensity on forest reproduction and on erosion. Methods and effects of forest fire protection, to determine the best meth-ods of fire protection and the probable increase in production as a result of such protection on the many areas of forest land which owe their present poor quality to repeated fires. The entire problem of the best methods of handling forest and forest lands from planting the seed to cutting the mature timber is a vital one to North Carolina and the Southern Appalachian region. A forest experiment station is urgently needed to determine what those methods are. Economic and Industrial Investigations.—During the spring of 1920 a rather hasty survey of the timber resources of the State was mide by the Forest Service in connection with the collection of data on timber deple-tion throughout the country called for by Senate ResolutiLU 311. This survey determined both for the yellow pine of the Coastal Plain and Pied-mont regions and the hardwoods of the Appalachians the approximate area and amount of the present stand of timber, its rate of growth, and the probable future of the lumber industry in the different regions. It developed the fact that North Carolina, once famous as the "Longleaf Pine State," can now boast of scarcely 50,000 acres of second-growth longleaf pine, widely scattered in small areas, and that the old-growth hardwood timber will last hardly twenty years and will come from increasingly small opera-tions. The seriousness of this situation is emphasized by the fact that, with the clearing for agricultural purposes of the rich bottomlands in the Lower Mississippi Valley, the country as a whole must look largely to the Southern Appalachians for its supply of large-sized, high-grade hardwood saw timber. Later in the year a further consideration of the pulpwood situation in North Carolina and elsewhere developed the fact that other regions are now looking more and more toward the Appalachian region for hardwoods for the manufacture of book paper, and that even in this region the industry is having to go farther and farther back into localities hither-to regarded as inaccessible for the raw material. In the spring of 1920 the North Carolina Geological and Economic Survey entered into a cooperative agreement with the Forest Service with a view to collecting statistical information for use in the preparation of a revision of Economic Paper No. 20, entitled "Wood-Using Industries of North Caro-lina," which was published by the Survey In 1909. The work of collecting and tabulating the data has been completed and the report is now being written. It is expected that it will be ready for distribution in the late spring of 1921. This report will show the extent to which lumber is further manufac-tured in the State. It will also indicate what industries of this kind exist, the kinds and quantities of woods used, the prices paid for them, and the classes of finished commodities into which they are converted. It will prove helpful in enabling both the Forest Service and the North Carolina Geological and Economic Survey to answer numerous requests for informa-tion from points in North Carolina and adjoining States concerning mar- 26 BIENNIAL REPORT STATE GEOLOGIST. kets for various kinds of lumber and timber, wood uses, manufacturing processes followed in various wood-using industries, and wood waste utiliza-tion. In addition, it will aid the farmer, timberland owner, and sawmill operator in disposing of timber for which they desire to find a market through the presentation of information as to the kinds of wood used by different classes of manufacturers and the forms and prices applicable to such raw material. Wood-using factories will in turn be benefited by having these additional sources of supply for raw material brought to their attention. The report will also contain information helpful to manufac-turers relating to various matters pertinent to their respective industries, such as the substitution of cheaper woods for the more costly ones now being used, regional sources of supply for raw material, etc. One of the most striking facts brought out by these studies is the deple-tion of the raw material on which the wood-using industries are dependent for their continued existence. Thus practically all of the vehicle, furni-ture and chair manufactvirers, referring to local supplies at present as com-pared with conditions existing during the past ten or twenty years, re-ported that these supplies have been greatly reduced. Looking forward to the next ten years, 22 per cent of the vehicle, 12 per cent of the furniture, and 43 per cent of the chair factories reported that supplies would be exhausted, and nearly all of the rest reported that they would be greatly reduced. Nothing could more clearly indicate the need for the perpetua-tion of the timber supplies of the State through the practice of forestry in order to insure the permanence of the wood-using industries and of the communities dependent on them. Acquisition to National Forests.—In the fiscal year 1919, 3,016 acres were approved for purchase in North Carolina. During the fiscal year 1920, 4,701 acres were approved. The total area of all land acquired and being acquired in the State is 326,786 acres at an average value of $6.24, repre-senting a total purchase price of $2,039,352.40. Suggested Foresti-y Legislation The following forestry legislation which is considered necessary to carry out more effectively the forestry work of the Survey is submitted : TJie General Assembly of North Carolina do enact: Section 1. That the Board of County Commissioners of any county are hereby authorized and empowered, in their discretion, to cooperate with the North Carolina Geological and Economic Survey in the protection from fire of the forests within their respective counties, and to appropriate and pay out of the funds under their control for such protection an amount not to exceed one-half of the total expended by said Survey in such county during any one year for such protection; Provided, that said Hoard of County Commissioners may, in addition, agree with the Geological and Economic Survey to pay any part of or all the expenses incurred in extinguishing forest fires within said county after satisfying themselves that such expenses were legitimate and proper. Section 2. All laws and clauses of laws in conflict with this act are hereby repealed. Section 3. This act shall be in force on and after its ratification. BIENNIAL KEPOKT STATE GEOLOGIST. 27 An act should also be passed relating to the elimination of special fire hazards and should empower the Geological Board to declare cer-tain things, such as uncleaned railroad rights-of-way, and large ac-cumulations of brush and slash adjoining municipal or other public lands to be special fire hazards ; and those responsible for their con-dition should be required to clean them up so that they would not be a menance to the safety of neighboring property. It is applying similar regulations to forest lands as is applied by the Insurance De-partment to special fire hazards in connection A^dth buildings. STATE FORESTS AND PARKS DIVISION Mount Mitchell State Park When the Mount Mitchell Park Commission was created by the General Assembly of 1919 and given charge of the Mount Mitchell State Park no appropriation was made for carrying on the work of protecting the forests on the park nor for its administration. At the request of the Governor and the Commission the State Survey has taken over the administration and protection of the park. Funds for carrying on this work have been obtained partly from the sale of dead timber on the park, by appropriation from the State Survey fund, and a loan from General Julian S. Carr, Chairman of the Mount Mitchell Park Commission. At a joint meeting of the Mount Mitchell Park Commission and the Geological Board, held in Asheville on June 9th, 1920, it was decided that the best administration of the park would be secured by transferring it to the State Geological Board. The park has been carefully patrolled and forest fires have been pretty well eliminated from this area. x\s a protective measure the Survey is constructing as rapidly as possible a fire line or lane between the logging operations and the live timber on the park lands. As a result of the protective measures that have been in force since the park was created, it is estimated that the park has practically doubled in value since its purchase by the State. Hundreds of people from all over the South have visited the park on foot during the past year, and more will be attracted each year; and it is believed that the State should make some provision for their comfort and convenience. A road that can be used by automobiles should be constructed by the State in cooperation with the U. S. Bureau of Public Roads and the U. S. Forest Service. The Chief Warden of the park has kept, as far as possible, a record of the visitors to the 28 BIENNIAL KEPORT STATE GEOLOGIST. park during the past year, and this record shows that the Park Avas visited by 742 people during the season of 1920 from the following States : North Carolina — Michigan 4 Middle 91 New Jersey 4 Western 134 District of Columbia 3 Eastern 31 Missouri 3 South Carolina 141 Ohio 3 Mississippi 56 Washington 2 Tennessee 50 West Virginia 2 Georgia 47 Maryland 2 Florida 40 Illinois 2 Virginia 29 Arkansas 1 Alabama 14 Connecticut 1 Kentucky 14 Indiana 1 Louisiana 12 Iowa 1 No address 11 Maine 1 Pennsylvania 9 Massachusetts 1 New York 9 Oregon 1 Texas 8 Wisconsin 1 FOREIGN COUNTRIES Japan 5 Asia 1 Brazil 3 France 1 China 2 Switzerland 1 Camping Sites Along State Highways "With the increased construction of good roads throughout E"orth Carolina and the whole Southern Appalachian region, Western JSTorth Carolina and the Piedmont section is becoming more and more avail-able to tourists who are traveling by automobile. The time will come, and it may be very near, when it will be necessary for IsTorth Carolina to consider the question of providing public camping sites for such tourists. Several States have already taken up this question and are considering legislation authorizing the State to secure land at certain favorable locations along the highways which shall be public camping sites for tourists where they can camp for the night. This is going to become, it is believed, quite necessary in the mountain region. With a road constructed to Mount Mitchell Park, it becomes very necessary for the State to provide places along the road where the people can camp. It is believed that the General Assembly of 1921 should pass an act relative to this question, and the following legislation is suggested : That the State Highway Commission, the ITorth Carolina Geologi-cal Survey and Boards of County Commissioners should be empowered BIENNIAL REPORT STATE GEOLOGIST. 29 to acquire by purchase or gift parcels of land to be used as free public cami)ing grounds ; That the location of these sites before purchase or acceptance by gift should be approved by the State Highway Commission, and that they should be along and contiguous to a State highway; That in the selection of camping sites the topography of the land must be convenient for parking automobiles and other vehicles, with convenient water supply; That rules and regulations governing the use by the public of such camping sites should be agreed upon by the State Highway Commis-sion and the North Carolina Geological and Economic Survey; That such camping sites purchased or accepted by gift on behalf of the State by the State Highway Commission and the IvTorth Carolina Geological and Economic Survey shall be administered by the IsTorth Carolina Geological and Economic Survey; those purchased or ac-cepted by gifts by the Boards of County Commissioners shall be adminis-tered by said boards, but under such rules and regulations as may be determined by the State Highway Commission and the North Carolina Geological and Economic Survey; That in selecting camping sites, in the mountain region particularly, larger areas than what would be necessary simply for parking auto-mobiles may be secured, when by securing such additional land which is not suitable for parking automobiles, a scenic spot could be included or an advantage point for some particular view; That a reasonable amount may be expended by the Boards of County Commissioners, the State Highway Commission and the jSTorth Caro-lina Geological and Economic Survey in fencing, when necessary, and otherwise improving such camping sites; That it shall be a misdemeanor for any person to destroy any iree^ deface any natural object, befoul any source of water supply located on or in any public camping site, or in any Avay to commit a nuisance on the camping site. WATER RESOURCES DITISIOIV The water resources of Xorth Carolina are one of the most valuable of its natural resources, and include water poAvers and water supplied for cities and towns. These resources are being investigated under the following heads : 1. Water Supply for Cities and ToAvns. 2. Water Powers. ^ 3. Protection of Watersheds. 30 BIENNIAL REPORT STATE GEOLOGIST. During tiie year 1919 and the first six montlis of 1920 the principal work done in connection with the water resources of the State was the maintenance of gaging stations; but at its semi-annual meeting held in March, 1920, the Board decided to concentrate work on water resources. The following press notice, which was sent out soon after, gives a good idea of the character of the work that was taken up : A Water Kesource Surrey of the State xit a recent meeting of the Geological Board it was decided that the North Carolina Geological and Economic Survey should begin at once a water resource survey of the State looking toward the develop-ment and utilization of our unused water powers and assisting munici-palities or thickly settled rural communities in the acquirement of adequate water supplies and watersheds. The utilization of all avail-able water power is especially desirable at the present time because of our rapidly growing manufacturing industries and industrial de-velopment, instances having arisen recently in this State of the aban-donment of industries in certain communities because of their inability to secure power. Also the fuel situation is growing more and more acute, North Carolina having practically no coal supply and a rapidly diminishing supply of wood. The utilization of these water powers will do much toward conserving our fuel supplies and diminishing our coal bills. Because of the rapid growth and expansion of many of the towns and cities of North Carolina, the local water supplies are proving inadequate, and resort must be had to acquiring or extending water-sheds; or to obtaining new sources of supply. To carry out this survey effectively will require the assembling of much data through the scientific study of the areas by competent en-gineers. Because of the small amount of funds at the disposal of the Survey for this work, the amount which can be undertaken during one field season is limited, and some financial cooperation will be ex-pected from municijpalities or individuals desiring such a survey in their vicinities. Requests for assistance or surveys should be sent to the Director, North Carolina Geological and Economic Survey, Chapel Hill, N. C, and they will be considered in the order and importance of the appli-cation. Blanks were prepared and sent to individuals, corporations and municipalities desiring assistance in regard to water power or water supply. The following is a copy of this contract blank: biennial report state geologist. 31 Application for Investigation Applications for municipalities, manufacturers, or individuals desiring investigations or reports upon water powers, water supply, drainage, flood protection or irrigation should be accompanied by this form, properly filled out: GENERAL 1. Name of municipality, organization, or individual making application: 2. Location of principal office of applicant: 3. Location of district where investigation is desired: 4. Character of desired investigation (water power, water supply, etc.): 5. Describe in detail reasons for desired investigation: 6. Is applicant prepared to pay, if necessary, 50% of the cost of the inves-tigation? If investigation is for Water Power, answer following questions: 7. Name of stream to be investigated: 8. Are any estimates of amount of stream flow or available fall known? 9. How much power is it desired to develop^? 10. For what use is power desired? 11. What is average distance from proposed development to where power will be used ? 12. Are there any existing power development in vicinity of proposed de-velopment? 13. If electric power is now available in district, from whom is it purchased, or what is its source ? If investigation is for Mtmicipal Water Supply, answer following ques-tions: 14. What is population of municipality? 15. What is present source of water supply? 16. What is character of local industries using large quantities of water? Name of applicant : Address : Signature of responsible organization or municipal official: Title: Date : 32 biennial report state geologist. Water Supply for Cities and Towns The recent rapid growth of many N'ortli Carolina cities and towns has brought many of them upon the verge of a water shortage and several have appealed to the Geological Survey for aid in seeking and developing additional supplies. This need for information relating to the water supply is increasingly acute and the Survey is trying to prepare itself to meet it. A special investigation has been made of the water supply for Carthage, Moore County, and a report with maps and profiles upon extension of their present water supply system has been prepared for the town. A special report was made for High Point upon the suf-ficiency of flow of the north branch of Deep River with reference to its possible use as a source of water supply for the city. A report has been prepared and submitted to the mayor of High Point, which also included suggestions for increasing the efficiency of the present plant. A complete water resources survey has been made of Wilkes and Surry Counties, which is described in more detail under Water Powers. The Commissioners of Buncombe County and the Board of Trade of Asheville have requested a water resources survey of Bun-combe County. The amount of work that the Survey can do along this line for the cities and towns of the State is entirely limited by the appropriation allotted for this purpose. There is an increasing demand for this work, and it is a phase of the operations of the Survey that is of great value to the cities and towns of ISTorth Carolina; and it is believed that the State should make this service available to all its cities and Water Powers Under Water Powers the work has consisted of special examinations of certain streams as to available water power; county surveys for water powers and water supplies ; conferences regarding the utiliza-tion of water power; installation of gaging stations; and measure-ment of flow of streams. Part of the stream measurement and in-stallation of gaging stations has been in cooperation with the Water Eesource Division of the U. S. Geological Survey through the Ashe-ville office. The Federal Survey has loaned to the State Survey a com-plete outfit for measuring the flow of streams; and has also furnished several gages. A water power investigation of Surry County was begun in July, 1920. One field party worked in this county until the latter part of BIENNIAL KEPORT STATE GEOLOGIST. 33 August, making river profiles and cross-sections of dam sites on tlie following streams : Yadkin River, *t Ararat River,*t Fisher River,*t Mitchell River, Elkin River. A water power investigation of Wilkes County was begun the latter part of iVugust and continued, with some interruption, until ^KTovember 17. River profiles and cross sections of dam sites were made on the following streams, nomenclature being the same as in the preceding paragraph : Elkin River, Roaring River, Recldies River, Lewis' Fork, Yadkin River. *t The survey did not include any streams or sites which could not be developed for at least 500 horsepower. Many of these streams have considerable fall in the upper reaches, but are of such low volume, especially in the summer months, that no considerable power could be depended upon, and no storage is available. It is expected that these surveys will constitute a unit in the plan of a general State wide survey of the water powers. They were under-taken advisedly in sections which are relatively undevelopd, but which by the apjplication of the existing water powers to generation of hydro-electric energy can be stimulated to great prosperity. It Avill be found that many of the powers are located within convenient distance of railway transportation, and the data provided in these reports should aid the exploitation of the region. Already, even before the publication of the reports, a number of requests have been made to the Survey for the data collected. This is notably the case with the Bean Shoals project, upon which the Ambursen Construction Company is now mak-ing an estimate for Winston-Salem interests. Requests have also been made for the data on the Ararat by Mount Airy and Pilot Mountain interests and on Fishers River by the owners of a site near Dobson. Similar requests have already been made for the results of the work in Wilkes County. Altogether, it is quite evident that there is much demand for this information. The Chamber of Commerce of Fayetteville requested the Survey to make a report upon the best location for hydro-electric development to supply electricity to Fayetteville. This was rendered necessary by the great dearth of power in that city and the inability of existing power companies to remedy it. The Chamber of Commerce agreed to * Gaging stations were established on these streams. t Storage studies of one or more selected sites were made on these streams. 3 34 BIENNIAL REPORT STATE GEOLOGIST. pay one-half the expenses of the survey and report. After a prelimi-nary reconnaissance by the Hydraulic Engineer, Smiley's Falls on the Cape Fear River near Lillington was selected as the most promising site. A field party conducted a detailed survey here for about two weeks, and a complete report has been .rendered the Chamber of Com-merce of Fayetteville. This power is one of the best not yet developed in this section of the State, and it is greatly to be hoped that it may be utilized before long. It is estimated that there is available a con-tinuous 24-hour power of 10,000 horsepower, and a 10-hour power, with the pondage, of 24,000 horsepower. With the large markets of Fayette-ville and Raleigh relatively near there seems every incentive present for development. An investigation has also been made of the power at Glenn's Mills, on the Deep River, near Glendon. It seems probable that this may be developed before long. There are several good power sites on this river, and a gaging station has been established at Glendon. This w^ork has led to a request for a proposition from the Survey for a water power survey of Moore County. Gaging Stations:—The State Survey is cooperating with the Federal Survey in operating gaging stations and in making discharge measure-ments on several streams and rivers in Western and Piedmont l^J^orth Carolina. This work is now done from the joint office of the Federal Survey and the State Survey which was located in Asheville, ]^. C, in September, 1920. Mr. Warren E. Hall, District Engineer for the Federal Survey, is in charge of the Asheville office, and this work of measuring streams is under his direction. The following gaging sta-tions have been in operation during the past two years, in addition to those already mentioned : Hiwassee River, Murphy, N. C, Cherokee County; Nottely River, Ranger, N. C, Cheroliee County; French Broad River, Asheville, N. C, Huncombe County; Yadkin River, Donnaho, N. C, Forsyth County; Yadkin River, Salis-bury, N. C, Rowan County; Catawba River, Rhodhiss, N. C, Caldwell County. The Survey has recently, in cooperation with the U. S. Geological Survey, established a model stream gaging station on Morgan's Creek near Chapel Hill, Orange County. In connection with this station a survey is being made with some exactitude of the area of the water-shed. The purpose of this station is threefold: (a) to furnish oppor-tunity for experiments in stream gaging methods and for the improve-ment of present apparatus; (b) to obtain discharge measurements from a small Piedmont stream ; in order to have data relating to such streams which is now lacking and for which a demand exists in this and adjoin- BIENNIAL REPORT STATE GEOLOGIST. 35 ing States; (c) to funiish opportunity for experimental work and instruction in hydraulic measurements by engineering students at the University, from whom the State and U. S. Surveys recruit their forces, and who often become connected with the hydro-electric companies of the State. There are many problems affecting the measurement, storage and use of water in this State, concerning which it is hoped to prosecute investigations at this station. Among these are the subjects of rate of silting of resei'voirs ; the relation of intensity of rainfall to runoff and influence of the forest cover ; the testing of hydraulic apparatus ; methods of channel control and regulation, etc. Morgan's Creek is particularly well adapted for such experiments as its characteristics similate closely those of rivers of the Piedmont and Coastal Plain. It is, however, small enough to handle in an ex-perimental way, and large enough to make the results of such experi-ments applicable to larger streams. The experimental use of this stream could be greatly enhanced if a hydraulic laboratory were located upon it in conjunction with the model gaging station. It Avould then be possible not only to carry on experi-mental work with a far higher degree of precision, but to test water wheels, to perform experiments on the flow of water over dams, to study the best methods of filtration and purification of southern waters, and to train men intensively for service with the hydro-electric com-panies and municipalities of the State. Such a laboratory is not only of great value to the work and investi-gations of the State and Federal Surveys but is really a necessary adjunct to the teaching of hydraulics and water power engineering in the University. Cooperation with War Department:—Congress has made an appro-priation for a survey of the v,^ater powers and others resources of the Tennessee River and its tributaries. Through Major Harold C. Fiske, District Engineer for the War Department, to whom this work has been assigned, a method of cooperation has been arranged with the Water Resources Division of the U. S. Geological Survey and the JSTorth Carolina Geological and Economic Survey, and Mr. Warren E. Hall, Hydraulic Engineer, who is in charge of the Asheville office, will have general charge of the water resources work in Western jSTorth Carolina. The primary object of this War Department survey in regard to the water resources is to obtain stream flow data that will be useful in making studies relating to water powers, storage, and floods. The data and information as collected will be forwarded to the War Depart- 36 BIENNIAL REPORT STATE GEOLOGIST. ment District Engineers' office at Chattanooga, but arrangements are being made so that this information will be available for the State Survey as it is desired. It is possible that all this information for "Western JSTorth Carolina will go through the Asheville office and be copied there before sending the cards and slips to the Chattanooga office. "Water Power Statistics The Survey is trying to keep in touch with the development of water powers throughout the State, the utilization of this water power, the percentage of power used in the State that is derived from water powers, etc. Through the medium of State papers, the Manufacturers' Eecord, engineering journals, and letters from correspondents the Survey is able to obtain the names of individuals and corporations who are undertaking the development and utilization of water powers. In order to obtain the information that the State should have regarding the power development in the State a power census is being undertaken by the Survey in cooperation with the U. S. Geological Survey, beginning in January, 1921. The following power census blank will be sent out to all developers of power in the State. The information obtained will be utilized not only by the two Surveys, but by the State Depart-ment of Labor and Printing. PowEK Census The power situation in North Carolina has become so serious, the dearth of power to meet our growing industrial exijansion is so great, and accurate data as to exact power is so meagre, that the State Geological and Economic Survey is conducting a power census of the State. Tliis census is preliminary to a detailed investigation and report upon the undeveloped water powers of the State, field work in which is already under way. The success of this attempt to outline the power needs of the State and to present figures and necessary informa-tion as to undeveloped sites, is dependent upon a 100 per cent response to this questionnaire upon the part of all municipalities, manufacturers, or individuals to whom it is sent. Your cooperation is earnestly requested in a matter which is of vital concern to the growth of the State at this time. If requested, the data given below will be held in absolute confidence, and used only by the Survey in investigating the general power situation and determining localities in which to concentrate its activities to obtain more power. Kindly answer as many as possible of the questions below and return form in the stamped addressed envelope that is enclosed. Name of municipality, concern or individual Location: County Town (City) of Class of goods manufactured (such as cotton, general power, flour, etc.) Power: Steam: Water Electri ' Gasoline: Crude Oil (Diesel Type) : H. P. Coal H. P. Oil H. P. H. P. 3ity: H. P. e: H. P. BIENNIAL REPORT STATE GEOLOGIST. 37 // steam power is used, ansioer following questions: Railroad serving plant: Distance from railroad to plant : Does coal or oil have to be hauled from railroad to plant? If so, are auto trucks used? Number tons coal used per year : tons Number gallons oil used per year: gallons // water-poioer is used, answer folloiving questions: Name of stream developed: River; (near) (at) N. C. Type of development: Overshot or undershot wheel: Make ; No Diameter. . ; Setting ; Power H.F. Turbines : Make ; No ; Diameter ; Setting (vertical or horizontal) ; Power H. P. Impulse wheel : Make ; No ; Diameter ; Setting ; Power H. P. Head: No. of feet head under operating conditions varies from feet to feet Discharge of wheels: Under operating conditions varies from sec. -ft. to sec.-ft. Dam : Height above stream bed feet Top width feet Concrete-gravity (Answer yes or no ) Concrete-arch (Answer yes or no) Concrete-reinforced (hollow) . (Answer yes or no) Masonry-rubble (Answer yes or no) Masonry-ashlar (Answer yes or no) Earth (Answer yes or no ) Wood-log and rock (Answer yes or no) Wood-timber crib (Answer yes or no Water carriage, if any: Flume, length ft.; slopes ft. per 100; area sq. ft. Pipe, wood stave: length ft.; diameter ft. Pipe, steel: length ft.; diameter ft. Other conveyance : Spillway : Character and location Discharge provided for sec.-ft. Drive: Are water wheels connected through gears direct to machinery?. . Are water wheels direct connected to electric generators? If so, answer following questions: Make of generator : Size : K. V. A Voltage generated volts Voltage transmitted .volts Voltage used volts If electric poioer is used, ansicer the following questions: Is machinery driven in whole or in part Dy individual electric motors?. .. . Is power generated by you ? If not, from what company is power purchased?. Do you need more power? 38 BIENNIAL REPORT STATE GEOLOGIST. How much? H. P. Are you able to purchase it from the company now supplying you? Additional Power: Are you increasing your power plant at present? If so, how much H. P., and by what means (steam, water, hydro-electric, etc.) Do you desire to develop more hydro-electric power? How much? . H. P. Can you enlarge your present hydro-electric or water-power plant for this purpose ? If not, is there an undeveloped site near you? Do you desire information from the North Carolina Geological and Eco-nomic Survey as to possible hydro-electric sites near your present establishment? Are you interested in obtaining information as to undeveloped sites in other districts? If so, are you interested in any particular locality? Administration of Water Powers Tlie creation of the Federal Power Commission has brought to a focus many matters relative to water powei' control and administration. This Commission is authorized to issue permits for all water power developments upon navigable streams or the headwaters thereof. The general consensus of opinion seems to be that the Federal Power Com-mission has the authority to absolutely regulate and control every develojDment of any character on any stream in the United States which is itself navigable or is tributary to a navigable stream. This power is tremendously sweeping, and might work grave injustice to the State were their rights not safeguarded by the provision that nothing within the act, nor any decision of the Commission shall be construed as affecting the laws of the respective States relating to the use and control of water, and that all decisions of the Commission are made subject to the prior rules and regulations of the State bodies charged with the administration of the State power resources, provided that where the State has no such body, or any such laws, that the Federal Power Commission will then in effect administer the surface water resources of the State. Under the provisions of this act if the State Geological Sur\^ey has the power to control either the construction of dams or the regulation of streams within the domain of the State, then the Federal Power Commission do'es not control; but, lacking State legislation relating to the control and administration of the water resources of the State, the Federal Power Commission is empowered to administer these State resources. BIENNIAL KEPORT STATE GEOLOGIST. 39 As is seen from the above, if tlie State does not pass tlie necessary legislation to' control and conserve its water powers, then the Federal Government will. The Federal Power Commission is also charged with the rate regula-tion of hydro-electric companies where the State has no rate-making body. In K'orth Carolina the State Corporation Commission is charged with this duty, but it has no means of obtaining information upon which to base its rates. A power company presents ai'giiments for an increase in rates, and the Corporation Commission has no informa-tion of its own as to what the actual valuation of the applicant com-pany is, what its income is, what its normal capacity is, or whether it can produce more power if needed. Some State body is thus essential to function as an agent to collect statistics as to water power develop-ment and installation for the benefit of the Corporation Commission. The Federal Power Commission is directed to give preference to municipalities in issuing permits for water power develoi^ment. It is expected that all applications for water power permits will first go to a State Commission—which will notify any municipalities in case developments are planned in their vicinity, so that they may have the first opportunity to obtain a permit. It is the duty of such a State body to canvass the situation in the State and keep infonned of the power needs of the various municipalities. Xortli Carolina has no such body authorized to do this; but with authority and funds the State Survey is in a position to take charge of this work. Similarly the Power Commission must give preference in the issuing of permits to States which themselves couteni]ilate water power de-velopments. Several States—notably California and South Dakota — have undertaken to constnict hydro-electric developments. The New York Conservation Commission has urged very strongly the construction b}' the State of large developments, and the subsequent leasing to private corporations for operation. The province of Ontario has empowered a Commission to construct and operate all the hydro-electric develop-ments in the Province, Avith the result that every little rural hamlet gets electric power from one of the many radiating lines at from 2c. to 5c. per kilowatt hour—about half that charged just across the border in Xew York State. DRAINAGE A>D RE(LA3IATI0> DIVISION The drainage work in North Carolina readily divides itself into four heads: (1) Drainage of the swamp lands in the Coastal Plain region; (2) Eeclamation of overfloAved lands in the Piedmont region; 40 BIENNIAL REPORT STATE GEOLOGIST. (3) Tile drainage of the reclaimed lands; and (4) Bringing settlers to take up these reclaimed lands in the Coastal Plain region. The work under 1 and 2 readily belongs to that of the Geological and Economic Survey. The work under 3 is that of the Agricultural Department, and that under 4 of both the Survey and the Agricultural Department. 1. Drainage of Swamp Lands in the Coastal Plain Region.—There are now approximately 600,000 acres of land that formerly was swamp areas valued at from 25c. to $2 as a maximum per acre, and was not listed at more than an average of 50c. per acre. These lands are now worth from $50 to $100 or more per acre. As stated by Congressman John H. Small in an address befoxe the North Carolina Drainage Association at Washington, ]^. C. : "I presume it is a fair statement to make that the market value, upon an average, of these lands today is $50 an acre, and $50 times 600,000 acres is $30,000,000; so that there has been added to the assets of the State lands which heretofore were not worth more than $600,000 or certainly $1,200,000, which are now woTth at least $30,000,000. Any public movement which can set forth to the people of the State an increment to the economic wealth of our people to that extent is entitled to the favorable con-sideration of the people of North Carolina." This reclamatio'n of the swamp lands is one of the most successful accomplishments of the Survey, and it can be justly proud of adding this large asset to the State. The Drainage Law, which has made this work possible, has been the model for drainage legislation in Virginia, South Carolina, Georgia and Florida. 2. Recla,mation of Ouerfloiued Lands in the Piedmont Section.—The same law governing the drainage of the swamp lands of Eastern ISTorth Carolina is applicable to the reclamation of the overflowed lands of the Piedmont section. Here again, the Survey has been very successful in assisting in the organization and carrying through of drainage districts. Many acres in these Piedmont counties have been reclaimed and brought into cultivation, and these lands have become a valuable asset to the State, where formerly they were practically non-produc-tive. 4. Bringing Settlers to take iip these Reclaimed Lands in the Coastal Plain Region.—^One of the large problems that now confronts the State in connection with the reclamation of the swamp lands is bring-ing them under cultivation. It is believed that the Survey can be of very great assistance in this work by establishing a publicity bureau which, by means of newspaper articles, addresses before agricultural BIENNIAL BEPORT STATE GEOLOGIST. 41 conventions, agricultural expositions, and. similar meetings, can bring before the people of this countrv the extent and'ralue of these re-claimed lands. While at the present time there is a good, deal of newspaper comment upon the vacant farms in many of our States, due to the people leaving the farms and going into cities and towns, yet there is a very large demand throughout the country as a whole for farms, the land of Avhich is productive and easily cultivated. I believe it will be found, upon investigation, that the greater pro-portion of the farms abandoned are those where the returns are small and the cultivation of the farm is difficult, such as the rocky farms of portions of Xew England and Xew York and the worn-out lands of certain of the Piedmont sections. I believe that if we can bring-to the notice of those people Avho want productive farm lands that we have some of the most fertile land of the country on these reclaimed areas of Eastern Xorth Carolina; that the purest drinking water can be obtained on these farms in the form of artesian water; that they have good railway and water transportation; that they are traversed by good roads; that good schools are available for the children; and that the climate is good throughout the year, it Avill not be very difficult to bring the right class of people to take up these lands. The I^orth Carolina Drainage Association is a medium through which the Survey can keep in touch with the people of the State in regard to drainage. The annual meeting of this Association Avas held at Washington, X. C, March 31 and April 1, 1920, and was attended by delegates from 25 counties. Other delegates and guests present were from Ohio, Maryland, Virginia, Massachusetts, Georgia, South Carolina and District of Columbia. The Association re-elected the Director of the Survey Secretary and Treasurer. The preparations for this meeting were made by the Survey. A great many interesting and valuable papers were read and discussed at the convention, and the report of the meeting has been published as Economic Paper No. 50 of the Survey's publications. In connection Avith the War Department work in Western JSTorth Carolina there will be investigated the question of flood prevention on the French Broad River. If the plans materialize it Avill include the construction of the dam and lake mentioned under Water Powers. Delegations from ITendersonville, and Henderson and Transylvania Counties are having conferences with the War Department engineers in regard to this project. At the National Drainage Congress Avhich was held in Atlanta, Georgia, November 10-12, 1920, the Survey was represented by Mr. Will D. Alexander, Drainage Engineer of Charlotte, N. C. The 42 BIENNIAL REPORT STATE GEOLOGIST. Director of the Survey has been appointed a member of the Board of Governors of the ISTational Congress. BIOLOGICAL DIVISION This division of the Survey, which has recently been organized, will be under the direct supervision of Dr. W. C. Coker, Professor of Botany of the University of ISTorth Carolina. Arrangements have already been made for the preparation of a volume on "The Plants of North Carolina." A volume on mushrooms, by Dr. Coker, is nearly completed, and it is hoped that this can be published during the com-ing year. This division will take up investigations in regard to the value of game fish in Western North Carolina. Very little effort has been made to determine what is the actual value to the State of North Carolina of its waters from the standpoint of the game fish that they contain. The Federal Government, through its hatcheries, is ready to cooperate with any State in stocking waters with fish. From the tourist stand-point fishing in the mountain streams is a very great asset, and it is believed that with little eifort the Federal Government could be in-duced to establish a hatchery in Western North Carolina. It is also believed that the State would find that it would be a good investment for her to establish a hatchery. There is no doubt that one of the biggest attractions to many who seek the mountains for recreation is the fishing. The Director of the Survey is taking up with the Chief of the Bureau of Biological Survey the question of a cooperative agreement between the two Surveys whereby a biological survey of North Carolina can be conducted. While pretty exhaustive investigations have been made of the fishes and birds of the State, which have been published as Volumes II and IV, respectively, of the Survey's publications, but little work has been done in regard to the mammals of this State; and it is hoped that the U. S. Bureau will be able to assist the State in making such a survey. The U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, with which the Survey has cooperated for the past twenty years in investigating the fisheries of the State, has during the past two years carried on considerable work in North Carolina, as follows : Beaufort Laboratory.—The Beaufort Laboratory, which is located on an island near Beaufort, Carteret County, North Carolina, was estab-lished in 1897 through the efforts of the North Carolina Geological and Economic Survey and the University of North Carolina. A temporary BIENNIAL REPORT STATE GEOLOGIST. 43 station was first established for the investigation of the marine fauna and flora of the southern coast. Prof. H. V. Wilson of the University was appoointed director, and for the next three years he and the late Dr. J. A. Holmes, who was then Director of the Xorth Carolina Geo-logical and Economic Survey, devoted much time and thought to its development. Congress finally made an appropriation for the estab-lishment of a permanent laboratory, but made no appropriation for the purchase of a site. Arrangements were made by the Survey for the purchase of the present site and its donation to the Government. Since that time the State Survey has kept in close touch with the work at the Laboratory, and they have cooperated in investigating many problems relating to the cultivation of the oyster, clam, and terrapin. This Laboratory, which was taken over and occupied by the N^avy in January, 1918, was only turned back to the U. S. Bureau of Fisheries shortly after the beginning of the fiscal year 1920 ; so that but little work has been done by the Laboratory during the past two years. The Director of the Laboratory and three assistants, each of the latter for short periods, have devoted themselves to the preparation of an extensive rejiort on the results of the experimental work on the propa-gation of the diamond-back terrapin. Attention has been given also to a study of a bacterial disease of the winter-fed yearling terrapin of the experimental broods. One tenii)orary investigator has been en-gaged in the study of the life histories of crabs of the Beaufort region. Investigations were made of salinity conditions in Currituck Sound as affected by the Chesapeake and Albemarle Canal. Fishery Industries—This division of the Bureau, in addition to col-lecting statistics relating to the fishing industry, makes investigations and recommendations in regard to utilization of fish and preparation of fish for market. The Bureau has urged those in the menhaden industry having hot-air dryers to manufacture fish meal for feeding hogs, cattle and poultry, as well as fish scrap for fertilizer; and, through the Bureau of Animal Industry, has arranged for feeding tests to show the value of this feed as compared with other protein feeds. (See Bureau of Fisheries Document 892, pages 11-13.) The Bureau has recently completed an investigation on the salting of fish which developed an improved method of salting fish in warm climates and should be of interest to North Carolina fishermen. (See Bureau of Fisheries Document 884 and Document 892.) As a result of the Bui'eau's efforts to establish a fishery for sharks, and the utilization of all its parts, a number of fisheries have been established, including one at Morehead City, N". C. (See Bureau of 44 BIENNIAL REPORT STATE GEOLOGIST. Fisheries Document 892, page 19—fish oils; page 13—fish, leather and shark fins.) Fish Planted in North Carolina.—The U. S. Bureau of Fisheries maintains a fish hatchery at Edenton, Chowan County, at which were hatched large-mouthed black hass, shad, sunfish, yellow perch and white perch; and a small hatchery at Weldon, Halifax County, which is part of the Edenton station, at which striped bass are hatched. The output of the Edenton station for the fiscal years 1919 and 1920 is given in the following table : Output of Edenton Station, Fiscal Years 1919-1920 1919 1920 Large-mouthed black bass 23,585 36,310 Shad 23,694,000 16,286,000* Striped bass 13,540,000 16,474,000* Sunfish 12,700 6,250 White perch 2,035,000* Yellow perch 114* In addition to the fish planted from the Edenton station, quite a number of fish were planted during the fiscal years 1919 and 1920 as given in the following tables : FISH PLANTED IN NORTH CAROLINA WATERS BY THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES DURING FISCAL YEAR 1919 Location Name of Water Species Number catfish ... 30 300 30 Blewett Falls Lake 30 30 1,500 15 10,000 4,000 10,000 4,000 1,000 1,000 Ela 4,000 Ela Little Creek 4,000 Ela 4,000 Elk Park .. 15,000 Elk Park Elk River Little Elk Creek Rabbit Creek Toe River 3,600 Elk Park rainbow trout rainbow trout rainbow trout 8,400 Franklin Green Mountain 3,750 4,500 Note.—Indicates fry, all others are fingerlings. BIEX^'IAL KEPORT STATE GEOLOGIST. 45 FISH PLANTED IN NORTH CAROLINA "iVXTERfi—Continued Location Name of Water Species Number Mills River. 7,000 Little Creek... rainbow trout rainbow trout rainbow trout rainbow trout 6,000 Hot Springs 4,000 Lansing Big Horse Creek ._ . 4,000 Lansing Little Horse Creek 3,500 2,000 rainbow trout rainbow trout rainbow trout rainbow trout .. 1,000 2,500 6,000 1,500 5,000 6,000 South Toe River . 10,500 Montezuma 5,000 North Wilkesboro Reddies River. 7,200 7,500 White Water River.. . . 7,500 4,500 4,000 Tuxedo 6,250 Tuxedo 16,250 3,750 4,000 Asheville 10,.500 Canton 6,000 Canton 6,000 Dillard 5,400 Dillard .. Mill Creek .. . 3,600 Dillard Satulah Creek 3,600 Dillard Shoal Creek brook trout 3,600 Dillard 3,600 Dillard Wildcat Lake brook trout 3,600 Ela 3,000 Ela Little Creek 3,000 Willow Creek, South Prong. brook trout 4,500 Foscoe... 6,000 Horseshoe brook trout brook trout brook trout brook trout brook trout... 17,500 Bear Wallow Creek 11,400 Lake Toxaway 7,200 Lake Toxaway Indian Cr;'ok.. 4,,500 Lake Toxawav Shoal Creek... 4,500 10,500 brook trout brook trout brook trout brook trout.. brook trout 3,000 Linville Big Grassy Creek 5,000 Linville 6,000 Linville 3,ooa Linville 10,000 Linville 5,000 Linville 5,000 Micaville . South Toe River 8,000 Newland 6,000 Pisgah Forest 26,000 Pisgah Forest South Mills River.. brook trout brook trout 26,500 Poplar... 7,500 Samarcand 5,400 Tuxedo brook trout , 5,400 Tuxedo 5, 400 Tuxedo Jims Creek .. 5,400 Angier Spring Branch crappie 200 46 BIENNIAL REPORT STATE GEOLOGIST. FISH PLANTED IN NORTH CAROLINA WATERS—Continued Location Battleboro Bryson City Burlington Franklinton Greensboro Greensboro Hickory High Point Kinston Littleton Marshville Pendleton Raleigh Raleigh Rosindale Aberdeen Aberdeen Asheboro Bayboro Bostic Burlington Burlington Burlington Burlington Burlington Burlington Calypso Gary Charlotte.-- Clinton-- Clinton Corinth Dunn Dunn -. Durham Durham D-irham Elkin Elkin Ellerbe Ellerbe Fayetteville Flat Rock Flat Rock Flat Rock Graham Graham Greensboro Greensboro Havelock HendersonviUe. Hendersonville. Hendersonville- Hendersonville- Hendersonville- Hendersonville. Hickory Name of Water Davis' Pond Tuckaseegee River South Piedmont Pond Seven Springs Pond- Cool Spring Pond Cunningham Mill Pond Cliffs Lake Furlo gh Lake Jericho Pond Warren Pond Fairview Pond Stephenson-Skye Mill Pond Lakewood Pond Neuseoco Club Lake Clark Mill Pond-.- Marie Pond Sand Hill Lake City Pond-..^:. Bay River Rocky Broad River Dickey's Pond Sartin Mill Pond Old Willow Brook Pond Silver Lake Stinking Quarter Pond Walker's Pond.- Sutton's Pond Holleman's Pond Catawba River Great Coharie Creek Six Runs Yarborough's Pond Jernigan's Pond Smith Mill Pond Angier Pond Car enter Pond Wilbon Pond Carter Falls Pond Elkin River Howell's Pond Quick's Pond Marrison's Pond King's Pond Ottaray Lake Smythe's Pond Pine Hill Pond- Thompson Pond Revolution Pond Seminole Pond East Creek Bane's Pond Few's Pond Hayne's Pond Maybank's Pond Scheppergrell's Pond Vincent's Pond Catawba River, Henry's Fork . Species crappie crappie crappie crappie crappie crappie crappie crappie crappie crappie crappie crappie crappie crappie crappie largemouth largemouth largemouth largemouth largemouth largemouth largemouth largemouth largemouth largemouth largemouth largemouth largemouth largemouth largemouth largemouth largemouth largemouth largemouth largemouth largemouth largemouth largemouth largemouth largemouth largemouth largemouth largemouth largemouth largemouth largemouth largemouth largemouth largemouth largemouth largemouth largemouth largemouth largemouth largemouth largemouth largemouth black bass . black bass . black bass . black bass . black bass . black bass . black bass . black bass . black bass . black bass . black bass . black bass . black bass . black bass.. black bass-. black bass-. black bass-. black bass,. black bass.. black basS-. black bass-. black bass., black bass-. black bass-black bass-, black bass., black bass, black bass., black bass, black bass, black bass. black bass, black bass-black bass-black bass-black bass-black bass-black bass-black bass-black bass-black bass-black bass- Number 200 400 200 200 300 300 200 500 400 SOO 100 400 400 600 300 *2,000 3,000 400 *400 450 1,500 1,500 1,500 1,500 1,400 1,400 200 200 1,750 120 120 *400 400 600 300 275 300 200 225 2,000 2,000 400 2,000 3,000 4,000 600 100 3,300 4,100 1,350 100 300 500 300 300 300 100 *NoTE—Indicates fry, all others are fingerlings. BIEN]yiAL EEPORT STATE GEOLOGIST. 47 FISH PLANTED IN NORTH CAROLINA WATBTIS—Continued Location Hickory High Point Kinston Knightdale Xenoir Marble Marbte Marion. Marion Marion Marion Marion Marion Marshville Marshville Marshville Mount Airy New Bern New Bern New Bern Newport Newton Norlina Princeton Eaeford— Raleigh Raleigh Raleigh... Raleigh... Randleman Richfield. Salisbury Samarcand Samarcand Shulls Mills Smithfield Stokesdale Sylvia Sylvia Sylvia Sylvia Sylvia Tarboro Tarboro Tarboro Warren Plains.. Warren Plains.. Washington Washington Washington Washington Washington Winston-Salem- Woodside. Youngsville Etowah Lenoir Name of Water Catawba River. Jacob's Fork.. Walnut Branch Pond Jericho Pond Mill Pond Buffalo Creek Hyatt's Creek Valley River Big Buck Creek Brown Mill Pond. Catawba River Little Buck Creek Lofte Mill Pond . Morgan's Pond .Austin's Pond Lanes Creek Sim; son's Pond Minnick's Pond Brice's Creek Neuse River. Trent River Lake Oxley Pinchgut Creek Pond Watson's Pond Holt' Pond Beaverdam Pond. Boone's Pond Doctor's Lake(A) Doctors Lake(B) Ne seoco Club Lake Bull un Pond Morgan's Pond Graf's Pond Drowning Creek La' e Taniarlane Wa a ga River Holt's Lake. Enoch's Pond Cullowhec Creek... Scott Creek Tuckaseigee River Tuckaseige River, Left Fork... Tuckaseigee River, Right Fork Fishing Creek Lake Parks Tar River Dillard's Pond Tharrington's Pond Broad Creek.. Chocowinity Bay Chocowinity Creek Respess Mill Pond Upper Broad Creek Ariston Pond Lake Lil/ Moores Pond... Bluff Pond Buffalo Creek Pond Species Number largemouth black bass.. 100 largeniouth black bass.. 600 largemouth black bass.. 400 largemouth black bass.. 400 largemouth black bass.. 100 largemouth black bass.. 3,000 largemouth black bass.. 3,000 largemouth black bass.. 100 largemouth black bass.. 100 largemouth black bass.. 100 largemouth black bass.. 100 largemouth black bass.. 100 largemouth black bass.. 100 largemouth black bass.. 700 largemouth black bass.. 450 largemouth black bass.. 1,400 largemouth black bass.. 3,400 largemouth black bass.. 900 largemouth black bass.. 1,100 largemouth black bass.. 1,100 largemouth black bass.. *200 largemouth black bass.. 200 largemouth black bass.. 200 largemouth black bass.. 600 largemouth black bass.. 400 largemouth black bass.. 400 largeniouth black bass.. 400 largemouth black bass.. 400 largemouth black bass.. 200 largemouth black bass.. 200 largemouth black bass.. 100 largemouth black bass.. 100 largeniouth black bass.. 4,000 largemouth black bass.. 2,000 largeniouth black bass . 1,700 largeniouth black bass.. 1,300 largeniouth black bass.. 300 largemouth black bass.. 2,000 largemouth black bass.. 2,000 largemouth black bass.. 5,000 largemouth black bass.. 3,000 largemouth black bass.. 3,000 largemouth black bass.. 400 1 rgemouth black bass.. 400 largemouth black bass.. 400 largemouth black bass.. •200 largemouth black bass.. *200 largemouth black bass.. 200 largemouth black bass.. 600 largemouth black bass.. 600 largemouth black bass.. 600 largemouth black bass.. 600 largemouth black bass.. 2,800 largemouth black bass. . •200 largemouth black bass.. •400 tmallmouth black bass. 100 smallmouth black bass. 200 •Note—Indicates fry, all others are fingerlings. 48 BIENNIAL REPORT STATE GEOLOGIST. FISH PLANTED IN NORTH CAROLINA WATERS—Continued Location Name of Water Species Number smallmouth black bass. smallmouth black bass_ smallmouth black bass_ smallmouth black bass. 450 900 450 Rutherfordton 925 500 400 350 325 400 325 50a 550 1,000 500 Hood Mill Pond 500 400 Raleigh . Neuseoco Club Pond rock bass 3,750 Raleigh Peachtree Pond- rock bass 1,000 Rural HalL- Petree's Pond rock bass 500 Smithfield-.- Holt's Lake rock bass 600 Woodside.. Lake Lottie rock bass 300 Badin.. sunfish (bream). . 2,000 Benson sunfish (bream). 200 Bessemer City sunfish (bream). 400 800 500 500 Moser Mill Pond 400 500 20O Gary 200 200 Mill Pond.. -- 300 400 Elkin 500 400 200 500 Wood's Mill Pond 300 400 500 200 600 500 250 Kittrell . 100 Willow Club Pond 300 Major Hill Pond sunfish (bream) 500 Jones Mill Pond sunfish (bream) 300 McMillen Pond sunfish (bream) 400 sunfish (bream). 400 sunfish (bream). 200 Marshville sunfish (bream) 200 sunfish (bream) 200 sunfish (bream) 500 Maysville ... . White Oak River sunfish (bream) 1,300 sunfish (bream) 600 800 Mount Airy... _ Brooks Pond sunfish (bream) l.OOO BIENNIAL EEPORT STATE GEOLOGIST. FISH PLANTED IN NORTH CAROLINA WXTF,RS—Continued Location Name of Water Species Number 400 900 Blewett Falls Pond sunfish (bream) 1,800 sunfish (bream) sunfish (bream). 200 100 Hicks Mill Pond 400 30O 300 1,000 Willow Oaks Pond 200 Ruffin Cox's Pond sunfish (bream) 500 500 500 Broad Creek Mill Pond sunfish (bream) sunfish (bream) sunfish (bream) ._ 300 200 200 Wise sunfish (bream) 200 Highlands . . Hawkin s Pond vellow perch 50 Roseboro Raggett's Pond- yellow perch__ _.. 50 FISH PLANTED IN NORTH CAROLINA WATERS BY THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES DURING FISCAL YEAR, 1920 Location Name of Water Species Number 800 Poplar . 140 Marion 800 Pee Dee Blewett Falls Pond Green River 600 Tuxedo 800 Avoco Albemarle Sound.. shad.. *6, 560, 000 Edenton Albemarle Sound 8,035,000 Merry Hill *1, 691, 000 Asheville Avcrv s Creek 10,200 Asheville 5,000 8,800 Blantyre Little Willow Creek 6,000 Brevard Buckhorn Creek . 2,400 Brevard Cascade Lake.. 1,600 Brevard Cedar Rock Creek 1,600 Brevard Grogan Creek. 1,600 Brevard Laurel Creek .. .. 2,400 Brevard. Little River 3,200 Clayton 3,200 Clyde Bald Creek 3,200 Clyde 4,000 Clyde Liner Creek 3,200 Doughton. Elkin Creek-.. 2,400 Edgemont Anthony's Creek 2,500 Elkin Grassv Creek 2,400 Elkland Meat Camp Creek . 2,400 Flat Rock Pullen s Creek . 1,600 Franklin 4,000 Hendersonville Hickory Creek. . rainbow trout 6,000 Hendersonville Morgan's Creek .. rainbow trout 4,000 •Note—Indicates fry, all others are fingerlings. 60 BIENNIAL REPORT STATE GEOLOGIST. FISH PLANTED IN NORTH CAROLINA WATERS—Continued Location Name of Water Species Number Hendersonville . Rocky Broad River . 7 000 Highlands 3 200 Lake Toxaway Fairfield Lake .__ 4,000 Lansing Little Horse Creek 2 400 Lenoir . 2 500 Linville . 1 500 Linville 1 500 Linville 1,500 Linville 2,000 500 Montezuma. 1,500 Mooresville 1,000 3,000 Mount Sterling Big Creek rainbow trout... 3,000 Old Fort Curtis Creek .. rainbow trout... 4,000 Pisgah 45,000 Relief Mills River rainbow trout... . . 40,000 Ritter.. .. Bone Valley Creek.. 3,200 Ritter Cold Spring Branch. . .. 2,000 Ritter. . Hazel Creek 3,500 Ritter. 2,500 Ritter. 2,500 Ritter Walker Creek 2,500 Tryon . 3,200 Tuxedo 1,600 Tuxedo 6,400 4,000 3,200 3,200 Waynesville rainbow trout 3,200 Willetts - - rainbow trout 2,000 Asheville brook trout 6,000 brook trout .. . 15,000 brook trout. . 3,000 4,500 4,500 Glady Fork Creek 3,000 3,000 Sol Creek 3,000 Steel's Creek... 3,000 3,000 3,000 4.500 4,500 Cherryfield 3,000 3,000 2,000 Elkland 2,400 Elk Park Little Elk Creek 3,000 3,000 brook trout 4,500 Clear Creek brook trout 3,000 3,000 Mill Creek brook trout . 3,000 Salt Neck Branch . 3,000 3,000 3,000 Turtle Pond Creek .. 4,500 Lake Toxaway Alexander Creek... brook trout 2,ooa BIEIv'K'IAL KEPOKT STATE GEOLOGIST. 51 FISH PLANTED IN NORTH CAROLINA WATERS—Conlinued Location Name of Water Lake Toxaway_- Lake Toxaway.. Lake Toxaway.. Lake Toxaway.. Lake Toxawaj-.. Lake Toxaway.. Lake Toxaway _| Little Creek Lake Toxaway ._' Mountain View Creek. Bear Pen Lake Chattooga River. Flat Creek Green's Creek James Creek Lake Sapphire Panther Tail Creek Robinson Creek Slicker Creek Tennessee Creek. Thompson River Toxaway Creek, South Fork . Wolf Creek Lake Toxaway.. Lake Toxaway.. Lake Toxaway. _ Lake Toxaway.. Lake Toxaway.. Lake Toxaway.. Lake Toxaway.. Lansing Little Horse Creek. Montezuma Montezuma North Wilkesboro. Penrose Pisgah Forest Pisgah Forest Pisgah Forest Rosman Rosman Rosman Tuxedo Tuxedo Tuxedo Waynes\'ille Waynesville Waynesville West Jefferson Burlington Burlington- Concord Elizabethtown.:... Franklinton.. Havelock Lilesville Marshville Raleigh Raleigh Raleigh.. Raleigh Raleigh Raleigh Asheville Asheville Asheville .\sheville Asheville Asheville Claj'ton Fayetteville Flat Rock Fletchers Blue Ridge Lake Kentuck Creek.. _ Pine Creek Pond Grassy Creek Lamb's Creek Looking Glass Creek Big Creek _._ French Broad River and branches. Shoal Creek Toxaway Creek and branches Cabin Creek Green River,branch of Joe Creek- Pigeon River Richland Creek.. Stevens Creek Ezra Fork Creek Haw Creek Pond Little Alamance Pond Coddle Creek White Lake- - Wildcr's Pond East Creek Juno Pond Brick Yard Pond Boone's Pond Doctor's Lake Edward's Pond.. HajT\'ard's Pond.- Neuseoco Club Lake Yates Pond Robertson's Pond Lee Pond Lake Chetola.. Lane Creek Stony Creek Pond West View Pond Barnes Mill Pond Stiltery Creek Highland Lake Mills River.- Species . Number brook trout. 3,000 brook trout... . 3,000 brook trout. .. 2,000 2,000 brook trout 2,000 brook trout 4,000 2,000 brook trout.- ... 3,000 3,000 3,000 2,000 3,000 brook trout. . 3,000 brook trout. 2,000 brook trout. _ 3,000 brook trout. . 2,400 brook trout 10,000 brook trout 3,000 brook trout 800 brook trout 6,000 brook trout 4,500 brook trout ... 30,000 brook trout 3,000 brook trout 15,000 brook trout 9,000 brook trout 9,000 brook trout 3,000 4,500 brook trout 3,000 9,000 brook trout 7,500 brook trout 3,000 2,500 100 100 100 50 50 100 crappie 50 100 200 150 100 100 300 100 largemouth black bass.. *2,000 largemouth black bass.. 200 largemouth black bass.. *5,000 largemouth black bass.. 4,000 largemouth black bass.. 4,000 largemouth black bass.. 2,000 largemouth black bass.. 500 largemouth black bass.. 950 largemouth l)lack bass.. 100 largemouth black bass.. 100 *NoTE—Indicates fry, all others are fingerlings. 52 BIENNIAL EEPOKT STATE GEOLOGIST. FISH PLANTED IN NORTH CAROLINA WATERS—Contiiiued Location Name of Water Species Number Fountain Cheoah Lake . largemouth black bass__ largemouth black bass.. largemouth black bass.. largemouth black bass.. largemouth black bass.. largemouth black bass., largemouth black bass._ largemouth black bass.. largemouth black bass.. largemouth black bass.. largemouth black bass.. largemouth black bass__ largemouth black bass_. largemouth black bass., largemouth black baes.. largemouth black bass., largemouth black bass., largemouth black bass., largemouth black bass., largemouth black bass., largemouth black bass., largemouth black bass.. largemouth black bass.. largemouth black bass.. largemouth black bass., largemouth black bass.. largemouth black bass.. largemouth black bass.. largemouth black bass., largemouth black bass., largemouth black bass., largemouth black bass., largemouth black bass., largemouth black bass., largemouth black bass., largemouth black bass., largemouth black bass.. largeraouth black bass__ largemouth black bass.. largemouth black bass., smallmouth black bass, smallmouth black bass, smallmouth black bass, smallmouth black bass, smallmouth black bass, smallmouth black bass, smallmouth black bass, smallmouth black bass. smallmouth black bass. 100 Franklinton ... Barret's Pond 150 375 3,000 Lumber Bridge Shaw s Pond Cox's Pond Sorrell's Pond Big Wilson Creek 850 150 570 *3,000 180 500 500 New Bern ... Slocumb's Creek .. 500 New Bern Swift Creek 300 New Bern Trent River . .-. 500 Newland.. . Mill Timber Creek *2,000 Toe River *4,000 Fishing Creek Pond 1,200 300 300 800 400 Norlina Weldon Pond . 800 180 Oriental Kershaw Creek 500 Oriental... _ _. 180 Parkton 1,050 Pine Level 500 Raleigh . _ 150 2,300 Richfield 100 Rocky Mount Stony Creek _. . 500 Blount's Mill Pond 500 Statesville Davis Pond... 1,100 Statesville Morrisons Pond . 1,100 Statesville... Temijleton's Pond 710 Statesville . 1,100 Warsaw Cooper Mill Pond . 500 Washington 750 Washington 750 Whiteville Schulken's Mill Pond 225 Burlington ... Back Creek Pond. 750 Burlington . Wilson Pond 1,050 Flat Rock Mitchell's Pond... 100 Lenoir 1,750 Parkton Power Plant Pond 800 Raleigh Boone's Pond.. 100 Sylvia Savannah Creek 1,100 Tryon North Pacolet River 900 Tryon Walnut Creek. 900 600 Concord .. Hathcock's Pond 1,115 Hendersonville Penny's Pond rock bass rock bass rock bass rock bass rock bass rock bass 600 Raleigh Boone's Pond 3,100 Raleigh CaTje Fear River Pond 1,200 Raleigh 2,500 Raleigh Neuse River Pond 1,200 Salisbury Kemmerley's Pond 1,000 *NoTE—Indicates fry, all others are fingerlings. BIENNIAL EEPOKT STATE GEOLOGIST. 53 FISH PLANTED IX NORTH CAROLINA WATERS-Co«;(«!;ed Location Name of Water Species Number Mill Creek 400 250 3 000 1,000 Little ,\lamance Pond _ .. . sunfish. 300 Pickard's Pond sunfish. 300 Charlotte 1,000 White Oak Pond 500 Shadv Brook 200 1,000 Dillard 200 1,000 400 Gaston Club Lake 600 Stephens Mill Pond. ... 600 Gold Hill sunfish. 200 Boone's Pond.. . . sunfish. 600 Lake Summit. sunfish. 250 North Buffalo Pond 600 Guilford 400 200 200 200 High Point 250 High Point 250 500 400 200 1 000 Lake Utah 1,000 Liberty . Durham Mill Pond 200 Liberty _. . Fox Pond 250 Marshville Stegall's Pond 200 200 100 200 200 200 4 4''5 Raleigh Cape Fear River Pond 1,800 Raleigh... 250 Raleigh sunfish Doctors Lake sunfish 250 Raleigh Drum Pond sunfish.. _ 225 3,250 Hoo-Js Mill Pond 250 2,000 250 Smithfield Holt's Lake 700 Washington 400 Chocowint iy Bay 200 200 Resoess Mill Pond ... sunfish 200 Raleigh Neuseoco Club Lake Roanoke River 350 Weldon striped bass. •1,6474,000 Note—'Indicates fry, all others are fingerlings. 54 BIENNIAL REPORT STATE GEOLOGIST. MAPPING DIVISION Under this head is included the preparation of the various maps of the State and counties, and can he summarized as follows : 1. Base Map 2. Topographic Map 3. Traverse Map 4. Soil Map 5. Geological Map 1. Base Map.—A hase map of the State, on a scale of 1 :500,000, was prepared several years ago hy the Survey in cooperation vnth the U. S. Geological Survey and is used for preparing special maps, such as maps showing transmission lines of power companies ; railroad lines; forest areas; etc. These maps have been furnished to many of the various State departments. A new edition of this map is being prepared by the Survey which will show the JSTational Forests established in the State and the more important drainage canals in Eastern JSTorth Carolina, in addition to the corrections and additions relating to roads, towns, county lines, etc. 2. Topographic Map.—The most valuable map to the State would be a complete topographic map of the whole area, such as is being pre-pared by the U. S. Geological Survey. The need of an accurate topo-graphic map has increased many fold during the past decade, due to the extensive construction of highways, water power developments, and geological and mining investigations. It is undoubtedly the in-tention of the Federal Government to complete a topographic map of the United States as rapidly as possible, but with the present appropria-tion it will take at least twenty years before this can be completed unless there is more cooperation between the States and the Federal Government. Several of the States have complete topographic maps of their area, but this has been accomplished by the States paying a considerable proportion of the cost of making the map. At the present time about 36 per cent of the area of North Carolina has been com-pleted, and it is estimated that it will cost $1,244,000 to complete a topographic map of the State. Such a map would be of inestimable value to the State Highway Commissio'n in its highway work; to the Survey in its geological work and mapping of the geological areas of the State; to the Agricultural Department in the preparation of the soil maps of the State; to the Survey and power companies in water power investigations; and to railro'ad corporations in their location work. All this topographic mapping should be done by the Federal BIENNIAL EEPORT STATE GEOLOGIST. 55 Survey, as tliev have the complete organization for this type of work and can do it cheaper and more efficiently than for a State to try to develop its own organization. If the State would cooperate and make an appropriation for topographic work, we would get a much larger appropriation from the Federal Survey for this work. The need of this map is constantly increasing, and the Board of Surveys and Maps of the Federal Government is making every en-deavor possible to bring about the completion of such a map of the whole country as early as possible. The States that cooperate will be the first to be mapped, and in a recent communication from the Chair-man of the Board, he states : "I am advised by the Geological Survey that the least workable appropria-tion which should be asked for is $5,000, for the reason that, on a dollar for dollar basis, such an appropriation, matched by an equal amount from the government will serve to survey one regular quadrange; and further, that probably they would not be able to use annually more than $25,000, in view of the fact that it is anticipated a large number of States will secure appropriations this year." The Director has taken up with the Highway Commissioner the question of the HighAvay Commission cooperating with the Survey in asking the legislature to approi)riate a sufficient amount to enable the State to cooperate with the Federal Government to the amount of $25,000 per year. It is believed that such a bill should be introduced and should be supported by the State Highway Commission, the De-partment of Agriculture and the Survey. During the past six months topogra])hic ma] is have been made of areas in Cherokee and Ashe Counties Avhich Avere required for the preparation of geological maps of the iron ores of the State. This work was done under the supervision of Prof. T. F. Hickerson of the University. 3. Traverse Map.—There is a continual demand for traverse maps of the various counties, and the Director is trying to arrange with the Federal Survey to assist the counties in the preparation of accurate traverse maps of the several counties of the State. The traverse map would not show the topography unless the Federal Survey has already topographically mapped the area covered by the county, but would shoAV the toAvnship lines, county lines, railways, streams, swamp areas (if any), cities and towns, and all houses in country. These maps are somewhat expensive, as all its roads and streams are actually traversed. It is hard to make our county commissioners realize that an accurate map of their county cannot be prepared at a low figure. We have had several instances where we have prepared plans 56 BIENNIAL REPORT STATE GEOLOGIST. foT the county for the preparation of a traverse map or topographic map of the county, where the county commissioners have turned down the Survey's proposition, stating that they can have an accurate map made of the county at a cost of one-half or two-thirds less than what the Survey is asking. When it is realized that the Survey is only asking the county to pay 50 per cent of the actual cost of the preparation of the map, as it would be made by the Survey, it can be readily seen that it would be absolutely impossible for anyone to make an accurate map of the county at a cost of one-half to two-thirds less than this 4. Soil Map.—These maps are all prepared by the Department of Agriculture, but they use, whenever possible, the base or topographic map of the county which has been prepared by the Survey. 5. Geological Map.—The Survey is preparing a new geological map of the State. jSTo complete map of this type of the State has been prepared since the publication of the geological map by former State Geologist, W. C. Kerr, in 1882. Special geological maps have, how-ever, been published of separate portions of the State, as the Coastal Plain region. Mountain region, and certain sections of the Piedmont area. Some progress was made on the geological map by the work of Prof. W. S. Bayley, Mr. Jasper L. Stuckey and Mr. Thos. Smith during the field season of 1920. ADMIIVISTRATIYE AND RECORDS DIVISION The work of this division has been under the direct supervision of the Director of the Survey and includes the general correspondence of the Survey, handling of accounts, editing and preparing for the publisher of manuscripts of reports, press notices, etc., the general clerical work, care of library, arranging for cooperative work with Federal and State bureaus, associations, etc. Suggested Legislation The following suggested legislation is submitted, with the approval of the Geological Board, for the expansion of the work of the Survey so as to make it a real conservation commission : C02SrSERVATI0N COMMISSION AND GEOLOGICAL SuRVEY A BILL TO BE ENTITLED "An ACT TO ESTABLISH THE NORTH CAROLINA CONSER-VATION Commission and Geological Sub\'ey." The General Assembly of North Carolina do enact: Section 1. There is herewith established a department to be known as the North Carolina Conservation Commission and Geological Survey, which shall exercise and perform all the rights, powers, duties and obliga-tions that have been heretofore exercised and performed by the Geological BIENK^IAL KEPOET STATE GEOLOGIST. 57 and Economic Survej', and Geological Board, the Mount Mitchell State Park Commission, the State Geologist and the State Forester, and shall be the lawful successor of said Survey, Board, Commission, and office, and upon the passage of this section those portions of the acts establishing the North Carolina Geological and Economic Survey, the Geological Board, and the Mount Mitchell State Park Commission, and that portion of the act relat-ing to the appointment of the State Geologist, are herewith repealed. Sec. 2. The North Carolina Conservation Commission and Geological Sur-vey shall be under the supervision of a Conservation Board which shall con-sist of five members, four of which shall be the members now constituting the Geological Board, and one member to be appointed by the Governor from the present Mount Mitchell State Park Commission; and shall hold office until the expiration of the term of years for which they are now appointed on the Geological Board and the Mount Mitchell State Park Commission. Thereafter members will be appointed by the Governor for the period of four years and until their successors have been appointed. The Governor shall fill by appointment any vacancies that may occur on the Conservation Board for the unexpired term. This Board shall meet twice a year at such times and places as the Board may decide. The members of the Board shall receive ten dollars per diem and their actual expenses in attending the meetings of said Board, such sums to be paid out of the moneys appropriated for carry-ing on the work of the Commission. Sec. 3. The Conservation Board shall appoint a Director, who shall be the executive and administrative head of the Commission, and shall organize the Commission in divisions, to include, among others, a geological and mining division, a forestry division, a water resources division, a drainage and reclamation division, a State forests and parks division, fish, game and bird division, museum of natural resources division, and a mapping division; and shall supervise same by and with the approval of the Conservation Board. He shall have charge of the administration and enforcement of all laws which it is the duty of the Commission to administer and enforce, and shall direct all inspections and investigations. He shall employ such chiefs of divisions, assistants and clerical help as may be considered necessary to carry on the work of the Commission, by and with the approval of the Conservation Board. The compensation of employees of the Commission shall be determined by the Conservation Board. Sec. 4. The chief of the geological and mining division shall be known as the State Geologist, and the chief of the forestry division shall be known as the State Forester. All acts that shall be passed by the General Assembly relating to the investigation, conservation, development and supervision of the natural resources of the State on the part of the State shall be referred to and be carried out under the direction of the Conservation Commission; this does not apply to the commercial fisheries which are under the juris-diction of the Fisheries Commission, nor to agricultural lands and products which are under the supervision of the Agricultural Department. Sec. 5. The Conservation Commission may purchase and hold additional lands within the State for the production of timber and for State parks, with such moneys as may be appropriated by the General Assembly or as may be otherwise obtained. The Commission is also authorized to accept gifts of lands within the State for such purposes. The Conservation Com-mission may, in its discretion, make rules and regulations relative to hunting 58 BIENNIAL REPORT STATE GEOLOGIST, and fishing or other uses of any lands acquired under the provisions of this act; Provided, that such rules and regulations shall be subject to any re-strictions imposed by laws now or hereafter in force for the protection of fish, birds, and quadrupeds. Sec. 6. The Conservation Commission is herewith authorized to cooperate with the Bureau of Fisheries of the United States, the United States Bio-logical Survey, the North Carolina Fisheries Commission, and other similar public and private surveys and associations in the propagation, protection and conservation of the song and game birds, game fish, and game of the State. The Conservation Commission is also authorized to cooperate with, the North Carolina Audubon Society and other protective associations in-terested in the preservation of animal life. Sec. 7. The Conservation Board is hereby authorized and directed to cooperate with the Federal Power Commission in the carrying out of rules and regulations promulgated by that Commission; and is further authorized to act on behalf of the State in carrying out any regulations that may be passed relating to water powers in North Carolina. Sec. 8. All laws and clauses of laws in confiict with this act are hereby repealed. Sec. 9. This act shall be in effect from and after its ratification. The Director lias had several conferences with Dr. George Otis Smith, Director of the United States Geological Survey, and Mr. IST. C. Grover, Chief of the Division of Water Resources, in regard to estab-lishing a district engineer's office at Asheville which would be used also by the State Survey as a branch office. It was also considered that it Avould be to the advantage of both Surveys to have such a joint office at Asheville, at which could be illustrated and advertised the resources of the Southern Appalachian region. On September 27, 1920, the following letter was received from Dr. George Otis Smith, Director of the U. S. Geological Survey : Colonel Joseph Hyde Peatt, Director, North Carolina Geological and Economic Survey, ChaT>el Hill, N. C. My Dear Colonel Pratt:—In furtherance of the cooperation between the U. S. Geological Survey and the North Carolina Geological and Economic Survey in the study of the water resources of North Carolina, a district office will be established< |
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