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A Guide to Voluntary Training and Training Requirements in OSHA Standards Bobby R. Davis Series Editor N. C. Department of Labor Division of Occupational Safety and Health 1101 Mail Service Center Raleigh, NC 27699- 1101 Cherie K. Berry Commissioner of Labor N. C. Department of Labor Occupational Safety and Health Program Cherie K. Berry Commissioner of Labor OSHA State Plan Designee Allen McNeely Deputy Commissioner for Safety and Health Kevin Beauregard Assistant Deputy Commissioner for Safety and Health Acknowledgment A Guide to Voluntary Training and Training Requirements in OSHA Standards is based on the U. S. Department of Labor Occupational Safety and Health Administration publication Training Requirements in OSHA Standards and Training Guidelines ( 1995 edition). Some modifications were made to reflect North Carolina occupational safety and health standards and administrative conditions. This guide is intended to be consistent with all existing OSHA and/ or OSHNC standards. If an area is considered by the reader to be inconsistent with a standard, then the appropriate state or federal standard should be followed. To obtain additional copies of this book, or if you have questions about N. C. occupational safety and health standards or rules, please contact: N. C. Department of Labor Bureau of Education, Training and Technical Assistance 1101 Mail Service Center Raleigh, NC 27699- 1101 Phone: ( 919) 807- 2875 or 1- 800- NC- LABOR ( 1- 800- 625- 2267) ____________________ Additional sources of information are listed on the inside back cover of this book. ____________________ The projected cost of the OSHNC program for federal fiscal year 2004– 2005 is $ 13,330,705. Federal funding provides approximately 38 percent ($ 5,162,000) of this total. Printed 8/ 05 Contents Page Foreword iv Introduction v Voluntary Training Guidelines 2 Index of Training Requirements 9 General Industry Training Requirements, 29 CFR Part 1910 17 Maritime Training Requirements, 29 CFR Parts 1915, 1917, 1918 63 Construction Training Requirements, 29 CFR Part 1926 77 Agricultural Training Requirements, 29 CFR Part 1928 105 Suggested Readings in Industrial Safety and Health Training and Other Resources 107 iii Foreword Training employees may not be the most glamorous part of the business world. When it comes to OSHA- required training, some employers may even worry it’s just more “ red tape.” Yet how can employers really be sure that their employees know safe and healthy work procedures without formal training? How can anyone ever determine which occupational safety and health risks require more attention and which are being controlled successfully thanks to training without the associated recordkeeping? When an employer trains an employee how to work safely and how to respond to an emergency, that employer has built a better, more productive, more cost- efficient work-place. No one should ever think of training as a burden or as an unimportant task. In North Carolina, DOL inspectors enforce the federal Occupational Safety and Health Act through a state plan approved by the U. S. Department of Labor. The N. C. Depart-ment of Labor’s Division of Occupational Safety and Health offers many educational programs to the public and produces publications, including this guide, to help inform people about their rights and responsibilities regarding occupational safety and health. When looking through this guide, please remember DOL’s mission is greater than just to enforce regulations. An equally important goal is to help people find ways to create safe workplaces. This booklet, like the other educational materials produced by the N. C. Department of Labor, can help. Cherie K. Berry Commissioner of Labor v Introduction Many standards promulgated by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration explicitly require the employer to train employees in the safety and health aspects of their jobs. Other OSHA standards make it the employer’s responsibility to limit certain job assignments to employees who are “ certified,” “ competent” or “ qualified,” meaning that they have had special previous training, in or out of the workplace. The term “ designat-ed” personnel means selected or assigned by the employer or the employer’s representa-tive as being qualified to perform specific duties. These requirements reflect OSHA’s belief that training is an essential part of every employer’s safety and health program for protecting workers from injuries and illnesses. Many researchers conclude that those who are new on the job have a higher rate of accidents and injuries than more experienced workers. If ignorance of specific job hazards and of proper work practices is even partly to blame for these higher injury rates, then training will help to provide a solution. As an example of the trend in OSHA safety and health training requirements, the Process Safety Management of Highly Hazardous Chemicals Standard ( Title 29 Code of Federal Regulations Part 1910.119) contains several training requirements. This standard was promulgated under the requirements of the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990. The Process Safety Management Standard requires the employer to evaluate or verify that employees comprehend the training given to them. This means that the training to be given must have established goals and objectives regarding what is to be accomplished. Subsequent to the training, an evaluation would be conducted to verify that the employees understood the subjects presented or acquired the desired skills. If the established goals and objectives of the training program were not achieved as expected, the employer then would revise the training program to make it more effective, conduct more frequent refresher training, or some combination of these. The requirements of the Process Safety Management Standard follow the concepts embodied in the OSHA training guidelines contained in this booklet. The length and complexity of OSHA standards may make it difficult to find all the references to training. So, to help employers, safety and health professionals, training directors, and others with a need to know, OSHA’s training- related requirements have been excerpted and collected in this booklet. Requirements for posting information, warning signs, labels and the like are excluded, as are most references to the qualifica-tions of people assigned to test workplace conditions or equipment. It is a good idea for the employer to keep a record of all safety and health training. Records can provide evidence of the employer’s good faith and compliance with OSHA standards. Documentation can also supply an answer to one of the first questions an accident investigator will ask: “ Was the injured employee trained to do that job?” Training in the proper performance of a job is time and money well spent. The employer should regard it as an investment rather than an expense. An effective program of safety and health training for workers can result in fewer injuries and illnesses, better morale, and lower insurance premiums, among other benefits. Readers with questions concerning worker safety and health training should contact the Division of Occupational Safety and Health. A telephone directory for the division is listed at the end of this publication. vii 1 Voluntary Training Guidelines Page I. Introduction 2 A. Training Model 2 B. Review Board Implications 2 II. Training Guidelines 3 A. Determining If Training Is Needed 3 B. Identifying Training Needs 3 C. Identifying Goals and Objectives 4 D. Developing Learning Activities 5 E. Conducting the Training 5 F. Evaluating Program Effectiveness 6 G. Improving the Program 6 III. Matching Training to Employees 6 A. Identifying Employees at Risk 7 B. Training Employees at Risk 7 IV. Conclusion 8 Voluntary Training Guidelines The Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 does not address specifically the responsibility of employers to provide health and safety information and instruction to employees, although section 5( a)( 2) does require that each employer “… shall comply with occupational safety and health standards promulgated under this Act.” More than 100 of the act’s current standards, however, do contain training requirements. The Occupational Safety and Health Administration has developed voluntary training guidelines to assist employers in providing the safety and health information and instruction needed for their employees to work at minimal risk to themselves, to fellow employees and to the public. The guidelines are designed to help employers to: 1. determine whether a worksite prob-lem can be solved by training; 2. determine what training, if any, is needed; 3. identify goals and objectives for the training; 4. design learning activities; 5. conduct training; 6. determine the effectiveness of the training; and 7. revise the training program based on feedback from employees, supervisors and others. The development of the guidelines is part of an agency- wide objective to encourage cooperative, voluntary safety and health activities among OSHA, the business community and workers. These voluntary programs include training and education, consultation, voluntary protection programs, and abatement assistance. The guidelines provide employers with a model for designing, conducting, evaluating and revising training programs. The training model can be used to develop training programs for a variety of occupational safety and health hazards identified at the work-place. Additionally, it can assist employers in their efforts to meet the training require-ments in current or future occupational safety and health standards. A training program designed in accordance with these guidelines can be used to supple-ment and enhance the employer’s other education and training activities. The guidelines should give employers significant flexibility in the selection of content and training program design. OSHA encourages a personalized approach to the informational and instructional programs at individual worksites, thereby enabling employers to provide the training that is most needed and applicable to local working conditions. Assistance with training programs or the identification of resources for training is available through such organizations as the Division of Occupational Safety and Health’s Bureau of Consultative Services or the Bureau of Education, Training and Technical Assistance, local safety councils, insurance providers, and business associations. OSHA does not intend to make the guidelines mandatory. And they should not be used by employers as a total or complete guide in training and education matters that can result in enforcement proceedings before the N. C. Safety and Health Review Board. However, employee training programs are always an issue in review board cases that involve alleged violations of training requirements contained in OSHA standards. The adequacy of employee training may also become an issue in contested cases where the affirmative defense of unpreventable employee misconduct is raised. Under case law well- established by the board and the courts, an employer may successfully defend against an otherwise valid citation by demonstrating that all feasible steps were taken to avoid the occurrence of the hazard, and that actions of the employee involved in the 2 I. Introduction A. Training Model B. Review Board Implications violation were a departure from a uniformly and effectively enforced work rule of which the employee had either actual or constructive knowledge. In either type of case, the adequacy of the training given to employees in connection with a specific hazard is a factual matter that can be decided only by considering all the facts and circumstances surrounding the alleged violation. The general guidelines in this publication are not intended, and cannot be used, as evidence of the appropriate level of training in litigation involving either the training requirements of OSHA standards or affirmative defenses based upon employer training programs. OSHA’s training guidelines follow a model that consists of: A. Determining if training is needed B. Identifying training needs C. Identifying goals and objectives D. Developing learning activities E. Conducting the training F. Evaluating program effectiveness G. Improving the program The model is designed to be one that even the owner of a business with very few employees can use without having to hire a professional trainer or purchase expensive training materials. Using this model, employers or supervisors can develop and administer safety and health training programs that address problems specific to their own business, fulfill the learning needs of their own employees, and strengthen the overall safety and health program of the workplace. The first step in the training process is a basic one— to determine whether a problem can be solved by training. Whenever employees are not performing their jobs properly, it is often assumed that training will bring them up to standard. It is possible that other actions, such as hazard abatement or the implementation of engineering controls, would enable employees to perform their jobs properly. Ideally, safety and health training should be provided before problems or accidents occur. This training would cover both general safety and health rules and work procedures, and would be repeated if an accident or near- miss incident occurred. Problems that can be addressed effectively by training include those that arise from lack of knowledge of a work process, unfamiliarity with equipment or incorrect execution of a task. Training is less effective ( but still can be used) for problems arising from an employee’s lack of motivation or lack of attention to the job. Whatever its purpose, training is most effective when designed in relation to the goals of the employer’s total safety and health program. If the problem is one that can be solved, in whole or in part, by training, then the next step is to determine what training is needed. For this, it is necessary to identify what the employee is expected to do and in what ways, if any, the employee’s performance is defi-cient. This information can be obtained by conducting a job analysis that pinpoints what an employee needs to know in order to perform a job. When designing a new training program, or preparing to instruct an employee in an unfamiliar procedure or system, a job analysis can be developed by examining engineer-ing data on new equipment or the material safety data sheets on unfamiliar substances. The content of the specific federal or state OSHA standards applicable to a business can also provide direction in developing training content. Another option is to conduct a job hazard analysis ( see OSHA 3071, same title, 1992). This is a procedure for studying and 3 II. Training Guidelines A. Determining If Training Is Needed B. Identifying Training Needs 4 recording each step of a job, identifying existing or potential hazards, and determining the best way to perform the job in order to reduce or eliminate the risks. Information obtained from a job hazard analysis can be used as the content for the training activity. If an employer’s learning needs can be met by revising an existing training program rather than developing a new one, or if the employer already has some knowledge of the process or system to be used, appropriate training content can be developed through such means as: 1. Using company accident and injury records to identify how accidents occur and what can be done to prevent them from recurring. 2. Requesting employees to provide, in writing and in their own words, descriptions of their jobs. These should include the tasks performed and the tools, materials and equipment used. 3. Observing employees at the worksite as they perform tasks, asking about the work and recording their answers. 4. Examining similar training programs offered by other companies in the same industry, or obtaining suggestions from such organizations as the National Safety Council ( which can provide information on job hazard analysis), the U. S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, or the OSHNC Bureau of Education, Training and Technical Assistance. The employees themselves can provide valuable information on the training they need. Safety and health hazards can be identified through the employees’ responses to such questions as whether anything about their jobs frightens them, if they have had any near-miss incidents, if they feel they are taking risks, or if they believe that their jobs involve hazardous operations or substances. Once the kind of training that is needed has been determined, it is equally important to determine what kind of training is not needed. Employees should be made aware of all the steps involved in a task or procedure, but training should focus on those steps on which improved performance is needed. This avoids unnecessary training and tailors the training to meet the needs of the employees. Once the employees’ training needs have been identified, employers can then prepare objectives for the training. Instructional objectives, if clearly stated, will tell employers what they want their employees to do, to do better or to stop doing. Learning objectives do not necessarily have to be written, but in order for the training to be as successful as possible, clear and measurable objectives should be thought out before the training begins. For an objective to be effective, it should identify as precisely as possible what the individuals will do to demonstrate that they have learned, or that the objective has been reached. They should also describe the important conditions under which the individual will demonstrate competence and define what constitutes acceptable performance. Using specific, action- oriented language, the instructional objectives should describe the preferred practice or skill and its observable behavior. For example, rather than using the statement: “ The employee will understand how to use a respirator” as an instructional objective, it would be better to say: �� The employee will be able to describe how a respirator works and when it should be used.” Objectives are most effective when word-ed in sufficient detail that other qualified persons can recognize when the desired behav-ior is exhibited. C. Identifying Goals and Objectives Once employers have stated precisely what the objectives for the training program are, then learning activities can be identified and described. Learning activities enable employees to demonstrate that they have acquired the desired skills and knowledge. To ensure that employees transfer the skills or knowledge from the learning activity to the job, the learning situation should simulate the actual job as closely as possible. Thus, employers may want to arrange the objectives and activities in a sequence that corresponds to the order in which the tasks are to be performed on the job, if a specific process is to be learned. For instance, if an employee must learn the beginning processes of using a machine, the sequence might be 1. to check that the power source is connected; 2. to ensure that the safety devices are in place and are operative; 3. to know when and how to throw the switch; and so on. A few factors will help to determine the type of learning activity to be incorporated into the training. One aspect is the training resources available to the employer. Can a group-training program that uses an outside trainer and film be organized, or should the employer personally train the employees on a one- to- one basis? Another factor is the kind of skills or knowledge to be learned. Is the learning oriented toward physical skills ( such as the use of special tools) or toward mental processes and attitudes? Such factors will influence the type of learning activity designed by employers. The training activity can be group- oriented, with lectures, role- play and demonstrations; or designed for the individual as with self- paced instruction. The determination of methods and materials for the learning activity can be as varied as the employer’s imagination and available resources will allow. The employer may want to use charts, diagrams, manuals, slides, films, viewgraphs ( overhead transparencies), videotapes, audiotapes, or simply blackboard and chalk, or any combination of these and other instructional aids. Whatever the method of instruction, the learning activities should be developed in such a way that the employees can clearly demonstrate that they have acquired the desired skills or knowledge. With the completion of the steps outlined above, the employer is ready to begin conduct-ing the training. To the extent possible, the training should be presented so that its orga-nization and meaning are clear to the employees. To do so, employers or supervisors should 1. provide overviews of the material to be learned; 2. relate, wherever possible, the new information or skills to the employee’s goals, interests, or experiences; and 3. reinforce what the employees learned by summarizing the program’s objectives and the key points of information covered. These steps will assist employers in presenting the training in a clear, unambiguous manner. In addition to organizing the content, employers must also develop the structure and format of the training. The content developed for the program, the nature of the workplace or other training site, and the resources available for training will help employers determine for themselves the frequency of training activities, the length of the sessions, the instructional techniques and the individual( s) best qualified to present the information. In order to be motivated to pay attention and to learn the material that the employer or supervisor is presenting, employees must be convinced of the importance and relevance of the material. Ways to develop motivation include 1. explaining the goals and objec-tives of instruction; 2. relating the training to the interests, skills and experiences of the employees; 3. outlining the main points to be presented during the training session( s); and 4. pointing out the benefits of training ( e. g., the employee will be better informed, more skilled and thus more valuable both on the job and in the labor market; or the employee will, if he or she applies the skills and knowledge learned, be able to work at reduced risk). 5 D. Developing Learning Activities E. Conducting the Training An effective training program allows employees to participate in the training process and to practice their skills or knowledge. This will help to ensure that they are learning the required knowledge or skills and permit correction if necessary. Employees can become involved in the training process by participating in discussions, asking questions, contributing their knowledge and expertise, learning through hands- on experiences, and through role- playing exercises. To make sure that the training program is accomplishing its goals, an evaluation of the training can be valuable. Training should have, as one of its critical components, a method of measuring the effectiveness of the training. A plan for evaluating the training session( s), either written or thought- out by the employer, should be developed when the course objectives and content are developed. It should not be delayed until the training has been completed. Evaluation will help employers or supervisors determine the amount of learning achieved and whether an employee’s performance has improved on the job. Among the methods of evaluating training are: 1. Student opinion. Questionnaires or informal discussions with employees can help employers determine the relevance and appropriateness of the training program. 2. Supervisors’ observa-tions. Supervisors are in good positions to observe an employee’s performance both before and after the training and note improvements or changes. 3. Wo r k p l a c e i m p rovements. The ultimate success of a training program may be changes throughout the workplace that result in reduced injury or accident rates. However it is conducted, an evaluation of training can give employers the information necessary to decide whether the employees achieved the desired results, and whether the training session should be offered again at some future date. If, after evaluation, it is clear that the training did not give the employees the level of knowledge and skill that was expected, then it may be necessary to revise the training program or provide periodic retraining. At this point, asking questions of employees and of those who conducted the training may be of some help. Among the questions that could be asked are: 1. Were parts of the content already known and, therefore, unneces-sary? 2. What material was confusing or distracting? 3. Was anything missing from the program? 4. What did the employees learn, and what did they fail to learn? It may be necessary to repeat steps in the training process, that is, to return to the first steps and retrace one’s way through the training process. As the program is evaluated, the employer should ask: 1. If a job analysis was conducted, was it accurate? 2. Was any critical feature of the job overlooked? 3. Were the important gaps in knowledge and skill included? 4. Was material already known by the employees intentionally omitted? 5. Were the instructional objectives presented clearly and concretely? 6. Did the objectives state the level of acceptable performance that was expected of employees? 7. Did the learning activity simulate the actual job? 8. Was the learning activity appropriate for the kinds of knowledge and skills required on the job? 9. When the training was presented, was the organization of the material and its meaning made clear? 10. Were the employees motivated to learn? 11. Were the employees allowed to participate actively in the training process? 12. Was the employer’s evaluation of the program thorough? A critical examination of the steps in the training process will help employers to determine where course revision is necessary. While all employees are entitled to know as much as possible about the safety and health hazards to which they are exposed, and employers should attempt to provide all relevant information and instruction to all employees, the resources for such an effort frequently are not, or are not believed to be, available. Thus, employers are often faced with the problem of deciding who is in the greatest need of information and instruction. 6 F. Evaluating Program Effectiveness G. Improving the Program III. Matching Training to Employees One way to differentiate between employees who have priority needs for training and those who do not is to identify employee populations that are at higher levels of risk. The nature of the work will provide an indication that such groups should receive priority for information on occupational safety and health risks. One method of identifying employee populations at high levels of occupational risk ( and thus in greater need of safety and health training) is to pinpoint hazardous occupations. Even within industries that are hazardous in general, there are some employees who operate at greater risk than others. In other cases the hazardousness of an occupation is influenced by the conditions under which it is performed, such as noise, heat or cold, or safety or health hazards in the surrounding area. In these situations, employees should be trained not only on how to perform their jobs safely but also on how to operate within a hazardous environment. A second method of identifying employee populations at high levels of risk is to examine the incidence of accidents and injuries, both within the company and within the industry. If employees in certain occupational categories are experiencing higher accident and injury rates than other employees, training may be one way to reduce that rate. In addition, thorough accident investigation not only can identify specific employees who could benefit from training but can also identify company- wide training needs. Research has identified the following variables as being related to a disproportionate share of injuries and illnesses at the worksite on the part of employees: 1. The age of the employee ( younger employees have higher incidence rates). 2. The length of time on the job ( new employees have higher incidence rates). 3. The size of the firm ( in general terms, medium- size firms have higher incidence rates than smaller or larger firms). 4. The type of work performed ( incidence and severity rates vary significantly by SIC code). 5. The use of hazardous substances ( by SIC code). These variables should be considered when identifying employee groups for training in occupational safety and health. Determining the content of training for employee populations at higher levels of risk is similar to determining what any employee needs to know, but more emphasis is placed on the requirements of the job and the possibility of injury. One useful tool for determining training content from job requirements is the job hazard analysis described earlier. This procedure examines each step of a job, identifies existing or potential hazards, and determines the best way to perform the job in order to reduce or eliminate the hazards. Its key elements are 1. job description; 2. job location; 3. key steps ( preferably in the order in which they are performed); 4. tools, machines and materials used; 5. actual and poten-tial safety and health hazards associated with these key job steps; and 6. safe and health-ful practices, apparel and equipment required for each job step. Material safety data sheets can also provide information for training employees in the safe use of materials. These data sheets, developed by chemical manufacturers and importers, are supplied with manufacturing or construction materials and describe the ingredients of a product, its hazards, protective equipment to be used, safe handling procedures and emergency first aid responses. The information contained in these sheets 7 A. Identifying Employees at Risk B. Training Employees at Risk can help employers identify employees in need of training ( i. e., workers handling substances described in the sheets) and train employees in safe use of the substances. Material safety data sheets are generally available from suppliers, manufacturers of the substance and large employers who use the substance on a regular basis, or they can be developed by employers or trade associations. MSDSs are particularly useful for those employers who are developing training on chemical use as required by OSHA’s Hazard Communication Standard. In an attempt to assist employers with their occupational health and safety training activi-ties, OSHA has developed a set of training guidelines in the form of a model. This model is designed to help employers develop instructional programs as part of their total educa-tion and training effort. The model addresses the questions of who should be trained, on what topics, and for what purposes. It also helps employers determine how effective the program has been and enables them to identify employees who are in greatest need of education and training. The model is general enough to be used in any area of occupa-tional safety and health training. It allows employers to determine for themselves the content and format of training. Use of this model in training activities is just one of many ways that employers can comply with the OSHA standards that relate to training and enhance the safety and health of their employees. 8 IV. Conclusion Index of Training Requirements General Industry Training Requirements 29 CFR Part 1910 Page Means of Egress 17 Employee Emergency Plans and Fire Prevention Plans 17 Powered Platforms, Manlifts, and Vehicle- Mounted Work Platforms 17 Operations— Training 17 Care and Use, Appendix C, Section I 18 Occupational Health and Environmental Control 18 Hearing Protection 18 Training Program 18 Hazardous Materials 18 Flammable and Combustible Liquids 18 Explosives and Blasting Agents 19 Bulk Delivery and Mixing Vehicles 19 Storage and Handling of Liquefied Petroleum Gases 19 Process Safety Management of Highly Hazardous Chemicals 19 Contract Employer Responsibilities 20 Mechanical Integrity 20 Hazardous Waste Operations and Emergency Response 20 New Technology Programs 22 Dipping and Coating Operations 26 Personal Protective Equipment 27 Personal Protective Equipment 27 Respiratory Protection 28 General Environmental Controls 29 Temporary Labor Camps 29 Specifications for Accident Prevention Signs and Tags 30 Permit Required Confined Spaces 30 The Control of Hazardous Energy ( Lockout/ Tagout) 31 Lockout or Tagout Devices Removed 33 Outside Personnel 33 Medical and First Aid 33 Medical Services and First Aid 33 Fire Protection 33 Fire Protection 33 Fire Brigades 33 Training and Education 31 Portable Fire Extinguishers 34 Standpipe and Hose Systems 34 Fixed Extinguishing Systems 34 9 Subpart E Subpart F Subpart I Subpart J Subpart L Subpart K Subpart G Subpart H Fire Detection Systems 35 Employee Alarm Systems 35 Materials Handling and Storage 35 Servicing of Multi- Piece and Single- Piece Rim Wheels 35 Powered Industrial Trucks 37 Moving the Load 39 Crawler Locomotive and Truck Cranes 39 Machinery and Machine Guarding 40 Mechanical Power Presses 40 Operator Training 40 Forging Machines 40 Welding, Cutting, and Brazing 40 General Requirements 40 Oxygen- Fuel Gas Welding and Cutting 40 Arc Welding and Cutting 41 Resistance Welding 41 Special Industries 41 Pulp, Paper, and Paperboard Mills 41 Laundry Machinery and Operating Rules 41 Sawmills 41 Logging Operations 41 Telecommunications 44 Derrick Trucks 44 Cable Fault Locating 44 Guarding Manholes 44 Joint Power and Telecommunication Manholes 45 Tree Trimming— Electrical Hazards 45 Electric Power Generation, Transmission, and Distribution 45 Grain Handling Facilities 47 Entry into Bins, Silos, and Tanks 47 Contractors 47 Electrical Safety- Related Work Practices 47 Content of Training 47 Commercial Diving Operations 48 Qualifications of Dive Team 48 Toxic and Hazardous Substances 49 Asbestos 49 4- Nitrobiphenyl 49 alpha- Naphthylamine 49 Methyl Chloromethyl Ether 49 3,3'- Dichlorobenzidine ( and its salts) 49 bis- Chloromethyl Ether 49 beta- Napthylamine 50 Benzidine 50 4- Aminodiphenyl 50 Ethyleneimine 50 beta- Propiolactone 50 2- Acetylaminofluorene 50 10 Subpart N Subpart O Subpart Q Subpart R Subpart S Subpart T Subpart Z 4- Dimethylaminoazobenzene 50 N- Nitrosodimethylamine 50 Vinyl Chloride 50 Inorganic Arsenic 51 Lead 51 Cadmium 52 Benzene 53 Coke Oven Emissions 53 Bloodborne Pathogens 54 Cotton Dust 56 1,2- Dibromo- 3- Chloropropane 56 Acrylonitrile ( Vinyl Cyanide) 57 Ethylene Oxide 57 Formaldehyde 58 4,4' Methylenedianiline 59 1.3- Butadiene 59 Methylene Chloride 60 Ionizing Radiation 61 Hazard Communication 61 Occupational Exposure to Hazardous Chemicals in Laboratories 62 11 Maritime Training Requirements 29 CFR Parts 1915, 1917, 1918 Page General Provisions 63 Competent Person 63 Explosive and Other Dangerous Atmospheres 63 Hazard Communication 63 Precautions Before Entering 64 Permit Required Confined Spaces 64 Cleaning and Other Cold Work 65 Certification Before Hot Work is Begun 65 Maintenance of Safe Conditions 66 Surface Preparation and Preservation 66 Painting 66 Flammable Liquids 67 Welding, Cutting, and Heating 67 Fire Prevention 67 Welding, Cutting, and Heating in Way of Preservative Coatings 67 Welding, Cutting and Heating of Hollow Metal Containers and Structures 67 Gas Welding and Cutting 68 Arc Welding and Cutting 68 Uses of Fissionable Material 69 Scaffolds, Ladders, and Other Working Surfaces 69 Scaffolds or Staging 69 General Working Conditions 69 Work on or in the Vicinity of Radar and Radio 69 First Aid 69 Gear and Equipment for Rigging and Materials Handling 69 Ropes, Chains, and Slings 69 Use of Gear 69 Qualifications of Operators 69 Tools and Related Equipment 69 Powder Actuated Fastening Tools 69 Internal Combustion Engines, Other Than Ship’s Equipment 70 Personal Protective Equipment 70 Respiratory Protection 70 Portable, Unfired Pressure Vessels, Drums, and Containers, Other Than Ship’s Equipment 70 Portable Air Receivers and Other Unfired Pressure Vessels 70 12 Part 1915 Shipyard Employment Subpart C Subpart A Subpart B Subpart D Subpart E Subpart F Subpart K Subpart I Subpart H Subpart G Toxic and Hazardous Substances 70 Asbestos 70 Methylene Chloride 73 Hazard Communication 74 Marine Terminal Operations 74 Hazardous Atmospheres and Substances 74 Fumigants, Pesticides, Insecticides, and Hazardous Preservatives 74 Personnel 74 Hazard Communication 75 General Rules Applicable to Vehicles 75 Terminal Facilities— Handling Menhaden and Similar Species of Fish 76 Welding, Cutting and Heating ( Hot Work) 76 General Working Conditions 76 Hazard Communication 76 Qualification of Machinery Operators 76 Personal Protective Equipment 76 Respiratory Protection 76 13 P a rt 1917 Marine Te r m i n a l s Part 1918 Longshoring Subpart B Subpart Z Subpart I Subpart J Construction Training Requirements 29 CFR Part 1926 Page General Safety and Health Provisions 77 General Safety and Health Provisions 77 Safety Training and Education 77 Occupational Health and Environmental Controls 78 Medical Services and First Aid 78 Ionizing Radiation 78 Nonionizing Radiation 78 Gases, Vapors, Fumes, Dusts, and Mists 78 Hazard Communication, Construction 78 Lead in Construction 79 Personal Protective and Life Saving Equipment 79 Hearing Protection 79 Respiratory Protection 80 Fire Protection and Prevention 81 Fire Protection 81 Signs, Signals, and Barricades 82 Signaling 82 Tools— Hand and Power 82 Powder- Operated Hand Tools 82 Woodworking Tools 82 Welding and Cutting 83 Gas Welding and Cutting 83 Arc Welding and Cutting 84 Fire Prevention 84 Welding, Cutting and Heating in Way of Preservative Coatings 84 Electrical 84 Ground- Fault Protection 84 Scaffolds 85 Scaffolds 85 Aerial Lifts 86 Training Requirements 86 Fall Protection 87 Fall Protection— Training Requirements 87 Cranes, Derricks, Hoists, Elevators, and Conveyors 88 Cranes and Derricks 88 Material Hoists, Personnel Hoists, and Elevators 88 14 Subpart C Subpart G Subpart F Subpart E Subpart D Subpart I Subpart J Subpart K Subpart L Subpart M Subpart N Motor Vehicles, Mechanized Equipment, and Marine Operations 89 Material Handling Equipment 89 Site Clearing 91 Excavations 91 General Protection Requirements ( Excavations, Trenching, and Shoring) 91 Concrete and Masonry Construction 92 Concrete and Masonry Construction 92 Requirements for Lift- Slab Operations 92 Steel Erection 92 Bolting, Riveting, Fitting- Up, and Plumbing- Up 92 Hoisting and Rigging 92 Structural Steel Assembly 92 Column and Anchorage 94 Beams and Columns 94 Open Web Steel Joists 95 Systems— Engineered Metal Buildings 95 Training 96 Tunnels and Shafts, Caissons, Cofferdams, and Compressed Air 96 Underground Construction 96 Compressed Air 98 Demolition 98 Preparatory Operations 98 Chutes 99 Mechanical Demolition 99 Blasting and Use of Explosives 99 General Provisions ( Blasting and Use of Explosives) 99 Blaster Qualifications 99 Surface Transportation of Explosives 99 Firing the Blast 99 Power Transmission and Distribution 100 General Requirements 100 Overhead Lines 101 Underground Lines 101 Construction in Energized Substations 101 Stairways and Ladders 101 Ladders 101 Toxic and Hazardous Substances 102 Asbestos 102 15 Subpart Q Subpart P Subpart R Subpart S Subpart T Subpart U Subpart V Subpart X Subpart Z Subpart O Agricultural Training Requirements 29 CFR Part 1928 Page Roll- Over Protective Structures 105 Roll- Over Protective Structures ( ROPS) for Tractors Used in Agricultural Operations 105 Safety for Agricultural Equipment 105 Guarding of Farm Field Equipment, Farmstead Equipment, and Cotton Gins 105 16 Subpart C Subpart D General Industry Training Requirements The following training requirements have been excerpted from Title 29, Code of Federal Regulations Part 1910. Note that additional training requirements may appear in certain other standards ( ANSI, NFPA, etc.) adopted by reference in Part 1910 and therefore mandatory. Training Requirement ( i) Before implementing the emergency action plan, the employer shall designate and train a sufficient number of persons to assist in the safe and orderly emergency evacua-tion of employees. ( ii) The employer shall review the plan with each employee covered by the plan at the following times: ( a) Initially when the plan is developed. ( b) Whenever the employee’s responsibilities or designated actions under the plan change, and ( c) Whenever the plan is changed. ( iii) The employer shall review with each employee upon initial assignment those parts of the plan which the employee must know to protect the employee in the event of an emergency. The written plan shall be kept at the workplace and made available for employee review. For those employers with 10 or fewer employees the plan may be communicated orally to employees and the employer need not maintain a written plan. ( i) The employer shall apprise employees of the fire hazards of the materials and processes to which they are exposed. ( ii) The employer shall review with each employee upon initial assignment those parts of the fire prevention plan which the employee must know to protect the employee in the event of an emerg e n c y. The written plan shall be kept in the workplace and made avail-able for employee review. For those employers with 10 or fewer employees, the plan may be communicated orally to employees and the employer need not maintain a written plan. ( i) Working platforms shall be operated only by persons who are proficient in the opera-tion, safe use, and inspection of the particular working platform to be operated. ( ii) All employees who operate working platforms shall be trained in the following: ( A) Recognition of, and preventive measures for, the safety hazards associated with their individual work tasks. ( B) General recognition and prevention of safety hazards associated with the use of working platforms, including the provisions in the section relating to the particular working platform to be operated. 17 Subject and Standard Number Employee Emergency Plans and Fire Prevention Plans 1910.38( a)( 5)( i), ( ii)( A) through ( C), and ( iii) 1910.38( b)( 4)( i) and ( ii) Operations— Training 1910.66( i)( 1)( i), ( ii) and ( ii)( A) through ( E), and ( iii) through ( v) ( C) Emergency action plan procedures required in paragraph ( e)( 9) of this section. ( D) Work procedures required in paragraph ( i)( 1)( iv) of this section. ( E) Personal fall arrest system inspection, care, use and system performance. ( iii) Training of employees in the operation and inspection of working platforms shall be done by a competent person. ( iv) Written work procedures for the operation, safe use and inspection of working platforms shall be provided for employee training. Pictorial methods of instruction may be used, in lieu of written work procedures, if employee communication is improved using this method. The operating manuals supplied by manufacturers for platform system components can serve as the basis for these procedures. ( v) The employer shall certify that employees have been trained in operating and inspect-ing a working platform by preparing a certification record which includes the identity of the person trained, the signature of the person trained, the signature of the employer or the person who conducted the training and the date that training was completed. The certification record shall be prepared at the completion of the training required in paragraph ( i)( 1)( ii) of this section, and shall be maintained in a file for the duration of the employee’s employment. The certification record shall be kept readily available for review by the Assistant Secretary of Labor or the Assistant Secretary’s representative. ( 4) The employer shall provide training in the use and care of all hearing protectors provided to employees. ( 1) Employers shall make hearing protectors available to all employers exposed to an 8- hour time weighted average of 85 decibels or greater at no cost to the employees. Hearing protectors shall be replaced as necessary. ( 1) The employer shall institute a training program for all employees who are exposed to noise at or above an 8- hour time- weighted average of 85 decibels, and shall ensure employee participation in such program. ( 2) The training program shall be repeated annually for each employee included in the hearing conservation program. Information provided in the training program shall be updated to be consistent with changes in protective equipment and work processes. ( 3) The employer shall ensure that each employee is informed of the following: ( i) The effects of noise on hearing; ( ii) The purpose of hearing protectors, the advantages, disadvantages, and attenuation of various types, and instructions on selection, fitting, use, and care; and ( iii) The purpose of audiometric testing, and an explanation of the test procedures. ( 2) That detailed printed instructions of what to do in flood emergencies are properly posted. ( 3) That station operators and other employees depended upon to carry out such instruc-tions are thoroughly informed as to the location and operation of such valves and other equipment necessary to effect these requirements. 18 Hearing Protection 1910.95( i)( 4) Hearing Protectors 1910.95( i)( 1) Training Program 1910.95( k)( 1) through ( 3)( i) through ( iii) Flammable and Combustible Liquids 1910.106( b)( 5)( v)( 2) and ( 3) ( i) Vehicles transporting explosives shall only be driven by and be in the charge of a driver who is familiar with the traffic regulations, State laws, and the provisions of this section. ( iii) Every motor vehicle transporting any quantity of Class A or Class B explosives shall, at all times, be attended by a driver or other attendant of the motor carrier. This attendant shall have been made aware of the class of the explosive material in the vehicle and of its inherent dangers, and shall have been instructed in the measures and procedures to be followed in order to protect the public from those dangers. He shall have been made familiar with the vehicle he is assigned, and shall be trained, supplied with the necessary means, and authorized to move the vehicle when required. ( iii)( a) The operator shall be trained in the safe operation of the vehicle together with its mixing, conveying, and related equipment. The employer shall assure that the operator is familiar with the commodities being delivered and the general procedure for handling emergency situations. ( ii) Vehicles transporting blasting agents shall only be driven by and be in charge of a driver in possession of a valid motor vehicle operator’s license. Such a person shall also be familiar with the State’s vehicle and traffic laws. ( b) The operator shall be trained in the safe operation of the vehicle together with its mixing, conveying, and related equipment. He shall be familiar with the commodities being delivered and the general procedure for handling emergency situations. ( 16) Instructions. Personnel performing installation, removal, operation, and maintenance work shall be properly trained in such function. ( i) When standard watch service is provided, it shall be extended to the LP- Gas installa-tion and personnel properly trained. ( ii) The employer shall insure that unloading operations are performed by reliable persons properly instructed and given the authority to monitor careful compliance with all applicable procedures. ( i) Each employee presently involved in operating a process, and each employee before being involved in operating a newly assigned process, shall be trained in an overview of the process and in the operating procedures as specified in paragraph ( f) of this section. The training shall include emphasis on the specific safety and health hazards, emergency opera-tions including shutdown, and safe work practices applicable to the employee’s job tasks. ( ii) In lieu of initial training for those employees already involved in operating a process on May 26, 1992, an employer may certify in writing that the employee has the required knowledge, skills, and abilities to safely carry out the duties and responsibilities as specified in the operating procedures. ( 2) Refresher training. Refresher training shall be provided at least every three years, and more often if necessary, to each employee involved in operating a process to assure that the employee understands and adheres to the current operating procedures of the process. The e m p l o y e r, in consultation with the employees involved in operating the process, shall determine the appropriate frequency of refresher training. ( 3) Training documentation. The employer shall ascertain that each employee involved in operating a process has received and understood the training required by this paragraph. The employer shall prepare a record which contains the identity of the employee, the date of training, and the means used to verify that the employee under-stood the training. 19 Explosives and Blasting Agents 1910.109( d)( 3)( i) and ( iii) 1910.109( g)( 3)( iii)( a) 1910.109( g)( 6)( ii) Bulk Delivery and Mixing Vehicles 1910.109( h)( 4)( ii)( b) Storage and Handling of Liquefied Petroleum Gases 1910.110( b)( 16) 1910.110( d)( 12)( i) 1910.111( b)( 13)( ii) Process Safety Management of Highly Hazardous Chemicals 1910.119( g)( 1)( i) and ( ii) 1910.119( g)( 2) 1910.119( g)( 3) ( i) The contract employer shall assure that each contract employee is trained in the work practices necessary to safely perform his or her job. ( ii) The contract employer shall assure that each contract employee is instructed in the known potential fire, explosion, or toxic release hazards related to his or her job and the process, and the applicable provisions of the emergency action plan. ( iii) The contract employer shall document that each contract employee has received and understood the training required by this paragraph. The contract employer shall prepare a record which contains the identity of the contract employee, the date of training, and the means used to verify that the employee understood the training. ( iv) The contract employer shall assure that each contract employee follows the safety rules of the facility including the safe work practices required by paragraph ( f)( 4) of this section. ( 3) Training for process maintenance activities. The employer shall train each employee involved in maintaining the ongoing integrity of process equipment in an overview of that process and its hazards and in the procedures applicable to the employee’s job tasks to assure that the employee can perform the job tasks in a safe manner. ( e) Training ( 1) General. ( i) All employees working on site ( such as but not limited to equipment operators, general laborers and others) exposed to hazardous substances, health hazards, or safety hazards and their supervisors and management responsible for the site shall receive training meeting the requirements of this paragraph before they are permitted to engage in hazardous waste operations that could expose them to hazardous substances, safety, or health hazards, and they shall receive review training as specified in this paragraph. ( ii) Employees shall not be permitted to participate in or supervise field activities until they have been trained to a level required by their job function and responsibility. ( 2) Elements to be covered. The training shall thoroughly cover the following: ( i) Names of personnel and alternates responsible for site safety and health; ( ii) Safety, health, and other hazards present on the site; ( iii) Use of personal protective equipment; ( iv) Work practices by which the employee can minimize risks from hazards; ( v) Safe use of engineering controls and equipment on the site; ( vi) Medical surveillance requirements, including recognition of symptoms and signs which might indicate overexposure to hazards; and ( vii) The contents of paragraphs ( G) through ( J) of the site safety and health plan set forth in paragraph ( b)( 4)( ii) of this section. ( 3) Initial training. ( i) General site workers ( such as equipment operators, general laborers and supervisory personnel) engaged in hazardous substance removal or other activities which expose or potentially expose workers to hazardous substances and health hazards shall receive a minimum of 40 hours of instruction off the site, and a minimum of three days actual field experience under the direct supervision of a trained, experienced supervisor. 20 Contract Employer Responsibilities 1910.119( h)( 3)( i) through ( iv) Mechanical Integrity 1910.119( j)( 3) Hazardous Waste Operations and Emergency Response 1910.120( e)( 1)( i) and ( ii); ( 2)( i) through ( vii); ( 3)( i) through ( iv); ( 4) through ( 9) ( ii) Workers on site only occasionally for a specific limited task ( such as, but not limited to, ground water monitoring, land surveying, or geophysical surveying) and who are unlikely to be exposed over permissible exposure limits and published exposure limits shall receive a minimum of 24 hours of instruction off the site, and the minimum of one day actual field experience under the direct supervision of a trained, experienced supervisor. ( iii) Workers regularly on site who work in areas which have been monitored and fully characterized indicating that exposures are under permissible exposure limits and pub-lished exposure limits where respirators are not necessary, and the characterization indi-cates that there are no health hazards or the possibility of an emergency developing, shall receive a minimum of 24 hours of instruction off the site and the minimum of one day actual field experience under the direct supervision of a trained, experienced supervisor. ( iv) Workers with 24 hours of training who are covered by paragraphs ( e)( 3)( ii) and ( e)( 3)( iii) of this section, and who become general site workers or who are required to wear respirators, shall have the additional 16 hours and two days of training necessary to total the training specified in paragraph ( e)( 3)( i). ( 4) Management and supervisor training. On- site management and supervisors directly responsible for, or who supervise employees engaged in, hazardous waste operations shall receive 40 hours initial training, and three days of supervised field experience ( the training may be reduced to 24 hours and one day if the only area of their responsibility is employees covered by paragraphs ( e)( 3)( ii) and ( e)( 3)( iii) and at least eight additional hours of specialized training at the time of job assignment on such topics as, but not limited to, the employer’s safety and health program and the associated employee training program, personal protective equipment program, spill containment program, and health hazard monitoring procedure and techniques. ( 5) Qualifications for trainers. Trainers shall be qualified to instruct employees about the subject matter that is being presented in training. Such trainers shall have satisfactorily completed a training program for teaching the subjects they are expected to teach, or they shall have the academic credentials and instructional experience necessary for teaching the subjects. Instructors shall demonstrate competent instructional skills and knowledge of the applicable subject matter. ( 6) Training certification. Employees and supervisors that have received and success-fully completed the training and field experience specified in paragraphs ( e)( 1) through ( e)( 4) of this section shall be certified by their instructor or the head instructor and trained supervisor as having successfully completed the necessary training. A written certificate shall be given to each person so certified. Any person who has not been so certified or who does not meet the requirements of paragraph ( e)( 9) of this section shall be prohibited from engaging in hazardous waste operations. ( 7) Emergency response. Employees who are engaged in responding to hazardous emergency situations at hazardous waste cleanup sites that may expose them to hazardous substances shall be trained in how to respond to such expected emergencies. ( 8) Refresher training. Employees specified in paragraph ( e)( 1) of this section, and managers and supervisors specified in paragraph ( e)( 4) of this section, shall receive eight hours of refresher training annually on the items specified in paragraph ( e)( 2) and/ or ( e)( 4) of this section, any critique of incidents that have occurred in the past year that can serve as training examples of related work, and other relevant topics. 21 ( 9) Equivalent training. Employers who can show by documentation or certification that an employee’s work experience and/ or training has resulted in training equivalent to that training required in paragraphs ( e)( 1) through ( e)( 4) of this section shall not be required to provide the initial training requirements of those paragraphs to such employees. However, certified employees or employees with equivalent training new to a site shall receive appropriate, site specific training before site entry and have appropriate supervised field experience at the new site. Equivalent training includes any academic training or the training that existing employees might have already is received from actual hazardous waste site work experience. ( 1) The employer shall develop and implement procedures for the introduction of effective new technologies and equipment developed for the improved protection of employees working with hazardous waste clean- up operations, and the same shall be implemented as part of the site safety and health program to assure that employee protection is being maintained. ( i) New employees. The employer shall develop and implement a training program, which is part of the employer’s safety and health program, for employees exposed to health hazards or hazardous substances at treatment, storage, and disposal ( TSD) operations to enable the employees to perform their assigned duties and functions in a safe and healthful manner so as not to endanger themselves or other employees. The initial training shall be for 24 hours and refresher training shall be for eight hours annually. Employees who have received the initial training required by this paragraph shall be given a written certificate attesting that they have successfully completed the necessary training. ( ii) Current employees. Employers who can show by an employee’s previous work experience and/ or training that the employee has had training equivalent to the initial training required by this paragraph, shall be considered as meeting the initial training requirements of this paragraph as to that employee. Equivalent training includes the training that existing employees might have already received from actual site work experience. Current employees shall receive eight hours of refresher training annually. ( iii) Trainers. Trainers who teach initial training shall have satisfactorily completed a training course for teaching the subjects they are expected to teach or they shall have the academic credentials and instruction experience necessary to demonstrate a good command of the subject matter of the courses and competent instructional skills. ( iii) Training. ( A) Training for emergency response employees shall be completed before they are called upon to perform in real emergencies. Such training shall include the elements of the emergency response plan, standard operating procedures the employer has established for the job, the personal protective equipment to be worn and procedures for handling emergency incidents. ( 4) Skilled support personnel. Personnel, not necessarily an employer’s own employees, who are skilled in the operation of certain equipment, such as mechanized earth moving or digging equipment or crane and hoisting equipment, and who are needed temporarily to perform immediate emergency support work that cannot reasonably be performed in a timely fashion by an employer’s own employees, and who will be or may be exposed to the hazards at an emergency response scene, are not required to meet the training required in this paragraph for the employer’s regular employees. However, these personnel shall be given an initial briefing at the site prior to their participation in any emergency response. The initial briefing shall include instruction in the wearing of appropriate personal protec-tive equipment, what chemical hazards are involved, and what duties are to be performed. All other appropriate safety and health precautions provided to the employer’s own employees shall be used to assure the safety and health of these personnel. 22 New Technology Programs 1910.120( o)( 1) 1910.120( p)( 7)( i) through ( iii) 1910.120( p)( 8)( iii)( A) 1910.120( q)( 4) ( 5) Specialist employees. Employees who, in the course of their regular job duties, work with and are trained in the hazards of specific hazardous substances, and who will be called upon to provide technical advice or assistance at a hazardous substance release incident to the individual in charge, shall receive training or demonstrate competency in the area of their specialization annually. ( i) First responder awareness level. First responders at the awareness level are individu-als who are likely to witness or discover a hazardous substance release and who have been trained to initiate an emergency response sequence by notifying the proper authorities of the release. They would take no further action beyond notifying the authorities of the release. First responders at the awareness level shall have sufficient training or have had s u fficient experience to objectively demonstrate competency in the following areas: ( A) An understanding of what hazardous substances are, and the risks associated with them in an incident. ( B) An understanding of the potential outcomes associated with an emergency created when hazardous substances are present. ( C) The ability to recognize the presence of hazardous substances in an emergency. ( D) The ability to identify the hazardous substances, if possible. ( E) An understanding of the role of the first responder awareness individual in the employer’s emergency response plan including site security and control and the U. S. Department of Transportation’s Emergency Response Guidebook. ( F) The ability to realize the need for additional resources, and to make appropriate notifications to the communication center. ( ii) First responder operations level. First responders at the operations level are individu-als who respond to releases or potential releases of hazardous substances as part of the ini-tial response to the site for the purpose of protecting nearby persons, property, or the envi-ronment from the effects of the release. They are trained to respond in a defensive fashion without actually trying to stop the release. Their function is to contain the release from a safe distance, keep it from spreading, and prevent exposures. First responders at the operational level shall have received at least eight hours of training or have had sufficient experience to objectively demonstrate competency in the following areas in addition to those listed for the awareness level and the employer shall so certify: ( A) Knowledge of the basic hazard and risk assessment techniques. ( B) Know how to select and use proper personal protective equipment provided to the first responder operational level. ( C) An understanding of basic hazardous materials terms. ( D) Know how to perform basic control, containment and/ or confinement operations within the capabilities of the resources and personal protective equipment available with their unit. ( E) Know how to implement basic decontamination procedures. ( F) An understanding of the relevant standard operating procedures and termination procedures. 23 1910.120( q)( 5) 1910.120( q)( 6) ( i)( A) through ( F); ( ii)( A) through ( F); ( iii)( A) through ( I); ( iv)( A) through ( I); ( v)( A) through ( F); ( vi)( A) through ( E) [ Note: 1910.120( q)( 6)— Emergency response to hazardous substance releases, Training standard is amended by adding a new level of training, ( vi) First responder operations plus level. See 13 NCAC 07F. 101( 1) General Industry, State- Specific Standards] ( iii) Hazardous materials technician. Hazardous materials technicians are individuals who respond to releases or potential releases for the purpose of stopping the release. They assume a more aggressive role than a first responder at the operations level in that they will approach the point of release in order to plug, patch or otherwise stop the release of a hazardous substance. Hazardous materials technicians shall have received at least 24 hours of training equal to the first responder operations level and in addition have competency in the following areas and the employer shall so certify: ( A) Know how to implement the employer’s emergency response plan. ( B) Know the classification, identification and verification of known and unknown materials by using field survey instruments and equipment. ( C) Be able to function within an assigned role in the Incident Command System. ( D) Know how to select and use proper specialized chemical personal protective equipment provided to the hazardous materials technician. ( E) Understand hazard and risk assessment techniques. ( F) Be able to perform advance control, containment, and/ or confinement operations within the capabilities of the resources and personal protective equipment available with the unit. ( G) Understand and implement decontamination procedures. ( H) Understand termination procedures. ( I) Understand basic chemical and toxicological terminology and behavior. ( iv) Hazardous materials specialist. Hazardous materials specialists are individuals who respond with and provide support to hazardous materials technicians. Their duties parallel those of the hazardous materials technician; however, those duties require a more directed or specific knowledge of the various substances they may be called upon to contain. The hazardous materials specialist would also act as the site liaison with Federal, state, local and other government authorities in regards to site activities. Hazardous materials specialists shall have received at least 24 hours of training equal to the technician level and in addition have competency in the following areas and the employer shall so certify: ( A) Know how to implement the local emergency response plan. ( B) Understand classification, identification and verification of known and unknown materials by using advanced survey instruments and equipment. ( C) Know of the state emergency response plan. ( D) Be able to select and use proper specialized chemical personal protective equipment provided to the hazardous materials specialist. ( E) Understand in- depth hazard and risk techniques. ( F) Be able to perform specialized control, containment, and/ or confinement operations within the capabilities of the resources and personal protective equipment available. 24 ( G) Be able to determine and implement decontamination procedures. ( H) Have the ability to develop a site safety and control plan. ( I) Understand chemical, radiological and toxicological terminology and behavior. ( v) On scene incident commander. Incident commanders, who will assume control of the incident scene beyond the first responder awareness level, shall receive at least 24 hours of training equal to the first responder operations level and in addition have competency in the following areas and the employer shall so certify: ( A) Know and be able to implement the employer’s incident command system. ( B) Know how to implement the employer’s emergency response plan. ( C) Know and understand the hazards and risks associated with employees working in chemical protective clothing. ( D) Know how to implement the local emergency response plan. ( E) Know of the state emergency response plan and of the Federal Regional Response Team. ( F) Know and understand the importance of decontamination procedures. ( vi) First responder operations plus level. First responders at operations plus level are individuals who respond to hydrocarbon fuel tank leaks where the leaking tanks contain a hydrocarbon fuel which is used to propel the vehicle on which the tank is located. Only those vehicles designed for highway use or those used for industrial, agricultural or con-struction purposes are covered. First responders at the operations plus level shall have received at least training equal to first responder operations level and, in addition, shall receive training or have had sufficient experience to objectively demonstrate competency in the following areas and the employer shall so certify: ( A) Know how to select and use proper specialized personal protective equipment pro-vided to the first responder at operations plus level; ( B) Understand basic hazardous materials terms as they pertain to hydrocarbon fuels; ( C) Understand hazard and risk assessment techniques that pertain to gasoline, diesel fuel, propane and other hydrocarbon fuels; ( D) Be able to perform control, containment, or confinement operations for gasoline, diesel fuel, propane and other hydrocarbon fuels within the capabilities of the available resources and personal protective equipment; and ( E) Understand and know how to implement decontamination procedures for hydrocar-bon fuels. ( 7) Trainers. Trainers who teach any of the above training subjects shall have satisfactorily completed a training course for teaching the subjects they are expected to teach, such as the courses offered by the U. S. National Fire Academy, or they shall have the training and/ or academic credentials and instructional experience necessary to demonstrate competent instructional skills and a good command of the subject matter of the courses they are to teach. 25 1910.120( q)( 7) ( i) Those employees who are trained in accordance with paragraph ( q)( 6) of this section shall receive annual refresher training of sufficient content and duration to maintain their competencies or shall demonstrate competency in those areas at least yearly. ( ii) A statement shall be made of the training or competency, and if a statement of competency is made, the employer shall keep a record of the methodology used to demonstrate competency. Dipping and Coating Operations This section lists the paragraph headings contained in § § 1910.123 through 1910.126. ( a) Does this rule apply to me; ( b) What operations are covered; ( c) What operations are not covered; ( d) How are terms used in § § 1910.123 through 1910.126 ( a) What construction requirements apply to dip tanks; ( b) What ventilation requirements apply to vapor areas; ( c) What requirements must I follow to recirculate exhaust air into the workplace; ( d) What must I do when I use an exhaust hood; ( e) What requirements must I follow when an employee enters a dip tank; ( e. g. 1910.146, OSHA’s standard for Permit- Required Confined Space, as applicable) ( f) What first- aid procedures must my employees know; ( g) What hygiene facilities must I provide; ( h) What treatment and first aid must I provide; ( i) What must I do before an employee cleans a dip tank; ( j) What must I do to inspect and maintain my dipping or coating operation. ( j)( 4) Provide mechanical ventilation or respirators ( selected and used as specified in 1910.134, OSHA’s Respiratory Protection standard) to protect employees in the vapor area from exposure to toxic substances released during welding, burning, or open- flame work; and ( j)( 5) Have dip tanks thoroughly cleaned or solvents and vapors before permitting weld-ing, burning, or open- flame work on them. ( a) What type of construction material must be used in making my dip tank; ( b) When must I provide overflow piping; ( c) When must I provide a bottom drain; ( d) When must my conveyor system shut down automatically; 26 Refresher Training 1910.120( q)( 8)( i) and ( ii) 1910.122 Table of Contents 1910.123 Dipping and coating operations: Coverage and definitions 1910.124 General require-ments for dipping and coating operations 1910.125 Additional require-ments for dipping and coating operations that use flammable or combustible liquids Personal Protection Equipment 1910.132( b) [ Note: 1910.132( b) Personal Protective Equipment stan-dard is amended to define the employer’s responsibilities relating to the provision, ade-quacy and maintenance of employee personal protective equipment. See 13 NCAC 07F. 101( 2) General Industry, State- Specific Standards] ( e) What ignition and fuel sources must be controlled; ( f) What fire protection must I provide; ( g) To what temperature may I heat a liquid in a dip tank. ( a) What additional requirements apply to hardening or tempering tanks; ( b) What additional requirements apply to flow coating; ( c) What additional requirements apply to roll coating, roll spreading, or roll impregnat-ing; ( d) What additional requirements apply to vapor degreasing tanks; ( e) What additional requirements apply to cyanide tanks; ( f) What additional requirements apply to spray cleaning tanks and spray degreasing tanks; ( g) What additional requirements apply to electrostatic paint detearing. ( b) Equipment. ( 1) Employer- provided equipment. It is the responsibility of the employer to provide, at no cost to the employee, all personal protective equipment which the employee does not wear off the jobsite for use off the job. ( 2) Employee- owned equip-ment. Where employees provide their own protective equipment, the employer shall be responsible to assure its adequacy, including proper maintenance, and sanitation of such equipment. ( f) Training. ( 1) The employer shall provide training to each employee who is required by this section to use PPE. Each such employee shall be trained to know, at least, the following: ( i) When PPE is necessary; ( ii) What PPE is necessary; ( iii) How to properly don, doff, adjust, and wear PPE; ( iv) The limitations of the PPE; and ( v) The proper care, maintenance, useful life, and disposal of the PPE. ( 2) Each affected employee shall demonstrate an understanding of the training specified in paragraph ( f)( 1) of this section and the ability to use PPE properly before being allowed to perform work requiring the use of PPE. 27 Personal Protective Equipment 1910.132( f)( 1) ( i) through ( v), ( 2), ( 3)( i) through ( iii), and ( 4) 1910.126 Additional require-ments for special dipping and coating applications ( 3) When the employer has reason to believe that any affected employee who has already been trained does not have the understanding and skill required by paragraph ( f)( 2) of this section, the employer shall retrain each such employee. Circumstances where retraining is required include, but are not limited to, situations where: ( i) Changes in the workplace render previous training obsolete; or ( ii) Changes in the types of PPE to be used render previous training obsolete; or ( iii) Inadequacies in an affected employee’s knowledge or use of assigned PPE indicate that the employee has not retained the requisite understanding or skill. ( 4) The employer shall verify that each affected employee has received and understood the required training through a written certification that contains the name of each employee trained, the date( s) of training, and that identifies the subject of the certific a t i o n . ( c)( 1) In any workplace where respirators are necessary to protect the health of the employee or whenever respirators are required by the employer, the employer shall establish and implement a written respiratory protection program with worksite- specific procedures. The program shall be updated as necessary to reflect those changes in work-place conditions that affect respirator use. The employer shall include in the program the following provisions of this section, as applicable: ( c)( 1)( i) Procedures for selecting respirators for use in the workplace; ( c)( 1)( ii) Medical evaluations of employees required to use respirators; ( c)( 1)( iii) Fit testing procedures for tight- fitting respirators; ( c)( 1)( iv) Procedures for proper use of respirators in routine and reasonably foreseeable emergency situations; ( c)( 1)( v) Procedures and schedules for cleaning, disinfecting, storing, inspecting, repair-ing, discarding, and otherwise maintaining respirators; ( c)( 1)( vi) Procedures to ensure adequate air quality, quantity, and flow of breathing air for atmosphere- supplying respirators; ( c)( 1)( vii) Training of employees in the respiratory hazards to which they are potentially exposed during routine and emergency situations; ( c)( 1)( viii) Training of employees in the proper use of respirators, including putting on and removing them, any limitations on their use, and their maintenance; and ( c)( 1)( ix) Procedures for regularly evaluating the effectiveness of the program. ( k) This paragraph requires the employer to provide effective training to employees who are required to use respirators. The training must be comprehensive, understandable, and recur annually, and more often if necessary. This paragraph also requires the employer to provide the basic information on respirators in Appendix D of this section to employees who wear respirators when not required by this section or by the employer to do so. ( k)( 1) The employer shall ensure that each employee can demonstrate knowledge of at least the following: 28 Respiratory Protection Program 1910.134( c)( 1)( i) through ( ix) Training and information 1910.134( k) ( k)( 1)( i) Why the respirator is necessary and how improper fit, usage, or maintenance can compromise the protective effect of the respirator; ( k)( 1)( ii) What the limitations and capabilities of the respirator are; ( k)( 1)( iii) How to use the respirator effectively in emergency situations, including situa-tions in which the respirator malfunctions; ( k)( 1)( iv) How to inspect, put on and remove, use, and check the seals of the respirator; ( k)( 1)( v) What the procedures are for maintenance and storage of the respirator; ( k)( 1)( vi) How to recognize medical signs and symptoms that may limit or prevent the effective use of respirators; and ( k)( 1)( vii) The general requirements of this section. ( k ) ( 2 ) The training shall be conducted in a manner that is understandable to the employee. ( k)( 3) The employer shall provide the training prior to requiring the employee to use a respirator in the workplace. ( k)( 4) An employer who is able to demonstrate that a new employee has received train-ing within the last 12 months that addresses the elements specified in paragraph ( k)( 1)( i) through ( vii) is not required to repeat such training provided that, as required by para-graph ( k)( 1), the employee can demonstrate knowledge of those element( s). Previous training not repeated initially by the employer must be provided no later than 12 months from the date of the previous training. ( k ) ( 5 ) Retraining shall be administered annually, and when the following situations occur: ( k)( 5)( i) Changes in the workplace or the type of respirator render previous training obsolete; ( k)( 5)( ii) Inadequacies in the employee’s knowledge or use of the respirator indicate that the employee has not retained the requisite understanding or skill; or ( k)( 5)( iii) Any other situation arises in which retraining appears necessary to ensure safe respirator use. ( k)( 6) The basic advisory information on respirators, as presented in Appendix D of this section, shall be provided by the employer in any written or oral format, to employees who wear respirators when such use is not required by this section or by the employer. ( i) Every respirator wearer shall receive fitting instructions including demonstrations and practice in how the respirator should be worn, how to adjust it, and how to determine if it fits properly. Respirators shall not be worn when conditions prevent a good face seal. Such conditions may be a growth of beard, sideburns, a skull cap that projects under the facepiece, or temple pieces on glasses. Also, the absence of one or both dentures can seriously affect the fit of a facepiece. The worker’s diligence in observing these factors shall be evaluated by periodic check. To assure proper protection, the facepiece fit shall be checked by the wearer each time he or she puts on the respirator. This may be done by following the manufacturer’s facepiece fitting instructions. ( 1) Adequate first aid facilities approved by a health authority shall be maintained and made available in every labor camp for the emergency treatment of injured persons. 29 Temporary Labor Camps 1910.142( k)( 1) and ( 2) ( 2) Such facilities shall be in charge of a person trained to administer first aid and shall be readily accessible for use at all times. ( 1)( ii) All employees shall be instructed that danger signs indicate immediate danger and that special precautions are necessary. ( 2)( ii) All employees shall be instructed that caution signs indicate a possible hazard against which proper precautions should be taken. ( 3) Safety instruction signs. Safety instruction signs shall be used where there is a need for general instructions and suggestions relative to safety measures. ( 1) The employer shall provide training so that all employees whose work is regulated by this section acquire the understanding, knowledge, and skills necessary for the safe performance of the duties assigned under this section. ( 2) Training shall be provided to each affected employee: ( i) Before the employee is first assigned duties under this section: ( ii) Before there is a change in assigned duties; ( iii) Whenever there is a change in permit space operations that presents a hazard about which an employee has not previously been trained; ( iv) Whenever the employer has reason to believe either that there are deviations from the permit space entry procedures required by paragraph ( d)( 3) of this section or that there are inadequacies in the employees’ knowledge or use of these procedures. ( 3) The training shall establish employee proficiency in the duties required by this section and shall introduce new or revised procedures, as necessary, for compliance with this section. ( 4) The employer shall certify that the training required by paragraphs ( g)( 1) through ( g ) ( 3 ) of this section has been accomplished. The certification shall contain each employee’s name, the signatures or initials of the trainers, and the dates of training. The certific a t i o n shall be available for inspection by employees and their authorized representatives. ( k) Rescue and emergency services. ( k)( 1) An employer who designates rescue and emergency services, pursuant to para-graph ( d)( 9) of this section, shall: ( k)( 1)( i) Evaluate a prospective rescuer’s ability to respond to a rescue summons in a timely manner, considering the hazard( s) identified; Note to paragraph ( k)( l)( i): What will be considered timely will vary according to the specific hazards involved in each entry. For example, § 1910.134, Respiratory Protection, requires that employers provide a standby person or persons capable of immediate action to rescue employee( s) wearing respiratory protection while in work areas defined as IDLH atmospheres. ( k)( 1)( ii) Evaluate a prospective rescue service’s ability, in terms of proficiency with res-cue- related tasks and equipment, to function appropriately while rescuing entrants from the particular permit space or types of permit spaces identified; 30 Specifications for Accident Prevention Signs and Tags 1910.145( c)( 1)( ii), ( 2)( ii), and ( 3) Permit Required Confined Spaces 1910.146( g)( 1) and ( 2)( i) through ( iv), ( 3) and ( 4), and k( 1)( i) through ( 2)( iv) ( k)( 1)( iii) Select a rescue team or service from those evaluated that: ( k)( 1)( iii)( A) Has the capability to reach the victim( s) within a time frame that is appro-priate for the permit space hazard( s) identified; ( k)( 1)( iii)( B) Is equipped for and proficient in performing the needed rescue services; ( k)( 1)( iv) Inform each rescue team or service of the hazards they may confront when called on to perform rescue at the site; and ( k)( 1)( v) Provide the rescue team or service selected with access to all permit spaces from which rescue may be necessary so that the rescue service can develop appropriate rescue plans and practice rescue operations. Note to paragraph ( k)( 1): Non- mandatory Appendix F contains examples of criteria which employers can use in evaluating prospective rescuers as required by paragraph ( k)( l) of this section. ( k)( 2) An employer whose employees have been designated to provide permit space res-cue and emergency services shall take the following measures: ( k)( 2)( i) Provide affected employees with the personal protective equipment ( PPE) need-ed to conduct permit space rescues safely and train affected employees so they are profi-cient in the use of that PPE, at no cost to those employees; ( k)( 2)( ii) Train affected employees to perform assigned rescue duties. The employer must ensure that such employees successfully complete the training required to establish proficiency as an authorized entrant, as provided by paragraphs ( g) and ( h) of this sec-tion; ( k)( 2)( iii) Train affected employees in basic first- aid and cardiopulmonary resuscitation ( CPR). The employer shall ensure that at least one member of the rescue team or service holding a current certification in first aid and CPR is available; and ( k)( 2)( iv) Ensure that affected employees practice making permit space rescues at least once every 12 months, by means of simulated rescue operations in which they remove dummies, manikins, or actual persons from the actual permit spaces or from representa-tive permit spaces. Representative permit spaces shall, with respect to opening size, con-figuration, and accessibility, simulate the types of permit spaces from which rescue is to be performed. ( ii) When other standards in this part require the use of lockout or tagout, they shall be used and supplemented by the procedural and training requirements of this section. ( a)( 3) Purpose. ( ii) When other standards in this part require... of this section ( 4) Energy control procedure. ( i) Procedures shall be developed, documented and utilized for the control of potentially hazardous energy when employees are engaged in the activities covered by this section. ( c)( 4) Energy control procedure. ( i) Procedures shall be developed... by this section ( 6)( i)( D) Where tagout is used for energy control, the periodic inspection shall include a review, between the inspector and each authorized and affected employee, of that employee’s responsibilities under the energy control procedure being inspected, and the elements set forth in paragraph ( c)( 7)( ii) of this section. 31 The Control of Hazardous Energy ( Lockout/ Tagout) 1910.147( a)( 3)( ii); ( c)( 4)( i); ( c)( 6)( i)( D); ( c)( 7)( i)( A) through ( C); ( c)( 7)( ii)( A) through ( F); ( c)( 7)( iii)( A) through ( C); ( c)( 7)( iv); ( c)( 8); and ( c)( 9) ( c)( 6) Periodic Inspection. ( i)( d) Where tagout is used for energy control... paragraph I( 7)( ii) of this section. ( 7) Training and communication. ( i) The employer shall provide training to ensure that the purpose and function of the energy control program are understood by employees and that the knowledge and skills required for the safe application, usage, and removal of energy controls are required by employees. The training shall include the following: ( c)( 7) Training and communication. ( i) The employer shall provide training to ensure that the purpose and function of the energy control program are understood by employees and that the knowledge and skills required for the safe application, usage, and removal of the energy controls are acquired by employees. The training shall include the following: ( A) Each authorized employee shall receive training in the recognition of applicable hazardous energy sources, the type and magnitude of the energy available in the work-place, and the methods and means necessary for energy isolation and control. ( B) Each affected employee shall be instructed in the purpose and use of the energy control procedure. ( C) All other employees whose work operations are or may be in an area where energy control procedures may be utilized, shall be instructed about the procedure, and about the prohibition relating to attempts to restart or reenergize machines or equipment which are locked out or tagged out. ( ii) When tagout systems are used, employees shall also be trained in the following limitations of tags: ( A) Tags are essentially warning devices affixed to energy isolating devices, and do not provide the physical restraint on those devices that is provided by a lock. ( B) When a tag is attached to an energy isolating means, it is not to be removed without authorization of the authorized person for it, and it is never to be bypassed, ignored, or otherwise defeated. ( C) Tags must be legible and understandable by all authorized employees, affected employees, and all other employees whose work operations are or may be in the area, in order to be effective. ( D) Tags and their means of attachment must be made of materials which will withstand the environmental conditions encountered in the workplace. ( E) Tags may evoke a false sense of security, and their meaning needs to be understood as part of the overall energy control program. ( F) Tags must be securely attached to energy isolating devices so that they cannot be inadvertently or accidentally detached during use. ( iii) Employee retraining. ( A) Retraining shall be provided for all authorized and aff e c t e d employees whenever there is a change in their job assignments, a change in machines, equipment or processes that present a new hazard, or when there is a change in the energ y control procedures. ( B) Additional retraining shall also be conducted whenever a periodic inspection under paragraph ( c)( 6) of this section reveals, or whenever the employer has reason to believe 32 that there are deviations from or inadequacies in the employee’s knowledge or use of the energy control procedures. ( C) The retraining shall reestablish employee proficiency and introduce new or revised control methods and procedures, as necessary. ( iv) The employer shall certify that employee training has been accomplished and is being kept up to date. The certification shall contain each employee’s name and dates of training. ( 8) Energy isolation. Lockout or tagout shall be performed only by authorized employees who are performing the servicing or maintenance. ( c)( 9) Notification of employees. Affected employees shall be notified by the employer or authorized employee of the application and removal of lockout devices or tagout devices. Notification shall be given before the controls are applied, and after they are removed from the machine or equipment. ( 3) Lockout or tagout devices removal. Each lockout or tagout device shall be removed from each energy isolating device by the employee who applied the device. Exception to paragraph ( e)( 3). When the authorized employee who applied the lockout or tagout device is not available to remove it, that device may be removed under the direction of the employer, provided that specific procedures and training for such removal have been developed, documented, and incorporated into the employer’s energy control program. The employer shall demonstrate that the specific procedure shall include at least the following elements: ( i) Verification by the employer that the authorized employee who applied the device is not at the facility; ( ii) Making all reasonable efforts to contract the authorized employee to inform him/ her that his/ her lockout or tagout device has been removed; and ( iii) Ensuring that the authorized employee has this knowledge before he/ she resumes work at that facility. ( f)( 2)( ii) The on- site employer shall ensure that his/ her employees understand and comply with restrictions and prohibitions of the outside employer’s energy control procedures. ( a) The employer shall ensure the ready availability of medical personnel for advice and consultation on matters of plant health. ( b) In the absence of an infirmary, clinic, or hospital in near proximity to the workplace which is used for the treatment of all injured employees, a person or persons shall be adequately trained to render first aid. First aid supplies approved by the consulting physician shall be readily available. ( 41) “ Training” means the process of making proficient through instruction and hands- on practice in the operation of equipment, including respiratory protection equipment, that is expected to be used and in the performance of assigned duties. ( 1) Organizational statement. The employer shall prepare and maintain a statement or written policy which establishes the existence of a fire brigade; the basic organizational structure; the type, amount, and frequency of training to be provided to fire brigade members; the expected number of members in the fire brigade; and the functions that the fire brigade is to perform at the workplace. The organizational statement shall be 33 Lockout or Tagout Devices Removed 1910.147( e)( 3)( i) through ( iii) Outside Personnel 1910.147( f)( 2)( i) Medical Services and First Aid 1910.151( a) and ( b) Fire Protection 1910.155( c)( 41) Fire Brigades 1910.156( b)( 1) available for inspection by the Assistant Secretary and by employees or their designated representatives. ( 1) The employer shall provide training and education for all fire brigade members commensurate with those duties and functions that fire brigade members are expected to perform. Such training and education shall be provided to fire brigade members before they perform fire brigade emergency activities. Fire brigade leaders and training instructors shall be provided with training and education which is more comprehensive than that provided to the general membership of the fire brigade. ( 2) The employer shall assure that training and education is conducted frequently enough to assure that each member of the fire brigade is able to perform the member’s assigned duties and functions satisfactorily and in a safe manner so as not to endanger fire brigade members or other employees. All fire brigade members shall be provided with training at least annually. In addition, fire brigade members who are expected to perform interior structural fire fighting shall be provided with an education session or training at least quarterly. ( 3) The quality of the training and education program for fire brigade members shall be similar to those conducted by such fire training schools as the Maryland Fire and Rescue Institute; Iowa Fire Service Extension; West Virginia Fire Service Extension; Georgia Fire Academy; New York State Department, Fire Prevention and Control; Louisiana State University Firemen Training Program; or Washington State’s Fire Service Training Commission for Vocational Education. ( For example, for the oil refinery industry, with its unique hazards, the training and education program for those fire brigade members shall be similar to those conducted by Texas A & M University, Lamar University, Reno Fire School, or the Delaware State Fire School.) ( 4) The employer shall inform fire brigade members about special hazards such as storage and use of flammable liquids and gases, toxic chemicals, radioactive sources, and water reactive substances, to which they may be exposed during fire and other emergencies. The fire brigade members shall also be advised of any changes that occur in relation to the special hazards. The employer shall develop and make available for inspection by fire brigade members, written procedures that describe the actions to be taken in situations involving the special hazards and shall include these in the training and education program. ( 1) Where the employer has provided portable fire extinguishers for employee use in the workplace, the employer shall also provide an educational program to familiarize employees with the general principles of fire extinguisher use and the hazards involved with incipient stage fire fighting. ( 2) The employer shall provide the education required in paragraph ( g)( 1) of this section upon initial employment and at least annually thereafter. ( 3) The employer shall provide employees who have been designated to use fire fighting equipment as part of an emergency action plan with training in the use of the appropriate equipment. ( 4) The employer shall provide the training required in paragraph ( g)( 3) of this section upon initial assignment to the designated group of employees and at least annually thereafter. ( vi) The employer shall designate trained persons to conduct all inspections required under this section. 34 Training and Education 1910.156( c)( 1) through ( 4) Portable Fire Extinguishers 1910.157( g)( 1) through ( 4) Standpipe and Hose Systems 1910.158( e)( 2)( vi) ( 10) The employer shall train employees designated to inspect, maintain, operate, or repair fixed extinguishing systems and annually review their training to keep them up- to- date in the functions they are to perform. ( 4) The employer shall assure that the servicing, maintenance and testing of fire detection systems, including cleaning and necessary sensitivity adjustments, are performed by a trained person knowledgeable in the operations and functions of the system. ( 5) The employer shall assure that the servicing, maintenance, and testing of employee alarms are done by persons trained in the designed operation and functions necessary for reliable and safe operation of the system. ( c) Employee training. ( 1) The employer shall provide a training program to train all employees who service rim wheels in the hazards involved in servicing those rim wheels and the safety procedures to be followed. ( i) The employer shall assure that no employee services any rim wheel unless the employee has been trained and instructed in correct procedures of servicing the rim type being serviced, and in the safe operating procedures described in paragraphs ( f) and ( g) of this section. ( ii) Information to be used in the training program shall include at a minimum, the applicable data contained in the charts, rim manuals, and the contents of this standard. ( iii) Where an employer knows or has reason to believe that any of his or her employees is unable to read and understand the charts or rim manual, the employer shall assure that the employee is instructed concerning the contents of the charts and rim manual in a manner which the employee is able to understand. ( 2) The employer shall assure that each employee demonstrates and maintains the ability to service multi- piece rim wheels safely, including performance of the following tasks: ( i) Demounting of tires ( including deflation); ( ii) Inspection and identification of rim wheel components; ( iii) Mounting of tires ( including inflation within a restraining device or other safeguard required by this section); ( iv) Use of the restraining device or barrier, and other equipment required by this section; ( v) Handling of rim wheels; ( vi) Inflation of tire when a single- piece rim wheel is mounted on a vehicle; and ( vii) An understanding of the necessity of standing outside the trajectory both during the inflation of the tire and during inspection of the rim wheel following inflation; and ( viii) Installation and removal of rim wheels. ( 3) The employer shall evaluate each employee’s ability to perform these tasks and to service rim wheels safely and shall provide additional training as necessary to assure that each employee maintains his or her proficiency. 35 Fixed Extinguishing Systems 1910.160( b)( 10) Fire Detection Systems 1910.164( c)( 4) Servicing of Multi- Piece and Single- Piece Rim Wheels 1910.177( c)( 1) through ( iii); ( 2)( i) through ( viii); and ( 3). Includes single- piece wheels per Federal Register of February 3, 1984 ( pp. 4338– 4352) but not automobile or truck tires marked “ LT.” Employee Alarm Systems 1910.165( d)( 5) ( f) Safe operating procedure— multi- piece rim wheels. The employer shall establish a safe operating procedure for servicing multi- piece rim wheels and shall assure that employees are instructed in and follow that procedure. The procedure shall include at least the following elements: ( 1) Tires shall be completely deflated before demounting by removal of the valve core. ( 2) Tires shall be completely deflated by removing the valve core before a rim wheel is removed from the axle in either of the following situations: ( i) When the tire has been driven underinflated at 80% or less of its recommended pressure, or ( ii) When there is obvious or suspected damage to the tire or wheel components. ( 3) Rubber lubricant shall be applied to bead and rim mating surfaces during assembly of the wheel and inflation of the tire, unless the tire or wheel manufacturer recommends against it. ( 4) If a tire on a vehicle is underinflated but has more than 80% of the recommended pressure, the tire may be inflated while the rim wheel is on the vehicle provided remote control inflation equipment is used, and no employees remain in the trajectory during inflation. ( 5) Tires shall be inflated outside a restraining device only to a pressure sufficient to force the tire bead onto the rim ledge and create an airtight seal with the tire and bead. ( 6) Whenever a rim wheel is in a restraining device the employee shall not rest or lean any part of his or her body or equipment on or against the restraining device. ( 7) After tire inflation, the tire and wheel components shall be inspected while still within the restraining device to make sure that they are properly seated and locked. If further adjustment to the tire or wheel components is necessary, the tire shall be deflated by removal of the valve core before the adjustment is made. ( 8) No attempt shall be made to correct the seating of side and lock rings by hammering, striking or forcing the components while the tire is pressurized. ( 9) Cracked, broken, bent or otherwise damaged rim components shall not be reworked, welded, brazed, or otherwise heated. ( 10) Whenever multi- piece rim wheels are being handled, employees shall stay out of the trajectory unless the employer can demonstrate that performance of the servicing makes the employee’s presence in the trajectory necessary. ( 11) No heat shall be applied to a multi- piece wheel or wheel component. ( g) Safe operating procedure— single- piece rim wheels. The employer shall establish a safe operating procedure for servicing single- piece rim wheels and shall assure that employees are instructed in and follow that procedure. The procedure shall include at least the following elements: ( 1) Tires shall be completely deflated by removal of the valve core before demounting. ( 2) Mounting and demounting of the tire shall be done only from the narrow ledge side of the wheel. Care shall be taken to avoid damaging the tire beads while mounting tires 36 1910.177( f)( 1); ( 2)( i) and ( ii); and ( 3) through ( 11) 1910.177( g)( 1) through ( 12) on wheels. Tires shall be mounted only on compatible wheels of matching bead diameter and width. ( 3) Nonflammable rubber lubricant shall be applied to bead and wheel mating surfaces before assembly of the rim wheel, unless the tire or wheel manufacturer recommends against the use of any rubber lubricant. ( 4) If a tire changing machine is used, the tire shall be inflated only to the minimum pressure necessary to force the tire bead onto the rim ledge while on the tire changing machine. ( 5) If a bead expander is used, it shall be removed before the valve core is installed and as soon as the rim wheel becomes airtight ( the tire bead slips onto the bead seat). ( 6) Tires may be inflated only when contained within a restraining device, positioned behind a barrier or bolted on the vehicle with the lug nuts fully tightened. ( 7) Tires shall not be inflated when any flat, solid surface is in the trajectory and within one foot of the sidewall. ( 8) Employees shall stay out of the trajectory when inflating a tire. ( 9) Tires shall not be inflated to more than the inflation pressure stamped in the sidewall unless a higher pressure is recommended by the manufacturer. ( 10) Tires shall not be inflated above the maximum pressure recommended by the manufacturer to seat the tire bead firmly against the rim flange. ( 11) No heat shall be applied to a single- piece wheel. ( 12) Cracked, broken, bent, or otherwise damaged wheels shall not be reworked, welded, brazed, or otherwise heated. ( l) Operator training. ( 1) Safe operation. ( I) The employer shall ensure that each pow-ered industrial truck operator is competent to operate a powered industrial truck safely, as demonstrated by the successful completion of the training and evaluation specified in this paragraph. ( ii) Prior to permitting an employee to operate a powered industrial truck ( except for training purposes), the employer shall ensure that each operator has successfully com-pleted the training required by this paragraph ( l), except as permitted by paragraph ( l)( 5). ( 2) Training program implementation ( I) Trainees may operate a powered industrial truck only: ( A) Under the direct supervision of persons who have the knowledge, training, and expe-rience to train operators and evaluate their competence; and ( B) Where such operation does not endanger the trainee or other employees. ( ii) Training shall consist of a combination of formal instruction ( e. g., lecture, discussion, interactive computer learning, videotape, written material), practical training ( demonstra-tions performed by the trainer and practical exercises performed by the trainee), and evaluation of the operator’s performance in the workplace. 37 Powered Industrial Trucks 1910.178( l)( 1)( I) and ( ii); ( 2)( I)( A) and ( B)( ii) and ( iii); ( 3)( I)( A) through( M); ( ii)( A) through ( I) ( iii); ( 4)( I) and ( ii)( A) ( ii) through ( E); ( iii)( 5), ( 6), and ( 7) ( iii) All operator training and evaluation shall be conducted by persons who have the knowledge, training, and experience to train powered industrial truck operators and eval-uate their competence. ( 3) Training program content. Powered industrial truck operators shall receive initial training in the following topics, except in topics which the employer can demonstrate are not applicable to safe operation of the truck in the employer’s workplace. ( I) Truck- relat-ed topics: ( A) Operating instructions, warnings, and pre- cautions for the types of truck the operator will be authorized to operate; ( B) Differences between the truck and the automobile; ( C) Truck controls and instrumentation: where they are located, what they do, and how they work; ( D) Engine or motor operation; ( E) Steering and maneuvering; ( F) Visibility ( including restrictions due to loading); ( G) Fork and attachment adaptation, operation, and use limitations; ( H) Vehicle capacity; ( I) Vehicle stability; ( J) Any vehicle inspection and maintenance that the operator will be required to perform; ( K) Refueling and/ or charging and recharging of batteries; ( L) Operating limitations; ( M) Any other operating instructions, warnings, or precautions listed in the operator’s manual for the types of vehicle that the employee is being trained to operate. ( ii) Workplace related topics: ( A) Surface conditions where the vehicle will be operated; ( B) Composition of loads to be carried and load stability; ( C) Load manipulation, stacking, and unstacking; ( D) Pedestrian traffic in areas where the vehicle will be operated; ( E) Narrow aisles and other restricted places where the vehicle will be operated; ( F) Hazardous ( classified) locations where the vehicle will be operated; ( G) Ramps and other sloped surfaces that could affect the vehicle’s stability; ( H) Closed environments and other areas where insufficient ventilation or poor vehicle maintenance could cause a buildup of carbon monoxide or diesel exhaust; 38 ( I) Other unique or potentially hazardous environmental conditions in the workplace that could affect safe operation. ( iii) The requirements of this section. ( 4) Refresher training and evaluation ( i) Refresher training, including an evaluation of the effectiveness of that training, shall be conducted as required by paragraph ( l)( 4)( ii) to ensure that the operator has the knowledge and skills needed to operate the powered industrial truck safely. ( ii) Refresher training in relevant topics shall be provided to the operator when: ( A) The operator has been observed to operate the vehicle in an unsafe manner; ( B) The operator has been involved in an accident or near- miss incident; ( C) The operator has received an evaluation that reveals that the operator is not operating the truck safely; ( D) The operator is assigned to drive a different type of truck; or ( E) A condition in the workplace changes in a manner that could affect safe operation of the truck. ( iii) An evaluation of each powered industrial truck operator’s performance shall be con-ducted at least once every three years. ( 5) Avoidance of duplicative training. If an operator has previously received training in a topic specified in paragraph ( l)( 3) of this section, and such training is appropriate to the truck and working conditions encountered, additional training in that topic is not required if the operator has been evaluated and found competent to operate the truck safely. ( 6) Certification. The employer shall certify that each operator has been trained and eval-uated as required by this paragraph ( l). Certification shall include the name of the opera-tor, the date of the training, the date of the evaluation, and the identity of the person( s) performing the training or evaluation. ( 7) Dates. The employer shall ensure that operators of powered industrial truck are trained, as appropriate, by the following dates: ( A) If the employee was hired prior to December 1,1999, the initial training and evaluation of that employee must be completed by December 1, 1999. ( B) If the employee was hired after December 1, 1999, the initial training and evaluation of that employee must be completed before the employee is assigned to operate a powered industrial truck. ( ix) When two or more cranes are used to lift a load one qualified responsible person shall be in charge of the operation. He shall analyze the operation and instruct all personnel involved in the proper positioning, rigging of the load, and the movements to be made. ( 3) Fire extinguishers. The employer shall insure that operators are familiar with the operation and care of fire extinguishers provided. ( ii) Operating and maintenance personnel shall be made familiar with the use and care of the fire extinguishers provided. 39 Moving the Load 1910.179( n)( 3)( ix) 1910.179( o)( 3) Crawler Locomotive and Truck Cranes 1910.180( i)( 5)( ii) ( 3) Training of maintenance personnel. It shall be the responsibility of the employer to insure the original and continuing competence of personnel caring for, inspecting, and maintaining power presses. ( 2) Instruction to operators. The employer shall train and instruct the operator in the safe method of work before starting work on any operation covered by this section. The employer shall insure by adequate supervision that correct operating procedures are being followed. ( i) The operator training required by paragraph ( f)( 2) of this section shall be provided to the employee before the employee initially operates the press and as needed to maintain competence, but not less than annually thereafter. It shall include instruction relative to the following items for presses used in the PSDI mode. ( A) The manufacturer’s recommended test procedures for checking operation of the presence sensing device. This shall include the use of the test rod required by paragraph ( h)( 10)( i) of this section. ( B) The safety distance required. ( C) The operation, function and performance of the PSDI mode. ( D) The requirements for hand tools that may be used in the PSDI mode. ( E) The severe consequences that can result if he or she attempts to circumvent or by-pass any of the safeguard or operating functions of the PSDI system. ( ii) The employer shall certify that employees have been trained by preparing a certification record which includes the identity of the person trained, the signature of the employer or the person who conducted the training, and the date the training was completed. The certification record shall be prepared at the completion of training and shall be maintained on file for the duration of the employee’s employment. The certification record shall be made available upon request to the Assistant Secretary for Occupational Safety and Health. ( 2) Inspection and maintenance. It shall be the responsibility of the employer to maintain all forge shop equipment in a condition which will ensure continued safe operation. This responsibility includes: ( iii) Training personnel for the proper inspection and maintenance of forging machinery and equipment. ( xiii) Management. Management shall recognize its responsibility for the safe usage of cutting and welding equipment on its property and: ( C) Insist that cutters or welders and their supervisors are suitably trained in the safe operation of their equipment and the safe use of the process. ( 4) Personnel. Workmen in charge of the oxygen or fuel- gas supply equipment, including generators, and oxygen or fuel- gas distribution piping systems shall be instructed and judged competent by their employers for this important work before being left in charge. Rules and instructions covering the operation and maintenance of oxygen or fuel- gas supply equipment including generators, and oxygen or fuel- gas distribution piping systems shall be readily available. 40 Mechanical Power Presses 1910.217( e)( 3) 1910.217( f)( 2) Operator Training 1910.217( h)( 13)( i)( A) through ( E) and ( ii) Forging Machines 1910.218( a)( 2)( iii) Welding, Cutting, and Brazing General Requirements 1910.252( a)( 2)( xiii)( C) Oxygen- Fuel Gas Welding and Cutting 1910.253( a)( 4) ( 3) Instruction. Workmen designated to operate arc welding equipment shall have been properly instructed and qualified to operate such equipment as specified in paragraph ( d) of this section. ( 3) Personnel. Workmen designated to operate resistance welding equipment shall have been properly instructed and judged competent to operate such equipment. ( ii) Gas masks capable of absorbing chlorine shall be supplied, conveniently placed, and regularly inspected, and workers who may be exposed to chlorine gas shall be instructed in their use. ( v) Instruction of employees. Employees shall be properly instructed as to the hazards of their work and be instructed in safe practices, by bulletins, printed rules, and verbal instructions. ( x) Lift trucks. Lift trucks shall be designed, constructed, maintained, and operated in accordance with the requirements of § 1910.178. ( ii) Explosives. Only a designated person shall handle or use explosives. Usage shall comply with the requirements of Subpart H of 1910. ( iii) Chain saw operators shall be instructed to follow manufacturer’s instructions as to operation and adjustment. ( iv) Chain saw operators shall be instructed to fuel the saw at least 10 feet from any open flame or other source of ignition. ( v) Chain saw operators shall be instructed to start the saw at least 10 feet away from fueling area. ( vi) Chain saw operators shall be instructed to start the saw only on the ground or when otherwise firmly supported. ( vii) The chain saw shall be started with the chain brake engaged. ( viii) The chain saw shall be held with both hands during operation unless the employer demonstrates a greater hazard is posed by using both hands during that particular instance. ( ix) The chain saw operator shall be certain of footing before starting to cut. The chain saw shall not be used in a position or at a distance that could cause its operator to lose his or her balance. ( x) Prior to felling any tree, the saw operator shall clear brush or other potential obstacles which might interfere with tree cutting or using the retreat path. ( xi) Chain saw operators shall be instructed not to use the saw to cut directly overhead. ( xii) Chain saw operators shall be instructed to carry the saw in a manner to prevent operator contact with the chain and muffler. ( ii) Employer shall assure that each machine, including any provided by an employee, is inspected before initial use each work shift. Defects or damage is to be repaired, or machine is to be replaced, before work commences. 41 Arc Welding and Cutting 1910.254( a)( 3) Resistance Welding 1910.255( a)( 3) Pulp, Paper, and Paperboard Mills 1910.261( h)( 3)( ii) Laundry Machinery and Operating Rules 1910.264( d)( 1)( v) 1910.266( e)( 2)( iii) through ( xii) Sawmills 1910.265( c)( 30)( x) Logging Operations 1910.266( d)( 10)( ii) 1910.266( f)( 1)( ii) and ( iii) ( iii) Employer shall assure that operating and maintenance instructions for each machine are available either on board the machine or in the area where it is operating. All machine operators and maintenance workers shall comply with the instructions. ( i) A machine shall be started and operated only by a designated person. ( ii) Stationary logging machines and components shall be anchored or otherwise stabilized during operation. ( iii) The rated capacity of any machine shall not be exceeded. ( iv) No machine shall be operated on any slope greater than the maximum slope recommended by the manufacturer. ( v) Before starting or moving a machine, the operator shall determine that no employer is in its path. ( vi) A machine shall only be operated from the operator’s station or as otherwise recommended by the manufacturer. ( vii) A machine shall only be operated at such a distance from other machines and employees that its operation will not cause a hazard to employees. ( viii) No employee, other than the operator, shall ride on any mobile machine unless seating, safety belts, or other equivalent protection is provided. ( ix) No employee is ever to ride on any load. ( x) Before a machine is shut down, the brake locks or parking brakes shall be applied. Each moving element ( blades, buckets, shears, etc.) shall be grounded. ( xi) After a machine engine is shut down, pressure from hydraulic and pneumatic storage devices is to be discharged. ( xii) The rated capacity of any vehicle transporting a machine shall not be exceeded. ( xiii) Machines are to be loaded, secured, and unloaded so that no hazard is created for any employee. ( i) Trees shall not be felled in a manner that may create a hazard for any employee. ( ii) The immediate supervisor shall be consulted when unfamiliar or unusually hazardous conditions require his or her approval before cutting can commence. ( i) Training. ( 1) The employer shall provide training for each employee, including supervisors, at no cost to the employee. ( 2) Frequency. Training shall be provided as follows: ( i) As soon as possible but not later than the effective date of this section for initial training for each current and new employee; ( ii) Prior to initial assignment for each new employee; ( iii) Whenever the employee is assigned new work tasks, tools, equipment, machines, or vehicles; and, 42 1910.266( f)( 2)( i) through ( xiii) 1910.266( h)( 1)( i) and ( ii) 1910.266( i)( 1) through ( 10) ( iv) Whenever an employee demonstrates unsafe job performance. ( 3) Content. At a minimum, training shall consist of the following elements: ( i) Safe performance of assigned work tasks; ( ii) Safe use, operation, and maintenance of tools, machines, and vehicles the employee uses or operates, including emphasis on understanding and following the manufacturer’s instructions, warnings, and precautions; ( iii) Recognition of safety and health hazards associated with the employee’s specific work tasks, including the use of measures and work practices to prevent or control those hazards; ( iv) Recognition, prevention, and control of other safety and health hazards in the logging industry; ( v) Procedures, practices, and requirements of the employer’s work site; and ( vi) The requirements of this standard. ( 4) Training of an employee due to unsafe job performance, or assignment of new work tasks, tools, equipment, machines, or vehicles may be limited to those elements in paragraph ( i)( 3) of this section which are relevant to the circumstances giving rise to the need for training. ( 5) Portability of training. ( i) Each current employee who has received training in the particular elements specified in paragraph ( i)( 3) of this section shall not be required to be retrained in those elements. ( ii) Each new employee who has received training in the particular elements specified in paragraph ( i)( 3) of this section shall not be required to be retrained in those elements prior to initial assignment. ( iii) The employer shall train each current and new employee in those elements for which the employee has not received training. ( iv) The employer is responsible for ensuring that each current and new employee can properly and safely perform the work tasks and operate the tools, equipment, machines, and vehicles used in their job. ( 6) Each new employee and each employee who is required to be trained as specified in paragraph ( i)( 2) of this section, shall work under the close supervision of a designated person until the employee demonstrates to the employer the ability to safely perform the new duties independently. ( 7) First aid training. ( i) The employer shall assure that each employee, including supervisors, receives or has received first aid and CPR training meeting at least the requirements specified in Appendix B of this standard. ( ii) The employer shall assure that each employee’s first aid and CPR training and/ or cer-tificate of training remain current. ( 8) All training shall be conducted by a designated person. 43 ( 9) The employer shall assure that all training required by this section is presented in a manner that the employee is able to understand. The employer shall assure that all training materials used are appropriate in content and vocabulary to the educational level, literacy, and language skills of the employees being trained. ( 10) Certification of training. ( i) The employer shall verify compliance with paragraph ( i) of this section by preparing a written certification record. The written certif
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Title | Guide to voluntary training and training requirements in OSHA standards |
Other Title | Voluntary training and training requirements in OSHA standards |
Contributor |
Davis, Bobby R. North Carolina. Division of Occupational Safety and Health. |
Date | 2005-08 |
Subjects |
Industrial safety--Law and legislation--United States Industrial hygiene--Law and legislation--United States Safety education, Industrial--United States Safety education, Industrial--North Carolina |
Description | "Printed 8/05"--P.[2].; "This guide is intended to be consistent with all existing OSHA and/or OSHNC standards. If an area is considered by the reader to be inconsistent with a standard, then the appropriate state or federal standard should be followed"--P. [2].; Title from title screen (viewed on June 1, 2009). |
Publisher | Division of Occupational Safety and Health, N.C. Dept. of Labor |
Agency-Current | North Carolina Department of Labor |
Rights | State Document see http://digital.ncdcr.gov/u?/p249901coll22,63754 |
Requirements for Use | System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader ; current access available via PURL. |
Physical Characteristics | 114 p. of electronic text : digital, PDF file. |
Collection | North Carolina State Documents Collection. State Library of North Carolina |
Type | Text |
Language | English |
Format | Guides |
Digital Characteristics-A | 284 KB; 114 p. |
Digital Collection |
North Carolina Digital State Documents Collection N.C. Public Health Collection |
Digital Format | application/pdf |
Related Items | http://worldcat.org/oclc/384531101/viewonline |
Audience | All |
Pres File Name-M | pubs_VoluntaryTraining082005.pdf |
Pres Local File Path-M | \Preservation_content\StatePubs\pubs_borndigital\images_master\ |
Full Text | A Guide to Voluntary Training and Training Requirements in OSHA Standards Bobby R. Davis Series Editor N. C. Department of Labor Division of Occupational Safety and Health 1101 Mail Service Center Raleigh, NC 27699- 1101 Cherie K. Berry Commissioner of Labor N. C. Department of Labor Occupational Safety and Health Program Cherie K. Berry Commissioner of Labor OSHA State Plan Designee Allen McNeely Deputy Commissioner for Safety and Health Kevin Beauregard Assistant Deputy Commissioner for Safety and Health Acknowledgment A Guide to Voluntary Training and Training Requirements in OSHA Standards is based on the U. S. Department of Labor Occupational Safety and Health Administration publication Training Requirements in OSHA Standards and Training Guidelines ( 1995 edition). Some modifications were made to reflect North Carolina occupational safety and health standards and administrative conditions. This guide is intended to be consistent with all existing OSHA and/ or OSHNC standards. If an area is considered by the reader to be inconsistent with a standard, then the appropriate state or federal standard should be followed. To obtain additional copies of this book, or if you have questions about N. C. occupational safety and health standards or rules, please contact: N. C. Department of Labor Bureau of Education, Training and Technical Assistance 1101 Mail Service Center Raleigh, NC 27699- 1101 Phone: ( 919) 807- 2875 or 1- 800- NC- LABOR ( 1- 800- 625- 2267) ____________________ Additional sources of information are listed on the inside back cover of this book. ____________________ The projected cost of the OSHNC program for federal fiscal year 2004– 2005 is $ 13,330,705. Federal funding provides approximately 38 percent ($ 5,162,000) of this total. Printed 8/ 05 Contents Page Foreword iv Introduction v Voluntary Training Guidelines 2 Index of Training Requirements 9 General Industry Training Requirements, 29 CFR Part 1910 17 Maritime Training Requirements, 29 CFR Parts 1915, 1917, 1918 63 Construction Training Requirements, 29 CFR Part 1926 77 Agricultural Training Requirements, 29 CFR Part 1928 105 Suggested Readings in Industrial Safety and Health Training and Other Resources 107 iii Foreword Training employees may not be the most glamorous part of the business world. When it comes to OSHA- required training, some employers may even worry it’s just more “ red tape.” Yet how can employers really be sure that their employees know safe and healthy work procedures without formal training? How can anyone ever determine which occupational safety and health risks require more attention and which are being controlled successfully thanks to training without the associated recordkeeping? When an employer trains an employee how to work safely and how to respond to an emergency, that employer has built a better, more productive, more cost- efficient work-place. No one should ever think of training as a burden or as an unimportant task. In North Carolina, DOL inspectors enforce the federal Occupational Safety and Health Act through a state plan approved by the U. S. Department of Labor. The N. C. Depart-ment of Labor’s Division of Occupational Safety and Health offers many educational programs to the public and produces publications, including this guide, to help inform people about their rights and responsibilities regarding occupational safety and health. When looking through this guide, please remember DOL’s mission is greater than just to enforce regulations. An equally important goal is to help people find ways to create safe workplaces. This booklet, like the other educational materials produced by the N. C. Department of Labor, can help. Cherie K. Berry Commissioner of Labor v Introduction Many standards promulgated by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration explicitly require the employer to train employees in the safety and health aspects of their jobs. Other OSHA standards make it the employer’s responsibility to limit certain job assignments to employees who are “ certified,” “ competent” or “ qualified,” meaning that they have had special previous training, in or out of the workplace. The term “ designat-ed” personnel means selected or assigned by the employer or the employer’s representa-tive as being qualified to perform specific duties. These requirements reflect OSHA’s belief that training is an essential part of every employer’s safety and health program for protecting workers from injuries and illnesses. Many researchers conclude that those who are new on the job have a higher rate of accidents and injuries than more experienced workers. If ignorance of specific job hazards and of proper work practices is even partly to blame for these higher injury rates, then training will help to provide a solution. As an example of the trend in OSHA safety and health training requirements, the Process Safety Management of Highly Hazardous Chemicals Standard ( Title 29 Code of Federal Regulations Part 1910.119) contains several training requirements. This standard was promulgated under the requirements of the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990. The Process Safety Management Standard requires the employer to evaluate or verify that employees comprehend the training given to them. This means that the training to be given must have established goals and objectives regarding what is to be accomplished. Subsequent to the training, an evaluation would be conducted to verify that the employees understood the subjects presented or acquired the desired skills. If the established goals and objectives of the training program were not achieved as expected, the employer then would revise the training program to make it more effective, conduct more frequent refresher training, or some combination of these. The requirements of the Process Safety Management Standard follow the concepts embodied in the OSHA training guidelines contained in this booklet. The length and complexity of OSHA standards may make it difficult to find all the references to training. So, to help employers, safety and health professionals, training directors, and others with a need to know, OSHA’s training- related requirements have been excerpted and collected in this booklet. Requirements for posting information, warning signs, labels and the like are excluded, as are most references to the qualifica-tions of people assigned to test workplace conditions or equipment. It is a good idea for the employer to keep a record of all safety and health training. Records can provide evidence of the employer’s good faith and compliance with OSHA standards. Documentation can also supply an answer to one of the first questions an accident investigator will ask: “ Was the injured employee trained to do that job?” Training in the proper performance of a job is time and money well spent. The employer should regard it as an investment rather than an expense. An effective program of safety and health training for workers can result in fewer injuries and illnesses, better morale, and lower insurance premiums, among other benefits. Readers with questions concerning worker safety and health training should contact the Division of Occupational Safety and Health. A telephone directory for the division is listed at the end of this publication. vii 1 Voluntary Training Guidelines Page I. Introduction 2 A. Training Model 2 B. Review Board Implications 2 II. Training Guidelines 3 A. Determining If Training Is Needed 3 B. Identifying Training Needs 3 C. Identifying Goals and Objectives 4 D. Developing Learning Activities 5 E. Conducting the Training 5 F. Evaluating Program Effectiveness 6 G. Improving the Program 6 III. Matching Training to Employees 6 A. Identifying Employees at Risk 7 B. Training Employees at Risk 7 IV. Conclusion 8 Voluntary Training Guidelines The Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 does not address specifically the responsibility of employers to provide health and safety information and instruction to employees, although section 5( a)( 2) does require that each employer “… shall comply with occupational safety and health standards promulgated under this Act.” More than 100 of the act’s current standards, however, do contain training requirements. The Occupational Safety and Health Administration has developed voluntary training guidelines to assist employers in providing the safety and health information and instruction needed for their employees to work at minimal risk to themselves, to fellow employees and to the public. The guidelines are designed to help employers to: 1. determine whether a worksite prob-lem can be solved by training; 2. determine what training, if any, is needed; 3. identify goals and objectives for the training; 4. design learning activities; 5. conduct training; 6. determine the effectiveness of the training; and 7. revise the training program based on feedback from employees, supervisors and others. The development of the guidelines is part of an agency- wide objective to encourage cooperative, voluntary safety and health activities among OSHA, the business community and workers. These voluntary programs include training and education, consultation, voluntary protection programs, and abatement assistance. The guidelines provide employers with a model for designing, conducting, evaluating and revising training programs. The training model can be used to develop training programs for a variety of occupational safety and health hazards identified at the work-place. Additionally, it can assist employers in their efforts to meet the training require-ments in current or future occupational safety and health standards. A training program designed in accordance with these guidelines can be used to supple-ment and enhance the employer’s other education and training activities. The guidelines should give employers significant flexibility in the selection of content and training program design. OSHA encourages a personalized approach to the informational and instructional programs at individual worksites, thereby enabling employers to provide the training that is most needed and applicable to local working conditions. Assistance with training programs or the identification of resources for training is available through such organizations as the Division of Occupational Safety and Health’s Bureau of Consultative Services or the Bureau of Education, Training and Technical Assistance, local safety councils, insurance providers, and business associations. OSHA does not intend to make the guidelines mandatory. And they should not be used by employers as a total or complete guide in training and education matters that can result in enforcement proceedings before the N. C. Safety and Health Review Board. However, employee training programs are always an issue in review board cases that involve alleged violations of training requirements contained in OSHA standards. The adequacy of employee training may also become an issue in contested cases where the affirmative defense of unpreventable employee misconduct is raised. Under case law well- established by the board and the courts, an employer may successfully defend against an otherwise valid citation by demonstrating that all feasible steps were taken to avoid the occurrence of the hazard, and that actions of the employee involved in the 2 I. Introduction A. Training Model B. Review Board Implications violation were a departure from a uniformly and effectively enforced work rule of which the employee had either actual or constructive knowledge. In either type of case, the adequacy of the training given to employees in connection with a specific hazard is a factual matter that can be decided only by considering all the facts and circumstances surrounding the alleged violation. The general guidelines in this publication are not intended, and cannot be used, as evidence of the appropriate level of training in litigation involving either the training requirements of OSHA standards or affirmative defenses based upon employer training programs. OSHA’s training guidelines follow a model that consists of: A. Determining if training is needed B. Identifying training needs C. Identifying goals and objectives D. Developing learning activities E. Conducting the training F. Evaluating program effectiveness G. Improving the program The model is designed to be one that even the owner of a business with very few employees can use without having to hire a professional trainer or purchase expensive training materials. Using this model, employers or supervisors can develop and administer safety and health training programs that address problems specific to their own business, fulfill the learning needs of their own employees, and strengthen the overall safety and health program of the workplace. The first step in the training process is a basic one— to determine whether a problem can be solved by training. Whenever employees are not performing their jobs properly, it is often assumed that training will bring them up to standard. It is possible that other actions, such as hazard abatement or the implementation of engineering controls, would enable employees to perform their jobs properly. Ideally, safety and health training should be provided before problems or accidents occur. This training would cover both general safety and health rules and work procedures, and would be repeated if an accident or near- miss incident occurred. Problems that can be addressed effectively by training include those that arise from lack of knowledge of a work process, unfamiliarity with equipment or incorrect execution of a task. Training is less effective ( but still can be used) for problems arising from an employee’s lack of motivation or lack of attention to the job. Whatever its purpose, training is most effective when designed in relation to the goals of the employer’s total safety and health program. If the problem is one that can be solved, in whole or in part, by training, then the next step is to determine what training is needed. For this, it is necessary to identify what the employee is expected to do and in what ways, if any, the employee’s performance is defi-cient. This information can be obtained by conducting a job analysis that pinpoints what an employee needs to know in order to perform a job. When designing a new training program, or preparing to instruct an employee in an unfamiliar procedure or system, a job analysis can be developed by examining engineer-ing data on new equipment or the material safety data sheets on unfamiliar substances. The content of the specific federal or state OSHA standards applicable to a business can also provide direction in developing training content. Another option is to conduct a job hazard analysis ( see OSHA 3071, same title, 1992). This is a procedure for studying and 3 II. Training Guidelines A. Determining If Training Is Needed B. Identifying Training Needs 4 recording each step of a job, identifying existing or potential hazards, and determining the best way to perform the job in order to reduce or eliminate the risks. Information obtained from a job hazard analysis can be used as the content for the training activity. If an employer’s learning needs can be met by revising an existing training program rather than developing a new one, or if the employer already has some knowledge of the process or system to be used, appropriate training content can be developed through such means as: 1. Using company accident and injury records to identify how accidents occur and what can be done to prevent them from recurring. 2. Requesting employees to provide, in writing and in their own words, descriptions of their jobs. These should include the tasks performed and the tools, materials and equipment used. 3. Observing employees at the worksite as they perform tasks, asking about the work and recording their answers. 4. Examining similar training programs offered by other companies in the same industry, or obtaining suggestions from such organizations as the National Safety Council ( which can provide information on job hazard analysis), the U. S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, or the OSHNC Bureau of Education, Training and Technical Assistance. The employees themselves can provide valuable information on the training they need. Safety and health hazards can be identified through the employees’ responses to such questions as whether anything about their jobs frightens them, if they have had any near-miss incidents, if they feel they are taking risks, or if they believe that their jobs involve hazardous operations or substances. Once the kind of training that is needed has been determined, it is equally important to determine what kind of training is not needed. Employees should be made aware of all the steps involved in a task or procedure, but training should focus on those steps on which improved performance is needed. This avoids unnecessary training and tailors the training to meet the needs of the employees. Once the employees’ training needs have been identified, employers can then prepare objectives for the training. Instructional objectives, if clearly stated, will tell employers what they want their employees to do, to do better or to stop doing. Learning objectives do not necessarily have to be written, but in order for the training to be as successful as possible, clear and measurable objectives should be thought out before the training begins. For an objective to be effective, it should identify as precisely as possible what the individuals will do to demonstrate that they have learned, or that the objective has been reached. They should also describe the important conditions under which the individual will demonstrate competence and define what constitutes acceptable performance. Using specific, action- oriented language, the instructional objectives should describe the preferred practice or skill and its observable behavior. For example, rather than using the statement: “ The employee will understand how to use a respirator” as an instructional objective, it would be better to say: �� The employee will be able to describe how a respirator works and when it should be used.” Objectives are most effective when word-ed in sufficient detail that other qualified persons can recognize when the desired behav-ior is exhibited. C. Identifying Goals and Objectives Once employers have stated precisely what the objectives for the training program are, then learning activities can be identified and described. Learning activities enable employees to demonstrate that they have acquired the desired skills and knowledge. To ensure that employees transfer the skills or knowledge from the learning activity to the job, the learning situation should simulate the actual job as closely as possible. Thus, employers may want to arrange the objectives and activities in a sequence that corresponds to the order in which the tasks are to be performed on the job, if a specific process is to be learned. For instance, if an employee must learn the beginning processes of using a machine, the sequence might be 1. to check that the power source is connected; 2. to ensure that the safety devices are in place and are operative; 3. to know when and how to throw the switch; and so on. A few factors will help to determine the type of learning activity to be incorporated into the training. One aspect is the training resources available to the employer. Can a group-training program that uses an outside trainer and film be organized, or should the employer personally train the employees on a one- to- one basis? Another factor is the kind of skills or knowledge to be learned. Is the learning oriented toward physical skills ( such as the use of special tools) or toward mental processes and attitudes? Such factors will influence the type of learning activity designed by employers. The training activity can be group- oriented, with lectures, role- play and demonstrations; or designed for the individual as with self- paced instruction. The determination of methods and materials for the learning activity can be as varied as the employer’s imagination and available resources will allow. The employer may want to use charts, diagrams, manuals, slides, films, viewgraphs ( overhead transparencies), videotapes, audiotapes, or simply blackboard and chalk, or any combination of these and other instructional aids. Whatever the method of instruction, the learning activities should be developed in such a way that the employees can clearly demonstrate that they have acquired the desired skills or knowledge. With the completion of the steps outlined above, the employer is ready to begin conduct-ing the training. To the extent possible, the training should be presented so that its orga-nization and meaning are clear to the employees. To do so, employers or supervisors should 1. provide overviews of the material to be learned; 2. relate, wherever possible, the new information or skills to the employee’s goals, interests, or experiences; and 3. reinforce what the employees learned by summarizing the program’s objectives and the key points of information covered. These steps will assist employers in presenting the training in a clear, unambiguous manner. In addition to organizing the content, employers must also develop the structure and format of the training. The content developed for the program, the nature of the workplace or other training site, and the resources available for training will help employers determine for themselves the frequency of training activities, the length of the sessions, the instructional techniques and the individual( s) best qualified to present the information. In order to be motivated to pay attention and to learn the material that the employer or supervisor is presenting, employees must be convinced of the importance and relevance of the material. Ways to develop motivation include 1. explaining the goals and objec-tives of instruction; 2. relating the training to the interests, skills and experiences of the employees; 3. outlining the main points to be presented during the training session( s); and 4. pointing out the benefits of training ( e. g., the employee will be better informed, more skilled and thus more valuable both on the job and in the labor market; or the employee will, if he or she applies the skills and knowledge learned, be able to work at reduced risk). 5 D. Developing Learning Activities E. Conducting the Training An effective training program allows employees to participate in the training process and to practice their skills or knowledge. This will help to ensure that they are learning the required knowledge or skills and permit correction if necessary. Employees can become involved in the training process by participating in discussions, asking questions, contributing their knowledge and expertise, learning through hands- on experiences, and through role- playing exercises. To make sure that the training program is accomplishing its goals, an evaluation of the training can be valuable. Training should have, as one of its critical components, a method of measuring the effectiveness of the training. A plan for evaluating the training session( s), either written or thought- out by the employer, should be developed when the course objectives and content are developed. It should not be delayed until the training has been completed. Evaluation will help employers or supervisors determine the amount of learning achieved and whether an employee’s performance has improved on the job. Among the methods of evaluating training are: 1. Student opinion. Questionnaires or informal discussions with employees can help employers determine the relevance and appropriateness of the training program. 2. Supervisors’ observa-tions. Supervisors are in good positions to observe an employee’s performance both before and after the training and note improvements or changes. 3. Wo r k p l a c e i m p rovements. The ultimate success of a training program may be changes throughout the workplace that result in reduced injury or accident rates. However it is conducted, an evaluation of training can give employers the information necessary to decide whether the employees achieved the desired results, and whether the training session should be offered again at some future date. If, after evaluation, it is clear that the training did not give the employees the level of knowledge and skill that was expected, then it may be necessary to revise the training program or provide periodic retraining. At this point, asking questions of employees and of those who conducted the training may be of some help. Among the questions that could be asked are: 1. Were parts of the content already known and, therefore, unneces-sary? 2. What material was confusing or distracting? 3. Was anything missing from the program? 4. What did the employees learn, and what did they fail to learn? It may be necessary to repeat steps in the training process, that is, to return to the first steps and retrace one’s way through the training process. As the program is evaluated, the employer should ask: 1. If a job analysis was conducted, was it accurate? 2. Was any critical feature of the job overlooked? 3. Were the important gaps in knowledge and skill included? 4. Was material already known by the employees intentionally omitted? 5. Were the instructional objectives presented clearly and concretely? 6. Did the objectives state the level of acceptable performance that was expected of employees? 7. Did the learning activity simulate the actual job? 8. Was the learning activity appropriate for the kinds of knowledge and skills required on the job? 9. When the training was presented, was the organization of the material and its meaning made clear? 10. Were the employees motivated to learn? 11. Were the employees allowed to participate actively in the training process? 12. Was the employer’s evaluation of the program thorough? A critical examination of the steps in the training process will help employers to determine where course revision is necessary. While all employees are entitled to know as much as possible about the safety and health hazards to which they are exposed, and employers should attempt to provide all relevant information and instruction to all employees, the resources for such an effort frequently are not, or are not believed to be, available. Thus, employers are often faced with the problem of deciding who is in the greatest need of information and instruction. 6 F. Evaluating Program Effectiveness G. Improving the Program III. Matching Training to Employees One way to differentiate between employees who have priority needs for training and those who do not is to identify employee populations that are at higher levels of risk. The nature of the work will provide an indication that such groups should receive priority for information on occupational safety and health risks. One method of identifying employee populations at high levels of occupational risk ( and thus in greater need of safety and health training) is to pinpoint hazardous occupations. Even within industries that are hazardous in general, there are some employees who operate at greater risk than others. In other cases the hazardousness of an occupation is influenced by the conditions under which it is performed, such as noise, heat or cold, or safety or health hazards in the surrounding area. In these situations, employees should be trained not only on how to perform their jobs safely but also on how to operate within a hazardous environment. A second method of identifying employee populations at high levels of risk is to examine the incidence of accidents and injuries, both within the company and within the industry. If employees in certain occupational categories are experiencing higher accident and injury rates than other employees, training may be one way to reduce that rate. In addition, thorough accident investigation not only can identify specific employees who could benefit from training but can also identify company- wide training needs. Research has identified the following variables as being related to a disproportionate share of injuries and illnesses at the worksite on the part of employees: 1. The age of the employee ( younger employees have higher incidence rates). 2. The length of time on the job ( new employees have higher incidence rates). 3. The size of the firm ( in general terms, medium- size firms have higher incidence rates than smaller or larger firms). 4. The type of work performed ( incidence and severity rates vary significantly by SIC code). 5. The use of hazardous substances ( by SIC code). These variables should be considered when identifying employee groups for training in occupational safety and health. Determining the content of training for employee populations at higher levels of risk is similar to determining what any employee needs to know, but more emphasis is placed on the requirements of the job and the possibility of injury. One useful tool for determining training content from job requirements is the job hazard analysis described earlier. This procedure examines each step of a job, identifies existing or potential hazards, and determines the best way to perform the job in order to reduce or eliminate the hazards. Its key elements are 1. job description; 2. job location; 3. key steps ( preferably in the order in which they are performed); 4. tools, machines and materials used; 5. actual and poten-tial safety and health hazards associated with these key job steps; and 6. safe and health-ful practices, apparel and equipment required for each job step. Material safety data sheets can also provide information for training employees in the safe use of materials. These data sheets, developed by chemical manufacturers and importers, are supplied with manufacturing or construction materials and describe the ingredients of a product, its hazards, protective equipment to be used, safe handling procedures and emergency first aid responses. The information contained in these sheets 7 A. Identifying Employees at Risk B. Training Employees at Risk can help employers identify employees in need of training ( i. e., workers handling substances described in the sheets) and train employees in safe use of the substances. Material safety data sheets are generally available from suppliers, manufacturers of the substance and large employers who use the substance on a regular basis, or they can be developed by employers or trade associations. MSDSs are particularly useful for those employers who are developing training on chemical use as required by OSHA’s Hazard Communication Standard. In an attempt to assist employers with their occupational health and safety training activi-ties, OSHA has developed a set of training guidelines in the form of a model. This model is designed to help employers develop instructional programs as part of their total educa-tion and training effort. The model addresses the questions of who should be trained, on what topics, and for what purposes. It also helps employers determine how effective the program has been and enables them to identify employees who are in greatest need of education and training. The model is general enough to be used in any area of occupa-tional safety and health training. It allows employers to determine for themselves the content and format of training. Use of this model in training activities is just one of many ways that employers can comply with the OSHA standards that relate to training and enhance the safety and health of their employees. 8 IV. Conclusion Index of Training Requirements General Industry Training Requirements 29 CFR Part 1910 Page Means of Egress 17 Employee Emergency Plans and Fire Prevention Plans 17 Powered Platforms, Manlifts, and Vehicle- Mounted Work Platforms 17 Operations— Training 17 Care and Use, Appendix C, Section I 18 Occupational Health and Environmental Control 18 Hearing Protection 18 Training Program 18 Hazardous Materials 18 Flammable and Combustible Liquids 18 Explosives and Blasting Agents 19 Bulk Delivery and Mixing Vehicles 19 Storage and Handling of Liquefied Petroleum Gases 19 Process Safety Management of Highly Hazardous Chemicals 19 Contract Employer Responsibilities 20 Mechanical Integrity 20 Hazardous Waste Operations and Emergency Response 20 New Technology Programs 22 Dipping and Coating Operations 26 Personal Protective Equipment 27 Personal Protective Equipment 27 Respiratory Protection 28 General Environmental Controls 29 Temporary Labor Camps 29 Specifications for Accident Prevention Signs and Tags 30 Permit Required Confined Spaces 30 The Control of Hazardous Energy ( Lockout/ Tagout) 31 Lockout or Tagout Devices Removed 33 Outside Personnel 33 Medical and First Aid 33 Medical Services and First Aid 33 Fire Protection 33 Fire Protection 33 Fire Brigades 33 Training and Education 31 Portable Fire Extinguishers 34 Standpipe and Hose Systems 34 Fixed Extinguishing Systems 34 9 Subpart E Subpart F Subpart I Subpart J Subpart L Subpart K Subpart G Subpart H Fire Detection Systems 35 Employee Alarm Systems 35 Materials Handling and Storage 35 Servicing of Multi- Piece and Single- Piece Rim Wheels 35 Powered Industrial Trucks 37 Moving the Load 39 Crawler Locomotive and Truck Cranes 39 Machinery and Machine Guarding 40 Mechanical Power Presses 40 Operator Training 40 Forging Machines 40 Welding, Cutting, and Brazing 40 General Requirements 40 Oxygen- Fuel Gas Welding and Cutting 40 Arc Welding and Cutting 41 Resistance Welding 41 Special Industries 41 Pulp, Paper, and Paperboard Mills 41 Laundry Machinery and Operating Rules 41 Sawmills 41 Logging Operations 41 Telecommunications 44 Derrick Trucks 44 Cable Fault Locating 44 Guarding Manholes 44 Joint Power and Telecommunication Manholes 45 Tree Trimming— Electrical Hazards 45 Electric Power Generation, Transmission, and Distribution 45 Grain Handling Facilities 47 Entry into Bins, Silos, and Tanks 47 Contractors 47 Electrical Safety- Related Work Practices 47 Content of Training 47 Commercial Diving Operations 48 Qualifications of Dive Team 48 Toxic and Hazardous Substances 49 Asbestos 49 4- Nitrobiphenyl 49 alpha- Naphthylamine 49 Methyl Chloromethyl Ether 49 3,3'- Dichlorobenzidine ( and its salts) 49 bis- Chloromethyl Ether 49 beta- Napthylamine 50 Benzidine 50 4- Aminodiphenyl 50 Ethyleneimine 50 beta- Propiolactone 50 2- Acetylaminofluorene 50 10 Subpart N Subpart O Subpart Q Subpart R Subpart S Subpart T Subpart Z 4- Dimethylaminoazobenzene 50 N- Nitrosodimethylamine 50 Vinyl Chloride 50 Inorganic Arsenic 51 Lead 51 Cadmium 52 Benzene 53 Coke Oven Emissions 53 Bloodborne Pathogens 54 Cotton Dust 56 1,2- Dibromo- 3- Chloropropane 56 Acrylonitrile ( Vinyl Cyanide) 57 Ethylene Oxide 57 Formaldehyde 58 4,4' Methylenedianiline 59 1.3- Butadiene 59 Methylene Chloride 60 Ionizing Radiation 61 Hazard Communication 61 Occupational Exposure to Hazardous Chemicals in Laboratories 62 11 Maritime Training Requirements 29 CFR Parts 1915, 1917, 1918 Page General Provisions 63 Competent Person 63 Explosive and Other Dangerous Atmospheres 63 Hazard Communication 63 Precautions Before Entering 64 Permit Required Confined Spaces 64 Cleaning and Other Cold Work 65 Certification Before Hot Work is Begun 65 Maintenance of Safe Conditions 66 Surface Preparation and Preservation 66 Painting 66 Flammable Liquids 67 Welding, Cutting, and Heating 67 Fire Prevention 67 Welding, Cutting, and Heating in Way of Preservative Coatings 67 Welding, Cutting and Heating of Hollow Metal Containers and Structures 67 Gas Welding and Cutting 68 Arc Welding and Cutting 68 Uses of Fissionable Material 69 Scaffolds, Ladders, and Other Working Surfaces 69 Scaffolds or Staging 69 General Working Conditions 69 Work on or in the Vicinity of Radar and Radio 69 First Aid 69 Gear and Equipment for Rigging and Materials Handling 69 Ropes, Chains, and Slings 69 Use of Gear 69 Qualifications of Operators 69 Tools and Related Equipment 69 Powder Actuated Fastening Tools 69 Internal Combustion Engines, Other Than Ship’s Equipment 70 Personal Protective Equipment 70 Respiratory Protection 70 Portable, Unfired Pressure Vessels, Drums, and Containers, Other Than Ship’s Equipment 70 Portable Air Receivers and Other Unfired Pressure Vessels 70 12 Part 1915 Shipyard Employment Subpart C Subpart A Subpart B Subpart D Subpart E Subpart F Subpart K Subpart I Subpart H Subpart G Toxic and Hazardous Substances 70 Asbestos 70 Methylene Chloride 73 Hazard Communication 74 Marine Terminal Operations 74 Hazardous Atmospheres and Substances 74 Fumigants, Pesticides, Insecticides, and Hazardous Preservatives 74 Personnel 74 Hazard Communication 75 General Rules Applicable to Vehicles 75 Terminal Facilities— Handling Menhaden and Similar Species of Fish 76 Welding, Cutting and Heating ( Hot Work) 76 General Working Conditions 76 Hazard Communication 76 Qualification of Machinery Operators 76 Personal Protective Equipment 76 Respiratory Protection 76 13 P a rt 1917 Marine Te r m i n a l s Part 1918 Longshoring Subpart B Subpart Z Subpart I Subpart J Construction Training Requirements 29 CFR Part 1926 Page General Safety and Health Provisions 77 General Safety and Health Provisions 77 Safety Training and Education 77 Occupational Health and Environmental Controls 78 Medical Services and First Aid 78 Ionizing Radiation 78 Nonionizing Radiation 78 Gases, Vapors, Fumes, Dusts, and Mists 78 Hazard Communication, Construction 78 Lead in Construction 79 Personal Protective and Life Saving Equipment 79 Hearing Protection 79 Respiratory Protection 80 Fire Protection and Prevention 81 Fire Protection 81 Signs, Signals, and Barricades 82 Signaling 82 Tools— Hand and Power 82 Powder- Operated Hand Tools 82 Woodworking Tools 82 Welding and Cutting 83 Gas Welding and Cutting 83 Arc Welding and Cutting 84 Fire Prevention 84 Welding, Cutting and Heating in Way of Preservative Coatings 84 Electrical 84 Ground- Fault Protection 84 Scaffolds 85 Scaffolds 85 Aerial Lifts 86 Training Requirements 86 Fall Protection 87 Fall Protection— Training Requirements 87 Cranes, Derricks, Hoists, Elevators, and Conveyors 88 Cranes and Derricks 88 Material Hoists, Personnel Hoists, and Elevators 88 14 Subpart C Subpart G Subpart F Subpart E Subpart D Subpart I Subpart J Subpart K Subpart L Subpart M Subpart N Motor Vehicles, Mechanized Equipment, and Marine Operations 89 Material Handling Equipment 89 Site Clearing 91 Excavations 91 General Protection Requirements ( Excavations, Trenching, and Shoring) 91 Concrete and Masonry Construction 92 Concrete and Masonry Construction 92 Requirements for Lift- Slab Operations 92 Steel Erection 92 Bolting, Riveting, Fitting- Up, and Plumbing- Up 92 Hoisting and Rigging 92 Structural Steel Assembly 92 Column and Anchorage 94 Beams and Columns 94 Open Web Steel Joists 95 Systems— Engineered Metal Buildings 95 Training 96 Tunnels and Shafts, Caissons, Cofferdams, and Compressed Air 96 Underground Construction 96 Compressed Air 98 Demolition 98 Preparatory Operations 98 Chutes 99 Mechanical Demolition 99 Blasting and Use of Explosives 99 General Provisions ( Blasting and Use of Explosives) 99 Blaster Qualifications 99 Surface Transportation of Explosives 99 Firing the Blast 99 Power Transmission and Distribution 100 General Requirements 100 Overhead Lines 101 Underground Lines 101 Construction in Energized Substations 101 Stairways and Ladders 101 Ladders 101 Toxic and Hazardous Substances 102 Asbestos 102 15 Subpart Q Subpart P Subpart R Subpart S Subpart T Subpart U Subpart V Subpart X Subpart Z Subpart O Agricultural Training Requirements 29 CFR Part 1928 Page Roll- Over Protective Structures 105 Roll- Over Protective Structures ( ROPS) for Tractors Used in Agricultural Operations 105 Safety for Agricultural Equipment 105 Guarding of Farm Field Equipment, Farmstead Equipment, and Cotton Gins 105 16 Subpart C Subpart D General Industry Training Requirements The following training requirements have been excerpted from Title 29, Code of Federal Regulations Part 1910. Note that additional training requirements may appear in certain other standards ( ANSI, NFPA, etc.) adopted by reference in Part 1910 and therefore mandatory. Training Requirement ( i) Before implementing the emergency action plan, the employer shall designate and train a sufficient number of persons to assist in the safe and orderly emergency evacua-tion of employees. ( ii) The employer shall review the plan with each employee covered by the plan at the following times: ( a) Initially when the plan is developed. ( b) Whenever the employee’s responsibilities or designated actions under the plan change, and ( c) Whenever the plan is changed. ( iii) The employer shall review with each employee upon initial assignment those parts of the plan which the employee must know to protect the employee in the event of an emergency. The written plan shall be kept at the workplace and made available for employee review. For those employers with 10 or fewer employees the plan may be communicated orally to employees and the employer need not maintain a written plan. ( i) The employer shall apprise employees of the fire hazards of the materials and processes to which they are exposed. ( ii) The employer shall review with each employee upon initial assignment those parts of the fire prevention plan which the employee must know to protect the employee in the event of an emerg e n c y. The written plan shall be kept in the workplace and made avail-able for employee review. For those employers with 10 or fewer employees, the plan may be communicated orally to employees and the employer need not maintain a written plan. ( i) Working platforms shall be operated only by persons who are proficient in the opera-tion, safe use, and inspection of the particular working platform to be operated. ( ii) All employees who operate working platforms shall be trained in the following: ( A) Recognition of, and preventive measures for, the safety hazards associated with their individual work tasks. ( B) General recognition and prevention of safety hazards associated with the use of working platforms, including the provisions in the section relating to the particular working platform to be operated. 17 Subject and Standard Number Employee Emergency Plans and Fire Prevention Plans 1910.38( a)( 5)( i), ( ii)( A) through ( C), and ( iii) 1910.38( b)( 4)( i) and ( ii) Operations— Training 1910.66( i)( 1)( i), ( ii) and ( ii)( A) through ( E), and ( iii) through ( v) ( C) Emergency action plan procedures required in paragraph ( e)( 9) of this section. ( D) Work procedures required in paragraph ( i)( 1)( iv) of this section. ( E) Personal fall arrest system inspection, care, use and system performance. ( iii) Training of employees in the operation and inspection of working platforms shall be done by a competent person. ( iv) Written work procedures for the operation, safe use and inspection of working platforms shall be provided for employee training. Pictorial methods of instruction may be used, in lieu of written work procedures, if employee communication is improved using this method. The operating manuals supplied by manufacturers for platform system components can serve as the basis for these procedures. ( v) The employer shall certify that employees have been trained in operating and inspect-ing a working platform by preparing a certification record which includes the identity of the person trained, the signature of the person trained, the signature of the employer or the person who conducted the training and the date that training was completed. The certification record shall be prepared at the completion of the training required in paragraph ( i)( 1)( ii) of this section, and shall be maintained in a file for the duration of the employee’s employment. The certification record shall be kept readily available for review by the Assistant Secretary of Labor or the Assistant Secretary’s representative. ( 4) The employer shall provide training in the use and care of all hearing protectors provided to employees. ( 1) Employers shall make hearing protectors available to all employers exposed to an 8- hour time weighted average of 85 decibels or greater at no cost to the employees. Hearing protectors shall be replaced as necessary. ( 1) The employer shall institute a training program for all employees who are exposed to noise at or above an 8- hour time- weighted average of 85 decibels, and shall ensure employee participation in such program. ( 2) The training program shall be repeated annually for each employee included in the hearing conservation program. Information provided in the training program shall be updated to be consistent with changes in protective equipment and work processes. ( 3) The employer shall ensure that each employee is informed of the following: ( i) The effects of noise on hearing; ( ii) The purpose of hearing protectors, the advantages, disadvantages, and attenuation of various types, and instructions on selection, fitting, use, and care; and ( iii) The purpose of audiometric testing, and an explanation of the test procedures. ( 2) That detailed printed instructions of what to do in flood emergencies are properly posted. ( 3) That station operators and other employees depended upon to carry out such instruc-tions are thoroughly informed as to the location and operation of such valves and other equipment necessary to effect these requirements. 18 Hearing Protection 1910.95( i)( 4) Hearing Protectors 1910.95( i)( 1) Training Program 1910.95( k)( 1) through ( 3)( i) through ( iii) Flammable and Combustible Liquids 1910.106( b)( 5)( v)( 2) and ( 3) ( i) Vehicles transporting explosives shall only be driven by and be in the charge of a driver who is familiar with the traffic regulations, State laws, and the provisions of this section. ( iii) Every motor vehicle transporting any quantity of Class A or Class B explosives shall, at all times, be attended by a driver or other attendant of the motor carrier. This attendant shall have been made aware of the class of the explosive material in the vehicle and of its inherent dangers, and shall have been instructed in the measures and procedures to be followed in order to protect the public from those dangers. He shall have been made familiar with the vehicle he is assigned, and shall be trained, supplied with the necessary means, and authorized to move the vehicle when required. ( iii)( a) The operator shall be trained in the safe operation of the vehicle together with its mixing, conveying, and related equipment. The employer shall assure that the operator is familiar with the commodities being delivered and the general procedure for handling emergency situations. ( ii) Vehicles transporting blasting agents shall only be driven by and be in charge of a driver in possession of a valid motor vehicle operator’s license. Such a person shall also be familiar with the State’s vehicle and traffic laws. ( b) The operator shall be trained in the safe operation of the vehicle together with its mixing, conveying, and related equipment. He shall be familiar with the commodities being delivered and the general procedure for handling emergency situations. ( 16) Instructions. Personnel performing installation, removal, operation, and maintenance work shall be properly trained in such function. ( i) When standard watch service is provided, it shall be extended to the LP- Gas installa-tion and personnel properly trained. ( ii) The employer shall insure that unloading operations are performed by reliable persons properly instructed and given the authority to monitor careful compliance with all applicable procedures. ( i) Each employee presently involved in operating a process, and each employee before being involved in operating a newly assigned process, shall be trained in an overview of the process and in the operating procedures as specified in paragraph ( f) of this section. The training shall include emphasis on the specific safety and health hazards, emergency opera-tions including shutdown, and safe work practices applicable to the employee’s job tasks. ( ii) In lieu of initial training for those employees already involved in operating a process on May 26, 1992, an employer may certify in writing that the employee has the required knowledge, skills, and abilities to safely carry out the duties and responsibilities as specified in the operating procedures. ( 2) Refresher training. Refresher training shall be provided at least every three years, and more often if necessary, to each employee involved in operating a process to assure that the employee understands and adheres to the current operating procedures of the process. The e m p l o y e r, in consultation with the employees involved in operating the process, shall determine the appropriate frequency of refresher training. ( 3) Training documentation. The employer shall ascertain that each employee involved in operating a process has received and understood the training required by this paragraph. The employer shall prepare a record which contains the identity of the employee, the date of training, and the means used to verify that the employee under-stood the training. 19 Explosives and Blasting Agents 1910.109( d)( 3)( i) and ( iii) 1910.109( g)( 3)( iii)( a) 1910.109( g)( 6)( ii) Bulk Delivery and Mixing Vehicles 1910.109( h)( 4)( ii)( b) Storage and Handling of Liquefied Petroleum Gases 1910.110( b)( 16) 1910.110( d)( 12)( i) 1910.111( b)( 13)( ii) Process Safety Management of Highly Hazardous Chemicals 1910.119( g)( 1)( i) and ( ii) 1910.119( g)( 2) 1910.119( g)( 3) ( i) The contract employer shall assure that each contract employee is trained in the work practices necessary to safely perform his or her job. ( ii) The contract employer shall assure that each contract employee is instructed in the known potential fire, explosion, or toxic release hazards related to his or her job and the process, and the applicable provisions of the emergency action plan. ( iii) The contract employer shall document that each contract employee has received and understood the training required by this paragraph. The contract employer shall prepare a record which contains the identity of the contract employee, the date of training, and the means used to verify that the employee understood the training. ( iv) The contract employer shall assure that each contract employee follows the safety rules of the facility including the safe work practices required by paragraph ( f)( 4) of this section. ( 3) Training for process maintenance activities. The employer shall train each employee involved in maintaining the ongoing integrity of process equipment in an overview of that process and its hazards and in the procedures applicable to the employee’s job tasks to assure that the employee can perform the job tasks in a safe manner. ( e) Training ( 1) General. ( i) All employees working on site ( such as but not limited to equipment operators, general laborers and others) exposed to hazardous substances, health hazards, or safety hazards and their supervisors and management responsible for the site shall receive training meeting the requirements of this paragraph before they are permitted to engage in hazardous waste operations that could expose them to hazardous substances, safety, or health hazards, and they shall receive review training as specified in this paragraph. ( ii) Employees shall not be permitted to participate in or supervise field activities until they have been trained to a level required by their job function and responsibility. ( 2) Elements to be covered. The training shall thoroughly cover the following: ( i) Names of personnel and alternates responsible for site safety and health; ( ii) Safety, health, and other hazards present on the site; ( iii) Use of personal protective equipment; ( iv) Work practices by which the employee can minimize risks from hazards; ( v) Safe use of engineering controls and equipment on the site; ( vi) Medical surveillance requirements, including recognition of symptoms and signs which might indicate overexposure to hazards; and ( vii) The contents of paragraphs ( G) through ( J) of the site safety and health plan set forth in paragraph ( b)( 4)( ii) of this section. ( 3) Initial training. ( i) General site workers ( such as equipment operators, general laborers and supervisory personnel) engaged in hazardous substance removal or other activities which expose or potentially expose workers to hazardous substances and health hazards shall receive a minimum of 40 hours of instruction off the site, and a minimum of three days actual field experience under the direct supervision of a trained, experienced supervisor. 20 Contract Employer Responsibilities 1910.119( h)( 3)( i) through ( iv) Mechanical Integrity 1910.119( j)( 3) Hazardous Waste Operations and Emergency Response 1910.120( e)( 1)( i) and ( ii); ( 2)( i) through ( vii); ( 3)( i) through ( iv); ( 4) through ( 9) ( ii) Workers on site only occasionally for a specific limited task ( such as, but not limited to, ground water monitoring, land surveying, or geophysical surveying) and who are unlikely to be exposed over permissible exposure limits and published exposure limits shall receive a minimum of 24 hours of instruction off the site, and the minimum of one day actual field experience under the direct supervision of a trained, experienced supervisor. ( iii) Workers regularly on site who work in areas which have been monitored and fully characterized indicating that exposures are under permissible exposure limits and pub-lished exposure limits where respirators are not necessary, and the characterization indi-cates that there are no health hazards or the possibility of an emergency developing, shall receive a minimum of 24 hours of instruction off the site and the minimum of one day actual field experience under the direct supervision of a trained, experienced supervisor. ( iv) Workers with 24 hours of training who are covered by paragraphs ( e)( 3)( ii) and ( e)( 3)( iii) of this section, and who become general site workers or who are required to wear respirators, shall have the additional 16 hours and two days of training necessary to total the training specified in paragraph ( e)( 3)( i). ( 4) Management and supervisor training. On- site management and supervisors directly responsible for, or who supervise employees engaged in, hazardous waste operations shall receive 40 hours initial training, and three days of supervised field experience ( the training may be reduced to 24 hours and one day if the only area of their responsibility is employees covered by paragraphs ( e)( 3)( ii) and ( e)( 3)( iii) and at least eight additional hours of specialized training at the time of job assignment on such topics as, but not limited to, the employer’s safety and health program and the associated employee training program, personal protective equipment program, spill containment program, and health hazard monitoring procedure and techniques. ( 5) Qualifications for trainers. Trainers shall be qualified to instruct employees about the subject matter that is being presented in training. Such trainers shall have satisfactorily completed a training program for teaching the subjects they are expected to teach, or they shall have the academic credentials and instructional experience necessary for teaching the subjects. Instructors shall demonstrate competent instructional skills and knowledge of the applicable subject matter. ( 6) Training certification. Employees and supervisors that have received and success-fully completed the training and field experience specified in paragraphs ( e)( 1) through ( e)( 4) of this section shall be certified by their instructor or the head instructor and trained supervisor as having successfully completed the necessary training. A written certificate shall be given to each person so certified. Any person who has not been so certified or who does not meet the requirements of paragraph ( e)( 9) of this section shall be prohibited from engaging in hazardous waste operations. ( 7) Emergency response. Employees who are engaged in responding to hazardous emergency situations at hazardous waste cleanup sites that may expose them to hazardous substances shall be trained in how to respond to such expected emergencies. ( 8) Refresher training. Employees specified in paragraph ( e)( 1) of this section, and managers and supervisors specified in paragraph ( e)( 4) of this section, shall receive eight hours of refresher training annually on the items specified in paragraph ( e)( 2) and/ or ( e)( 4) of this section, any critique of incidents that have occurred in the past year that can serve as training examples of related work, and other relevant topics. 21 ( 9) Equivalent training. Employers who can show by documentation or certification that an employee’s work experience and/ or training has resulted in training equivalent to that training required in paragraphs ( e)( 1) through ( e)( 4) of this section shall not be required to provide the initial training requirements of those paragraphs to such employees. However, certified employees or employees with equivalent training new to a site shall receive appropriate, site specific training before site entry and have appropriate supervised field experience at the new site. Equivalent training includes any academic training or the training that existing employees might have already is received from actual hazardous waste site work experience. ( 1) The employer shall develop and implement procedures for the introduction of effective new technologies and equipment developed for the improved protection of employees working with hazardous waste clean- up operations, and the same shall be implemented as part of the site safety and health program to assure that employee protection is being maintained. ( i) New employees. The employer shall develop and implement a training program, which is part of the employer’s safety and health program, for employees exposed to health hazards or hazardous substances at treatment, storage, and disposal ( TSD) operations to enable the employees to perform their assigned duties and functions in a safe and healthful manner so as not to endanger themselves or other employees. The initial training shall be for 24 hours and refresher training shall be for eight hours annually. Employees who have received the initial training required by this paragraph shall be given a written certificate attesting that they have successfully completed the necessary training. ( ii) Current employees. Employers who can show by an employee’s previous work experience and/ or training that the employee has had training equivalent to the initial training required by this paragraph, shall be considered as meeting the initial training requirements of this paragraph as to that employee. Equivalent training includes the training that existing employees might have already received from actual site work experience. Current employees shall receive eight hours of refresher training annually. ( iii) Trainers. Trainers who teach initial training shall have satisfactorily completed a training course for teaching the subjects they are expected to teach or they shall have the academic credentials and instruction experience necessary to demonstrate a good command of the subject matter of the courses and competent instructional skills. ( iii) Training. ( A) Training for emergency response employees shall be completed before they are called upon to perform in real emergencies. Such training shall include the elements of the emergency response plan, standard operating procedures the employer has established for the job, the personal protective equipment to be worn and procedures for handling emergency incidents. ( 4) Skilled support personnel. Personnel, not necessarily an employer’s own employees, who are skilled in the operation of certain equipment, such as mechanized earth moving or digging equipment or crane and hoisting equipment, and who are needed temporarily to perform immediate emergency support work that cannot reasonably be performed in a timely fashion by an employer’s own employees, and who will be or may be exposed to the hazards at an emergency response scene, are not required to meet the training required in this paragraph for the employer’s regular employees. However, these personnel shall be given an initial briefing at the site prior to their participation in any emergency response. The initial briefing shall include instruction in the wearing of appropriate personal protec-tive equipment, what chemical hazards are involved, and what duties are to be performed. All other appropriate safety and health precautions provided to the employer’s own employees shall be used to assure the safety and health of these personnel. 22 New Technology Programs 1910.120( o)( 1) 1910.120( p)( 7)( i) through ( iii) 1910.120( p)( 8)( iii)( A) 1910.120( q)( 4) ( 5) Specialist employees. Employees who, in the course of their regular job duties, work with and are trained in the hazards of specific hazardous substances, and who will be called upon to provide technical advice or assistance at a hazardous substance release incident to the individual in charge, shall receive training or demonstrate competency in the area of their specialization annually. ( i) First responder awareness level. First responders at the awareness level are individu-als who are likely to witness or discover a hazardous substance release and who have been trained to initiate an emergency response sequence by notifying the proper authorities of the release. They would take no further action beyond notifying the authorities of the release. First responders at the awareness level shall have sufficient training or have had s u fficient experience to objectively demonstrate competency in the following areas: ( A) An understanding of what hazardous substances are, and the risks associated with them in an incident. ( B) An understanding of the potential outcomes associated with an emergency created when hazardous substances are present. ( C) The ability to recognize the presence of hazardous substances in an emergency. ( D) The ability to identify the hazardous substances, if possible. ( E) An understanding of the role of the first responder awareness individual in the employer’s emergency response plan including site security and control and the U. S. Department of Transportation’s Emergency Response Guidebook. ( F) The ability to realize the need for additional resources, and to make appropriate notifications to the communication center. ( ii) First responder operations level. First responders at the operations level are individu-als who respond to releases or potential releases of hazardous substances as part of the ini-tial response to the site for the purpose of protecting nearby persons, property, or the envi-ronment from the effects of the release. They are trained to respond in a defensive fashion without actually trying to stop the release. Their function is to contain the release from a safe distance, keep it from spreading, and prevent exposures. First responders at the operational level shall have received at least eight hours of training or have had sufficient experience to objectively demonstrate competency in the following areas in addition to those listed for the awareness level and the employer shall so certify: ( A) Knowledge of the basic hazard and risk assessment techniques. ( B) Know how to select and use proper personal protective equipment provided to the first responder operational level. ( C) An understanding of basic hazardous materials terms. ( D) Know how to perform basic control, containment and/ or confinement operations within the capabilities of the resources and personal protective equipment available with their unit. ( E) Know how to implement basic decontamination procedures. ( F) An understanding of the relevant standard operating procedures and termination procedures. 23 1910.120( q)( 5) 1910.120( q)( 6) ( i)( A) through ( F); ( ii)( A) through ( F); ( iii)( A) through ( I); ( iv)( A) through ( I); ( v)( A) through ( F); ( vi)( A) through ( E) [ Note: 1910.120( q)( 6)— Emergency response to hazardous substance releases, Training standard is amended by adding a new level of training, ( vi) First responder operations plus level. See 13 NCAC 07F. 101( 1) General Industry, State- Specific Standards] ( iii) Hazardous materials technician. Hazardous materials technicians are individuals who respond to releases or potential releases for the purpose of stopping the release. They assume a more aggressive role than a first responder at the operations level in that they will approach the point of release in order to plug, patch or otherwise stop the release of a hazardous substance. Hazardous materials technicians shall have received at least 24 hours of training equal to the first responder operations level and in addition have competency in the following areas and the employer shall so certify: ( A) Know how to implement the employer’s emergency response plan. ( B) Know the classification, identification and verification of known and unknown materials by using field survey instruments and equipment. ( C) Be able to function within an assigned role in the Incident Command System. ( D) Know how to select and use proper specialized chemical personal protective equipment provided to the hazardous materials technician. ( E) Understand hazard and risk assessment techniques. ( F) Be able to perform advance control, containment, and/ or confinement operations within the capabilities of the resources and personal protective equipment available with the unit. ( G) Understand and implement decontamination procedures. ( H) Understand termination procedures. ( I) Understand basic chemical and toxicological terminology and behavior. ( iv) Hazardous materials specialist. Hazardous materials specialists are individuals who respond with and provide support to hazardous materials technicians. Their duties parallel those of the hazardous materials technician; however, those duties require a more directed or specific knowledge of the various substances they may be called upon to contain. The hazardous materials specialist would also act as the site liaison with Federal, state, local and other government authorities in regards to site activities. Hazardous materials specialists shall have received at least 24 hours of training equal to the technician level and in addition have competency in the following areas and the employer shall so certify: ( A) Know how to implement the local emergency response plan. ( B) Understand classification, identification and verification of known and unknown materials by using advanced survey instruments and equipment. ( C) Know of the state emergency response plan. ( D) Be able to select and use proper specialized chemical personal protective equipment provided to the hazardous materials specialist. ( E) Understand in- depth hazard and risk techniques. ( F) Be able to perform specialized control, containment, and/ or confinement operations within the capabilities of the resources and personal protective equipment available. 24 ( G) Be able to determine and implement decontamination procedures. ( H) Have the ability to develop a site safety and control plan. ( I) Understand chemical, radiological and toxicological terminology and behavior. ( v) On scene incident commander. Incident commanders, who will assume control of the incident scene beyond the first responder awareness level, shall receive at least 24 hours of training equal to the first responder operations level and in addition have competency in the following areas and the employer shall so certify: ( A) Know and be able to implement the employer’s incident command system. ( B) Know how to implement the employer’s emergency response plan. ( C) Know and understand the hazards and risks associated with employees working in chemical protective clothing. ( D) Know how to implement the local emergency response plan. ( E) Know of the state emergency response plan and of the Federal Regional Response Team. ( F) Know and understand the importance of decontamination procedures. ( vi) First responder operations plus level. First responders at operations plus level are individuals who respond to hydrocarbon fuel tank leaks where the leaking tanks contain a hydrocarbon fuel which is used to propel the vehicle on which the tank is located. Only those vehicles designed for highway use or those used for industrial, agricultural or con-struction purposes are covered. First responders at the operations plus level shall have received at least training equal to first responder operations level and, in addition, shall receive training or have had sufficient experience to objectively demonstrate competency in the following areas and the employer shall so certify: ( A) Know how to select and use proper specialized personal protective equipment pro-vided to the first responder at operations plus level; ( B) Understand basic hazardous materials terms as they pertain to hydrocarbon fuels; ( C) Understand hazard and risk assessment techniques that pertain to gasoline, diesel fuel, propane and other hydrocarbon fuels; ( D) Be able to perform control, containment, or confinement operations for gasoline, diesel fuel, propane and other hydrocarbon fuels within the capabilities of the available resources and personal protective equipment; and ( E) Understand and know how to implement decontamination procedures for hydrocar-bon fuels. ( 7) Trainers. Trainers who teach any of the above training subjects shall have satisfactorily completed a training course for teaching the subjects they are expected to teach, such as the courses offered by the U. S. National Fire Academy, or they shall have the training and/ or academic credentials and instructional experience necessary to demonstrate competent instructional skills and a good command of the subject matter of the courses they are to teach. 25 1910.120( q)( 7) ( i) Those employees who are trained in accordance with paragraph ( q)( 6) of this section shall receive annual refresher training of sufficient content and duration to maintain their competencies or shall demonstrate competency in those areas at least yearly. ( ii) A statement shall be made of the training or competency, and if a statement of competency is made, the employer shall keep a record of the methodology used to demonstrate competency. Dipping and Coating Operations This section lists the paragraph headings contained in § § 1910.123 through 1910.126. ( a) Does this rule apply to me; ( b) What operations are covered; ( c) What operations are not covered; ( d) How are terms used in § § 1910.123 through 1910.126 ( a) What construction requirements apply to dip tanks; ( b) What ventilation requirements apply to vapor areas; ( c) What requirements must I follow to recirculate exhaust air into the workplace; ( d) What must I do when I use an exhaust hood; ( e) What requirements must I follow when an employee enters a dip tank; ( e. g. 1910.146, OSHA’s standard for Permit- Required Confined Space, as applicable) ( f) What first- aid procedures must my employees know; ( g) What hygiene facilities must I provide; ( h) What treatment and first aid must I provide; ( i) What must I do before an employee cleans a dip tank; ( j) What must I do to inspect and maintain my dipping or coating operation. ( j)( 4) Provide mechanical ventilation or respirators ( selected and used as specified in 1910.134, OSHA’s Respiratory Protection standard) to protect employees in the vapor area from exposure to toxic substances released during welding, burning, or open- flame work; and ( j)( 5) Have dip tanks thoroughly cleaned or solvents and vapors before permitting weld-ing, burning, or open- flame work on them. ( a) What type of construction material must be used in making my dip tank; ( b) When must I provide overflow piping; ( c) When must I provide a bottom drain; ( d) When must my conveyor system shut down automatically; 26 Refresher Training 1910.120( q)( 8)( i) and ( ii) 1910.122 Table of Contents 1910.123 Dipping and coating operations: Coverage and definitions 1910.124 General require-ments for dipping and coating operations 1910.125 Additional require-ments for dipping and coating operations that use flammable or combustible liquids Personal Protection Equipment 1910.132( b) [ Note: 1910.132( b) Personal Protective Equipment stan-dard is amended to define the employer’s responsibilities relating to the provision, ade-quacy and maintenance of employee personal protective equipment. See 13 NCAC 07F. 101( 2) General Industry, State- Specific Standards] ( e) What ignition and fuel sources must be controlled; ( f) What fire protection must I provide; ( g) To what temperature may I heat a liquid in a dip tank. ( a) What additional requirements apply to hardening or tempering tanks; ( b) What additional requirements apply to flow coating; ( c) What additional requirements apply to roll coating, roll spreading, or roll impregnat-ing; ( d) What additional requirements apply to vapor degreasing tanks; ( e) What additional requirements apply to cyanide tanks; ( f) What additional requirements apply to spray cleaning tanks and spray degreasing tanks; ( g) What additional requirements apply to electrostatic paint detearing. ( b) Equipment. ( 1) Employer- provided equipment. It is the responsibility of the employer to provide, at no cost to the employee, all personal protective equipment which the employee does not wear off the jobsite for use off the job. ( 2) Employee- owned equip-ment. Where employees provide their own protective equipment, the employer shall be responsible to assure its adequacy, including proper maintenance, and sanitation of such equipment. ( f) Training. ( 1) The employer shall provide training to each employee who is required by this section to use PPE. Each such employee shall be trained to know, at least, the following: ( i) When PPE is necessary; ( ii) What PPE is necessary; ( iii) How to properly don, doff, adjust, and wear PPE; ( iv) The limitations of the PPE; and ( v) The proper care, maintenance, useful life, and disposal of the PPE. ( 2) Each affected employee shall demonstrate an understanding of the training specified in paragraph ( f)( 1) of this section and the ability to use PPE properly before being allowed to perform work requiring the use of PPE. 27 Personal Protective Equipment 1910.132( f)( 1) ( i) through ( v), ( 2), ( 3)( i) through ( iii), and ( 4) 1910.126 Additional require-ments for special dipping and coating applications ( 3) When the employer has reason to believe that any affected employee who has already been trained does not have the understanding and skill required by paragraph ( f)( 2) of this section, the employer shall retrain each such employee. Circumstances where retraining is required include, but are not limited to, situations where: ( i) Changes in the workplace render previous training obsolete; or ( ii) Changes in the types of PPE to be used render previous training obsolete; or ( iii) Inadequacies in an affected employee’s knowledge or use of assigned PPE indicate that the employee has not retained the requisite understanding or skill. ( 4) The employer shall verify that each affected employee has received and understood the required training through a written certification that contains the name of each employee trained, the date( s) of training, and that identifies the subject of the certific a t i o n . ( c)( 1) In any workplace where respirators are necessary to protect the health of the employee or whenever respirators are required by the employer, the employer shall establish and implement a written respiratory protection program with worksite- specific procedures. The program shall be updated as necessary to reflect those changes in work-place conditions that affect respirator use. The employer shall include in the program the following provisions of this section, as applicable: ( c)( 1)( i) Procedures for selecting respirators for use in the workplace; ( c)( 1)( ii) Medical evaluations of employees required to use respirators; ( c)( 1)( iii) Fit testing procedures for tight- fitting respirators; ( c)( 1)( iv) Procedures for proper use of respirators in routine and reasonably foreseeable emergency situations; ( c)( 1)( v) Procedures and schedules for cleaning, disinfecting, storing, inspecting, repair-ing, discarding, and otherwise maintaining respirators; ( c)( 1)( vi) Procedures to ensure adequate air quality, quantity, and flow of breathing air for atmosphere- supplying respirators; ( c)( 1)( vii) Training of employees in the respiratory hazards to which they are potentially exposed during routine and emergency situations; ( c)( 1)( viii) Training of employees in the proper use of respirators, including putting on and removing them, any limitations on their use, and their maintenance; and ( c)( 1)( ix) Procedures for regularly evaluating the effectiveness of the program. ( k) This paragraph requires the employer to provide effective training to employees who are required to use respirators. The training must be comprehensive, understandable, and recur annually, and more often if necessary. This paragraph also requires the employer to provide the basic information on respirators in Appendix D of this section to employees who wear respirators when not required by this section or by the employer to do so. ( k)( 1) The employer shall ensure that each employee can demonstrate knowledge of at least the following: 28 Respiratory Protection Program 1910.134( c)( 1)( i) through ( ix) Training and information 1910.134( k) ( k)( 1)( i) Why the respirator is necessary and how improper fit, usage, or maintenance can compromise the protective effect of the respirator; ( k)( 1)( ii) What the limitations and capabilities of the respirator are; ( k)( 1)( iii) How to use the respirator effectively in emergency situations, including situa-tions in which the respirator malfunctions; ( k)( 1)( iv) How to inspect, put on and remove, use, and check the seals of the respirator; ( k)( 1)( v) What the procedures are for maintenance and storage of the respirator; ( k)( 1)( vi) How to recognize medical signs and symptoms that may limit or prevent the effective use of respirators; and ( k)( 1)( vii) The general requirements of this section. ( k ) ( 2 ) The training shall be conducted in a manner that is understandable to the employee. ( k)( 3) The employer shall provide the training prior to requiring the employee to use a respirator in the workplace. ( k)( 4) An employer who is able to demonstrate that a new employee has received train-ing within the last 12 months that addresses the elements specified in paragraph ( k)( 1)( i) through ( vii) is not required to repeat such training provided that, as required by para-graph ( k)( 1), the employee can demonstrate knowledge of those element( s). Previous training not repeated initially by the employer must be provided no later than 12 months from the date of the previous training. ( k ) ( 5 ) Retraining shall be administered annually, and when the following situations occur: ( k)( 5)( i) Changes in the workplace or the type of respirator render previous training obsolete; ( k)( 5)( ii) Inadequacies in the employee’s knowledge or use of the respirator indicate that the employee has not retained the requisite understanding or skill; or ( k)( 5)( iii) Any other situation arises in which retraining appears necessary to ensure safe respirator use. ( k)( 6) The basic advisory information on respirators, as presented in Appendix D of this section, shall be provided by the employer in any written or oral format, to employees who wear respirators when such use is not required by this section or by the employer. ( i) Every respirator wearer shall receive fitting instructions including demonstrations and practice in how the respirator should be worn, how to adjust it, and how to determine if it fits properly. Respirators shall not be worn when conditions prevent a good face seal. Such conditions may be a growth of beard, sideburns, a skull cap that projects under the facepiece, or temple pieces on glasses. Also, the absence of one or both dentures can seriously affect the fit of a facepiece. The worker’s diligence in observing these factors shall be evaluated by periodic check. To assure proper protection, the facepiece fit shall be checked by the wearer each time he or she puts on the respirator. This may be done by following the manufacturer’s facepiece fitting instructions. ( 1) Adequate first aid facilities approved by a health authority shall be maintained and made available in every labor camp for the emergency treatment of injured persons. 29 Temporary Labor Camps 1910.142( k)( 1) and ( 2) ( 2) Such facilities shall be in charge of a person trained to administer first aid and shall be readily accessible for use at all times. ( 1)( ii) All employees shall be instructed that danger signs indicate immediate danger and that special precautions are necessary. ( 2)( ii) All employees shall be instructed that caution signs indicate a possible hazard against which proper precautions should be taken. ( 3) Safety instruction signs. Safety instruction signs shall be used where there is a need for general instructions and suggestions relative to safety measures. ( 1) The employer shall provide training so that all employees whose work is regulated by this section acquire the understanding, knowledge, and skills necessary for the safe performance of the duties assigned under this section. ( 2) Training shall be provided to each affected employee: ( i) Before the employee is first assigned duties under this section: ( ii) Before there is a change in assigned duties; ( iii) Whenever there is a change in permit space operations that presents a hazard about which an employee has not previously been trained; ( iv) Whenever the employer has reason to believe either that there are deviations from the permit space entry procedures required by paragraph ( d)( 3) of this section or that there are inadequacies in the employees’ knowledge or use of these procedures. ( 3) The training shall establish employee proficiency in the duties required by this section and shall introduce new or revised procedures, as necessary, for compliance with this section. ( 4) The employer shall certify that the training required by paragraphs ( g)( 1) through ( g ) ( 3 ) of this section has been accomplished. The certification shall contain each employee’s name, the signatures or initials of the trainers, and the dates of training. The certific a t i o n shall be available for inspection by employees and their authorized representatives. ( k) Rescue and emergency services. ( k)( 1) An employer who designates rescue and emergency services, pursuant to para-graph ( d)( 9) of this section, shall: ( k)( 1)( i) Evaluate a prospective rescuer’s ability to respond to a rescue summons in a timely manner, considering the hazard( s) identified; Note to paragraph ( k)( l)( i): What will be considered timely will vary according to the specific hazards involved in each entry. For example, § 1910.134, Respiratory Protection, requires that employers provide a standby person or persons capable of immediate action to rescue employee( s) wearing respiratory protection while in work areas defined as IDLH atmospheres. ( k)( 1)( ii) Evaluate a prospective rescue service’s ability, in terms of proficiency with res-cue- related tasks and equipment, to function appropriately while rescuing entrants from the particular permit space or types of permit spaces identified; 30 Specifications for Accident Prevention Signs and Tags 1910.145( c)( 1)( ii), ( 2)( ii), and ( 3) Permit Required Confined Spaces 1910.146( g)( 1) and ( 2)( i) through ( iv), ( 3) and ( 4), and k( 1)( i) through ( 2)( iv) ( k)( 1)( iii) Select a rescue team or service from those evaluated that: ( k)( 1)( iii)( A) Has the capability to reach the victim( s) within a time frame that is appro-priate for the permit space hazard( s) identified; ( k)( 1)( iii)( B) Is equipped for and proficient in performing the needed rescue services; ( k)( 1)( iv) Inform each rescue team or service of the hazards they may confront when called on to perform rescue at the site; and ( k)( 1)( v) Provide the rescue team or service selected with access to all permit spaces from which rescue may be necessary so that the rescue service can develop appropriate rescue plans and practice rescue operations. Note to paragraph ( k)( 1): Non- mandatory Appendix F contains examples of criteria which employers can use in evaluating prospective rescuers as required by paragraph ( k)( l) of this section. ( k)( 2) An employer whose employees have been designated to provide permit space res-cue and emergency services shall take the following measures: ( k)( 2)( i) Provide affected employees with the personal protective equipment ( PPE) need-ed to conduct permit space rescues safely and train affected employees so they are profi-cient in the use of that PPE, at no cost to those employees; ( k)( 2)( ii) Train affected employees to perform assigned rescue duties. The employer must ensure that such employees successfully complete the training required to establish proficiency as an authorized entrant, as provided by paragraphs ( g) and ( h) of this sec-tion; ( k)( 2)( iii) Train affected employees in basic first- aid and cardiopulmonary resuscitation ( CPR). The employer shall ensure that at least one member of the rescue team or service holding a current certification in first aid and CPR is available; and ( k)( 2)( iv) Ensure that affected employees practice making permit space rescues at least once every 12 months, by means of simulated rescue operations in which they remove dummies, manikins, or actual persons from the actual permit spaces or from representa-tive permit spaces. Representative permit spaces shall, with respect to opening size, con-figuration, and accessibility, simulate the types of permit spaces from which rescue is to be performed. ( ii) When other standards in this part require the use of lockout or tagout, they shall be used and supplemented by the procedural and training requirements of this section. ( a)( 3) Purpose. ( ii) When other standards in this part require... of this section ( 4) Energy control procedure. ( i) Procedures shall be developed, documented and utilized for the control of potentially hazardous energy when employees are engaged in the activities covered by this section. ( c)( 4) Energy control procedure. ( i) Procedures shall be developed... by this section ( 6)( i)( D) Where tagout is used for energy control, the periodic inspection shall include a review, between the inspector and each authorized and affected employee, of that employee’s responsibilities under the energy control procedure being inspected, and the elements set forth in paragraph ( c)( 7)( ii) of this section. 31 The Control of Hazardous Energy ( Lockout/ Tagout) 1910.147( a)( 3)( ii); ( c)( 4)( i); ( c)( 6)( i)( D); ( c)( 7)( i)( A) through ( C); ( c)( 7)( ii)( A) through ( F); ( c)( 7)( iii)( A) through ( C); ( c)( 7)( iv); ( c)( 8); and ( c)( 9) ( c)( 6) Periodic Inspection. ( i)( d) Where tagout is used for energy control... paragraph I( 7)( ii) of this section. ( 7) Training and communication. ( i) The employer shall provide training to ensure that the purpose and function of the energy control program are understood by employees and that the knowledge and skills required for the safe application, usage, and removal of energy controls are required by employees. The training shall include the following: ( c)( 7) Training and communication. ( i) The employer shall provide training to ensure that the purpose and function of the energy control program are understood by employees and that the knowledge and skills required for the safe application, usage, and removal of the energy controls are acquired by employees. The training shall include the following: ( A) Each authorized employee shall receive training in the recognition of applicable hazardous energy sources, the type and magnitude of the energy available in the work-place, and the methods and means necessary for energy isolation and control. ( B) Each affected employee shall be instructed in the purpose and use of the energy control procedure. ( C) All other employees whose work operations are or may be in an area where energy control procedures may be utilized, shall be instructed about the procedure, and about the prohibition relating to attempts to restart or reenergize machines or equipment which are locked out or tagged out. ( ii) When tagout systems are used, employees shall also be trained in the following limitations of tags: ( A) Tags are essentially warning devices affixed to energy isolating devices, and do not provide the physical restraint on those devices that is provided by a lock. ( B) When a tag is attached to an energy isolating means, it is not to be removed without authorization of the authorized person for it, and it is never to be bypassed, ignored, or otherwise defeated. ( C) Tags must be legible and understandable by all authorized employees, affected employees, and all other employees whose work operations are or may be in the area, in order to be effective. ( D) Tags and their means of attachment must be made of materials which will withstand the environmental conditions encountered in the workplace. ( E) Tags may evoke a false sense of security, and their meaning needs to be understood as part of the overall energy control program. ( F) Tags must be securely attached to energy isolating devices so that they cannot be inadvertently or accidentally detached during use. ( iii) Employee retraining. ( A) Retraining shall be provided for all authorized and aff e c t e d employees whenever there is a change in their job assignments, a change in machines, equipment or processes that present a new hazard, or when there is a change in the energ y control procedures. ( B) Additional retraining shall also be conducted whenever a periodic inspection under paragraph ( c)( 6) of this section reveals, or whenever the employer has reason to believe 32 that there are deviations from or inadequacies in the employee’s knowledge or use of the energy control procedures. ( C) The retraining shall reestablish employee proficiency and introduce new or revised control methods and procedures, as necessary. ( iv) The employer shall certify that employee training has been accomplished and is being kept up to date. The certification shall contain each employee’s name and dates of training. ( 8) Energy isolation. Lockout or tagout shall be performed only by authorized employees who are performing the servicing or maintenance. ( c)( 9) Notification of employees. Affected employees shall be notified by the employer or authorized employee of the application and removal of lockout devices or tagout devices. Notification shall be given before the controls are applied, and after they are removed from the machine or equipment. ( 3) Lockout or tagout devices removal. Each lockout or tagout device shall be removed from each energy isolating device by the employee who applied the device. Exception to paragraph ( e)( 3). When the authorized employee who applied the lockout or tagout device is not available to remove it, that device may be removed under the direction of the employer, provided that specific procedures and training for such removal have been developed, documented, and incorporated into the employer’s energy control program. The employer shall demonstrate that the specific procedure shall include at least the following elements: ( i) Verification by the employer that the authorized employee who applied the device is not at the facility; ( ii) Making all reasonable efforts to contract the authorized employee to inform him/ her that his/ her lockout or tagout device has been removed; and ( iii) Ensuring that the authorized employee has this knowledge before he/ she resumes work at that facility. ( f)( 2)( ii) The on- site employer shall ensure that his/ her employees understand and comply with restrictions and prohibitions of the outside employer’s energy control procedures. ( a) The employer shall ensure the ready availability of medical personnel for advice and consultation on matters of plant health. ( b) In the absence of an infirmary, clinic, or hospital in near proximity to the workplace which is used for the treatment of all injured employees, a person or persons shall be adequately trained to render first aid. First aid supplies approved by the consulting physician shall be readily available. ( 41) “ Training” means the process of making proficient through instruction and hands- on practice in the operation of equipment, including respiratory protection equipment, that is expected to be used and in the performance of assigned duties. ( 1) Organizational statement. The employer shall prepare and maintain a statement or written policy which establishes the existence of a fire brigade; the basic organizational structure; the type, amount, and frequency of training to be provided to fire brigade members; the expected number of members in the fire brigade; and the functions that the fire brigade is to perform at the workplace. The organizational statement shall be 33 Lockout or Tagout Devices Removed 1910.147( e)( 3)( i) through ( iii) Outside Personnel 1910.147( f)( 2)( i) Medical Services and First Aid 1910.151( a) and ( b) Fire Protection 1910.155( c)( 41) Fire Brigades 1910.156( b)( 1) available for inspection by the Assistant Secretary and by employees or their designated representatives. ( 1) The employer shall provide training and education for all fire brigade members commensurate with those duties and functions that fire brigade members are expected to perform. Such training and education shall be provided to fire brigade members before they perform fire brigade emergency activities. Fire brigade leaders and training instructors shall be provided with training and education which is more comprehensive than that provided to the general membership of the fire brigade. ( 2) The employer shall assure that training and education is conducted frequently enough to assure that each member of the fire brigade is able to perform the member’s assigned duties and functions satisfactorily and in a safe manner so as not to endanger fire brigade members or other employees. All fire brigade members shall be provided with training at least annually. In addition, fire brigade members who are expected to perform interior structural fire fighting shall be provided with an education session or training at least quarterly. ( 3) The quality of the training and education program for fire brigade members shall be similar to those conducted by such fire training schools as the Maryland Fire and Rescue Institute; Iowa Fire Service Extension; West Virginia Fire Service Extension; Georgia Fire Academy; New York State Department, Fire Prevention and Control; Louisiana State University Firemen Training Program; or Washington State’s Fire Service Training Commission for Vocational Education. ( For example, for the oil refinery industry, with its unique hazards, the training and education program for those fire brigade members shall be similar to those conducted by Texas A & M University, Lamar University, Reno Fire School, or the Delaware State Fire School.) ( 4) The employer shall inform fire brigade members about special hazards such as storage and use of flammable liquids and gases, toxic chemicals, radioactive sources, and water reactive substances, to which they may be exposed during fire and other emergencies. The fire brigade members shall also be advised of any changes that occur in relation to the special hazards. The employer shall develop and make available for inspection by fire brigade members, written procedures that describe the actions to be taken in situations involving the special hazards and shall include these in the training and education program. ( 1) Where the employer has provided portable fire extinguishers for employee use in the workplace, the employer shall also provide an educational program to familiarize employees with the general principles of fire extinguisher use and the hazards involved with incipient stage fire fighting. ( 2) The employer shall provide the education required in paragraph ( g)( 1) of this section upon initial employment and at least annually thereafter. ( 3) The employer shall provide employees who have been designated to use fire fighting equipment as part of an emergency action plan with training in the use of the appropriate equipment. ( 4) The employer shall provide the training required in paragraph ( g)( 3) of this section upon initial assignment to the designated group of employees and at least annually thereafter. ( vi) The employer shall designate trained persons to conduct all inspections required under this section. 34 Training and Education 1910.156( c)( 1) through ( 4) Portable Fire Extinguishers 1910.157( g)( 1) through ( 4) Standpipe and Hose Systems 1910.158( e)( 2)( vi) ( 10) The employer shall train employees designated to inspect, maintain, operate, or repair fixed extinguishing systems and annually review their training to keep them up- to- date in the functions they are to perform. ( 4) The employer shall assure that the servicing, maintenance and testing of fire detection systems, including cleaning and necessary sensitivity adjustments, are performed by a trained person knowledgeable in the operations and functions of the system. ( 5) The employer shall assure that the servicing, maintenance, and testing of employee alarms are done by persons trained in the designed operation and functions necessary for reliable and safe operation of the system. ( c) Employee training. ( 1) The employer shall provide a training program to train all employees who service rim wheels in the hazards involved in servicing those rim wheels and the safety procedures to be followed. ( i) The employer shall assure that no employee services any rim wheel unless the employee has been trained and instructed in correct procedures of servicing the rim type being serviced, and in the safe operating procedures described in paragraphs ( f) and ( g) of this section. ( ii) Information to be used in the training program shall include at a minimum, the applicable data contained in the charts, rim manuals, and the contents of this standard. ( iii) Where an employer knows or has reason to believe that any of his or her employees is unable to read and understand the charts or rim manual, the employer shall assure that the employee is instructed concerning the contents of the charts and rim manual in a manner which the employee is able to understand. ( 2) The employer shall assure that each employee demonstrates and maintains the ability to service multi- piece rim wheels safely, including performance of the following tasks: ( i) Demounting of tires ( including deflation); ( ii) Inspection and identification of rim wheel components; ( iii) Mounting of tires ( including inflation within a restraining device or other safeguard required by this section); ( iv) Use of the restraining device or barrier, and other equipment required by this section; ( v) Handling of rim wheels; ( vi) Inflation of tire when a single- piece rim wheel is mounted on a vehicle; and ( vii) An understanding of the necessity of standing outside the trajectory both during the inflation of the tire and during inspection of the rim wheel following inflation; and ( viii) Installation and removal of rim wheels. ( 3) The employer shall evaluate each employee’s ability to perform these tasks and to service rim wheels safely and shall provide additional training as necessary to assure that each employee maintains his or her proficiency. 35 Fixed Extinguishing Systems 1910.160( b)( 10) Fire Detection Systems 1910.164( c)( 4) Servicing of Multi- Piece and Single- Piece Rim Wheels 1910.177( c)( 1) through ( iii); ( 2)( i) through ( viii); and ( 3). Includes single- piece wheels per Federal Register of February 3, 1984 ( pp. 4338– 4352) but not automobile or truck tires marked “ LT.” Employee Alarm Systems 1910.165( d)( 5) ( f) Safe operating procedure— multi- piece rim wheels. The employer shall establish a safe operating procedure for servicing multi- piece rim wheels and shall assure that employees are instructed in and follow that procedure. The procedure shall include at least the following elements: ( 1) Tires shall be completely deflated before demounting by removal of the valve core. ( 2) Tires shall be completely deflated by removing the valve core before a rim wheel is removed from the axle in either of the following situations: ( i) When the tire has been driven underinflated at 80% or less of its recommended pressure, or ( ii) When there is obvious or suspected damage to the tire or wheel components. ( 3) Rubber lubricant shall be applied to bead and rim mating surfaces during assembly of the wheel and inflation of the tire, unless the tire or wheel manufacturer recommends against it. ( 4) If a tire on a vehicle is underinflated but has more than 80% of the recommended pressure, the tire may be inflated while the rim wheel is on the vehicle provided remote control inflation equipment is used, and no employees remain in the trajectory during inflation. ( 5) Tires shall be inflated outside a restraining device only to a pressure sufficient to force the tire bead onto the rim ledge and create an airtight seal with the tire and bead. ( 6) Whenever a rim wheel is in a restraining device the employee shall not rest or lean any part of his or her body or equipment on or against the restraining device. ( 7) After tire inflation, the tire and wheel components shall be inspected while still within the restraining device to make sure that they are properly seated and locked. If further adjustment to the tire or wheel components is necessary, the tire shall be deflated by removal of the valve core before the adjustment is made. ( 8) No attempt shall be made to correct the seating of side and lock rings by hammering, striking or forcing the components while the tire is pressurized. ( 9) Cracked, broken, bent or otherwise damaged rim components shall not be reworked, welded, brazed, or otherwise heated. ( 10) Whenever multi- piece rim wheels are being handled, employees shall stay out of the trajectory unless the employer can demonstrate that performance of the servicing makes the employee’s presence in the trajectory necessary. ( 11) No heat shall be applied to a multi- piece wheel or wheel component. ( g) Safe operating procedure— single- piece rim wheels. The employer shall establish a safe operating procedure for servicing single- piece rim wheels and shall assure that employees are instructed in and follow that procedure. The procedure shall include at least the following elements: ( 1) Tires shall be completely deflated by removal of the valve core before demounting. ( 2) Mounting and demounting of the tire shall be done only from the narrow ledge side of the wheel. Care shall be taken to avoid damaging the tire beads while mounting tires 36 1910.177( f)( 1); ( 2)( i) and ( ii); and ( 3) through ( 11) 1910.177( g)( 1) through ( 12) on wheels. Tires shall be mounted only on compatible wheels of matching bead diameter and width. ( 3) Nonflammable rubber lubricant shall be applied to bead and wheel mating surfaces before assembly of the rim wheel, unless the tire or wheel manufacturer recommends against the use of any rubber lubricant. ( 4) If a tire changing machine is used, the tire shall be inflated only to the minimum pressure necessary to force the tire bead onto the rim ledge while on the tire changing machine. ( 5) If a bead expander is used, it shall be removed before the valve core is installed and as soon as the rim wheel becomes airtight ( the tire bead slips onto the bead seat). ( 6) Tires may be inflated only when contained within a restraining device, positioned behind a barrier or bolted on the vehicle with the lug nuts fully tightened. ( 7) Tires shall not be inflated when any flat, solid surface is in the trajectory and within one foot of the sidewall. ( 8) Employees shall stay out of the trajectory when inflating a tire. ( 9) Tires shall not be inflated to more than the inflation pressure stamped in the sidewall unless a higher pressure is recommended by the manufacturer. ( 10) Tires shall not be inflated above the maximum pressure recommended by the manufacturer to seat the tire bead firmly against the rim flange. ( 11) No heat shall be applied to a single- piece wheel. ( 12) Cracked, broken, bent, or otherwise damaged wheels shall not be reworked, welded, brazed, or otherwise heated. ( l) Operator training. ( 1) Safe operation. ( I) The employer shall ensure that each pow-ered industrial truck operator is competent to operate a powered industrial truck safely, as demonstrated by the successful completion of the training and evaluation specified in this paragraph. ( ii) Prior to permitting an employee to operate a powered industrial truck ( except for training purposes), the employer shall ensure that each operator has successfully com-pleted the training required by this paragraph ( l), except as permitted by paragraph ( l)( 5). ( 2) Training program implementation ( I) Trainees may operate a powered industrial truck only: ( A) Under the direct supervision of persons who have the knowledge, training, and expe-rience to train operators and evaluate their competence; and ( B) Where such operation does not endanger the trainee or other employees. ( ii) Training shall consist of a combination of formal instruction ( e. g., lecture, discussion, interactive computer learning, videotape, written material), practical training ( demonstra-tions performed by the trainer and practical exercises performed by the trainee), and evaluation of the operator’s performance in the workplace. 37 Powered Industrial Trucks 1910.178( l)( 1)( I) and ( ii); ( 2)( I)( A) and ( B)( ii) and ( iii); ( 3)( I)( A) through( M); ( ii)( A) through ( I) ( iii); ( 4)( I) and ( ii)( A) ( ii) through ( E); ( iii)( 5), ( 6), and ( 7) ( iii) All operator training and evaluation shall be conducted by persons who have the knowledge, training, and experience to train powered industrial truck operators and eval-uate their competence. ( 3) Training program content. Powered industrial truck operators shall receive initial training in the following topics, except in topics which the employer can demonstrate are not applicable to safe operation of the truck in the employer’s workplace. ( I) Truck- relat-ed topics: ( A) Operating instructions, warnings, and pre- cautions for the types of truck the operator will be authorized to operate; ( B) Differences between the truck and the automobile; ( C) Truck controls and instrumentation: where they are located, what they do, and how they work; ( D) Engine or motor operation; ( E) Steering and maneuvering; ( F) Visibility ( including restrictions due to loading); ( G) Fork and attachment adaptation, operation, and use limitations; ( H) Vehicle capacity; ( I) Vehicle stability; ( J) Any vehicle inspection and maintenance that the operator will be required to perform; ( K) Refueling and/ or charging and recharging of batteries; ( L) Operating limitations; ( M) Any other operating instructions, warnings, or precautions listed in the operator’s manual for the types of vehicle that the employee is being trained to operate. ( ii) Workplace related topics: ( A) Surface conditions where the vehicle will be operated; ( B) Composition of loads to be carried and load stability; ( C) Load manipulation, stacking, and unstacking; ( D) Pedestrian traffic in areas where the vehicle will be operated; ( E) Narrow aisles and other restricted places where the vehicle will be operated; ( F) Hazardous ( classified) locations where the vehicle will be operated; ( G) Ramps and other sloped surfaces that could affect the vehicle’s stability; ( H) Closed environments and other areas where insufficient ventilation or poor vehicle maintenance could cause a buildup of carbon monoxide or diesel exhaust; 38 ( I) Other unique or potentially hazardous environmental conditions in the workplace that could affect safe operation. ( iii) The requirements of this section. ( 4) Refresher training and evaluation ( i) Refresher training, including an evaluation of the effectiveness of that training, shall be conducted as required by paragraph ( l)( 4)( ii) to ensure that the operator has the knowledge and skills needed to operate the powered industrial truck safely. ( ii) Refresher training in relevant topics shall be provided to the operator when: ( A) The operator has been observed to operate the vehicle in an unsafe manner; ( B) The operator has been involved in an accident or near- miss incident; ( C) The operator has received an evaluation that reveals that the operator is not operating the truck safely; ( D) The operator is assigned to drive a different type of truck; or ( E) A condition in the workplace changes in a manner that could affect safe operation of the truck. ( iii) An evaluation of each powered industrial truck operator’s performance shall be con-ducted at least once every three years. ( 5) Avoidance of duplicative training. If an operator has previously received training in a topic specified in paragraph ( l)( 3) of this section, and such training is appropriate to the truck and working conditions encountered, additional training in that topic is not required if the operator has been evaluated and found competent to operate the truck safely. ( 6) Certification. The employer shall certify that each operator has been trained and eval-uated as required by this paragraph ( l). Certification shall include the name of the opera-tor, the date of the training, the date of the evaluation, and the identity of the person( s) performing the training or evaluation. ( 7) Dates. The employer shall ensure that operators of powered industrial truck are trained, as appropriate, by the following dates: ( A) If the employee was hired prior to December 1,1999, the initial training and evaluation of that employee must be completed by December 1, 1999. ( B) If the employee was hired after December 1, 1999, the initial training and evaluation of that employee must be completed before the employee is assigned to operate a powered industrial truck. ( ix) When two or more cranes are used to lift a load one qualified responsible person shall be in charge of the operation. He shall analyze the operation and instruct all personnel involved in the proper positioning, rigging of the load, and the movements to be made. ( 3) Fire extinguishers. The employer shall insure that operators are familiar with the operation and care of fire extinguishers provided. ( ii) Operating and maintenance personnel shall be made familiar with the use and care of the fire extinguishers provided. 39 Moving the Load 1910.179( n)( 3)( ix) 1910.179( o)( 3) Crawler Locomotive and Truck Cranes 1910.180( i)( 5)( ii) ( 3) Training of maintenance personnel. It shall be the responsibility of the employer to insure the original and continuing competence of personnel caring for, inspecting, and maintaining power presses. ( 2) Instruction to operators. The employer shall train and instruct the operator in the safe method of work before starting work on any operation covered by this section. The employer shall insure by adequate supervision that correct operating procedures are being followed. ( i) The operator training required by paragraph ( f)( 2) of this section shall be provided to the employee before the employee initially operates the press and as needed to maintain competence, but not less than annually thereafter. It shall include instruction relative to the following items for presses used in the PSDI mode. ( A) The manufacturer’s recommended test procedures for checking operation of the presence sensing device. This shall include the use of the test rod required by paragraph ( h)( 10)( i) of this section. ( B) The safety distance required. ( C) The operation, function and performance of the PSDI mode. ( D) The requirements for hand tools that may be used in the PSDI mode. ( E) The severe consequences that can result if he or she attempts to circumvent or by-pass any of the safeguard or operating functions of the PSDI system. ( ii) The employer shall certify that employees have been trained by preparing a certification record which includes the identity of the person trained, the signature of the employer or the person who conducted the training, and the date the training was completed. The certification record shall be prepared at the completion of training and shall be maintained on file for the duration of the employee’s employment. The certification record shall be made available upon request to the Assistant Secretary for Occupational Safety and Health. ( 2) Inspection and maintenance. It shall be the responsibility of the employer to maintain all forge shop equipment in a condition which will ensure continued safe operation. This responsibility includes: ( iii) Training personnel for the proper inspection and maintenance of forging machinery and equipment. ( xiii) Management. Management shall recognize its responsibility for the safe usage of cutting and welding equipment on its property and: ( C) Insist that cutters or welders and their supervisors are suitably trained in the safe operation of their equipment and the safe use of the process. ( 4) Personnel. Workmen in charge of the oxygen or fuel- gas supply equipment, including generators, and oxygen or fuel- gas distribution piping systems shall be instructed and judged competent by their employers for this important work before being left in charge. Rules and instructions covering the operation and maintenance of oxygen or fuel- gas supply equipment including generators, and oxygen or fuel- gas distribution piping systems shall be readily available. 40 Mechanical Power Presses 1910.217( e)( 3) 1910.217( f)( 2) Operator Training 1910.217( h)( 13)( i)( A) through ( E) and ( ii) Forging Machines 1910.218( a)( 2)( iii) Welding, Cutting, and Brazing General Requirements 1910.252( a)( 2)( xiii)( C) Oxygen- Fuel Gas Welding and Cutting 1910.253( a)( 4) ( 3) Instruction. Workmen designated to operate arc welding equipment shall have been properly instructed and qualified to operate such equipment as specified in paragraph ( d) of this section. ( 3) Personnel. Workmen designated to operate resistance welding equipment shall have been properly instructed and judged competent to operate such equipment. ( ii) Gas masks capable of absorbing chlorine shall be supplied, conveniently placed, and regularly inspected, and workers who may be exposed to chlorine gas shall be instructed in their use. ( v) Instruction of employees. Employees shall be properly instructed as to the hazards of their work and be instructed in safe practices, by bulletins, printed rules, and verbal instructions. ( x) Lift trucks. Lift trucks shall be designed, constructed, maintained, and operated in accordance with the requirements of § 1910.178. ( ii) Explosives. Only a designated person shall handle or use explosives. Usage shall comply with the requirements of Subpart H of 1910. ( iii) Chain saw operators shall be instructed to follow manufacturer’s instructions as to operation and adjustment. ( iv) Chain saw operators shall be instructed to fuel the saw at least 10 feet from any open flame or other source of ignition. ( v) Chain saw operators shall be instructed to start the saw at least 10 feet away from fueling area. ( vi) Chain saw operators shall be instructed to start the saw only on the ground or when otherwise firmly supported. ( vii) The chain saw shall be started with the chain brake engaged. ( viii) The chain saw shall be held with both hands during operation unless the employer demonstrates a greater hazard is posed by using both hands during that particular instance. ( ix) The chain saw operator shall be certain of footing before starting to cut. The chain saw shall not be used in a position or at a distance that could cause its operator to lose his or her balance. ( x) Prior to felling any tree, the saw operator shall clear brush or other potential obstacles which might interfere with tree cutting or using the retreat path. ( xi) Chain saw operators shall be instructed not to use the saw to cut directly overhead. ( xii) Chain saw operators shall be instructed to carry the saw in a manner to prevent operator contact with the chain and muffler. ( ii) Employer shall assure that each machine, including any provided by an employee, is inspected before initial use each work shift. Defects or damage is to be repaired, or machine is to be replaced, before work commences. 41 Arc Welding and Cutting 1910.254( a)( 3) Resistance Welding 1910.255( a)( 3) Pulp, Paper, and Paperboard Mills 1910.261( h)( 3)( ii) Laundry Machinery and Operating Rules 1910.264( d)( 1)( v) 1910.266( e)( 2)( iii) through ( xii) Sawmills 1910.265( c)( 30)( x) Logging Operations 1910.266( d)( 10)( ii) 1910.266( f)( 1)( ii) and ( iii) ( iii) Employer shall assure that operating and maintenance instructions for each machine are available either on board the machine or in the area where it is operating. All machine operators and maintenance workers shall comply with the instructions. ( i) A machine shall be started and operated only by a designated person. ( ii) Stationary logging machines and components shall be anchored or otherwise stabilized during operation. ( iii) The rated capacity of any machine shall not be exceeded. ( iv) No machine shall be operated on any slope greater than the maximum slope recommended by the manufacturer. ( v) Before starting or moving a machine, the operator shall determine that no employer is in its path. ( vi) A machine shall only be operated from the operator’s station or as otherwise recommended by the manufacturer. ( vii) A machine shall only be operated at such a distance from other machines and employees that its operation will not cause a hazard to employees. ( viii) No employee, other than the operator, shall ride on any mobile machine unless seating, safety belts, or other equivalent protection is provided. ( ix) No employee is ever to ride on any load. ( x) Before a machine is shut down, the brake locks or parking brakes shall be applied. Each moving element ( blades, buckets, shears, etc.) shall be grounded. ( xi) After a machine engine is shut down, pressure from hydraulic and pneumatic storage devices is to be discharged. ( xii) The rated capacity of any vehicle transporting a machine shall not be exceeded. ( xiii) Machines are to be loaded, secured, and unloaded so that no hazard is created for any employee. ( i) Trees shall not be felled in a manner that may create a hazard for any employee. ( ii) The immediate supervisor shall be consulted when unfamiliar or unusually hazardous conditions require his or her approval before cutting can commence. ( i) Training. ( 1) The employer shall provide training for each employee, including supervisors, at no cost to the employee. ( 2) Frequency. Training shall be provided as follows: ( i) As soon as possible but not later than the effective date of this section for initial training for each current and new employee; ( ii) Prior to initial assignment for each new employee; ( iii) Whenever the employee is assigned new work tasks, tools, equipment, machines, or vehicles; and, 42 1910.266( f)( 2)( i) through ( xiii) 1910.266( h)( 1)( i) and ( ii) 1910.266( i)( 1) through ( 10) ( iv) Whenever an employee demonstrates unsafe job performance. ( 3) Content. At a minimum, training shall consist of the following elements: ( i) Safe performance of assigned work tasks; ( ii) Safe use, operation, and maintenance of tools, machines, and vehicles the employee uses or operates, including emphasis on understanding and following the manufacturer’s instructions, warnings, and precautions; ( iii) Recognition of safety and health hazards associated with the employee’s specific work tasks, including the use of measures and work practices to prevent or control those hazards; ( iv) Recognition, prevention, and control of other safety and health hazards in the logging industry; ( v) Procedures, practices, and requirements of the employer’s work site; and ( vi) The requirements of this standard. ( 4) Training of an employee due to unsafe job performance, or assignment of new work tasks, tools, equipment, machines, or vehicles may be limited to those elements in paragraph ( i)( 3) of this section which are relevant to the circumstances giving rise to the need for training. ( 5) Portability of training. ( i) Each current employee who has received training in the particular elements specified in paragraph ( i)( 3) of this section shall not be required to be retrained in those elements. ( ii) Each new employee who has received training in the particular elements specified in paragraph ( i)( 3) of this section shall not be required to be retrained in those elements prior to initial assignment. ( iii) The employer shall train each current and new employee in those elements for which the employee has not received training. ( iv) The employer is responsible for ensuring that each current and new employee can properly and safely perform the work tasks and operate the tools, equipment, machines, and vehicles used in their job. ( 6) Each new employee and each employee who is required to be trained as specified in paragraph ( i)( 2) of this section, shall work under the close supervision of a designated person until the employee demonstrates to the employer the ability to safely perform the new duties independently. ( 7) First aid training. ( i) The employer shall assure that each employee, including supervisors, receives or has received first aid and CPR training meeting at least the requirements specified in Appendix B of this standard. ( ii) The employer shall assure that each employee’s first aid and CPR training and/ or cer-tificate of training remain current. ( 8) All training shall be conducted by a designated person. 43 ( 9) The employer shall assure that all training required by this section is presented in a manner that the employee is able to understand. The employer shall assure that all training materials used are appropriate in content and vocabulary to the educational level, literacy, and language skills of the employees being trained. ( 10) Certification of training. ( i) The employer shall verify compliance with paragraph ( i) of this section by preparing a written certification record. The written certif |
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