Guide to voluntary training and training requirements in OSHA standards

              A Guide to

Voluntary Training and

Training Requirements

in OSHA Standards

Bobby R. Davis

Series Editor

N. C. Department of Labor

Division of Occupational Safety and Health

1101 Mail Service Center

Raleigh, NC 27699- 1101

Cherie K. Berry

Commissioner of Labor

N. C. Department of Labor

Occupational Safety and Health Program

Cherie K. Berry

Commissioner of Labor

OSHA State Plan Designee

Allen McNeely

Deputy Commissioner for Safety and Health

Kevin Beauregard

Assistant Deputy Commissioner for Safety and Health

Acknowledgment

A Guide to Voluntary Training and Training Requirements in OSHA Standards is based on the U. S.

Department of Labor Occupational Safety and Health Administration publication Training Requirements

in OSHA Standards and Training Guidelines ( 1995 edition). Some modifications were made to reflect

North Carolina occupational safety and health standards and administrative conditions.

This guide is intended to be consistent with all existing OSHA and/ or OSHNC standards. If an area is

considered by the reader to be inconsistent with a standard, then the appropriate state or federal standard

should be followed.

To obtain additional copies of this book, or if you have questions about N. C. occupational safety and health standards or

rules, please contact:

N. C. Department of Labor

Bureau of Education, Training and Technical Assistance

1101 Mail Service Center

Raleigh, NC 27699- 1101

Phone: ( 919) 807- 2875 or 1- 800- NC- LABOR ( 1- 800- 625- 2267)

____________________

Additional sources of information are listed on the inside back cover of this book.

____________________

The projected cost of the OSHNC program for federal fiscal year 2004– 2005 is $ 13,330,705. Federal funding provides approximately 38 percent ($ 5,162,000) of this

total.

Printed 8/ 05

Contents

Page

Foreword iv

Introduction v

Voluntary Training Guidelines 2

Index of Training Requirements 9

General Industry Training Requirements, 29 CFR Part 1910 17

Maritime Training Requirements, 29 CFR Parts 1915, 1917, 1918 63

Construction Training Requirements, 29 CFR Part 1926 77

Agricultural Training Requirements, 29 CFR Part 1928 105

Suggested Readings in Industrial Safety and Health Training

and Other Resources 107

iii

Foreword

Training employees may not be the most glamorous part of the business world. When it

comes to OSHA- required training, some employers may even worry it’s just more “ red

tape.” Yet how can employers really be sure that their employees know safe and healthy

work procedures without formal training? How can anyone ever determine which

occupational safety and health risks require more attention and which are being

controlled successfully thanks to training without the associated recordkeeping?

When an employer trains an employee how to work safely and how to respond to an

emergency, that employer has built a better, more productive, more cost- efficient work-place.

No one should ever think of training as a burden or as an unimportant task.

In North Carolina, DOL inspectors enforce the federal Occupational Safety and Health

Act through a state plan approved by the U. S. Department of Labor. The N. C. Depart-ment

of Labor’s Division of Occupational Safety and Health offers many educational

programs to the public and produces publications, including this guide, to help inform

people about their rights and responsibilities regarding occupational safety and health.

When looking through this guide, please remember DOL’s mission is greater than just to

enforce regulations. An equally important goal is to help people find ways to create safe

workplaces. This booklet, like the other educational materials produced by the N. C.

Department of Labor, can help.

Cherie K. Berry

Commissioner of Labor

v

Introduction

Many standards promulgated by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration

explicitly require the employer to train employees in the safety and health aspects of their

jobs. Other OSHA standards make it the employer’s responsibility to limit certain job

assignments to employees who are “ certified,” “ competent” or “ qualified,” meaning that

they have had special previous training, in or out of the workplace. The term “ designat-ed”

personnel means selected or assigned by the employer or the employer’s representa-tive

as being qualified to perform specific duties. These requirements reflect OSHA’s

belief that training is an essential part of every employer’s safety and health program for

protecting workers from injuries and illnesses. Many researchers conclude that those who

are new on the job have a higher rate of accidents and injuries than more experienced

workers. If ignorance of specific job hazards and of proper work practices is even partly

to blame for these higher injury rates, then training will help to provide a solution.

As an example of the trend in OSHA safety and health training requirements, the Process

Safety Management of Highly Hazardous Chemicals Standard ( Title 29 Code of Federal

Regulations Part 1910.119) contains several training requirements. This standard was

promulgated under the requirements of the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990. The

Process Safety Management Standard requires the employer to evaluate or verify that

employees comprehend the training given to them. This means that the training to be

given must have established goals and objectives regarding what is to be accomplished.

Subsequent to the training, an evaluation would be conducted to verify that the

employees understood the subjects presented or acquired the desired skills. If the

established goals and objectives of the training program were not achieved as expected,

the employer then would revise the training program to make it more effective, conduct

more frequent refresher training, or some combination of these. The requirements of the

Process Safety Management Standard follow the concepts embodied in the OSHA

training guidelines contained in this booklet.

The length and complexity of OSHA standards may make it difficult to find all the

references to training. So, to help employers, safety and health professionals, training

directors, and others with a need to know, OSHA’s training- related requirements have

been excerpted and collected in this booklet. Requirements for posting information,

warning signs, labels and the like are excluded, as are most references to the qualifica-tions

of people assigned to test workplace conditions or equipment.

It is a good idea for the employer to keep a record of all safety and health training.

Records can provide evidence of the employer’s good faith and compliance with OSHA

standards. Documentation can also supply an answer to one of the first questions an

accident investigator will ask: “ Was the injured employee trained to do that job?”

Training in the proper performance of a job is time and money well spent. The employer

should regard it as an investment rather than an expense. An effective program of safety

and health training for workers can result in fewer injuries and illnesses, better morale,

and lower insurance premiums, among other benefits.

Readers with questions concerning worker safety and health training should contact the

Division of Occupational Safety and Health. A telephone directory for the division is

listed at the end of this publication.

vii

1

Voluntary Training Guidelines

Page

I. Introduction 2

A. Training Model 2

B. Review Board Implications 2

II. Training Guidelines 3

A. Determining If Training Is Needed 3

B. Identifying Training Needs 3

C. Identifying Goals and Objectives 4

D. Developing Learning Activities 5

E. Conducting the Training 5

F. Evaluating Program Effectiveness 6

G. Improving the Program 6

III. Matching Training to Employees 6

A. Identifying Employees at Risk 7

B. Training Employees at Risk 7

IV. Conclusion 8

Voluntary Training Guidelines

The Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 does not address specifically the

responsibility of employers to provide health and safety information and instruction to

employees, although section 5( a)( 2) does require that each employer “… shall comply

with occupational safety and health standards promulgated under this Act.” More than

100 of the act’s current standards, however, do contain training requirements.

The Occupational Safety and Health Administration has developed voluntary training

guidelines to assist employers in providing the safety and health information and

instruction needed for their employees to work at minimal risk to themselves, to fellow

employees and to the public.

The guidelines are designed to help employers to: 1. determine whether a worksite prob-lem

can be solved by training; 2. determine what training, if any, is needed; 3. identify

goals and objectives for the training; 4. design learning activities; 5. conduct training;

6. determine the effectiveness of the training; and 7. revise the training program based on

feedback from employees, supervisors and others.

The development of the guidelines is part of an agency- wide objective to encourage

cooperative, voluntary safety and health activities among OSHA, the business

community and workers. These voluntary programs include training and education,

consultation, voluntary protection programs, and abatement assistance.

The guidelines provide employers with a model for designing, conducting, evaluating

and revising training programs. The training model can be used to develop training

programs for a variety of occupational safety and health hazards identified at the work-place.

Additionally, it can assist employers in their efforts to meet the training require-ments

in current or future occupational safety and health standards.

A training program designed in accordance with these guidelines can be used to supple-ment

and enhance the employer’s other education and training activities. The guidelines

should give employers significant flexibility in the selection of content and training

program design. OSHA encourages a personalized approach to the informational and

instructional programs at individual worksites, thereby enabling employers to provide the

training that is most needed and applicable to local working conditions.

Assistance with training programs or the identification of resources for training is available

through such organizations as the Division of Occupational Safety and Health’s Bureau of

Consultative Services or the Bureau of Education, Training and Technical Assistance, local

safety councils, insurance providers, and business associations.

OSHA does not intend to make the guidelines mandatory. And they should not be used

by employers as a total or complete guide in training and education matters that can

result in enforcement proceedings before the N. C. Safety and Health Review Board.

However, employee training programs are always an issue in review board cases that

involve alleged violations of training requirements contained in OSHA standards.

The adequacy of employee training may also become an issue in contested cases where

the affirmative defense of unpreventable employee misconduct is raised. Under case law

well- established by the board and the courts, an employer may successfully defend

against an otherwise valid citation by demonstrating that all feasible steps were taken to

avoid the occurrence of the hazard, and that actions of the employee involved in the

2

I. Introduction

A. Training Model

B. Review Board

Implications

violation were a departure from a uniformly and effectively enforced work rule of which

the employee had either actual or constructive knowledge.

In either type of case, the adequacy of the training given to employees in connection with

a specific hazard is a factual matter that can be decided only by considering all the facts

and circumstances surrounding the alleged violation. The general guidelines in this

publication are not intended, and cannot be used, as evidence of the appropriate level of

training in litigation involving either the training requirements of OSHA standards or

affirmative defenses based upon employer training programs.

OSHA’s training guidelines follow a model that consists of:

A. Determining if training is needed

B. Identifying training needs

C. Identifying goals and objectives

D. Developing learning activities

E. Conducting the training

F. Evaluating program effectiveness

G. Improving the program

The model is designed to be one that even the owner of a business with very few employees

can use without having to hire a professional trainer or purchase expensive training

materials. Using this model, employers or supervisors can develop and administer safety

and health training programs that address problems specific to their own business, fulfill

the learning needs of their own employees, and strengthen the overall safety and health

program of the workplace.

The first step in the training process is a basic one— to determine whether a problem can

be solved by training. Whenever employees are not performing their jobs properly, it is

often assumed that training will bring them up to standard. It is possible that other

actions, such as hazard abatement or the implementation of engineering controls, would

enable employees to perform their jobs properly.

Ideally, safety and health training should be provided before problems or accidents occur.

This training would cover both general safety and health rules and work procedures, and

would be repeated if an accident or near- miss incident occurred.

Problems that can be addressed effectively by training include those that arise from lack

of knowledge of a work process, unfamiliarity with equipment or incorrect execution of a

task. Training is less effective ( but still can be used) for problems arising from an

employee’s lack of motivation or lack of attention to the job. Whatever its purpose,

training is most effective when designed in relation to the goals of the employer’s total

safety and health program.

If the problem is one that can be solved, in whole or in part, by training, then the next

step is to determine what training is needed. For this, it is necessary to identify what the

employee is expected to do and in what ways, if any, the employee’s performance is defi-cient.

This information can be obtained by conducting a job analysis that pinpoints what

an employee needs to know in order to perform a job.

When designing a new training program, or preparing to instruct an employee in an

unfamiliar procedure or system, a job analysis can be developed by examining engineer-ing

data on new equipment or the material safety data sheets on unfamiliar substances.

The content of the specific federal or state OSHA standards applicable to a business can

also provide direction in developing training content. Another option is to conduct a job

hazard analysis ( see OSHA 3071, same title, 1992). This is a procedure for studying and

3

II. Training Guidelines

A. Determining If Training

Is Needed

B. Identifying Training

Needs

4

recording each step of a job, identifying existing or potential hazards, and determining

the best way to perform the job in order to reduce or eliminate the risks. Information

obtained from a job hazard analysis can be used as the content for the training activity.

If an employer’s learning needs can be met by revising an existing training program

rather than developing a new one, or if the employer already has some knowledge of the

process or system to be used, appropriate training content can be developed through such

means as:

1. Using company accident and injury records to identify how accidents occur and what

can be done to prevent them from recurring.

2. Requesting employees to provide, in writing and in their own words, descriptions of

their jobs. These should include the tasks performed and the tools, materials and

equipment used.

3. Observing employees at the worksite as they perform tasks, asking about the work

and recording their answers.

4. Examining similar training programs offered by other companies in the same industry,

or obtaining suggestions from such organizations as the National Safety Council ( which

can provide information on job hazard analysis), the U. S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, or

the OSHNC Bureau of Education, Training and Technical Assistance.

The employees themselves can provide valuable information on the training they need.

Safety and health hazards can be identified through the employees’ responses to such

questions as whether anything about their jobs frightens them, if they have had any near-miss

incidents, if they feel they are taking risks, or if they believe that their jobs involve

hazardous operations or substances.

Once the kind of training that is needed has been determined, it is equally important to

determine what kind of training is not needed. Employees should be made aware of all

the steps involved in a task or procedure, but training should focus on those steps on

which improved performance is needed. This avoids unnecessary training and tailors the

training to meet the needs of the employees.

Once the employees’ training needs have been identified, employers can then prepare

objectives for the training. Instructional objectives, if clearly stated, will tell employers

what they want their employees to do, to do better or to stop doing.

Learning objectives do not necessarily have to be written, but in order for the training to

be as successful as possible, clear and measurable objectives should be thought out

before the training begins. For an objective to be effective, it should identify as precisely

as possible what the individuals will do to demonstrate that they have learned, or that the

objective has been reached. They should also describe the important conditions under

which the individual will demonstrate competence and define what constitutes acceptable

performance.

Using specific, action- oriented language, the instructional objectives should describe the

preferred practice or skill and its observable behavior. For example, rather than using the

statement: “ The employee will understand how to use a respirator” as an instructional

objective, it would be better to say: �� The employee will be able to describe how a

respirator works and when it should be used.” Objectives are most effective when word-ed

in sufficient detail that other qualified persons can recognize when the desired behav-ior

is exhibited.

C. Identifying Goals and

Objectives

Once employers have stated precisely what the objectives for the training program are,

then learning activities can be identified and described. Learning activities enable

employees to demonstrate that they have acquired the desired skills and knowledge. To

ensure that employees transfer the skills or knowledge from the learning activity to the

job, the learning situation should simulate the actual job as closely as possible. Thus,

employers may want to arrange the objectives and activities in a sequence that

corresponds to the order in which the tasks are to be performed on the job, if a specific

process is to be learned. For instance, if an employee must learn the beginning processes

of using a machine, the sequence might be 1. to check that the power source is

connected; 2. to ensure that the safety devices are in place and are operative; 3. to know

when and how to throw the switch; and so on.

A few factors will help to determine the type of learning activity to be incorporated into

the training. One aspect is the training resources available to the employer. Can a group-training

program that uses an outside trainer and film be organized, or should the

employer personally train the employees on a one- to- one basis? Another factor is the

kind of skills or knowledge to be learned. Is the learning oriented toward physical skills

( such as the use of special tools) or toward mental processes and attitudes? Such factors

will influence the type of learning activity designed by employers. The training activity

can be group- oriented, with lectures, role- play and demonstrations; or designed for the

individual as with self- paced instruction.

The determination of methods and materials for the learning activity can be as varied as

the employer’s imagination and available resources will allow. The employer may want

to use charts, diagrams, manuals, slides, films, viewgraphs ( overhead transparencies),

videotapes, audiotapes, or simply blackboard and chalk, or any combination of these and

other instructional aids. Whatever the method of instruction, the learning activities

should be developed in such a way that the employees can clearly demonstrate that they

have acquired the desired skills or knowledge.

With the completion of the steps outlined above, the employer is ready to begin conduct-ing

the training. To the extent possible, the training should be presented so that its orga-nization

and meaning are clear to the employees. To do so, employers or supervisors

should 1. provide overviews of the material to be learned; 2. relate, wherever possible,

the new information or skills to the employee’s goals, interests, or experiences; and 3.

reinforce what the employees learned by summarizing the program’s objectives and the

key points of information covered. These steps will assist employers in presenting the

training in a clear, unambiguous manner.

In addition to organizing the content, employers must also develop the structure and format

of the training. The content developed for the program, the nature of the workplace or other

training site, and the resources available for training will help employers determine for

themselves the frequency of training activities, the length of the sessions, the instructional

techniques and the individual( s) best qualified to present the information.

In order to be motivated to pay attention and to learn the material that the employer or

supervisor is presenting, employees must be convinced of the importance and relevance

of the material. Ways to develop motivation include 1. explaining the goals and objec-tives

of instruction; 2. relating the training to the interests, skills and experiences of the

employees; 3. outlining the main points to be presented during the training session( s);

and 4. pointing out the benefits of training ( e. g., the employee will be better informed,

more skilled and thus more valuable both on the job and in the labor market; or the

employee will, if he or she applies the skills and knowledge learned, be able to work at

reduced risk).

5

D. Developing Learning

Activities

E. Conducting the

Training

An effective training program allows employees to participate in the training process and

to practice their skills or knowledge. This will help to ensure that they are learning the

required knowledge or skills and permit correction if necessary. Employees can become

involved in the training process by participating in discussions, asking questions,

contributing their knowledge and expertise, learning through hands- on experiences, and

through role- playing exercises.

To make sure that the training program is accomplishing its goals, an evaluation of the

training can be valuable. Training should have, as one of its critical components, a

method of measuring the effectiveness of the training. A plan for evaluating the training

session( s), either written or thought- out by the employer, should be developed when the

course objectives and content are developed. It should not be delayed until the training

has been completed. Evaluation will help employers or supervisors determine the

amount of learning achieved and whether an employee’s performance has improved on

the job. Among the methods of evaluating training are: 1. Student opinion.

Questionnaires or informal discussions with employees can help employers determine

the relevance and appropriateness of the training program. 2. Supervisors’ observa-tions.

Supervisors are in good positions to observe an employee’s performance both

before and after the training and note improvements or changes. 3. Wo r k p l a c e

i m p rovements. The ultimate success of a training program may be changes throughout

the workplace that result in reduced injury or accident rates.

However it is conducted, an evaluation of training can give employers the information

necessary to decide whether the employees achieved the desired results, and whether the

training session should be offered again at some future date.

If, after evaluation, it is clear that the training did not give the employees the level of

knowledge and skill that was expected, then it may be necessary to revise the training

program or provide periodic retraining. At this point, asking questions of employees and

of those who conducted the training may be of some help. Among the questions that

could be asked are: 1. Were parts of the content already known and, therefore, unneces-sary?

2. What material was confusing or distracting? 3. Was anything missing from the

program? 4. What did the employees learn, and what did they fail to learn?

It may be necessary to repeat steps in the training process, that is, to return to the first

steps and retrace one’s way through the training process. As the program is evaluated,

the employer should ask: 1. If a job analysis was conducted, was it accurate? 2. Was any

critical feature of the job overlooked? 3. Were the important gaps in knowledge and skill

included? 4. Was material already known by the employees intentionally omitted? 5.

Were the instructional objectives presented clearly and concretely? 6. Did the objectives

state the level of acceptable performance that was expected of employees? 7. Did the

learning activity simulate the actual job? 8. Was the learning activity appropriate for the

kinds of knowledge and skills required on the job? 9. When the training was presented,

was the organization of the material and its meaning made clear? 10. Were the employees

motivated to learn? 11. Were the employees allowed to participate actively in the training

process? 12. Was the employer’s evaluation of the program thorough?

A critical examination of the steps in the training process will help employers to

determine where course revision is necessary.

While all employees are entitled to know as much as possible about the safety and health

hazards to which they are exposed, and employers should attempt to provide all relevant

information and instruction to all employees, the resources for such an effort frequently

are not, or are not believed to be, available. Thus, employers are often faced with the

problem of deciding who is in the greatest need of information and instruction.

6

F. Evaluating Program

Effectiveness

G. Improving the Program

III. Matching Training to

Employees

One way to differentiate between employees who have priority needs for training and

those who do not is to identify employee populations that are at higher levels of risk. The

nature of the work will provide an indication that such groups should receive priority for

information on occupational safety and health risks.

One method of identifying employee populations at high levels of occupational risk ( and

thus in greater need of safety and health training) is to pinpoint hazardous occupations.

Even within industries that are hazardous in general, there are some employees who

operate at greater risk than others. In other cases the hazardousness of an occupation is

influenced by the conditions under which it is performed, such as noise, heat or cold, or

safety or health hazards in the surrounding area. In these situations, employees should be

trained not only on how to perform their jobs safely but also on how to operate within a

hazardous environment.

A second method of identifying employee populations at high levels of risk is to examine

the incidence of accidents and injuries, both within the company and within the industry.

If employees in certain occupational categories are experiencing higher accident and

injury rates than other employees, training may be one way to reduce that rate. In

addition, thorough accident investigation not only can identify specific employees who

could benefit from training but can also identify company- wide training needs.

Research has identified the following variables as being related to a disproportionate

share of injuries and illnesses at the worksite on the part of employees:

1. The age of the employee ( younger employees have higher incidence rates).

2. The length of time on the job ( new employees have higher incidence rates).

3. The size of the firm ( in general terms, medium- size firms have higher incidence

rates than smaller or larger firms).

4. The type of work performed ( incidence and severity rates vary significantly by SIC

code).

5. The use of hazardous substances ( by SIC code).

These variables should be considered when identifying employee groups for training in

occupational safety and health.

Determining the content of training for employee populations at higher levels of risk is

similar to determining what any employee needs to know, but more emphasis is placed on

the requirements of the job and the possibility of injury. One useful tool for determining

training content from job requirements is the job hazard analysis described earlier. This

procedure examines each step of a job, identifies existing or potential hazards, and

determines the best way to perform the job in order to reduce or eliminate the hazards. Its

key elements are 1. job description; 2. job location; 3. key steps ( preferably in the order

in which they are performed); 4. tools, machines and materials used; 5. actual and poten-tial

safety and health hazards associated with these key job steps; and 6. safe and health-ful

practices, apparel and equipment required for each job step.

Material safety data sheets can also provide information for training employees in the

safe use of materials. These data sheets, developed by chemical manufacturers and

importers, are supplied with manufacturing or construction materials and describe the

ingredients of a product, its hazards, protective equipment to be used, safe handling

procedures and emergency first aid responses. The information contained in these sheets

7

A. Identifying Employees

at Risk

B. Training Employees at

Risk

can help employers identify employees in need of training ( i. e., workers handling

substances described in the sheets) and train employees in safe use of the substances.

Material safety data sheets are generally available from suppliers, manufacturers of the

substance and large employers who use the substance on a regular basis, or they can be

developed by employers or trade associations. MSDSs are particularly useful for those

employers who are developing training on chemical use as required by OSHA’s Hazard

Communication Standard.

In an attempt to assist employers with their occupational health and safety training activi-ties,

OSHA has developed a set of training guidelines in the form of a model. This model

is designed to help employers develop instructional programs as part of their total educa-tion

and training effort. The model addresses the questions of who should be trained, on

what topics, and for what purposes. It also helps employers determine how effective the

program has been and enables them to identify employees who are in greatest need of

education and training. The model is general enough to be used in any area of occupa-tional

safety and health training. It allows employers to determine for themselves the

content and format of training. Use of this model in training activities is just one of many

ways that employers can comply with the OSHA standards that relate to training and

enhance the safety and health of their employees.

8

IV. Conclusion

Index of Training Requirements

General Industry Training

Requirements

29 CFR Part 1910

Page

Means of Egress 17

Employee Emergency Plans and Fire Prevention Plans 17

Powered Platforms, Manlifts, and Vehicle- Mounted Work Platforms 17

Operations— Training 17

Care and Use, Appendix C, Section I 18

Occupational Health and Environmental Control 18

Hearing Protection 18

Training Program 18

Hazardous Materials 18

Flammable and Combustible Liquids 18

Explosives and Blasting Agents 19

Bulk Delivery and Mixing Vehicles 19

Storage and Handling of Liquefied Petroleum Gases 19

Process Safety Management of Highly Hazardous Chemicals 19

Contract Employer Responsibilities 20

Mechanical Integrity 20

Hazardous Waste Operations and Emergency Response 20

New Technology Programs 22

Dipping and Coating Operations 26

Personal Protective Equipment 27

Personal Protective Equipment 27

Respiratory Protection 28

General Environmental Controls 29

Temporary Labor Camps 29

Specifications for Accident Prevention Signs and Tags 30

Permit Required Confined Spaces 30

The Control of Hazardous Energy ( Lockout/ Tagout) 31

Lockout or Tagout Devices Removed 33

Outside Personnel 33

Medical and First Aid 33

Medical Services and First Aid 33

Fire Protection 33

Fire Protection 33

Fire Brigades 33

Training and Education 31

Portable Fire Extinguishers 34

Standpipe and Hose Systems 34

Fixed Extinguishing Systems 34

9

Subpart E

Subpart F

Subpart I

Subpart J

Subpart L

Subpart K

Subpart G

Subpart H

Fire Detection Systems 35

Employee Alarm Systems 35

Materials Handling and Storage 35

Servicing of Multi- Piece and Single- Piece Rim Wheels 35

Powered Industrial Trucks 37

Moving the Load 39

Crawler Locomotive and Truck Cranes 39

Machinery and Machine Guarding 40

Mechanical Power Presses 40

Operator Training 40

Forging Machines 40

Welding, Cutting, and Brazing 40

General Requirements 40

Oxygen- Fuel Gas Welding and Cutting 40

Arc Welding and Cutting 41

Resistance Welding 41

Special Industries 41

Pulp, Paper, and Paperboard Mills 41

Laundry Machinery and Operating Rules 41

Sawmills 41

Logging Operations 41

Telecommunications 44

Derrick Trucks 44

Cable Fault Locating 44

Guarding Manholes 44

Joint Power and Telecommunication Manholes 45

Tree Trimming— Electrical Hazards 45

Electric Power Generation, Transmission, and Distribution 45

Grain Handling Facilities 47

Entry into Bins, Silos, and Tanks 47

Contractors 47

Electrical Safety- Related Work Practices 47

Content of Training 47

Commercial Diving Operations 48

Qualifications of Dive Team 48

Toxic and Hazardous Substances 49

Asbestos 49

4- Nitrobiphenyl 49

alpha- Naphthylamine 49

Methyl Chloromethyl Ether 49

3,3'- Dichlorobenzidine ( and its salts) 49

bis- Chloromethyl Ether 49

beta- Napthylamine 50

Benzidine 50

4- Aminodiphenyl 50

Ethyleneimine 50

beta- Propiolactone 50

2- Acetylaminofluorene 50

10

Subpart N

Subpart O

Subpart Q

Subpart R

Subpart S

Subpart T

Subpart Z

4- Dimethylaminoazobenzene 50

N- Nitrosodimethylamine 50

Vinyl Chloride 50

Inorganic Arsenic 51

Lead 51

Cadmium 52

Benzene 53

Coke Oven Emissions 53

Bloodborne Pathogens 54

Cotton Dust 56

1,2- Dibromo- 3- Chloropropane 56

Acrylonitrile ( Vinyl Cyanide) 57

Ethylene Oxide 57

Formaldehyde 58

4,4' Methylenedianiline 59

1.3- Butadiene 59

Methylene Chloride 60

Ionizing Radiation 61

Hazard Communication 61

Occupational Exposure to Hazardous Chemicals in Laboratories 62

11

Maritime Training Requirements

29 CFR Parts 1915, 1917, 1918

Page

General Provisions 63

Competent Person 63

Explosive and Other Dangerous Atmospheres 63

Hazard Communication 63

Precautions Before Entering 64

Permit Required Confined Spaces 64

Cleaning and Other Cold Work 65

Certification Before Hot Work is Begun 65

Maintenance of Safe Conditions 66

Surface Preparation and Preservation 66

Painting 66

Flammable Liquids 67

Welding, Cutting, and Heating 67

Fire Prevention 67

Welding, Cutting, and Heating in Way of Preservative Coatings 67

Welding, Cutting and Heating of Hollow Metal Containers and Structures 67

Gas Welding and Cutting 68

Arc Welding and Cutting 68

Uses of Fissionable Material 69

Scaffolds, Ladders, and Other Working Surfaces 69

Scaffolds or Staging 69

General Working Conditions 69

Work on or in the Vicinity of Radar and Radio 69

First Aid 69

Gear and Equipment for Rigging and Materials Handling 69

Ropes, Chains, and Slings 69

Use of Gear 69

Qualifications of Operators 69

Tools and Related Equipment 69

Powder Actuated Fastening Tools 69

Internal Combustion Engines, Other Than Ship’s Equipment 70

Personal Protective Equipment 70

Respiratory Protection 70

Portable, Unfired Pressure Vessels, Drums, and Containers,

Other Than Ship’s Equipment 70

Portable Air Receivers and Other Unfired Pressure Vessels 70

12

Part 1915 Shipyard

Employment

Subpart C

Subpart A

Subpart B

Subpart D

Subpart E

Subpart F

Subpart K

Subpart I

Subpart H

Subpart G

Toxic and Hazardous Substances 70

Asbestos 70

Methylene Chloride 73

Hazard Communication 74

Marine Terminal Operations 74

Hazardous Atmospheres and Substances 74

Fumigants, Pesticides, Insecticides, and Hazardous Preservatives 74

Personnel 74

Hazard Communication 75

General Rules Applicable to Vehicles 75

Terminal Facilities— Handling Menhaden and Similar Species of Fish 76

Welding, Cutting and Heating ( Hot Work) 76

General Working Conditions 76

Hazard Communication 76

Qualification of Machinery Operators 76

Personal Protective Equipment 76

Respiratory Protection 76

13

P a rt 1917 Marine Te r m i n a l s

Part 1918 Longshoring

Subpart B

Subpart Z

Subpart I

Subpart J

Construction Training Requirements

29 CFR Part 1926

Page

General Safety and Health Provisions 77

General Safety and Health Provisions 77

Safety Training and Education 77

Occupational Health and Environmental Controls 78

Medical Services and First Aid 78

Ionizing Radiation 78

Nonionizing Radiation 78

Gases, Vapors, Fumes, Dusts, and Mists 78

Hazard Communication, Construction 78

Lead in Construction 79

Personal Protective and Life Saving Equipment 79

Hearing Protection 79

Respiratory Protection 80

Fire Protection and Prevention 81

Fire Protection 81

Signs, Signals, and Barricades 82

Signaling 82

Tools— Hand and Power 82

Powder- Operated Hand Tools 82

Woodworking Tools 82

Welding and Cutting 83

Gas Welding and Cutting 83

Arc Welding and Cutting 84

Fire Prevention 84

Welding, Cutting and Heating in Way of Preservative Coatings 84

Electrical 84

Ground- Fault Protection 84

Scaffolds 85

Scaffolds 85

Aerial Lifts 86

Training Requirements 86

Fall Protection 87

Fall Protection— Training Requirements 87

Cranes, Derricks, Hoists, Elevators, and Conveyors 88

Cranes and Derricks 88

Material Hoists, Personnel Hoists, and Elevators 88

14

Subpart C

Subpart G

Subpart F

Subpart E

Subpart D

Subpart I

Subpart J

Subpart K

Subpart L

Subpart M

Subpart N

Motor Vehicles, Mechanized Equipment, and Marine Operations 89

Material Handling Equipment 89

Site Clearing 91

Excavations 91

General Protection Requirements ( Excavations, Trenching, and Shoring) 91

Concrete and Masonry Construction 92

Concrete and Masonry Construction 92

Requirements for Lift- Slab Operations 92

Steel Erection 92

Bolting, Riveting, Fitting- Up, and Plumbing- Up 92

Hoisting and Rigging 92

Structural Steel Assembly 92

Column and Anchorage 94

Beams and Columns 94

Open Web Steel Joists 95

Systems— Engineered Metal Buildings 95

Training 96

Tunnels and Shafts, Caissons, Cofferdams, and Compressed Air 96

Underground Construction 96

Compressed Air 98

Demolition 98

Preparatory Operations 98

Chutes 99

Mechanical Demolition 99

Blasting and Use of Explosives 99

General Provisions ( Blasting and Use of Explosives) 99

Blaster Qualifications 99

Surface Transportation of Explosives 99

Firing the Blast 99

Power Transmission and Distribution 100

General Requirements 100

Overhead Lines 101

Underground Lines 101

Construction in Energized Substations 101

Stairways and Ladders 101

Ladders 101

Toxic and Hazardous Substances 102

Asbestos 102

15

Subpart Q

Subpart P

Subpart R

Subpart S

Subpart T

Subpart U

Subpart V

Subpart X

Subpart Z

Subpart O

Agricultural Training Requirements

29 CFR Part 1928

Page

Roll- Over Protective Structures 105

Roll- Over Protective Structures ( ROPS) for Tractors Used in

Agricultural Operations 105

Safety for Agricultural Equipment 105

Guarding of Farm Field Equipment, Farmstead Equipment, and Cotton Gins 105

16

Subpart C

Subpart D

General Industry

Training Requirements

The following training requirements have been excerpted from Title 29, Code of

Federal Regulations Part 1910. Note that additional training requirements may

appear in certain other standards ( ANSI, NFPA, etc.) adopted by reference in Part

1910 and therefore mandatory.

Training

Requirement

( i) Before implementing the emergency action plan, the employer shall designate and

train a sufficient number of persons to assist in the safe and orderly emergency evacua-tion

of employees.

( ii) The employer shall review the plan with each employee covered by the plan at the

following times:

( a) Initially when the plan is developed.

( b) Whenever the employee’s responsibilities or designated actions under the plan

change, and

( c) Whenever the plan is changed.

( iii) The employer shall review with each employee upon initial assignment those parts

of the plan which the employee must know to protect the employee in the event of an

emergency. The written plan shall be kept at the workplace and made available for

employee review. For those employers with 10 or fewer employees the plan may be

communicated orally to employees and the employer need not maintain a written plan.

( i) The employer shall apprise employees of the fire hazards of the materials and

processes to which they are exposed.

( ii) The employer shall review with each employee upon initial assignment those parts of

the fire prevention plan which the employee must know to protect the employee in the

event of an emerg e n c y. The written plan shall be kept in the workplace and made avail-able

for employee review. For those employers with 10 or fewer employees, the plan may

be communicated orally to employees and the employer need not maintain a written plan.

( i) Working platforms shall be operated only by persons who are proficient in the opera-tion,

safe use, and inspection of the particular working platform to be operated.

( ii) All employees who operate working platforms shall be trained in the following:

( A) Recognition of, and preventive measures for, the safety hazards associated with their

individual work tasks.

( B) General recognition and prevention of safety hazards associated with the use of

working platforms, including the provisions in the section relating to the particular

working platform to be operated.

17

Subject and

Standard Number

Employee Emergency Plans

and Fire Prevention Plans

1910.38( a)( 5)( i), ( ii)( A)

through ( C), and ( iii)

1910.38( b)( 4)( i) and ( ii)

Operations— Training

1910.66( i)( 1)( i), ( ii) and

( ii)( A) through ( E),

and ( iii) through ( v)

( C) Emergency action plan procedures required in paragraph ( e)( 9) of this section.

( D) Work procedures required in paragraph ( i)( 1)( iv) of this section.

( E) Personal fall arrest system inspection, care, use and system performance.

( iii) Training of employees in the operation and inspection of working platforms shall be

done by a competent person.

( iv) Written work procedures for the operation, safe use and inspection of working

platforms shall be provided for employee training. Pictorial methods of instruction may

be used, in lieu of written work procedures, if employee communication is improved

using this method. The operating manuals supplied by manufacturers for platform system

components can serve as the basis for these procedures.

( v) The employer shall certify that employees have been trained in operating and inspect-ing

a working platform by preparing a certification record which includes the identity of

the person trained, the signature of the person trained, the signature of the employer or

the person who conducted the training and the date that training was completed. The

certification record shall be prepared at the completion of the training required in

paragraph ( i)( 1)( ii) of this section, and shall be maintained in a file for the duration of the

employee’s employment. The certification record shall be kept readily available for

review by the Assistant Secretary of Labor or the Assistant Secretary’s representative.

( 4) The employer shall provide training in the use and care of all hearing protectors

provided to employees.

( 1) Employers shall make hearing protectors available to all employers exposed to an 8-

hour time weighted average of 85 decibels or greater at no cost to the employees.

Hearing protectors shall be replaced as necessary.

( 1) The employer shall institute a training program for all employees who are exposed to

noise at or above an 8- hour time- weighted average of 85 decibels, and shall ensure

employee participation in such program.

( 2) The training program shall be repeated annually for each employee included in the

hearing conservation program. Information provided in the training program shall be

updated to be consistent with changes in protective equipment and work processes.

( 3) The employer shall ensure that each employee is informed of the following:

( i) The effects of noise on hearing;

( ii) The purpose of hearing protectors, the advantages, disadvantages, and attenuation of

various types, and instructions on selection, fitting, use, and care; and

( iii) The purpose of audiometric testing, and an explanation of the test procedures.

( 2) That detailed printed instructions of what to do in flood emergencies are properly

posted.

( 3) That station operators and other employees depended upon to carry out such instruc-tions

are thoroughly informed as to the location and operation of such valves and other

equipment necessary to effect these requirements.

18

Hearing Protection

1910.95( i)( 4)

Hearing Protectors

1910.95( i)( 1)

Training Program

1910.95( k)( 1) through ( 3)( i)

through ( iii)

Flammable and

Combustible Liquids

1910.106( b)( 5)( v)( 2)

and ( 3)

( i) Vehicles transporting explosives shall only be driven by and be in the charge of a

driver who is familiar with the traffic regulations, State laws, and the provisions of this

section.

( iii) Every motor vehicle transporting any quantity of Class A or Class B explosives

shall, at all times, be attended by a driver or other attendant of the motor carrier. This

attendant shall have been made aware of the class of the explosive material in the vehicle

and of its inherent dangers, and shall have been instructed in the measures and procedures

to be followed in order to protect the public from those dangers. He shall have been made

familiar with the vehicle he is assigned, and shall be trained, supplied with the necessary

means, and authorized to move the vehicle when required.

( iii)( a) The operator shall be trained in the safe operation of the vehicle together with its

mixing, conveying, and related equipment. The employer shall assure that the operator is

familiar with the commodities being delivered and the general procedure for handling

emergency situations.

( ii) Vehicles transporting blasting agents shall only be driven by and be in charge of a

driver in possession of a valid motor vehicle operator’s license. Such a person shall also

be familiar with the State’s vehicle and traffic laws.

( b) The operator shall be trained in the safe operation of the vehicle together with its

mixing, conveying, and related equipment. He shall be familiar with the commodities

being delivered and the general procedure for handling emergency situations.

( 16) Instructions. Personnel performing installation, removal, operation, and

maintenance work shall be properly trained in such function.

( i) When standard watch service is provided, it shall be extended to the LP- Gas installa-tion

and personnel properly trained.

( ii) The employer shall insure that unloading operations are performed by reliable

persons properly instructed and given the authority to monitor careful compliance with

all applicable procedures.

( i) Each employee presently involved in operating a process, and each employee before

being involved in operating a newly assigned process, shall be trained in an overview of the

process and in the operating procedures as specified in paragraph ( f) of this section. The

training shall include emphasis on the specific safety and health hazards, emergency opera-tions

including shutdown, and safe work practices applicable to the employee’s job tasks.

( ii) In lieu of initial training for those employees already involved in operating a process

on May 26, 1992, an employer may certify in writing that the employee has the required

knowledge, skills, and abilities to safely carry out the duties and responsibilities as

specified in the operating procedures.

( 2) Refresher training. Refresher training shall be provided at least every three years, and

more often if necessary, to each employee involved in operating a process to assure that the

employee understands and adheres to the current operating procedures of the process. The

e m p l o y e r, in consultation with the employees involved in operating the process, shall

determine the appropriate frequency of refresher training.

( 3) Training documentation. The employer shall ascertain that each employee involved

in operating a process has received and understood the training required by this

paragraph. The employer shall prepare a record which contains the identity of the

employee, the date of training, and the means used to verify that the employee under-stood

the training.

19

Explosives and Blasting

Agents

1910.109( d)( 3)( i) and ( iii)

1910.109( g)( 3)( iii)( a)

1910.109( g)( 6)( ii)

Bulk Delivery and

Mixing Vehicles

1910.109( h)( 4)( ii)( b)

Storage and Handling of

Liquefied Petroleum Gases

1910.110( b)( 16)

1910.110( d)( 12)( i)

1910.111( b)( 13)( ii)

Process Safety Management

of Highly Hazardous

Chemicals 1910.119( g)( 1)( i)

and ( ii)

1910.119( g)( 2)

1910.119( g)( 3)

( i) The contract employer shall assure that each contract employee is trained in the work

practices necessary to safely perform his or her job.

( ii) The contract employer shall assure that each contract employee is instructed in the

known potential fire, explosion, or toxic release hazards related to his or her job and the

process, and the applicable provisions of the emergency action plan.

( iii) The contract employer shall document that each contract employee has received and

understood the training required by this paragraph. The contract employer shall prepare a

record which contains the identity of the contract employee, the date of training, and the

means used to verify that the employee understood the training.

( iv) The contract employer shall assure that each contract employee follows the safety

rules of the facility including the safe work practices required by paragraph ( f)( 4) of this

section.

( 3) Training for process maintenance activities. The employer shall train each employee

involved in maintaining the ongoing integrity of process equipment in an overview of

that process and its hazards and in the procedures applicable to the employee’s job tasks

to assure that the employee can perform the job tasks in a safe manner.

( e) Training ( 1) General. ( i) All employees working on site ( such as but not limited to

equipment operators, general laborers and others) exposed to hazardous substances,

health hazards, or safety hazards and their supervisors and management responsible for

the site shall receive training meeting the requirements of this paragraph before they are

permitted to engage in hazardous waste operations that could expose them to hazardous

substances, safety, or health hazards, and they shall receive review training as specified

in this paragraph.

( ii) Employees shall not be permitted to participate in or supervise field activities until

they have been trained to a level required by their job function and responsibility.

( 2) Elements to be covered. The training shall thoroughly cover the following:

( i) Names of personnel and alternates responsible for site safety and health;

( ii) Safety, health, and other hazards present on the site;

( iii) Use of personal protective equipment;

( iv) Work practices by which the employee can minimize risks from hazards;

( v) Safe use of engineering controls and equipment on the site;

( vi) Medical surveillance requirements, including recognition of symptoms and signs

which might indicate overexposure to hazards; and

( vii) The contents of paragraphs ( G) through ( J) of the site safety and health plan set

forth in paragraph ( b)( 4)( ii) of this section.

( 3) Initial training. ( i) General site workers ( such as equipment operators, general

laborers and supervisory personnel) engaged in hazardous substance removal or other

activities which expose or potentially expose workers to hazardous substances and health

hazards shall receive a minimum of 40 hours of instruction off the site, and a minimum

of three days actual field experience under the direct supervision of a trained,

experienced supervisor.

20

Contract Employer

Responsibilities

1910.119( h)( 3)( i)

through ( iv)

Mechanical Integrity

1910.119( j)( 3)

Hazardous Waste Operations

and Emergency Response

1910.120( e)( 1)( i) and ( ii);

( 2)( i) through ( vii); ( 3)( i)

through ( iv); ( 4) through ( 9)

( ii) Workers on site only occasionally for a specific limited task ( such as, but not limited

to, ground water monitoring, land surveying, or geophysical surveying) and who are

unlikely to be exposed over permissible exposure limits and published exposure limits

shall receive a minimum of 24 hours of instruction off the site, and the minimum of one

day actual field experience under the direct supervision of a trained, experienced

supervisor.

( iii) Workers regularly on site who work in areas which have been monitored and fully

characterized indicating that exposures are under permissible exposure limits and pub-lished

exposure limits where respirators are not necessary, and the characterization indi-cates

that there are no health hazards or the possibility of an emergency developing, shall

receive a minimum of 24 hours of instruction off the site and the minimum of one day

actual field experience under the direct supervision of a trained, experienced supervisor.

( iv) Workers with 24 hours of training who are covered by paragraphs ( e)( 3)( ii) and

( e)( 3)( iii) of this section, and who become general site workers or who are required to

wear respirators, shall have the additional 16 hours and two days of training necessary to

total the training specified in paragraph ( e)( 3)( i).

( 4) Management and supervisor training. On- site management and supervisors directly

responsible for, or who supervise employees engaged in, hazardous waste operations

shall receive 40 hours initial training, and three days of supervised field experience ( the

training may be reduced to 24 hours and one day if the only area of their responsibility is

employees covered by paragraphs ( e)( 3)( ii) and ( e)( 3)( iii) and at least eight additional

hours of specialized training at the time of job assignment on such topics as, but not

limited to, the employer’s safety and health program and the associated employee

training program, personal protective equipment program, spill containment program,

and health hazard monitoring procedure and techniques.

( 5) Qualifications for trainers. Trainers shall be qualified to instruct employees about the

subject matter that is being presented in training. Such trainers shall have satisfactorily

completed a training program for teaching the subjects they are expected to teach, or they

shall have the academic credentials and instructional experience necessary for teaching

the subjects. Instructors shall demonstrate competent instructional skills and knowledge

of the applicable subject matter.

( 6) Training certification. Employees and supervisors that have received and success-fully

completed the training and field experience specified in paragraphs ( e)( 1) through

( e)( 4) of this section shall be certified by their instructor or the head instructor and

trained supervisor as having successfully completed the necessary training. A written

certificate shall be given to each person so certified. Any person who has not been so

certified or who does not meet the requirements of paragraph ( e)( 9) of this section shall

be prohibited from engaging in hazardous waste operations.

( 7) Emergency response. Employees who are engaged in responding to hazardous

emergency situations at hazardous waste cleanup sites that may expose them to

hazardous substances shall be trained in how to respond to such expected emergencies.

( 8) Refresher training. Employees specified in paragraph ( e)( 1) of this section, and

managers and supervisors specified in paragraph ( e)( 4) of this section, shall receive eight

hours of refresher training annually on the items specified in paragraph ( e)( 2) and/ or

( e)( 4) of this section, any critique of incidents that have occurred in the past year that can

serve as training examples of related work, and other relevant topics.

21

( 9) Equivalent training. Employers who can show by documentation or certification that

an employee’s work experience and/ or training has resulted in training equivalent to that

training required in paragraphs ( e)( 1) through ( e)( 4) of this section shall not be required

to provide the initial training requirements of those paragraphs to such employees.

However, certified employees or employees with equivalent training new to a site shall

receive appropriate, site specific training before site entry and have appropriate

supervised field experience at the new site. Equivalent training includes any academic

training or the training that existing employees might have already is received from

actual hazardous waste site work experience.

( 1) The employer shall develop and implement procedures for the introduction of

effective new technologies and equipment developed for the improved protection of

employees working with hazardous waste clean- up operations, and the same shall be

implemented as part of the site safety and health program to assure that employee

protection is being maintained.

( i) New employees. The employer shall develop and implement a training program,

which is part of the employer’s safety and health program, for employees exposed to

health hazards or hazardous substances at treatment, storage, and disposal ( TSD)

operations to enable the employees to perform their assigned duties and functions in a

safe and healthful manner so as not to endanger themselves or other employees. The

initial training shall be for 24 hours and refresher training shall be for eight hours

annually. Employees who have received the initial training required by this paragraph

shall be given a written certificate attesting that they have successfully completed the

necessary training.

( ii) Current employees. Employers who can show by an employee’s previous work

experience and/ or training that the employee has had training equivalent to the initial

training required by this paragraph, shall be considered as meeting the initial training

requirements of this paragraph as to that employee. Equivalent training includes the

training that existing employees might have already received from actual site work

experience. Current employees shall receive eight hours of refresher training annually.

( iii) Trainers. Trainers who teach initial training shall have satisfactorily completed a

training course for teaching the subjects they are expected to teach or they shall have the

academic credentials and instruction experience necessary to demonstrate a good

command of the subject matter of the courses and competent instructional skills.

( iii) Training. ( A) Training for emergency response employees shall be completed before

they are called upon to perform in real emergencies. Such training shall include the

elements of the emergency response plan, standard operating procedures the employer

has established for the job, the personal protective equipment to be worn and procedures

for handling emergency incidents.

( 4) Skilled support personnel. Personnel, not necessarily an employer’s own employees,

who are skilled in the operation of certain equipment, such as mechanized earth moving or

digging equipment or crane and hoisting equipment, and who are needed temporarily to

perform immediate emergency support work that cannot reasonably be performed in a

timely fashion by an employer’s own employees, and who will be or may be exposed to the

hazards at an emergency response scene, are not required to meet the training required in

this paragraph for the employer’s regular employees. However, these personnel shall be

given an initial briefing at the site prior to their participation in any emergency response.

The initial briefing shall include instruction in the wearing of appropriate personal protec-tive

equipment, what chemical hazards are involved, and what duties are to be performed.

All other appropriate safety and health precautions provided to the employer’s own

employees shall be used to assure the safety and health of these personnel.

22

New Technology

Programs 1910.120( o)( 1)

1910.120( p)( 7)( i)

through ( iii)

1910.120( p)( 8)( iii)( A)

1910.120( q)( 4)

( 5) Specialist employees. Employees who, in the course of their regular job duties, work

with and are trained in the hazards of specific hazardous substances, and who will be

called upon to provide technical advice or assistance at a hazardous substance release

incident to the individual in charge, shall receive training or demonstrate competency in

the area of their specialization annually.

( i) First responder awareness level. First responders at the awareness level are individu-als

who are likely to witness or discover a hazardous substance release and who have been

trained to initiate an emergency response sequence by notifying the proper authorities of

the release. They would take no further action beyond notifying the authorities of the

release. First responders at the awareness level shall have sufficient training or have had

s u fficient experience to objectively demonstrate competency in the following areas:

( A) An understanding of what hazardous substances are, and the risks associated with

them in an incident.

( B) An understanding of the potential outcomes associated with an emergency created

when hazardous substances are present.

( C) The ability to recognize the presence of hazardous substances in an emergency.

( D) The ability to identify the hazardous substances, if possible.

( E) An understanding of the role of the first responder awareness individual in the

employer’s emergency response plan including site security and control and the U. S.

Department of Transportation’s Emergency Response Guidebook.

( F) The ability to realize the need for additional resources, and to make appropriate

notifications to the communication center.

( ii) First responder operations level. First responders at the operations level are individu-als

who respond to releases or potential releases of hazardous substances as part of the ini-tial

response to the site for the purpose of protecting nearby persons, property, or the envi-ronment

from the effects of the release. They are trained to respond in a defensive fashion

without actually trying to stop the release. Their function is to contain the release from a

safe distance, keep it from spreading, and prevent exposures. First responders at the

operational level shall have received at least eight hours of training or have had sufficient

experience to objectively demonstrate competency in the following areas in addition to

those listed for the awareness level and the employer shall so certify:

( A) Knowledge of the basic hazard and risk assessment techniques.

( B) Know how to select and use proper personal protective equipment provided to the

first responder operational level.

( C) An understanding of basic hazardous materials terms.

( D) Know how to perform basic control, containment and/ or confinement operations

within the capabilities of the resources and personal protective equipment available with

their unit.

( E) Know how to implement basic decontamination procedures.

( F) An understanding of the relevant standard operating procedures and termination

procedures.

23

1910.120( q)( 5)

1910.120( q)( 6)

( i)( A) through ( F); ( ii)( A)

through ( F); ( iii)( A) through

( I); ( iv)( A) through ( I); ( v)( A)

through ( F); ( vi)( A) through

( E)

[ Note: 1910.120( q)( 6)—

Emergency response to

hazardous substance

releases, Training standard

is amended by adding a new

level of training, ( vi) First

responder operations plus

level. See 13 NCAC

07F. 101( 1) General Industry,

State- Specific Standards]

( iii) Hazardous materials technician. Hazardous materials technicians are individuals

who respond to releases or potential releases for the purpose of stopping the release.

They assume a more aggressive role than a first responder at the operations level in that

they will approach the point of release in order to plug, patch or otherwise stop the

release of a hazardous substance. Hazardous materials technicians shall have received at

least 24 hours of training equal to the first responder operations level and in addition

have competency in the following areas and the employer shall so certify:

( A) Know how to implement the employer’s emergency response plan.

( B) Know the classification, identification and verification of known and unknown

materials by using field survey instruments and equipment.

( C) Be able to function within an assigned role in the Incident Command System.

( D) Know how to select and use proper specialized chemical personal protective

equipment provided to the hazardous materials technician.

( E) Understand hazard and risk assessment techniques.

( F) Be able to perform advance control, containment, and/ or confinement operations

within the capabilities of the resources and personal protective equipment available with

the unit.

( G) Understand and implement decontamination procedures.

( H) Understand termination procedures.

( I) Understand basic chemical and toxicological terminology and behavior.

( iv) Hazardous materials specialist. Hazardous materials specialists are individuals who

respond with and provide support to hazardous materials technicians. Their duties

parallel those of the hazardous materials technician; however, those duties require a more

directed or specific knowledge of the various substances they may be called upon to

contain. The hazardous materials specialist would also act as the site liaison with

Federal, state, local and other government authorities in regards to site activities.

Hazardous materials specialists shall have received at least 24 hours of training equal to

the technician level and in addition have competency in the following areas and the

employer shall so certify:

( A) Know how to implement the local emergency response plan.

( B) Understand classification, identification and verification of known and unknown

materials by using advanced survey instruments and equipment.

( C) Know of the state emergency response plan.

( D) Be able to select and use proper specialized chemical personal protective equipment

provided to the hazardous materials specialist.

( E) Understand in- depth hazard and risk techniques.

( F) Be able to perform specialized control, containment, and/ or confinement operations

within the capabilities of the resources and personal protective equipment available.

24

( G) Be able to determine and implement decontamination procedures.

( H) Have the ability to develop a site safety and control plan.

( I) Understand chemical, radiological and toxicological terminology and behavior.

( v) On scene incident commander. Incident commanders, who will assume control of

the incident scene beyond the first responder awareness level, shall receive at least 24

hours of training equal to the first responder operations level and in addition have

competency in the following areas and the employer shall so certify:

( A) Know and be able to implement the employer’s incident command system.

( B) Know how to implement the employer’s emergency response plan.

( C) Know and understand the hazards and risks associated with employees working in

chemical protective clothing.

( D) Know how to implement the local emergency response plan.

( E) Know of the state emergency response plan and of the Federal Regional Response

Team.

( F) Know and understand the importance of decontamination procedures.

( vi) First responder operations plus level. First responders at operations plus level are

individuals who respond to hydrocarbon fuel tank leaks where the leaking tanks contain

a hydrocarbon fuel which is used to propel the vehicle on which the tank is located. Only

those vehicles designed for highway use or those used for industrial, agricultural or con-struction

purposes are covered. First responders at the operations plus level shall have

received at least training equal to first responder operations level and, in addition, shall

receive training or have had sufficient experience to objectively demonstrate competency

in the following areas and the employer shall so certify:

( A) Know how to select and use proper specialized personal protective equipment pro-vided

to the first responder at operations plus level;

( B) Understand basic hazardous materials terms as they pertain to hydrocarbon fuels;

( C) Understand hazard and risk assessment techniques that pertain to gasoline, diesel

fuel, propane and other hydrocarbon fuels;

( D) Be able to perform control, containment, or confinement operations for gasoline,

diesel fuel, propane and other hydrocarbon fuels within the capabilities of the available

resources and personal protective equipment; and

( E) Understand and know how to implement decontamination procedures for hydrocar-bon

fuels.

( 7) Trainers. Trainers who teach any of the above training subjects shall have

satisfactorily completed a training course for teaching the subjects they are expected to

teach, such as the courses offered by the U. S. National Fire Academy, or they shall have

the training and/ or academic credentials and instructional experience necessary to

demonstrate competent instructional skills and a good command of the subject matter of

the courses they are to teach.

25

1910.120( q)( 7)

( i) Those employees who are trained in accordance with paragraph ( q)( 6) of this section

shall receive annual refresher training of sufficient content and duration to maintain their

competencies or shall demonstrate competency in those areas at least yearly.

( ii) A statement shall be made of the training or competency, and if a statement of

competency is made, the employer shall keep a record of the methodology used to

demonstrate competency.

Dipping and Coating Operations

This section lists the paragraph headings contained in § § 1910.123 through 1910.126.

( a) Does this rule apply to me;

( b) What operations are covered;

( c) What operations are not covered;

( d) How are terms used in § § 1910.123 through 1910.126

( a) What construction requirements apply to dip tanks;

( b) What ventilation requirements apply to vapor areas;

( c) What requirements must I follow to recirculate exhaust air into the workplace;

( d) What must I do when I use an exhaust hood;

( e) What requirements must I follow when an employee enters a dip tank; ( e. g. 1910.146,

OSHA’s standard for Permit- Required Confined Space, as applicable)

( f) What first- aid procedures must my employees know;

( g) What hygiene facilities must I provide;

( h) What treatment and first aid must I provide;

( i) What must I do before an employee cleans a dip tank;

( j) What must I do to inspect and maintain my dipping or coating operation.

( j)( 4) Provide mechanical ventilation or respirators ( selected and used as specified in

1910.134, OSHA’s Respiratory Protection standard) to protect employees in the vapor

area from exposure to toxic substances released during welding, burning, or open- flame

work; and

( j)( 5) Have dip tanks thoroughly cleaned or solvents and vapors before permitting weld-ing,

burning, or open- flame work on them.

( a) What type of construction material must be used in making my dip tank;

( b) When must I provide overflow piping;

( c) When must I provide a bottom drain;

( d) When must my conveyor system shut down automatically;

26

Refresher Training

1910.120( q)( 8)( i) and ( ii)

1910.122 Table of Contents

1910.123 Dipping and

coating operations:

Coverage and definitions

1910.124 General require-ments

for dipping and

coating operations

1910.125 Additional require-ments

for dipping and

coating operations that use

flammable or combustible

liquids

Personal Protection

Equipment 1910.132( b)

[ Note: 1910.132( b) Personal

Protective Equipment stan-dard

is amended to define the

employer’s responsibilities

relating to the provision, ade-quacy

and maintenance of

employee personal protective

equipment. See 13 NCAC

07F. 101( 2) General Industry,

State- Specific Standards]

( e) What ignition and fuel sources must be controlled;

( f) What fire protection must I provide;

( g) To what temperature may I heat a liquid in a dip tank.

( a) What additional requirements apply to hardening or tempering tanks;

( b) What additional requirements apply to flow coating;

( c) What additional requirements apply to roll coating, roll spreading, or roll impregnat-ing;

( d) What additional requirements apply to vapor degreasing tanks;

( e) What additional requirements apply to cyanide tanks;

( f) What additional requirements apply to spray cleaning tanks and spray degreasing

tanks;

( g) What additional requirements apply to electrostatic paint detearing.

( b) Equipment. ( 1) Employer- provided equipment. It is the responsibility of the employer

to provide, at no cost to the employee, all personal protective equipment which the

employee does not wear off the jobsite for use off the job. ( 2) Employee- owned equip-ment.

Where employees provide their own protective equipment, the employer shall be

responsible to assure its adequacy, including proper maintenance, and sanitation of such

equipment.

( f) Training. ( 1) The employer shall provide training to each employee who is required

by this section to use PPE. Each such employee shall be trained to know, at least, the

following:

( i) When PPE is necessary;

( ii) What PPE is necessary;

( iii) How to properly don, doff, adjust, and wear PPE;

( iv) The limitations of the PPE; and

( v) The proper care, maintenance, useful life, and disposal of the PPE.

( 2) Each affected employee shall demonstrate an understanding of the training specified

in paragraph ( f)( 1) of this section and the ability to use PPE properly before being

allowed to perform work requiring the use of PPE.

27

Personal Protective

Equipment

1910.132( f)( 1) ( i) through ( v),

( 2), ( 3)( i) through ( iii), and ( 4)

1910.126 Additional require-ments

for special dipping

and coating applications

( 3) When the employer has reason to believe that any affected employee who has already

been trained does not have the understanding and skill required by paragraph ( f)( 2) of

this section, the employer shall retrain each such employee. Circumstances where

retraining is required include, but are not limited to, situations where:

( i) Changes in the workplace render previous training obsolete; or

( ii) Changes in the types of PPE to be used render previous training obsolete; or

( iii) Inadequacies in an affected employee’s knowledge or use of assigned PPE indicate

that the employee has not retained the requisite understanding or skill.

( 4) The employer shall verify that each affected employee has received and understood

the required training through a written certification that contains the name of each

employee trained, the date( s) of training, and that identifies the subject of the certific a t i o n .

( c)( 1) In any workplace where respirators are necessary to protect the health of the

employee or whenever respirators are required by the employer, the employer shall

establish and implement a written respiratory protection program with worksite- specific

procedures. The program shall be updated as necessary to reflect those changes in work-place

conditions that affect respirator use. The employer shall include in the program the

following provisions of this section, as applicable:

( c)( 1)( i) Procedures for selecting respirators for use in the workplace;

( c)( 1)( ii) Medical evaluations of employees required to use respirators;

( c)( 1)( iii) Fit testing procedures for tight- fitting respirators;

( c)( 1)( iv) Procedures for proper use of respirators in routine and reasonably foreseeable

emergency situations;

( c)( 1)( v) Procedures and schedules for cleaning, disinfecting, storing, inspecting, repair-ing,

discarding, and otherwise maintaining respirators;

( c)( 1)( vi) Procedures to ensure adequate air quality, quantity, and flow of breathing air

for atmosphere- supplying respirators;

( c)( 1)( vii) Training of employees in the respiratory hazards to which they are potentially

exposed during routine and emergency situations;

( c)( 1)( viii) Training of employees in the proper use of respirators, including putting on

and removing them, any limitations on their use, and their maintenance; and

( c)( 1)( ix) Procedures for regularly evaluating the effectiveness of the program.

( k) This paragraph requires the employer to provide effective training to employees who

are required to use respirators. The training must be comprehensive, understandable, and

recur annually, and more often if necessary. This paragraph also requires the employer to

provide the basic information on respirators in Appendix D of this section to employees

who wear respirators when not required by this section or by the employer to do so.

( k)( 1) The employer shall ensure that each employee can demonstrate knowledge of at

least the following:

28

Respiratory Protection

Program 1910.134( c)( 1)( i)

through ( ix)

Training and information

1910.134( k)

( k)( 1)( i) Why the respirator is necessary and how improper fit, usage, or maintenance

can compromise the protective effect of the respirator;

( k)( 1)( ii) What the limitations and capabilities of the respirator are;

( k)( 1)( iii) How to use the respirator effectively in emergency situations, including situa-tions

in which the respirator malfunctions;

( k)( 1)( iv) How to inspect, put on and remove, use, and check the seals of the respirator;

( k)( 1)( v) What the procedures are for maintenance and storage of the respirator;

( k)( 1)( vi) How to recognize medical signs and symptoms that may limit or prevent the

effective use of respirators; and

( k)( 1)( vii) The general requirements of this section.

( k ) ( 2 ) The training shall be conducted in a manner that is understandable to the employee.

( k)( 3) The employer shall provide the training prior to requiring the employee to use a

respirator in the workplace.

( k)( 4) An employer who is able to demonstrate that a new employee has received train-ing

within the last 12 months that addresses the elements specified in paragraph ( k)( 1)( i)

through ( vii) is not required to repeat such training provided that, as required by para-graph

( k)( 1), the employee can demonstrate knowledge of those element( s). Previous

training not repeated initially by the employer must be provided no later than 12 months

from the date of the previous training.

( k ) ( 5 ) Retraining shall be administered annually, and when the following situations occur:

( k)( 5)( i) Changes in the workplace or the type of respirator render previous training

obsolete;

( k)( 5)( ii) Inadequacies in the employee’s knowledge or use of the respirator indicate that

the employee has not retained the requisite understanding or skill; or

( k)( 5)( iii) Any other situation arises in which retraining appears necessary to ensure safe

respirator use.

( k)( 6) The basic advisory information on respirators, as presented in Appendix D of this

section, shall be provided by the employer in any written or oral format, to employees

who wear respirators when such use is not required by this section or by the employer.

( i) Every respirator wearer shall receive fitting instructions including demonstrations and

practice in how the respirator should be worn, how to adjust it, and how to determine if it

fits properly. Respirators shall not be worn when conditions prevent a good face seal.

Such conditions may be a growth of beard, sideburns, a skull cap that projects under the

facepiece, or temple pieces on glasses. Also, the absence of one or both dentures can

seriously affect the fit of a facepiece. The worker’s diligence in observing these factors

shall be evaluated by periodic check. To assure proper protection, the facepiece fit shall

be checked by the wearer each time he or she puts on the respirator. This may be done by

following the manufacturer’s facepiece fitting instructions.

( 1) Adequate first aid facilities approved by a health authority shall be maintained and

made available in every labor camp for the emergency treatment of injured persons.

29

Temporary Labor Camps

1910.142( k)( 1) and ( 2)

( 2) Such facilities shall be in charge of a person trained to administer first aid and shall

be readily accessible for use at all times.

( 1)( ii) All employees shall be instructed that danger signs indicate immediate danger and

that special precautions are necessary.

( 2)( ii) All employees shall be instructed that caution signs indicate a possible hazard

against which proper precautions should be taken.

( 3) Safety instruction signs. Safety instruction signs shall be used where there is a need

for general instructions and suggestions relative to safety measures.

( 1) The employer shall provide training so that all employees whose work is regulated by

this section acquire the understanding, knowledge, and skills necessary for the safe

performance of the duties assigned under this section.

( 2) Training shall be provided to each affected employee:

( i) Before the employee is first assigned duties under this section:

( ii) Before there is a change in assigned duties;

( iii) Whenever there is a change in permit space operations that presents a hazard about

which an employee has not previously been trained;

( iv) Whenever the employer has reason to believe either that there are deviations from

the permit space entry procedures required by paragraph ( d)( 3) of this section or that

there are inadequacies in the employees’ knowledge or use of these procedures.

( 3) The training shall establish employee proficiency in the duties required by this

section and shall introduce new or revised procedures, as necessary, for compliance with

this section.

( 4) The employer shall certify that the training required by paragraphs ( g)( 1) through ( g ) ( 3 )

of this section has been accomplished. The certification shall contain each employee’s

name, the signatures or initials of the trainers, and the dates of training. The certific a t i o n

shall be available for inspection by employees and their authorized representatives.

( k) Rescue and emergency services.

( k)( 1) An employer who designates rescue and emergency services, pursuant to para-graph

( d)( 9) of this section, shall:

( k)( 1)( i) Evaluate a prospective rescuer’s ability to respond to a rescue summons in a

timely manner, considering the hazard( s) identified;

Note to paragraph ( k)( l)( i): What will be considered timely will vary according to the

specific hazards involved in each entry. For example, § 1910.134, Respiratory Protection,

requires that employers provide a standby person or persons capable of immediate action

to rescue employee( s) wearing respiratory protection while in work areas defined as

IDLH atmospheres.

( k)( 1)( ii) Evaluate a prospective rescue service’s ability, in terms of proficiency with res-cue-

related tasks and equipment, to function appropriately while rescuing entrants from

the particular permit space or types of permit spaces identified;

30

Specifications for Accident

Prevention Signs and Tags

1910.145( c)( 1)( ii), ( 2)( ii),

and ( 3)

Permit Required

Confined Spaces

1910.146( g)( 1) and ( 2)( i)

through ( iv), ( 3) and ( 4),

and k( 1)( i) through ( 2)( iv)

( k)( 1)( iii) Select a rescue team or service from those evaluated that:

( k)( 1)( iii)( A) Has the capability to reach the victim( s) within a time frame that is appro-priate

for the permit space hazard( s) identified;

( k)( 1)( iii)( B) Is equipped for and proficient in performing the needed rescue services;

( k)( 1)( iv) Inform each rescue team or service of the hazards they may confront when

called on to perform rescue at the site; and

( k)( 1)( v) Provide the rescue team or service selected with access to all permit spaces

from which rescue may be necessary so that the rescue service can develop appropriate

rescue plans and practice rescue operations.

Note to paragraph ( k)( 1): Non- mandatory Appendix F contains examples of criteria

which employers can use in evaluating prospective rescuers as required by paragraph

( k)( l) of this section.

( k)( 2) An employer whose employees have been designated to provide permit space res-cue

and emergency services shall take the following measures:

( k)( 2)( i) Provide affected employees with the personal protective equipment ( PPE) need-ed

to conduct permit space rescues safely and train affected employees so they are profi-cient

in the use of that PPE, at no cost to those employees;

( k)( 2)( ii) Train affected employees to perform assigned rescue duties. The employer

must ensure that such employees successfully complete the training required to establish

proficiency as an authorized entrant, as provided by paragraphs ( g) and ( h) of this sec-tion;

( k)( 2)( iii) Train affected employees in basic first- aid and cardiopulmonary resuscitation

( CPR). The employer shall ensure that at least one member of the rescue team or service

holding a current certification in first aid and CPR is available; and

( k)( 2)( iv) Ensure that affected employees practice making permit space rescues at least

once every 12 months, by means of simulated rescue operations in which they remove

dummies, manikins, or actual persons from the actual permit spaces or from representa-tive

permit spaces. Representative permit spaces shall, with respect to opening size, con-figuration,

and accessibility, simulate the types of permit spaces from which rescue is to

be performed.

( ii) When other standards in this part require the use of lockout or tagout, they shall be

used and supplemented by the procedural and training requirements of this section.

( a)( 3) Purpose. ( ii) When other standards in this part require... of this section

( 4) Energy control procedure. ( i) Procedures shall be developed, documented and

utilized for the control of potentially hazardous energy when employees are engaged in

the activities covered by this section.

( c)( 4) Energy control procedure. ( i) Procedures shall be developed... by this section

( 6)( i)( D) Where tagout is used for energy control, the periodic inspection shall include a

review, between the inspector and each authorized and affected employee, of that

employee’s responsibilities under the energy control procedure being inspected, and the

elements set forth in paragraph ( c)( 7)( ii) of this section.

31

The Control of Hazardous

Energy ( Lockout/ Tagout)

1910.147( a)( 3)( ii); ( c)( 4)( i);

( c)( 6)( i)( D); ( c)( 7)( i)( A)

through ( C); ( c)( 7)( ii)( A)

through ( F); ( c)( 7)( iii)( A)

through ( C); ( c)( 7)( iv); ( c)( 8);

and ( c)( 9)

( c)( 6) Periodic Inspection. ( i)( d) Where tagout is used for energy control... paragraph

I( 7)( ii) of this section.

( 7) Training and communication. ( i) The employer shall provide training to ensure that

the purpose and function of the energy control program are understood by employees and

that the knowledge and skills required for the safe application, usage, and removal of

energy controls are required by employees. The training shall include the following:

( c)( 7) Training and communication. ( i) The employer shall provide training to ensure that

the purpose and function of the energy control program are understood by employees and

that the knowledge and skills required for the safe application, usage, and removal of the

energy controls are acquired by employees. The training shall include the following:

( A) Each authorized employee shall receive training in the recognition of applicable

hazardous energy sources, the type and magnitude of the energy available in the work-place,

and the methods and means necessary for energy isolation and control.

( B) Each affected employee shall be instructed in the purpose and use of the energy

control procedure.

( C) All other employees whose work operations are or may be in an area where energy

control procedures may be utilized, shall be instructed about the procedure, and about the

prohibition relating to attempts to restart or reenergize machines or equipment which are

locked out or tagged out.

( ii) When tagout systems are used, employees shall also be trained in the following

limitations of tags:

( A) Tags are essentially warning devices affixed to energy isolating devices, and do not

provide the physical restraint on those devices that is provided by a lock.

( B) When a tag is attached to an energy isolating means, it is not to be removed without

authorization of the authorized person for it, and it is never to be bypassed, ignored, or

otherwise defeated.

( C) Tags must be legible and understandable by all authorized employees, affected

employees, and all other employees whose work operations are or may be in the area, in

order to be effective.

( D) Tags and their means of attachment must be made of materials which will withstand

the environmental conditions encountered in the workplace.

( E) Tags may evoke a false sense of security, and their meaning needs to be understood

as part of the overall energy control program.

( F) Tags must be securely attached to energy isolating devices so that they cannot be

inadvertently or accidentally detached during use.

( iii) Employee retraining. ( A) Retraining shall be provided for all authorized and aff e c t e d

employees whenever there is a change in their job assignments, a change in machines,

equipment or processes that present a new hazard, or when there is a change in the energ y

control procedures.

( B) Additional retraining shall also be conducted whenever a periodic inspection under

paragraph ( c)( 6) of this section reveals, or whenever the employer has reason to believe

32

that there are deviations from or inadequacies in the employee’s knowledge or use of the

energy control procedures.

( C) The retraining shall reestablish employee proficiency and introduce new or revised

control methods and procedures, as necessary.

( iv) The employer shall certify that employee training has been accomplished and is being

kept up to date. The certification shall contain each employee’s name and dates of training.

( 8) Energy isolation. Lockout or tagout shall be performed only by authorized

employees who are performing the servicing or maintenance.

( c)( 9) Notification of employees. Affected employees shall be notified by the employer

or authorized employee of the application and removal of lockout devices or tagout

devices. Notification shall be given before the controls are applied, and after they are

removed from the machine or equipment.

( 3) Lockout or tagout devices removal. Each lockout or tagout device shall be removed

from each energy isolating device by the employee who applied the device. Exception to

paragraph ( e)( 3). When the authorized employee who applied the lockout or tagout

device is not available to remove it, that device may be removed under the direction of

the employer, provided that specific procedures and training for such removal have been

developed, documented, and incorporated into the employer’s energy control program.

The employer shall demonstrate that the specific procedure shall include at least the

following elements:

( i) Verification by the employer that the authorized employee who applied the device is

not at the facility;

( ii) Making all reasonable efforts to contract the authorized employee to inform him/ her

that his/ her lockout or tagout device has been removed; and

( iii) Ensuring that the authorized employee has this knowledge before he/ she resumes

work at that facility.

( f)( 2)( ii) The on- site employer shall ensure that his/ her employees understand and comply

with restrictions and prohibitions of the outside employer’s energy control procedures.

( a) The employer shall ensure the ready availability of medical personnel for advice and

consultation on matters of plant health.

( b) In the absence of an infirmary, clinic, or hospital in near proximity to the workplace

which is used for the treatment of all injured employees, a person or persons shall be

adequately trained to render first aid. First aid supplies approved by the consulting

physician shall be readily available.

( 41) “ Training” means the process of making proficient through instruction and hands- on

practice in the operation of equipment, including respiratory protection equipment, that is

expected to be used and in the performance of assigned duties.

( 1) Organizational statement. The employer shall prepare and maintain a statement or

written policy which establishes the existence of a fire brigade; the basic organizational

structure; the type, amount, and frequency of training to be provided to fire brigade

members; the expected number of members in the fire brigade; and the functions that the

fire brigade is to perform at the workplace. The organizational statement shall be

33

Lockout or Tagout

Devices Removed

1910.147( e)( 3)( i) through ( iii)

Outside Personnel

1910.147( f)( 2)( i)

Medical Services and

First Aid 1910.151( a) and ( b)

Fire Protection

1910.155( c)( 41)

Fire Brigades

1910.156( b)( 1)

available for inspection by the Assistant Secretary and by employees or their designated

representatives.

( 1) The employer shall provide training and education for all fire brigade members

commensurate with those duties and functions that fire brigade members are expected to

perform. Such training and education shall be provided to fire brigade members before

they perform fire brigade emergency activities. Fire brigade leaders and training

instructors shall be provided with training and education which is more comprehensive

than that provided to the general membership of the fire brigade.

( 2) The employer shall assure that training and education is conducted frequently enough

to assure that each member of the fire brigade is able to perform the member’s assigned

duties and functions satisfactorily and in a safe manner so as not to endanger fire brigade

members or other employees. All fire brigade members shall be provided with training at

least annually. In addition, fire brigade members who are expected to perform interior

structural fire fighting shall be provided with an education session or training at least

quarterly.

( 3) The quality of the training and education program for fire brigade members shall be

similar to those conducted by such fire training schools as the Maryland Fire and Rescue

Institute; Iowa Fire Service Extension; West Virginia Fire Service Extension; Georgia

Fire Academy; New York State Department, Fire Prevention and Control; Louisiana

State University Firemen Training Program; or Washington State’s Fire Service Training

Commission for Vocational Education. ( For example, for the oil refinery industry, with

its unique hazards, the training and education program for those fire brigade members

shall be similar to those conducted by Texas A & M University, Lamar University, Reno

Fire School, or the Delaware State Fire School.)

( 4) The employer shall inform fire brigade members about special hazards such as

storage and use of flammable liquids and gases, toxic chemicals, radioactive sources, and

water reactive substances, to which they may be exposed during fire and other

emergencies. The fire brigade members shall also be advised of any changes that occur in

relation to the special hazards. The employer shall develop and make available for

inspection by fire brigade members, written procedures that describe the actions to be

taken in situations involving the special hazards and shall include these in the training

and education program.

( 1) Where the employer has provided portable fire extinguishers for employee use in the

workplace, the employer shall also provide an educational program to familiarize

employees with the general principles of fire extinguisher use and the hazards involved

with incipient stage fire fighting.

( 2) The employer shall provide the education required in paragraph ( g)( 1) of this section

upon initial employment and at least annually thereafter.

( 3) The employer shall provide employees who have been designated to use fire fighting

equipment as part of an emergency action plan with training in the use of the appropriate

equipment.

( 4) The employer shall provide the training required in paragraph ( g)( 3) of this section

upon initial assignment to the designated group of employees and at least annually

thereafter.

( vi) The employer shall designate trained persons to conduct all inspections required

under this section.

34

Training and Education

1910.156( c)( 1) through ( 4)

Portable Fire Extinguishers

1910.157( g)( 1) through ( 4)

Standpipe and Hose

Systems 1910.158( e)( 2)( vi)

( 10) The employer shall train employees designated to inspect, maintain, operate, or

repair fixed extinguishing systems and annually review their training to keep them

up- to- date in the functions they are to perform.

( 4) The employer shall assure that the servicing, maintenance and testing of fire detection

systems, including cleaning and necessary sensitivity adjustments, are performed by a

trained person knowledgeable in the operations and functions of the system.

( 5) The employer shall assure that the servicing, maintenance, and testing of employee

alarms are done by persons trained in the designed operation and functions necessary for

reliable and safe operation of the system.

( c) Employee training. ( 1) The employer shall provide a training program to train all

employees who service rim wheels in the hazards involved in servicing those rim wheels

and the safety procedures to be followed.

( i) The employer shall assure that no employee services any rim wheel unless the

employee has been trained and instructed in correct procedures of servicing the rim type

being serviced, and in the safe operating procedures described in paragraphs ( f) and ( g)

of this section.

( ii) Information to be used in the training program shall include at a minimum, the

applicable data contained in the charts, rim manuals, and the contents of this standard.

( iii) Where an employer knows or has reason to believe that any of his or her employees

is unable to read and understand the charts or rim manual, the employer shall assure that

the employee is instructed concerning the contents of the charts and rim manual in a

manner which the employee is able to understand.

( 2) The employer shall assure that each employee demonstrates and maintains the ability

to service multi- piece rim wheels safely, including performance of the following tasks:

( i) Demounting of tires ( including deflation);

( ii) Inspection and identification of rim wheel components;

( iii) Mounting of tires ( including inflation within a restraining device or other safeguard

required by this section);

( iv) Use of the restraining device or barrier, and other equipment required by this section;

( v) Handling of rim wheels;

( vi) Inflation of tire when a single- piece rim wheel is mounted on a vehicle; and

( vii) An understanding of the necessity of standing outside the trajectory both during the

inflation of the tire and during inspection of the rim wheel following inflation; and

( viii) Installation and removal of rim wheels.

( 3) The employer shall evaluate each employee’s ability to perform these tasks and to

service rim wheels safely and shall provide additional training as necessary to assure that

each employee maintains his or her proficiency.

35

Fixed Extinguishing

Systems

1910.160( b)( 10)

Fire Detection Systems

1910.164( c)( 4)

Servicing of Multi- Piece and

Single- Piece Rim Wheels

1910.177( c)( 1) through ( iii);

( 2)( i) through ( viii); and ( 3).

Includes single- piece wheels

per Federal Register of

February 3, 1984 ( pp.

4338– 4352) but not

automobile or truck tires

marked “ LT.”

Employee Alarm Systems

1910.165( d)( 5)

( f) Safe operating procedure— multi- piece rim wheels. The employer shall establish a

safe operating procedure for servicing multi- piece rim wheels and shall assure that

employees are instructed in and follow that procedure. The procedure shall include at

least the following elements:

( 1) Tires shall be completely deflated before demounting by removal of the valve core.

( 2) Tires shall be completely deflated by removing the valve core before a rim wheel is

removed from the axle in either of the following situations:

( i) When the tire has been driven underinflated at 80% or less of its recommended

pressure, or

( ii) When there is obvious or suspected damage to the tire or wheel components.

( 3) Rubber lubricant shall be applied to bead and rim mating surfaces during assembly of

the wheel and inflation of the tire, unless the tire or wheel manufacturer recommends

against it.

( 4) If a tire on a vehicle is underinflated but has more than 80% of the recommended

pressure, the tire may be inflated while the rim wheel is on the vehicle provided remote

control inflation equipment is used, and no employees remain in the trajectory during

inflation.

( 5) Tires shall be inflated outside a restraining device only to a pressure sufficient to

force the tire bead onto the rim ledge and create an airtight seal with the tire and bead.

( 6) Whenever a rim wheel is in a restraining device the employee shall not rest or lean

any part of his or her body or equipment on or against the restraining device.

( 7) After tire inflation, the tire and wheel components shall be inspected while still within

the restraining device to make sure that they are properly seated and locked. If further

adjustment to the tire or wheel components is necessary, the tire shall be deflated by

removal of the valve core before the adjustment is made.

( 8) No attempt shall be made to correct the seating of side and lock rings by hammering,

striking or forcing the components while the tire is pressurized.

( 9) Cracked, broken, bent or otherwise damaged rim components shall not be reworked,

welded, brazed, or otherwise heated.

( 10) Whenever multi- piece rim wheels are being handled, employees shall stay out of the

trajectory unless the employer can demonstrate that performance of the servicing makes

the employee’s presence in the trajectory necessary.

( 11) No heat shall be applied to a multi- piece wheel or wheel component.

( g) Safe operating procedure— single- piece rim wheels. The employer shall establish a

safe operating procedure for servicing single- piece rim wheels and shall assure that

employees are instructed in and follow that procedure. The procedure shall include at

least the following elements:

( 1) Tires shall be completely deflated by removal of the valve core before demounting.

( 2) Mounting and demounting of the tire shall be done only from the narrow ledge side

of the wheel. Care shall be taken to avoid damaging the tire beads while mounting tires

36

1910.177( f)( 1); ( 2)( i) and ( ii);

and ( 3) through ( 11)

1910.177( g)( 1) through ( 12)

on wheels. Tires shall be mounted only on compatible wheels of matching bead diameter

and width.

( 3) Nonflammable rubber lubricant shall be applied to bead and wheel mating surfaces

before assembly of the rim wheel, unless the tire or wheel manufacturer recommends

against the use of any rubber lubricant.

( 4) If a tire changing machine is used, the tire shall be inflated only to the minimum

pressure necessary to force the tire bead onto the rim ledge while on the tire changing

machine.

( 5) If a bead expander is used, it shall be removed before the valve core is installed and

as soon as the rim wheel becomes airtight ( the tire bead slips onto the bead seat).

( 6) Tires may be inflated only when contained within a restraining device, positioned

behind a barrier or bolted on the vehicle with the lug nuts fully tightened.

( 7) Tires shall not be inflated when any flat, solid surface is in the trajectory and within

one foot of the sidewall.

( 8) Employees shall stay out of the trajectory when inflating a tire.

( 9) Tires shall not be inflated to more than the inflation pressure stamped in the sidewall

unless a higher pressure is recommended by the manufacturer.

( 10) Tires shall not be inflated above the maximum pressure recommended by the

manufacturer to seat the tire bead firmly against the rim flange.

( 11) No heat shall be applied to a single- piece wheel.

( 12) Cracked, broken, bent, or otherwise damaged wheels shall not be reworked, welded,

brazed, or otherwise heated.

( l) Operator training. ( 1) Safe operation. ( I) The employer shall ensure that each pow-ered

industrial truck operator is competent to operate a powered industrial truck safely, as

demonstrated by the successful completion of the training and evaluation specified in this

paragraph.

( ii) Prior to permitting an employee to operate a powered industrial truck ( except for

training purposes), the employer shall ensure that each operator has successfully com-pleted

the training required by this paragraph ( l), except as permitted by paragraph ( l)( 5).

( 2) Training program implementation ( I) Trainees may operate a powered industrial

truck only:

( A) Under the direct supervision of persons who have the knowledge, training, and expe-rience

to train operators and evaluate their competence; and

( B) Where such operation does not endanger the trainee or other employees.

( ii) Training shall consist of a combination of formal instruction ( e. g., lecture, discussion,

interactive computer learning, videotape, written material), practical training ( demonstra-tions

performed by the trainer and practical exercises performed by the trainee), and

evaluation of the operator’s performance in the workplace.

37

Powered Industrial Trucks

1910.178( l)( 1)( I) and ( ii);

( 2)( I)( A) and ( B)( ii) and ( iii);

( 3)( I)( A) through( M); ( ii)( A)

through ( I) ( iii); ( 4)( I) and

( ii)( A) ( ii) through ( E); ( iii)( 5),

( 6), and ( 7)

( iii) All operator training and evaluation shall be conducted by persons who have the

knowledge, training, and experience to train powered industrial truck operators and eval-uate

their competence.

( 3) Training program content. Powered industrial truck operators shall receive initial

training in the following topics, except in topics which the employer can demonstrate are

not applicable to safe operation of the truck in the employer’s workplace. ( I) Truck- relat-ed

topics:

( A) Operating instructions, warnings, and pre- cautions for the types of truck the operator

will be authorized to operate;

( B) Differences between the truck and the automobile;

( C) Truck controls and instrumentation: where they are located, what they do, and how

they work;

( D) Engine or motor operation;

( E) Steering and maneuvering;

( F) Visibility ( including restrictions due to loading);

( G) Fork and attachment adaptation, operation, and use limitations;

( H) Vehicle capacity;

( I) Vehicle stability;

( J) Any vehicle inspection and maintenance that the operator will be required to perform;

( K) Refueling and/ or charging and recharging of batteries;

( L) Operating limitations;

( M) Any other operating instructions, warnings, or precautions listed in the operator’s

manual for the types of vehicle that the employee is being trained to operate.

( ii) Workplace related topics:

( A) Surface conditions where the vehicle will be operated;

( B) Composition of loads to be carried and load stability;

( C) Load manipulation, stacking, and unstacking;

( D) Pedestrian traffic in areas where the vehicle will be operated;

( E) Narrow aisles and other restricted places where the vehicle will be operated;

( F) Hazardous ( classified) locations where the vehicle will be operated;

( G) Ramps and other sloped surfaces that could affect the vehicle’s stability;

( H) Closed environments and other areas where insufficient ventilation or poor vehicle

maintenance could cause a buildup of carbon monoxide or diesel exhaust;

38

( I) Other unique or potentially hazardous environmental conditions in the workplace that

could affect safe operation.

( iii) The requirements of this section.

( 4) Refresher training and evaluation ( i) Refresher training, including an evaluation of

the effectiveness of that training, shall be conducted as required by paragraph ( l)( 4)( ii) to

ensure that the operator has the knowledge and skills needed to operate the powered

industrial truck safely.

( ii) Refresher training in relevant topics shall be provided to the operator when:

( A) The operator has been observed to operate the vehicle in an unsafe manner;

( B) The operator has been involved in an accident or near- miss incident;

( C) The operator has received an evaluation that reveals that the operator is not operating

the truck safely;

( D) The operator is assigned to drive a different type of truck; or

( E) A condition in the workplace changes in a manner that could affect safe operation of

the truck.

( iii) An evaluation of each powered industrial truck operator’s performance shall be con-ducted

at least once every three years.

( 5) Avoidance of duplicative training. If an operator has previously received training in a

topic specified in paragraph ( l)( 3) of this section, and such training is appropriate to the

truck and working conditions encountered, additional training in that topic is not required

if the operator has been evaluated and found competent to operate the truck safely.

( 6) Certification. The employer shall certify that each operator has been trained and eval-uated

as required by this paragraph ( l). Certification shall include the name of the opera-tor,

the date of the training, the date of the evaluation, and the identity of the person( s)

performing the training or evaluation.

( 7) Dates. The employer shall ensure that operators of powered industrial truck are

trained, as appropriate, by the following dates: ( A) If the employee was hired prior to

December 1,1999, the initial training and evaluation of that employee must be completed

by December 1, 1999. ( B) If the employee was hired after December 1, 1999, the initial

training and evaluation of that employee must be completed before the employee is

assigned to operate a powered industrial truck.

( ix) When two or more cranes are used to lift a load one qualified responsible person

shall be in charge of the operation. He shall analyze the operation and instruct all

personnel involved in the proper positioning, rigging of the load, and the movements

to be made.

( 3) Fire extinguishers. The employer shall insure that operators are familiar with the

operation and care of fire extinguishers provided.

( ii) Operating and maintenance personnel shall be made familiar with the use and care of

the fire extinguishers provided.

39

Moving the Load

1910.179( n)( 3)( ix)

1910.179( o)( 3)

Crawler Locomotive and

Truck Cranes

1910.180( i)( 5)( ii)

( 3) Training of maintenance personnel. It shall be the responsibility of the employer to

insure the original and continuing competence of personnel caring for, inspecting, and

maintaining power presses.

( 2) Instruction to operators. The employer shall train and instruct the operator in the

safe method of work before starting work on any operation covered by this section. The

employer shall insure by adequate supervision that correct operating procedures are

being followed.

( i) The operator training required by paragraph ( f)( 2) of this section shall be provided to

the employee before the employee initially operates the press and as needed to maintain

competence, but not less than annually thereafter. It shall include instruction relative to

the following items for presses used in the PSDI mode.

( A) The manufacturer’s recommended test procedures for checking operation of the

presence sensing device. This shall include the use of the test rod required by paragraph

( h)( 10)( i) of this section.

( B) The safety distance required.

( C) The operation, function and performance of the PSDI mode.

( D) The requirements for hand tools that may be used in the PSDI mode.

( E) The severe consequences that can result if he or she attempts to circumvent or by-pass

any of the safeguard or operating functions of the PSDI system.

( ii) The employer shall certify that employees have been trained by preparing a

certification record which includes the identity of the person trained, the signature of the

employer or the person who conducted the training, and the date the training was

completed. The certification record shall be prepared at the completion of training and

shall be maintained on file for the duration of the employee’s employment. The

certification record shall be made available upon request to the Assistant Secretary for

Occupational Safety and Health.

( 2) Inspection and maintenance. It shall be the responsibility of the employer to

maintain all forge shop equipment in a condition which will ensure continued safe

operation. This responsibility includes:

( iii) Training personnel for the proper inspection and maintenance of forging machinery

and equipment.

( xiii) Management. Management shall recognize its responsibility for the safe usage of

cutting and welding equipment on its property and:

( C) Insist that cutters or welders and their supervisors are suitably trained in the safe

operation of their equipment and the safe use of the process.

( 4) Personnel. Workmen in charge of the oxygen or fuel- gas supply equipment,

including generators, and oxygen or fuel- gas distribution piping systems shall be

instructed and judged competent by their employers for this important work before being

left in charge. Rules and instructions covering the operation and maintenance of oxygen

or fuel- gas supply equipment including generators, and oxygen or fuel- gas distribution

piping systems shall be readily available.

40

Mechanical Power Presses

1910.217( e)( 3)

1910.217( f)( 2)

Operator Training

1910.217( h)( 13)( i)( A) through

( E) and ( ii)

Forging Machines

1910.218( a)( 2)( iii)

Welding, Cutting, and

Brazing General

Requirements

1910.252( a)( 2)( xiii)( C)

Oxygen- Fuel Gas Welding

and Cutting 1910.253( a)( 4)

( 3) Instruction. Workmen designated to operate arc welding equipment shall have been

properly instructed and qualified to operate such equipment as specified in paragraph ( d)

of this section.

( 3) Personnel. Workmen designated to operate resistance welding equipment shall have

been properly instructed and judged competent to operate such equipment.

( ii) Gas masks capable of absorbing chlorine shall be supplied, conveniently placed, and

regularly inspected, and workers who may be exposed to chlorine gas shall be instructed

in their use.

( v) Instruction of employees. Employees shall be properly instructed as to the hazards of

their work and be instructed in safe practices, by bulletins, printed rules, and verbal

instructions.

( x) Lift trucks. Lift trucks shall be designed, constructed, maintained, and operated in

accordance with the requirements of § 1910.178.

( ii) Explosives. Only a designated person shall handle or use explosives. Usage shall

comply with the requirements of Subpart H of 1910.

( iii) Chain saw operators shall be instructed to follow manufacturer’s instructions as to

operation and adjustment.

( iv) Chain saw operators shall be instructed to fuel the saw at least 10 feet from any open

flame or other source of ignition.

( v) Chain saw operators shall be instructed to start the saw at least 10 feet away from

fueling area.

( vi) Chain saw operators shall be instructed to start the saw only on the ground or when

otherwise firmly supported.

( vii) The chain saw shall be started with the chain brake engaged.

( viii) The chain saw shall be held with both hands during operation unless the employer

demonstrates a greater hazard is posed by using both hands during that particular

instance.

( ix) The chain saw operator shall be certain of footing before starting to cut. The chain

saw shall not be used in a position or at a distance that could cause its operator to lose his

or her balance.

( x) Prior to felling any tree, the saw operator shall clear brush or other potential obstacles

which might interfere with tree cutting or using the retreat path.

( xi) Chain saw operators shall be instructed not to use the saw to cut directly overhead.

( xii) Chain saw operators shall be instructed to carry the saw in a manner to prevent

operator contact with the chain and muffler.

( ii) Employer shall assure that each machine, including any provided by an employee, is

inspected before initial use each work shift. Defects or damage is to be repaired, or

machine is to be replaced, before work commences.

41

Arc Welding and Cutting

1910.254( a)( 3)

Resistance Welding

1910.255( a)( 3)

Pulp, Paper, and

Paperboard Mills

1910.261( h)( 3)( ii)

Laundry Machinery and

Operating Rules

1910.264( d)( 1)( v)

1910.266( e)( 2)( iii)

through ( xii)

Sawmills

1910.265( c)( 30)( x)

Logging Operations

1910.266( d)( 10)( ii)

1910.266( f)( 1)( ii) and ( iii)

( iii) Employer shall assure that operating and maintenance instructions for each machine

are available either on board the machine or in the area where it is operating. All

machine operators and maintenance workers shall comply with the instructions.

( i) A machine shall be started and operated only by a designated person.

( ii) Stationary logging machines and components shall be anchored or otherwise

stabilized during operation.

( iii) The rated capacity of any machine shall not be exceeded.

( iv) No machine shall be operated on any slope greater than the maximum slope

recommended by the manufacturer.

( v) Before starting or moving a machine, the operator shall determine that no employer is

in its path.

( vi) A machine shall only be operated from the operator’s station or as otherwise

recommended by the manufacturer.

( vii) A machine shall only be operated at such a distance from other machines and

employees that its operation will not cause a hazard to employees.

( viii) No employee, other than the operator, shall ride on any mobile machine unless

seating, safety belts, or other equivalent protection is provided.

( ix) No employee is ever to ride on any load.

( x) Before a machine is shut down, the brake locks or parking brakes shall be applied.

Each moving element ( blades, buckets, shears, etc.) shall be grounded.

( xi) After a machine engine is shut down, pressure from hydraulic and pneumatic storage

devices is to be discharged.

( xii) The rated capacity of any vehicle transporting a machine shall not be exceeded.

( xiii) Machines are to be loaded, secured, and unloaded so that no hazard is created for

any employee.

( i) Trees shall not be felled in a manner that may create a hazard for any employee.

( ii) The immediate supervisor shall be consulted when unfamiliar or unusually hazardous

conditions require his or her approval before cutting can commence.

( i) Training. ( 1) The employer shall provide training for each employee, including

supervisors, at no cost to the employee.

( 2) Frequency. Training shall be provided as follows:

( i) As soon as possible but not later than the effective date of this section for initial

training for each current and new employee;

( ii) Prior to initial assignment for each new employee;

( iii) Whenever the employee is assigned new work tasks, tools, equipment, machines, or

vehicles; and,

42

1910.266( f)( 2)( i)

through ( xiii)

1910.266( h)( 1)( i) and ( ii)

1910.266( i)( 1) through ( 10)

( iv) Whenever an employee demonstrates unsafe job performance.

( 3) Content. At a minimum, training shall consist of the following elements:

( i) Safe performance of assigned work tasks;

( ii) Safe use, operation, and maintenance of tools, machines, and vehicles the employee

uses or operates, including emphasis on understanding and following the manufacturer’s

instructions, warnings, and precautions;

( iii) Recognition of safety and health hazards associated with the employee’s specific

work tasks, including the use of measures and work practices to prevent or control those

hazards;

( iv) Recognition, prevention, and control of other safety and health hazards in the

logging industry;

( v) Procedures, practices, and requirements of the employer’s work site; and

( vi) The requirements of this standard.

( 4) Training of an employee due to unsafe job performance, or assignment of new work

tasks, tools, equipment, machines, or vehicles may be limited to those elements in

paragraph ( i)( 3) of this section which are relevant to the circumstances giving rise to the

need for training.

( 5) Portability of training. ( i) Each current employee who has received training in the

particular elements specified in paragraph ( i)( 3) of this section shall not be required to be

retrained in those elements.

( ii) Each new employee who has received training in the particular elements specified in

paragraph ( i)( 3) of this section shall not be required to be retrained in those elements

prior to initial assignment.

( iii) The employer shall train each current and new employee in those elements for which

the employee has not received training.

( iv) The employer is responsible for ensuring that each current and new employee can

properly and safely perform the work tasks and operate the tools, equipment, machines,

and vehicles used in their job.

( 6) Each new employee and each employee who is required to be trained as specified in

paragraph ( i)( 2) of this section, shall work under the close supervision of a designated

person until the employee demonstrates to the employer the ability to safely perform the

new duties independently.

( 7) First aid training. ( i) The employer shall assure that each employee, including

supervisors, receives or has received first aid and CPR training meeting at least the

requirements specified in Appendix B of this standard.

( ii) The employer shall assure that each employee’s first aid and CPR training and/ or cer-tificate

of training remain current.

( 8) All training shall be conducted by a designated person.

43

( 9) The employer shall assure that all training required by this section is presented in a

manner that the employee is able to understand. The employer shall assure that all

training materials used are appropriate in content and vocabulary to the educational level,

literacy, and language skills of the employees being trained.

( 10) Certification of training. ( i) The employer shall verify compliance with paragraph

( i) of this section by preparing a written certification record. The written certif