Guide to crane safety.

              A Guide to

Crane Safety

Bobby R. Davis, Series Editor

Sydney Cheryl Sutton, Copy Editor

N. C. Department of Labor

Division of Occupational Safety and Health

1101 Mail Service Center

Raleigh, NC 27699- 1101

Cherie K. Berry

Commissioner of Labor

N. C. Department of Labor

Occupational Safety and Health Program

Cherie K. Berry

Commissioner of Labor

OSHA State Plan Designee

Allen McNeely

Deputy Commissioner for Safety and Health

Kevin Beauregard

Assistant Deputy Commissioner for Safety and Health

Acknowledgments

A Guide to Crane Safety was originally prepared by David V. MacCollum, president of David V. MacCollum, Ltd., of

Sierra Vista, Ariz. This edition was revised and updated by Sydney Cheryl Sutton, safety compliance officer, Division

of Occupational Safety and Health, N. C. Department of Labor. Recognized also for their assistance with much appreci-ation

are contributing organizations that offered and supplied material and information used in this edition. Table 1

information format provided by Construction Safety Council, Hillside, Ill., Pocket Reference Guide for Power Line

Clearance; Wire Rope Slings pocket reference guide, extracts or similar information shown in Chapter 11 of the PDF

version of this document are provided on behalf of union ironworkers and their employers by the Institute of the

Ironworking Industry. Bobby Davis, series editor, incorporated these documents into this edition, including informa-tion

from the U. S. Department of Energy ( DOE) Hoisting and Rigging Standard, DOE- STD- 1090- 2001.

_____

Figures 12 and 13 were provided courtesy of Award Services Crane Safety Systems, a division of Ronald M. Ward &

Associates Inc. of Orlando, Fla. Mr. Ward also reviewed the manuscript.

_____

This guide is intended to be consistent with all existing OSHA standards; therefore, if an area is considered by the

reader to be inconsistent with a standard, then the OSHA standard should be followed.

To obtain additional copies of this book, or if you have questions about North Carolina occupational safety and health stan-dards

or rules, please contact:

N. C. Department of Labor

Bureau of Education, Training and Technical Assistance

1101 Mail Service Center

Raleigh, NC 27699- 1101

Phone: ( 919) 807- 2875 or 1- 800- NC- LABOR

____________________

Additional sources of information are listed on the inside back cover of this book.

____________________

The projected cost of the OSHNC program for federal fiscal year 2002– 2003 is $ 13,130,589. Federal funding provides approximately 37 percent ($ 4,920,000) of this

total.

Printed 2/ 04

Contents

Part Page

Foreword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1iiv

1 Reasons for Crane Accidents and Preventive Measures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ivi1

2 Types of Cranes Generally Used in the Workplace . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ii13

3 Analysis of Eight Hazards Common to Most Cranes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ii10

4 Crane Safety Programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ii24

References, Requirements and Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ii29

DOE Guidelines for Hoisting and Rigging Activity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ii33

iii

Foreword

Construction cranes are a common sight on North Carolina city skylines. People watch in amazement as stacks of

material and loads of concrete become our newest buildings. But the very power and size of cranes can pose many dan-gers

to the employees who work in and around them.

A Guide to Crane Safety examines the hazards and describes safety measures the reader can take when implementing a

crane safety program for a company. The guide also lists the main Occupational Safety and Health Act ( OSHA) require-ments

that a crane owner or operator must follow to stay in OSHA compliance.

In North Carolina, N. C. Department of Labor inspectors enforce federal OSHA laws. The NCDOL’s Division of

Occupational Safety and Health enforces current OSHA standards. NCDOL offers many educational programs to the

public and produces publications, including this guide, to help inform people about their rights and responsibilities

regarding OSHA.

As you look through this guide, please remember that the NCDOL’s mission is greater than just enforcement. An

equally important goal is to help citizens find ways to create safe and healthy workplaces. Everyone profits when man-agers

and employees work together for safety.

Reading and understanding A Guide to Crane Safety will help you form a sound occupational safety and health policy

where you work.

Cherie K. Berry

Commissioner of Labor

v

1

1

Reasons for Crane Accidents and Preventive Measures

In our highly mechanized world, cranes are the workhorses that have increased productivity and economic growth in

construction, mining, logging, maritime operations, and maintenance of production and service facilities. It is not unusual

in large metropolitan areas to see several crane booms outlined against the skyline within a few blocks of each other and

in rural areas to see cranes performing a great variety of jobs.

Statistics show, however, that there are inherent hazards that occur during normal working circumstances. A crane can

be a very dangerous piece of equipment. Most crippling injuries and deaths from crane accidents can be attributed to sev-eral

basic hazards.

Those supervising the use of cranes can greatly improve workplace safety by targeting the craning hazards that cause

the most injury and death. Basic hazard prevention measures can be taken to eliminate these hazards. It is important to

ensure the safety of all personnel who may be in the immediate areas where cranes are being operated, not just the rig-gers,

signalers and operators.

Workplace safety is more than complying with a few safety rules. Everyone must be involved— management, supervi-sors

and the work crew. Each has specific safety responsibilities, and a mutual understanding of who is responsible for

what is essential. A fact that is often overlooked is that hazards are the primary cause of most accidents, so hazard preven-tion

is what brings about a safe workplace. But, what is a hazard? How can a hazard be controlled?

As it relates to cranes, a hazard may be thought of as any unsafe condition. Hazards may be present in three forms:

• Dormant: A dormant hazard is an undetected hazard created either by design or crane use.

• Armed: An armed hazard is a dormant hazard that has become armed and ready to cause harm during certain work

circumstances.

• Active: An active hazard is an armed hazard triggered into action by the right combination of factors. At this point it

is too late to take any preventive action to escape injury or avoid death.

To change the design of a crane on a jobsite to make it safer is almost impossible, but there are measures within the

control of every crane owner or user that can be taken to prevent a hazard from becoming armed and active. In decreasing

order of importance, the most effective ways to control hazards are:

1. Eliminate or minimize the hazard. The major effort during the planning phase of any project must be to select appro-priate

work methods for cranes to eliminate hazards created by particular work circumstances.

2. Guard the hazard. Hazards that cannot be totally eliminated through planning must be reduced to an acceptable level

of risk by the use of appropriate safety devices to guard, isolate or otherwise render the hazard effectively inert or inac-cessible.

If this cannot be done, then nearby personnel should be protected from the hazard. For example, the employer

should ask the manufacturer to assist in installing guards to provide physical protection against moving parts. Listed

below are other methods of guarding particular hazards or the danger zone they create.

a. Install screens or covers over moving parts.

b. To prevent electrocution when cranes are to be used in the vicinity of overhead energized power lines, have the local

electric utility install line guards or covers on the lines. Use an insulated link on the hoist line to prevent the passage of

electric current from the hook through the load to the person guiding the load on the ground.

c. Install fences, guardrails or other barriers to prevent entry into the danger zone created by the rotating crane cab.

d. Ask the manufacturer to install a crush- resistant cab and restraint system that encloses the operator in a protective

frame to give the operator a place of safety if upset occurs.

3. Give warning. When a hazard cannot be controlled by applying either the first or second method, an active! interces-sory

warning device should be installed that detects a hazard and emits a timely, audible and/ or visual warning signal.

Examples are alarms, horns and flashing lights. Warning systems must emit the standard variety of sounds or flashes so

the meaning of the warning will be understood. Some hazard detection systems not only give audible or visual warnings

but are wired to stop or prohibit movement. On cranes, this is especially important so the boom can be stopped before it

reaches a hazardous position. There are numerous suppliers of such items.

Signs and labels are passive warnings. They must be very explicit and state what the hazard is, what harm will result,

and how to avoid the hazard. The signs for life- threatening hazards should be pictorial if possible, with the word DAN-GER

written in white letters on an oval red background with a black border. Signs and labels are not substitutes for elimi-nating

or guarding the hazard. Rather, warnings are best used to make users aware of a specific change of circumstances

that can create a hazardous situation or of a dormant hazard that could not be totally eliminated or controlled. Warnings

should also inform users as to why the specified safeguard must be used.

Requirements for signs and labels are set forth in Occupational Safety and Health Administration ( OSHA) standards,

“ Specifications for Accident Prevention Signs and Tags,” 29 CFR 1910.145; “ Signs, Signals, and Barricades,” 29 CFR

1926.200; and Society of Automotive Engineers Recommended Practices ( SAE) J115, “ Safety Signs.”

4. Special procedures and training. When a hazard cannot be eliminated or its risk reduced by any of the first three

methods, then planning, special operating procedures, training and audits must be employed to guarantee that a viable,

continuing regimen will effect avoidance of the hazard.

5. Personal protective equipment. Use of gloves, taglines to guide the load, hard hats, safety shoes, aprons, goggles,

safety glasses, lifelines, life jackets and other protective equipment at all appropriate times will also protect users from

injury.

Often a network of several of these five preventive measures is necessary to control a life- threatening hazard.

Safety Considerations for Lifting Personnel

Using cranes or derricks to hoist personnel poses a significant risk to employees being lifted. To help prevent employee

injury or death, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration ( OSHA) regulation 1926.550 limits the use of person-nel

hoisting in the construction industry and prescribes the proper safety measures for these operations. Personnel plat-forms

that are suspended from the load line and used in construction are covered by 29 CFR 1926.550( g). In addition,

there is no specific provision for suspended personnel platforms in Part 1910. The governing provision, therefore, is gen-eral

provision 1910.180( h)( 3)( v), which prohibits traveling hoisting, lowering, swinging or traveling while anyone is on

the load or hook.

Federal OSHA has determined, however, that when the use of a conventional means of access to any elevated worksite

would be impossible or more hazardous, a violation of 1910.180( h)( 3)( v) will be treated as “ de minimis” if the employer

has complied with provisions set forth in 1926.550( g)( 3), ( 4), ( 5), ( 6), ( 7) and ( 8). De minimis violations are those where

the standard has been technically violated but where the violation does not constitute a danger to employees.

North Carolina's state plan does not include de minimis violations; however, the North Carolina Operations Manual

requires the identification of a hazard and employees exposed to that hazard for the issuance of a citation. The OSHA rule

for hoisting personnel is written in performance- oriented language that allows employers flexibility in deciding how to

provide the best protection for their employees against the hazards associated with hoisting operations and how to bring

their work sites into compliance with the requirements of the standard.

2

2

Types of Cranes Generally Used in the Workplace

Mobile Hydraulic Cranes

Rough Terrain and Wheel- Mounted Telescoping Boom

Figure 1

Wheel- Mounted Crane— Telescoping Boom ( Single Control Station)

Truck- Mounted Cranes

Hydraulic Boom

Figure 2

Wheel- Mounted Crane— Telescoping Boom ( Multiple Control Station)

3

Operator’s station

( Fixed)

Operator’s station

( Fixed)

Latticework Boom

Figure 3

Wheel- Mounted Crane ( Multiple Control Station)

Flatbed Truck- Mounted Cranes

Hydraulic Boom

Figure 4

Commercial Truck- Mounted Crane— Telescoping Boom

4

Articulated Boom

Figure 5

Commercial Truck- Mounted Remote Control

Trolley Boom

Figure 6

Trolley Boom Crane

5

Crawler- Mounted Latticework Boom Cranes

Figure 7

Crawler Crane

Requirements for 1926.550( g)( 3), ( 4), ( 5), ( 6), ( 7) and ( 8)

Crane and Derrick Operations— 1926.550( g)( 3)

Where conventional means ( e. g., scaffolds, ladders) of access would not be considered safe, personnel hoisting opera-tions,

which comply with the terms of this standard, would be authorized. OSHA stresses that employee safety- not practi-cality

or convenience- must be the basis for the employer's choice of method.

Cranes and derricks used to hoist personnel must be placed on a firm foundation, and the crane or derrick must be uni-formly

level within 1 percent of level grade.

The crane operator must always be at the controls when the crane engine is running and the personnel platform is occu-pied.

The crane operator also must have full control over the movement of the personnel platform. Any movement of the

personnel platform must be performed slowly and cautiously without any sudden jerking of the crane, derrick or the plat-form.

Wire rope used for personnel lifting must have a minimum safety factor of seven. ( This means it must be capable of

supporting seven times the maximum intended load.) Rotation resistant rope must have a minimum safety factor of 10.

When the occupied personnel platform is in a stationary position, all brakes and locking devices on the crane or derrick

must be set.

The combined weight of the loaded personnel platform and its rigging must not exceed 50 percent of the rated capacity

of the crane or derrick for the radius and configuration of the crane or derrick.

Instruments and Components— 1926.550( g)( 3)( ii)

Cranes and derricks with variable angle booms must have a boom angle indicator that is visible to the operator. Cranes

with telescoping booms must be equipped with a device to clearly indicate the boom's extended length, or an accurate

determination of the load radius to be used during the lift must be made prior to hoisting personnel. Cranes and derricks

also must be equipped with an anti- two- blocking device that prevents contact between the load block and overhaul ball

and the boom tip or a two- block damage- prevention feature that deactivates the hoisting action before damage occurs.

6

Personnel Platforms— 1926.550( g)( 4)

Platforms used for lifting personnel must be designed with a minimum safety factor of five and designed by a qualified

engineer or a qualified person competent in structural design. The suspension system must be designed to minimize tip-ping

due to personnel movement on the platform.

Each personnel platform must be provided with a standard guardrail system that is enclosed from the toeboard to the

mid- rail to keep tools, materials and equipment from falling on employees below. The platform also must have an inside

grab rail, adequate headroom for employees, and a plate or other permanent marking that clearly indicates the platform's

weight and rated load capacity or maximum intended load. When personnel are exposed to falling objects, overhead pro-tection

on the platform and the use of hard hats are required.

An access gate, if provided, must not swing outward during hoisting and must have a restraining device to prevent

accidental opening.

All rough edges on the platform must be ground smooth to prevent injuries to employees.

All welding on the personnel platform and its components must be performed by a qualified welder who is familiar

with weld grades, types and materials specified in the platform design.

Loading— 1926.550( g)( 4)( iii)

The personnel platform must not be loaded in excess of its rated load capacity or its maximum intended load as indi-cated

on permanent markings. Only personnel instructed in the requirements of the standard and the task to be per-formed—

along with their tools, equipment and materials needed for the job— are allowed on the platform. Materials and

tools must be secured and evenly distributed to balance the load while the platform is in motion.

Rigging— 1926.550( g)( 4)( iv)

When a wire rope bridle is used to connect the platform to the load line, the bridle legs must be connected to a master

link or shackle so that the load is evenly positioned among the bridle legs. Bridles and associated rigging for attaching the

personnel platform to the hoist line must not be used for any other purpose.

Attachment assemblies such as hooks must be closed and locked to eliminate the hook throat opening; an alloy anchor-type

shackle with a bolt, nut and retaining pin may be used as an alternative. “ Mousing” ( wrapping wire around a hook to

cover the hook opening) is not permitted.

Inspecting and Testing— 1926.550( g)( 5)

A trial lift of the unoccupied personnel platform must be made before any employees are allowed to be hoisted. During

the trial lift, the personnel platform must be loaded at least to its anticipated lift weight. The lift must start at ground level

or at the location where employees will enter the platform and proceed to each location where the personnel platform is to

be hoisted and positioned. The trial lift must be performed immediately prior to placing personnel on the platform.

The crane or derrick operator must check all systems, controls and safety devices to ensure the following:

• They are functioning properly.

• There are no interferences.

• All boom or hoisting configurations necessary to reach work locations will allow the operator to remain within the

50- percent load limit of the hoist's rated capacity.

If a crane or derrick is moved to a new location or returned to a previously used one, the trial lift must be repeated

before hoisting personnel.

After the trial lift, the personnel platform must be hoisted a few inches and inspected to ensure that it remains secured

and is properly balanced.

Before employees are hoisted, a check must be made to ensure the following:

• Hoist ropes are free of kinks.

• Multiple part lines are not twisted around each other.

7

• The primary attachment is centered over the platform.

• There is no slack in the wire rope.

• All ropes are properly seated on drums and in sheaves.

Immediately after the trial lift, a thorough visual inspection of the crane or derrick, the personnel platform, and the

crane or derrick base support or ground must be conducted by a competent person to determine if the lift test exposed any

defects or produced any adverse effects on any component or structure. Any defects found during inspections must be

corrected before hoisting personnel. A competent person is one who can identify existing and predictable hazards in the

workplace and is authorized to correct them ( see 29 CFR 1926.32( f)).

When initially brought to the jobsite and after any repair or modification, and prior to hoisting personnel, the platform

and rigging must be proof tested to 125 percent of the platform's rated capacity. This is achieved by holding the loaded

platform— with the load evenly distributed— in a suspended position for five minutes. Then a competent person must

inspect the platform and rigging for defects. If any problems are detected, they must be corrected and another proof test

must be conducted. Personnel hoisting must not be conducted until the proof testing requirements are satisfied.

Safe Work Practices— 1926.550( g)( 6)

Employees also can contribute to safe personnel hoisting operations and help to reduce the number of accidents and

injuries associated with personnel hoisting operations. Employees must follow these safe work practices:

• Use tag lines unless their use creates an unsafe condition.

• Keep all body parts inside the platform during raising, lowering and positioning.

• Make sure a platform is secured to the structure where work is to be performed before entering or exiting it, unless

such securing would create an unsafe condition.

• Wear a body belt or body harness system with a lanyard. The lanyard must be attached to the lower load block or

overhaul ball or to a structural member within the personnel platform. If the hoisting operation is performed over

water, the requirements 29 CFR 1926.106— Working over or near water— must apply.

• Stay in view of, or in direct communication with, the operator or signal person.

Crane and derrick operators must follow these safe work practices:

• Never leave crane or derrick controls when the engine is running or when the platform is occupied.

• Stop all hoisting operations if there are indications of any dangerous weather conditions or other impending danger.

• Do not make any lifts on another load line of a crane or derrick that is being used to hoist personnel.

Movement of Cranes— 1926.550( g)( 7)

Personnel hoisting is prohibited while the crane is traveling except when the employer demonstrates that this is the

least hazardous way to accomplish the task or when portal, tower or locomotive cranes are used.

When cranes are moving while hoisting personnel, the following rules apply:

• Travel must be restricted to a fixed track or runway.

• Travel also must be limited to the radius of the boom during the lift.

• The boom must be parallel to the direction of travel.

• There must be a complete trial run before employees occupy the platform.

• If the crane has rubber tires, the condition and air pressure of the tires must be checked and the chart capacity for

lifts must be applied to remain under the 50- percent limit of the hoist's rated capacity. Outriggers may be partially

retracted as necessary for travel.

8

Pre- lift Meeting— 1926.550( g)( 8)

The employer must hold a meeting with all employees involved in personnel hoisting operations ( crane or derrick

operator, signal person( s), employees to be lifted, and the person responsible for the hoisting operation) to review the

OSHA requirements ( 1926.550( g)) and the procedures to be followed before any lift operations are performed.

This meeting must be held before the trial lift at each new worksite and must be repeated for any employees newly

assigned to the operation.

Compliance with the common sense requirements of the OSHA standard and the determination that no other safe

method is available should greatly reduce or eliminate the injuries and accidents that occur too frequently during person-nel

hoisting operations.

9

3

Analysis of Eight Hazards Common to Most Cranes

This part analyzes eight hazards common to most cranes. Each analysis includes a definition, description, risks present-ed

by the hazard, reasons why the hazard occurs, preventive measures and any applicable OSHA requirements.

The lack of qualifications on the part of crane operators figures prominently into these hazards. The crane owner and

job supervisor must ensure that their crane operators are qualified and competent, not only in machine operations but in

load capacity calculations as well. Minimum competent personnel requirements are included in part 4.

Power Line Contact

Definition

Power line contact is the inadvertent contact of any metal part of a crane with a high- voltage power line.

Description

Most power line contacts occur when a crane is moving materials adjacent to or under energized power lines and the

hoist line or boom touches a power line. Contact also frequently occurs during pick- and- carry operations when loads are

being transported under energized power lines. Sometimes the person who is electrocuted is touching the crane or getting

on or off of it when the hoist line or boom inadvertently comes into contact with an energized power line.

In some circumstances, when a crane comes into contact with a power line and sufficient ground fault is created, the

electric utility's distribution system is automatically deenergized by a reclosure switch to avoid the blowing of intervening

fuses. Many times people assume that the power line is deenergized when the sparks stop at the point of contact. But this

can be very misleading, because the circuit is automatically reenergized several seconds later, so there usually is not

enough time given by this type of deenergization to keep someone from being shocked again. The best hazard prevention

method to avoid such an occurrence is to position the crane to keep a 10- foot clearance so the boom or hoist line cannot

reach the power lines.

Risks Presented by Power Line Contact

Power line contact is the greatest risk to be found in craning operations. A single contact can result in multiple deaths

and/ or crippling injuries. Each year approximately 150 to 160 people are killed by power line contact, and about three

times that number are seriously injured. On an average, eight out of 10 of the victims were guiding the load at the time of

contact.

Why Crane Power Line Contacts Occur

Power line contact usually occurs because no one considered the need for specific hazard prevention measures to avoid

using cranes near power lines. All too often no prejob safety planning is done, so when the crane arrives at the worksite,

the workers are placed in a hurried set of circumstances that burdens them with unreasonably dangerous tasks.

Preventive Measures

The key to avoiding power line contact is prejob safety planning. Planning is one of the greatest accident deterrents

available in the workplace. Because of the large number of employers involved in controlling the workplace— landowner,

construction management, prime contractor, subcontractors crane rental firms, electric utilities— planning is necessary to

establish the person in charge.

A single individual should have overall supervision and coordination of the project and must initiate positive direction

to ensure that prejob safety planning is done before any cranes arrive at the worksite.

Cranes and power lines should not occupy the same work area. In too many instances, work areas encompass existing

power lines that have clearances acceptable for normal roadway traffic but not for cranes. The crane operator, those guid-ing

the load and those closely involved in the particular craning operation need visual guidance from the ground so they

are made aware of the danger zone and can conduct all of their work outside of this dangerous area. The area within a

10

radius of 10 feet in any direction from power lines is an unsafe work area and must be clearly marked off on the ground

by marker tape, fences, barriers, etc. That way, everyone at the worksite has the visual clues to ensure that the crane is

positioned so that the boom and hoist line cannot intrude into the danger zone created by the power lines. Figure 8 shows

how to map this danger zone surrounding power lines so it is impossible for the boom in any position or the hoist line to

come closer than 10 feet and intrude into the danger zone. If the danger zone can be penetrated by a crane boom, the elec-tric

utility must be notified to deenergize, relocate, bury or insulate the lines while the crane is operating in that location.

Figure 8

Power Lines Properly Guarded to Prevent Contact With a Crane

It is extremely difficult for a crane operator to:

• Judge accurately clearances between a crane and power lines simply through the use of vision.

• See more than one visual target at a time.

• Overcome the camouflaging characteristics that trees, buildings and other objects have upon power lines.

Sometimes a crane operator cannot judge the clearance of the boom from the power Line because the boom blocks the

operator's view to the right. Sole reliance upon the performance of crane operators, riggers and signalers, without any

planning to separate cranes from power lines has resulted in many deaths.

Pick- and- carry operations with mobile cranes often result in power line contact, even though the same route had been

taken previously. Cage- type boom guards, insulated links and proximity warning devices provide safety backups for oper-ators,

but such devices are not substitutes for maintaining the 10- foot clearance, which is most important. Use of these

devices must be consistent with the product manufacturer's recommendations.

Truck- mounted trolleys or articulated crane booms that utilize an electrical remote control system to load or unload

bricks, cement block, trusses and other building supplies have also caused many injuries and deaths. In the event the

boom contacts a power line, the individual holding the control box at the end of the electrical control cable is usually

electrocuted instantly. Such equipment should never be used near power lines. A safer purchase choice would be non- con-ductive,

pneumatic- powered or remote radio control systems.

11

DANGER ZONE

UNSAFE FOR CRANE OPERATIONS

DO NOT lift or make boom movements inside the barricaded area.

Map and barricade the 30- foot wide danger zone

( 15 feet on each side of the power line poles).

ALWAYS notify the power company before you begin crane

operations near power lines.

Controls for flatbed- mounted cranes that are located where they can be operated by an individual standing on the

ground leaves the operator vulnerable to the initial fault current path in the event the boom strikes a power line.

Table 1 shows the safe working distance from power lines. Figure 9 illustrates the prohibited zone around a power line.

Table 1

Safe Working Distances From Power Lines

12

a. When operating near high- voltage power lines

Normal Voltage Minimum required clearance

( phase to phase)

to 0.50 kv 10 ft. ( 3.1 m)

Over 50 to 200 kv 15 ft. ( 4.6 m)

Over 200 to 350 kv 20 ft. ( 6.1 m)

Over 350 to 500 kv 25 ft. ( 7.6 m)

Over 500 to 750 kv 35 ft. ( 10.7 m)

Over 750 to 1000 kv 45 ft. ( 13.7 m)

b. While in transit with no load and boom or mast lowered

Normal Voltage Minimum Required Clearance

( Phase to Phase)

to 0.75 kv 4 ft. ( 1.2 m)

Over 0.75 to 50 kv 6 ft. ( 1.3 m)

Over 50 to 345 kv 10 ft. ( 3.5 m)

Over 34 to 700 kv 16 ft. ( 4.9 m)

Over 750 to 1000 kv 20 ft. ( 6.1 m)

Figure 9

Danger Zone for Cranes and Lifting Personnel Near Electrical Transmission Line

13

This area should

be avoided

Prohibited zone:

See table 1

Personnel must NOT

be handled in this area

This area should

be avoided

Prohibited zone:

See table 1

Personnel must NOT

be handled in this area

Boom must not be

positioned beyond

this line

OSHA Requirements

• 29 CFR 1910.180( b)— Crawler locomotive and truck cranes— General requirements

• 29 CFR 1910.180( j)— Crawler locomotive and truck cranes— Operations near overhead lines

• 29 CFR 1910.333( c)( 3)— Selection and use of work practices— Working on or near exposed energized parts—

Overhead lines

• 29 CFR 1926.550( a)( 15)— Cranes and derricks— General requirements— Electrical distribution and transmission

lines

Overloading

Definition

Overloading occurs when the rated capacity of a crane is exceeded while a load is being lifted and maneuvered, result-ing

in upset or structural failure.

Description

Cranes can easily upset from overloading. On some models the weight of a boom without a load can create an imbal-ance

and cause some high- reach hydraulic cranes to upset when the boom is positioned at a low angle. This has occurred

even with outriggers extended.

Today's crane operator is confronted with a number of variables that affect lifting capacity:

1. The ability to lower a boom increases the radius and reduces its capacity.

2. The ability to extend a hydraulic boom increases the radius and reduces lifting capacity.

14

Working Around Power Lines: Stay Away

Always Do

• ALWAYS keep a safe distance of at least 10

feet between you and your equipment from the

power lines.

• ALWAYS survey the site for overhead power

lines. LOOK UP!

• ALWAYS, when using crane and/ or equipment

near energized power lines of 50,000 volts

( 50kV) or more, make sure the minimum dis-tance

between the lines and any part of the

crane is 10 feet plus 4 inches for each 10kV

over 50kV.

• ALWAYS request an observer to assist you

where it is difficult to maintain the desired clear-ance

by visible means.

• ALWAYS require that the only job of the

observer is to help the operator maintain the

safe clearance.

• ALWAYS treat overhead power lines as if they

were energized.

• ALWAYS, when in doubt, call the electric com-pany

to find out what voltage is on the lines.

• ALWAYS ask the electric company to either de-energize

and ground the lines or install insula-tion

while you are working near them.

• ALWAYS make sure ladders and tools are non-conductive.

Never Do

• NEVER get closer than 10 feet to an overhead

power line!

• NEVER work at a site without checking for

power lines. LOOK UP!

• NEVER, when using cranes and/ or equipment

near energized power lines of 50,000 volts

( 50kV) or more, get closer than 10 feet plus 4

inches for each 10kV over 50kV.

• NEVER use cranes and/ or alone where it is dif-ficult

by visible means to maintain the desirable

clearance.

• NEVER forget that overhead power lines could

be energized.

• NEVER allow the observer to perform another

job while helping the operator to maintain a safe

clearance.

• NEVER take a chance without consulting first

with the electric company to find out what volt-age

the lines carry.

• NEVER work near power lines until you are cer-tain

that they have been de- energized and

grounded or insulated by the electric company.

• NEVER work with ladders and tools if they have

not been rated nonconductive.

3. The ability to lower a boom while extending a boom quickly reduces lifting capacity.

4. The crane's tipping capacity can vary when the boom is positioned at the various points of the compass or clock in

relation to its particular carrier frame.

5. The operator may neglect to extend the outriggers and affect the crane's stability.

6. The operator may mistakenly rely upon perception, instinct or experience to determine whether the load is too heavy

and may not respond fast enough when the crane begins to feel light. ( Fundamental to a lift are prelift determinations

of the weight of the load and the net capacity of the crane— 29 CFR 1926.550( a)( 1).)

All of these variables create conditions that lead to operators inadvertently exceeding the rated capacity, tipping the

load and upsetting the crane. The variables may also lead to structural failure of the crane. That is, under certain loads and

at particular configurations, the crane may break before it tips.

Risks Presented by Overloading

It is estimated that one crane upset occurs during every 10,000 hours of crane use. Approximately 3 percent of upsets

result in death, 8 percent in lost time, and 20 percent in damage to property other than the crane. Nearly 80 percent of

these upsets can be attributed to predictable human error when the operator inadvertently exceeds the crane's lifting

capacity. This is why employers must ensure their operators' competence ( see table 2).

Table 2

Analysis of 1,000 Crane Upset Occurrences During a 20- Year Period

Approximately

15% In travel mode

39% Making swing with outriggers retracted

15% Making a pick with outriggers retracted

14% Making a pick or swing with outriggers extended

6% Making a pick or swing; use of outriggers unknown

7% Outrigger failure

4% Other activity

Also reported:

3% Deaths

8% Lost- time injuries

20% Significant property damage other than the crane

Why Overloading Occurs

Overloading occurs when poorly trained personnel are allowed to operate cranes. The operator must always know the

weight of the load.

Preventive Measures

During the last 30 years much progress has been made in the availability of systems to prevent crane upset due to over-loading.

Crane operation is no longer a “ seat- of- the- pants” skill but requires both planning and training in the use of the

latest technologies such as load- measuring systems.

With the advent of solid- state micro- processing electronics, load- measuring systems evolved. Such systems can sense

the actual load as related to boom angle and length, warn the operator as rated capacity is approached, and stop further

movement. Load- measuring systems automatically prevent exceeding the rated capacity at any boom angle, length or

radius. Today most U. S. crane manufacturers are promoting the sale of load- measuring systems as standard equipment on

new cranes. There are after- market suppliers of these devices for older model cranes.

For years, the only control to avoid upset from overload has been reliance upon an operator's performance and the use

of load charts. However, such charts are complex. Optimally, formal training should be provided for all crane operators,

to ensure a working knowledge of crane load charts. However, on- the- job training can be adequate if the trainer is quali-fied.

15

OSHA Requirements

• NC. Gen. Stat. § 95- 129( 1)— the general duty clause

• 29 CFR 1910.179( b)( 5)— Overhead and gantry cranes— Rated load marking

• 29 CFR 1910.180( c)— Crawler locomotive and truck cranes— Load ratings

• 29 CFR 1910.180( h)( 3)— Crawler locomotive and truck cranes— Moving the load

• 29 CFR 1926.550( a)( 1)— Cranes and derricks— General requirements

• 29 CFR 1926.550( b)( 2)— Cranes and derricks— Crawler, locomotive, and truck cranes

Failure to Use Outriggers; Soft Ground and Structural Failure

Definition

Crane upset can occur when an operator does not extend the outriggers or when a crane is positioned on soft ground.

Description

Many cranes upset because the use of outriggers is left to the discretion of the operator. For example, sometimes an opera-tor

cannot extend the outriggers because of insufficient space or a work circumstance that arises when planning is not done.

Or outrigger pads may be too small to support the crane even on hard ground. However, the use of outriggers is not volun-tary.

Load capacity charts are based either on the use of fully extended outriggers or on “ rubber,” for rubber- tired cranes. If

circumstances are such that outriggers cannot be fully extended, then capacities in the on- rubber chart must be used.

Outriggers have collapsed because they were overloaded, defective or located on inadequate foundation. ( When outrig-gers

are being used, carrier tires must not be supporting weight. They must be clear of the ground. Outrigger pads must be

positively attached to the connecting cylinder.)

Risks Presented by the Failure to Use Outriggers

An analysis of some 1,000 crane accidents ( see table 2) has shown that half of the incidents involving outriggers

occurred when the crane operator was either swinging the cab or extending or lowering a telescoping boom without out-riggers

extended. These actions rapidly increase the lifting radius so upset occurs quickly.

Why Outriggers Are Not Used

Supervisors and managers may unjustifiably rely upon their operators' knowledge of the need for outriggers.

Management should assure itself that every crane operator is competent. Determining the load weight is generally viewed

as the responsibility of the site supervisor, who must inform the operator before the lift is made. The operator must still be

able to determine or estimate load weights, to evaluate and verify the weight provided. Based on the load weight, the opera-tor

knows if it is necessary to use outriggers. Management may also fail to insist that equipment brought onto the project be

equipped with available safeguards, such as interlocks to restrict boom movement when outriggers are retracted.

Preventive Measures

Since such a high proportion of accidents occur when outriggers are not extended, design changes to overcome this

hazard are needed. The surest way to avoid an accident is to make the machine inoperable until the operator activates nec-essary

safeguards. Some aerial basket designs include limit switches to prevent boom movement until outriggers are

extended and in place to avert upset. The newer aerial basket trucks have hydraulic systems with interlocks that preclude

boom operation until outriggers are fully extended and fully supporting the crane, with wheels completely off the ground.

Soil failure occurs because the ground is too soft or the outrigger pads are not big enough. Soils range from wet sand

that can only support 2,000 pounds per square foot to dry hard clay that can support 4,000 pounds per square foot to well-cemented

hardpan that can support as much as 10,000 pounds per square foot. When poor soil is encountered, or the out-riggers

have inadequate floats or pads, well- designed blocking or cribbing is needed under the outriggers. On all types of

cranes where floats are used OSHA requires that they be securely attached. It also requires that blocking used to support

outriggers be strong enough to prevent crushing, be free of defects and be of sufficient width and length to prevent shift-ing

or toppling under load.

16

OSHA Requirements

• 29 CFR 1910.180( h)( 3)( ix)— Crawler locomotive and truck cranes— Handling the load

• 29 CFR 1926.550( b)( 2)— Cranes and derricks— Crawler, locomotive, and truck cranes

Two- Blocking

Definition

Two- blocking occurs when the hoist block or hook assembly comes into contact with the boom tip, causing the hoist

line to break and the hook and load to fall, endangering workers below.

Description

Both latticework and hydraulic boom cranes are prone to two- blocking. When two- blocking occurs on latticework

booms, the hoist line picks up the weight of the boom and lets the pendant guys go slack. Often a whip action is created

when a crawler crane with a long boom without a load is “ walking” and the headache ball and empty chokers can drift up

to the boom tip. Ordinarily, while the operator is busy watching the pathway of travel to avoid any rough ground that can

violently jerk the crane, he or she does not watch the boom tip. When a hoist line two- blocks, it assumes the weight of the

boom and relieves the pin- up guys of the load. Then, if the crane crawler goes over a rock or bump, the flypole action of a

long boom is sufficient to break the hoist line. The weight of the load plus the weight of the boom on a latticework boom

( when combined with a little extra stress when lifting a load) can cause the hoist line to break if two- blocking occurs.

The power of the hydraulic rams that extend hydraulic booms is often sufficient to break the hoist line if the line two-blocks.

An operator can forget to release ( pay out) the load line when extending the boom. When this occurs, the hoist

line can be inadvertently broken. If the load line breaks while supporting a worker on a boatswain's chair or several work-ers

on a floating scaffold or a load above people, a catastrophe can result. When an operator must use two controls, one

for the hoist and one for the hydraulic boom extension, the chance of error is increased.

In many circumstances, both latticework and hydraulic boom cranes will two- block when the hook is near the tip and

the boom is lowered. Two- blocking incidents can also occur without resulting in actual failure, but causing damage which

will result in failure at a later time.

Risks Presented by Two- Blocking

Hundreds of deaths and crippling injuries have resulted from two- blocking occurrences. Over the years, there have

probably been thousands of two- blocking occurrences that have broken the hoist line. Most occurrences probably went

unrecorded because no one was injured when the hoist line failed and dropped the hook and/ or load.

Why Two- Blocking Occurs

Two- blocking occurs because the crane operator is often visually overtaxed. He or she is unable to watch the load and

headache ball or hook simultaneously.

Preventive Measures

Anti- two- blocking devices have long been available, but industry acceptance of these devices as a preventive measure

has lagged. OSHA now requires an anti- two- blocking device or a two block damage prevention feature where cranes are

used to hoist personnel.

There are several ways to prevent two- blocking:

1. An anti- two- blocking device can be used. This device is a weighted ring around the hoist line that is suspended on a

chain from a limit switch attached to the boom tip. When the hoist block or headache ball touches the suspended,

weighted ring, the limit switch opens and an alarm warns the operator. It can also be wired to intercede and stop the

hoisting. The circuitry is no more complex than an electric door bell.

2. On hydraulic cranes the hydraulic valving can be sequenced to pay out the hoist line when the boom is being extend-ed,

thus avoiding two- blocking.

17

3. Adequate boom length can be ensured to accommodate both the boom angle and sufficient space for rigging, such as

slings, spreader bars and straps. To avoid bringing the hook and headache ball into contact with the boom tip, a boom

length of 150 percent of the intended lift is required for a boom angle of 45 degrees or more.

Anti- two- blocking devices should be standard equipment on all cranes. Currently, most new mobile hydraulic cranes

are being equipped with these systems.

OSHA Requirements

• 29 CFR 1910.179( g)( 5)( iv)— Overhead and gantry cranes— Switches

• 29 CFR 1910.179( n)( 4)( I)— Overhead and gantry cranes— Handling the load— Hoist limit switch

• 29 CFR 1926.550( g)( 3)( ii)( C)— Cranes and derricks— Instruments and components

Pinchpoints

Definition

There are two types of crane pinchpoints:

1. Within the swinging radius of the rotating superstructure of a crane in areas in which people may be working, is a

pinchpoint where people can be crushed or squeezed between the carrier frame and the crane cab, or the crane cab and

an adjacent wall or other structure.

2. Many unguarded gears, belts, rotating shafts, etc., within the crane are pinchpoints to which employees may be exposed.

Description

A pinchpoint is created by the narrow clearance between the rotating superstructure ( cab) of a crane and the stationary

carrier frame. When a crane must be used in a confined space, another dangerous pinchpoint is the close clearance

between the rotating cab/ counterweight and a wall, post or other stationary object. This hazard is inherent in rough terrain

cranes, truck- mounted cranes, crawler cranes and other mobile cranes. Many people, especially oilers, have been crushed

by such pinchpoints.

Analysis of such occurrences shows that the victims usually entered the danger zone to access:

• the water jug

• the tool box

• the outrigger controls

• an area to perform maintenance

• an area for storage of rigging materials

In all of the known cases where someone entered the danger zone and was caught in a pinchpoint, the danger zone was

outside the crane operator's vision. Survivors have stated that they believed the crane operator was not going to rotate or

slew the boom at that particular moment.

Many unguarded moving parts are found inside the crane cab, which serves as a shelter for the engine and hoist system.

Risks Presented by Pinchpoints

Many deaths or serious injuries have been recorded as a result of being crushed between the cab and carrier frame.

Many amputations have been caused by unguarded moving parts within the crane.

Why Workers Are Crushed by the Rotating Cab

Workers have been crushed by the rotating cab because management failed to ensure that the crane was adequately bar-ricaded

and that all incentives to enter the swing zone were removed. Crane cabs are usually used for storage of lunch

buckets, tools and supplies. The machinery that runs the crane requires oiling, adjustment and maintenance from time to

time. Workers are, therefore, exposed to the hazard of the rotating cab and the hazard created by the many unguarded

moving parts of the crane.

18

Preventive Measures

The swing area of the crane cab and counterweight must be barricaded against entry into the danger zone.

The removal of water jugs, tool boxes and rigging materials from crane cabs would reduce the incentive to enter the

danger zone.

The installation of rear view mirrors for the crane operator provides an added safeguard so the operator can see into the

turning area of the cab and counterweight.

OSHA Requirements

• 29 CFR 1926.550( a)( 9)— Cranes and derricks— General requirements

• 29 CFR 1910.180( I)( 6)— Crawler locomotive and truck cranes— Swinging locomotive cranes

• Numerous OSHA standards address machine guarding and the guarding of moving parts

Obstruction of Vision

Definition

Safe use of a crane is compromised when the vision of an operator, rigger or signaler is blocked, and employees cannot

see what the others are doing.

Description

There are two general categories for obstructions of operators' vision:

• obstruction by the crane's own bulk

• obstruction by the work environment

The crane size alone limits the operator's range of vision and creates many blind spots, preventing the rigger, signaler,

oiler and others affected by the crane's movement from having direct eye contact with the crane operator. When a cab-controlled

mobile crane is moved or travels back and forth, the operator must contend with many blind spots on the right

side of the crane.

Many situations arise in craning activities that can almost instantaneously turn a simple lift into a life- taking catastrophe:

1. In many instances the work environment requires that loads be lifted to or from an area that is outside of the view of

the operator. The crane boom may obstruct the operator's range of vision on the right side.

2. Often a load is lifted several stories high, and the crane operator must rely upon others to ensure safe movement of

the load being handled.

3. Many people are affected by a crane s movement. Welders with their hoods on, carpenters, ironworkers or other

workers may be working in the immediate vicinity of a crane, preoccupied with their tasks and unaware of the activity

of the crane. They also may be out of the range of vision of the crane operator. Both the lack of awareness on the part

of others and the obstructed vision of the crane operator contribute to craning accidents.

Risks Presented by Obstruction of Vision

When operators, riggers, signalers, oilers and others cannot see each other or the suspended load, the risk of accident

becomes very high.

Why People Are Injured by Movement of the Load or the Crane

People are injured during craning when management fails to provide an effective communication system for the crane

operator and signalers to ensure that all are aware of any changes in circumstances. Often signalers have not been ade-quately

trained to perform their important task.

19

Preventive Measures

The key to a safe craning operation is the planning of all activities, starting with prejob conferences and continuing

with daily planning to address any changes that need to be made.

To overcome the hazard of blind spots while loads are being lifted, the use of radios and telephones is much more

effective than relying upon several signalers to relay messages by line of sight.

The use of automatic travel alarms is an effective way to warn those in the immediate vicinity of crane travel move-ment

in pick- and- carry functions.

It should also be recognized that OSHA requires the windows of cranes to be made of safety glass or the equivalent,

which does not introduce visible distortion that will interfere with the safe operation of the crane.

OSHA Requirements

• 29 CFR 1910.179( I)— Overhead and gantry cranes— Warning device

• 29 CFR 1926.16( a)— Rules of construction

• 29 CFR 1926.201( b)— Signaling— Crane and hoist signals

• 29 CFR 1926.550( a)( 1)— Cranes and derricks— General requirements

• 29 CFR 1926.550( d)( 3)— Cranes and derricks— Overhead and gantry cranes

Travel Upset in Mobile Hydraulic Cranes ( Rough- Terrain and Wheel- Mounted Telescoping

Boom)

Definition

Because of a high center of gravity, a mobile hydraulic crane can easily upset and crush the operator between the boom

and the ground.

Description

This type of crane is easily overturned on road shoulders or other embankments during travel from one location to another.

Risks Presented by Travel Upsets

Numerous travel upsets have been recorded. When the mobile hydraulic crane upsets on the left side where the opera-tor's

cab is located, the lightweight sheet metal cab is easily crushed, usually trapping the operator before escape is possi-ble.

Crawler tractors can remain stable up to a 57 degree side slope. Mobile hydraulic cranes, however, are rarely stable

on side slopes beyond 35 degrees. Because of their versatility with four- wheel drive and four- wheel steer, rough- terrain

cranes do encounter slopes of over 35 degrees that could cause upset.

The lightweight sheet metal cab on almost all types of cranes is also vulnerable to crushing during upset from over-loading

as discussed in “ Overloading,” and the operator has no safe sanctuary in this type of cab to prevent serious injury.

Why Crane Operators Are Crushed When a Crane Upsets

Crush- resistant cabs are not routinely installed on cranes.

Preventive Measures

In the 1950s it was recognized that protective canopies that would resist the crushing effect of rollover could be

designed and fabricated for heavy crawler- type bulldozers. Beginning in the late 1960s, rollover protection system

( ROPS) standards were developed by the Society of Automotive Engineers ( SAE) for tractors ( both crawler and wheel),

loaders, graders, compactors, scrapers, water wagons, rear dumps, bottom dumps, fifth wheel attachments, and various

other pieces of equipment. Death and crippling injuries from rollover and falling objects have been substantially reduced

because of ROPS. The same technology could be applied to mobile hydraulic cranes so operators would have the protec-tion

of a crush- resistant cab in the event of upset. The crane manufacturer or an after- market supplier should be contacted

for installation of a crush- resistant cab and seatbelt.

20

Boom Disassembly on Latticework Boom Cranes

Definition

If a boom is not blocked, improper disassembly can cause it to collapse upon those who are removing pins under the

boom while the boom is suspended.

Description

Latticework booms are disassembled for shortening, lengthening or transporting. Boom collapse occurs on truck- or

crawler- mounted cranes when the boom is lowered to a horizontal position and suspended from the boom tip with pen-dant

guys, but the boom is not blocked. If the lower pins connecting boom sections are knocked out by workers who are

under the boom, the boom can collapse upon them, resulting in death or serious injuries.

Risks Presented by Boom Disassembly

There are at least three circumstances that lead to accidents when latticework boom sections are being dismantled:

1. Workers are unfamiliar with the equipment.

2. A poor location is chosen for dismantling.

3. Not enough time is allotted to meet the task deadline.

Why Workers Are Crushed by Latticework Booms During Disassembly

Workers are crushed during disassembly of latticework booms when there is a lack of supervision to ensure that the

manufacturer's disassembly procedures are followed.

Preventive Measures

1. Plan boom disassembly location and procedures which are consistent with the manufacturer's instructions.

2. Use blocking or cribbing on each boom section. Figure 10 should be posted in the crane cab and figure 11 should be

attached to each boom section.

3. Use one of several types of pins that substantially reduce the risk of crushing, such as:

a. Double- ended pins that can be removed while one is standing beside the boom by driving the pin in from the out-side.

( See Dickie, D. E., Crane Handbook, figure 3.41 at 78.)

b. Step pins that can only be inserted from inside facing out, and can only be removed by driving from the outside

in. ( See Dickie, D. E., Crane Handbook, figure 3.39 at 78.)

c. Welded lugs that prevent pins from being entered the wrong way. This requires the pin to be inserted inside facing

out, and can. only be removed by driving it from the outside in. ( See Dickie, D. E., Crane Handbook, figure 3.40

at 78).

d. Screw pins with threads that insert or retract the pin.

4. Post warnings at pin connections. Be sure that comprehensive text warning of this hazard and informing of ways to

avoid it is contained in operators' manuals.

OSHA Requirements

• 29 CFR 1926.550( a)— Cranes and derricks— General Requirements

21

Figure 10

Unsafe ( Upper) and Safe ( Lower) Way to Block a Boom Section

22

Figure 11

Sign to Be Attached on Each Boom Section

23

4

Crane Safety Programs

Competent Personnel Requirements

Operators

In the past, if the lifting capacity of a crane were to be increased, a new design would call for a heavier and bulkier

crane. Now, with the advent of new technology and metal alloys, manufacturers are able to increase lifting capacities yet

maintain the relatively small size and light weight of the equipment. The contemporary crane can be compared to an air-plane,

not simply in terms of cost, but in its complexity of operation, as well.

Because cranes have become more sophisticated and are able to lift heavier loads, higher, further and faster, crane

operators must be well trained. The day of total reliance upon “ seat- of- the- pants” operator skills is gone. Today's operator

must have a clear understanding of load dynamics ( see figure 12), lifting capacities at various configurations, and the con-ditions

under which such lifting capacities are valid. In a sentence, today's crane is complex. ( See figure 13.) The lifting

capacity charts and related notes are also complex. They require operators who are able to interpret the information prop-erly

if the lift is to be safe and successful. Management is responsible for the operator's training.

Effective licensing programs for crane operators consider minimum requirements for:

1. Education level.

2. Apprenticeship ( hands- on) training and work experience. ANSI B30.5— 1994, Section 5- 3.1.2, requires a “ practical

operating examination.”

3. Classroom training on crane safety.

4. Thorough knowledge of crane safety references.

5. Physical qualification:

a. Age ( mature and intelligent).

b. Emotional stability.

c. Absence of addictions.

d. Vision. ANSI/ ASME B30.5, Mobile and Locomotive Cranes, Section 5- 3.1.2( a)( 1), requires: “ Vision of at least

20/ 30 Snellen in one eye and 20/ 50 in the other, with or without corrective lenses.” Section 5- 3.1.2( a)( 2) requires:

“ Ability to distinguish colors, regardless of position, if color differentiation is required for operation. …”

e. Hearing. ANSI/ ASME. 5, Mobile and Locomotive Cranes, Section 5- 3.1.2( a)( 3), requires: “ Adequate hearing,

with or without hearing aid, for the specific operation. …”

f. Physical stamina.

g. Good coordination, reaction and tested skill level.

h. No history of heart problems or other ailments that produce seizures.

Riggers, Signalers and Others

Riggers, signalers and others who work with cranes should have qualifications similar to those of the operator. Just as

an unqualified operator can make a life- threatening error during lifting operations, the inappropriate actions of an inexpe-rienced

rigger, signaler or anyone else involved in lifting operations can cause an accident.

Hazard Prevention Requirements

Preconstruction Planning

Most crane accidents could have been easily prevented if basic considerations had been given to the safe use of cranes

and had such considerations been incorporated at the preconstruction planning meeting. The planning stage meeting is the

24

best time to address hazard avoidance. There, hazards inherent to power lines, blind lifts requiring communication, neces-sary

lifting capacity, use of cranes and derricks on barges, and special circumstances requiring two or more cranes to lift a

single load can be discussed and preventive measures can be taken. Planning before actual crane operations begin can

eliminate major craning hazards from the jobsite and make operations more efficient.

Job Hazard Analysis

Before actual craning operations are begun at the jobsite, a specific job hazard analysis should be conducted to ensure

that preconstruction planning is adequate. When prejob planning has been neglected, this on- site job hazard analysis is

necessary to ensure that craning operations can be done safely.

Hand Signals

Before any lifts are commenced, all parties, including the crane operator, signalers, riggers and others involved, must refa-miliarize

themselves with appropriate hand signals. Often signals vary from job to job and region to region. It is best to ensure

that everyone is familiar with the hand signals outlined in ANSI/ ASME B30.5, Mobile and Locomotive Cranes ( see figure

14). OSHA standard 29 CFR 1926.550( a)( 4) states that “ Hand signals to crane and derrick operators shall be those prescribed

by the applicable ANSI standard for the type of crane in use. An illustration of the signals shall be posted at the job site.”

Signaling Devices

On lifts where the signalers are outside the direct view of the operator due to elevation or in blind areas, either a tele-phone

or radio is necessary. Modes of communication must be agreed upon in preconstruction planning and in the job

hazard analysis.

Lifting Capabilities

During preconstruction planning, lifting requirements should be analyzed by an engineer competent to establish

whether the crane to be used has adequate lifting capability. The job hazard analysis should also verify that the crane to be

used has sufficient boom length for the lift.

Rigging Practices

The requirements for slings to support loads are well defined in OSHA standards 29 CFR 1910.184, and the require-ments

for rigging equipment are defined in 29 CFR 1926.251.

Controlling the Load

The use of tag lines to control movement of the load is very important. Normally, when a load is being hoisted, the lay

or twist in wire rope causes rotation when the load becomes suspended. OSHA standard 29 CFR 1910.180( h)( 3)( xvi)

states: “… A tag or restraint line shall be used when rotation of the load is hazardous.”

Wire Rope Requirements

It is very important to comply with the crane manufacturer's recommendations for the type of wire rope to be used for

various hoist lines or pendants.

Annual Inspections

A number of business firms are certified to perform annual crane inspections. A notice of the current inspection should

be posted in the crane. Cranes that cannot be certified must be removed from service until all necessary repairs are made

and the equipment is reinspected. OSHA standards 29 CFR 1910.179( j), 29 CFR 1910.180( d), 29 CFR 1910.181( d) and

29 CFR 1926.550( a)( 6) require an annual crane inspection.

Preventive Maintenance

Cranes require ongoing service and preventive maintenance. Preventive maintenance programs should be documented

according to the crane manufacturer's recommendations.

25

Figure 12

Dynamics of Setting Up a Crane

Figure 13

Crane nomenclature

26

Jib Pendants

Jib, Runner,

Whip or

Auxiliary Line

Headache Ball

Main Hoist or Load Line

Main Block or Main Load Block

Boom

Boom Foot, Heel or Base Section

Boom Foot or Heel Pin

Turntable or Swing Circle

Outriggers

Pads or Floats

Center of Rotation

Carrier Frame

Carrier

Crane Upper or

Upperworks

Gantry or A- Frame

Inner Ball

Bridle, Bridle Harness or Outer Ball

Boom Pendants

Head or Tip Section

Jib Mast

or Stay

Figure 14

Standard Hand Signals for Controlling Crane Operations

27

MOVE SLOWLY. Use one hand to

give any motion signal and place

other hand motionless in front of

hand giving the motion signal.

( Hoist slowly shown as example.)

RAISE THE BOOM AND LOWER

THE LOAD. With arm extended,

thumb pointing up, flex fingers in

and out as long as load movement

is desired.

LOWER THE BOOM AND RAISE

THE LOAD. With arm extended,

thumb pointing down, flex fingers

in and out as long as load move-ment

is desired.

LOWER BOOM. Arm extended,

fingers closed, thumb pointing

downward.

RAISE BOOM. Arm extended, fin-gers

closed, thumb pointing

upward.

USE WHIPLINE. ( Auxiliary Hoist).

Tap elbow with one hand; then use

regular signals.

HOIST. With forearm vertical, fore-finger

pointing up, move hand in

small horizontal circle.

LOWER. With arm extended down-ward,

forefinger pointing down,

move hand in small horizontal

circle.

USE MAIN HOIST. Tap fist on head;

then use regular signals.

28

EXTEND BOOM ( Telescoping Boom).

One Hand Signal. One fist in front of

chest with thumb tapping chest.

RETRACT BOOM ( Telescoping Boom).

One Hand Signal. One fist in front of

chest, thumb pointing outward and

heel of fist tapping chest.

TRAVEL. ( One Track) Lock the track

on side indicated by raised fist.

Travel opposite track in direction

indicated by circular motion of

other fist, rotated vertically in front

of body. ( For land cranes only.)

EXTEND BOOM ( Telescoping

Booms). Both fists in front of body

with thumbs pointing outward.

RETRACT BOOM ( Telescoping

Booms). Both fists in front of body

with thumbs pointing toward each

other.

TRAVEL. ( Both Tracks). Use both

fists in front of body, making a

circular motion about each other,

indicating direction of travel,

forward or backward.

( For land cranes only.)

DOG EVERYTHING. Clasp hands in

front of body.

TRAVEL. Arm extended forward,

hand open and slightly raised,

make pushing motion in direction

of travel.

SWING. Arm extended, point with

finger in direction of swing of

boom.

STOP. Arm extended, palm down,

move arm back and forth

horizontally.

EMERGENCY STOP. Both arms

extended, palms down, move arms

back and forth horizontally.

References

OSHA Requirements

Crane or Derrick Suspended Personnel Platforms, OSHA 3100 ( Revised 2002), USDOL/ OSHA

North Carolina Occupational Safety and Health Standards for General Industry ( 29 CFR 1910)

North Carolina Occupational Safety and Health Standards for the Construction Industry ( 29 CFR 1926)

U. S. Department of Energy ( DOE), DOE Standard Hoisting and Rigging ( Formerly Hoisting and Rigging Manual), DOE-STD-

1090- 2001, April 2001

Pocket Reference Guide for Power Line Clearance, Construction Safety Council, Hillside, Ill., 800- 552- 7744

Wire Rope Slings pocket reference guide, Institute of the Ironworking Industry, 202- 783- 3998

ANSI Standards

Safety Standards for Cableways, Cranes, Derricks, Hoists, Hooks, Jacks, and Slings

ANSI B30.1— Jacks

ANSI B30.2— Overhead and Gantry Cranes

ANSI B30.3— Hammerhead Tower Cranes

ANSI B30.4— Portal, Tower, and Pillar Cranes

ANSI B30.5— Mobile and Locomotive Cranes

ANSI B30.6— Derricks

ANSI B30.7— Base Mounted Drum Hoists

ANSI B30.8— Floating Cranes and Floating Derricks

ANSI B30.9— Slings

ANSI B30.10— Hooks

ANSI B30.11— Monorails and Underhung Cranes

ANSI B30.12— Handling Loads Suspended from Rotocraft

ANSI B30.13— Storage/ Retrieval ( S/ R) Machines and Associated Equipment

ANSI B30.14— Side Boom Tractors

ANSI B30.15— Mobile Hydraulic Cranes ( Note: B30.15- 1973 has been withdrawn. The revision of B30.15 is included in

the latest edition of B30.5.)

ANSI B30.16— Overhead Hoists

ANSI B30.17— Overhead and Gantry Cranes

ANSI B30.18— Stacker Cranes

ANSI B30.19— Cableways

ANSI B30.20— Below- the- Hook Lifting Devices

ANSI B30.21— Manually Lever Operated Hoists ( Note: this standard is in the developmental stage.)

ANSI B30.22— Articulating Boom Cranes

Other ANSI Standards

ANSI B15.1— Safety Standards for Mechanical Power Transmission Apparatus

ANSI C2— National Electrical Safety Code

ANSI/ IEEE C2 National Electrical Safety Code Interpretations, 1961– 1977 Inclusive

ANSl/ IEEE C2 National Electrical Safety Code Interpretations, 1978– 1980 Inclusive, and Interpretations Prior to the 6th

Edition

ANSI Z35.1— Specifications for Accident Prevention Signs

Recommended Guidance ( Society of Automotive Engineers, SAE Handbook, v. 4)

SAE J115— Safety Signs

SAE J159— Crane Load Moment System

SAE J185— Access Systems for Off- Road Machines

SAE J220— Crane Boomstop

29

SAE J375— Radius- of- Load and Boom Angle Measuring System

SAE J376— Load Indicating Devices in Lifting Crane Service

SAE J765— Crane Load Stability Test Code

SAE J820— Crane Hoist Line Speed and Power Test Code

SAE J881— Lifting Crane Sheave and Drum Sizes

SAE J959— Lifting Crane, Wire- Rope Strength Factors

SAE J983— Crane and Cable Excavator Basic Operating Control Arrangements

SAE J987— Crane Structures Method of Test

SAE J999— Crane Boom Hoist Disengaging Device

SAE J1028— Mobile Crane Working Area Definitions

SAE Jl040c— Performance Criteria for Rollover Protective Structures ( ROPS) for Construction, Earthmoving, Forestry,

and Mining Machines

SAE J1063— Cantilevered Boom Crane Structures Method of Test

SAE J1180— Telescoping Boom Length Indicating System

SAE J1238— Rating Lift Cranes on Fixed Platforms Operating

SAE J1257— Rating Chart for Cantilevered Boom Cranes

SAE J1289— Mobile Crane Stability Ratings

SAE J1332— Rope Drum Rotation Indicating Device

Bureau of the Construction Manufacturer's Association. Power Crane and Shovel Association. Cable Controlled Power

Cranes, Draglines, Hoes, Shovels, and Clamshells.

Bureau of the Construction Manufacturer's Association. Power Crane and Shovel Association. Hydraulic Excavators and

Telescoping Boom Cranes.

Bureau of the Construction Manufacturer's Association. Power Crane and Shovel Association. Mobile Hydraulic Crane

Standards. PSCA Standard No. 2.

Bureau of the Construction Manufacturer's Association. Power Crane and Shovel Association. Mobile Power Crane and

Excavator Standards. PSCA Standard No. 1.

Dickie, D. E. 1975. Crane Handbook. Construction Safety Association of Ontario.

National Fire Protection Association. Cranes and Hoists. National Electrical Code. Chapter 6, Article 610.

U. S. Army Corps of Engineers. Department of the Army. Safety and Health Requirements Manual. EM 385- 1- 1.

30

The following industry guides are available from the N. C. Department of Labor’s Division of Occupational

Safety and Health:

1# 1. A Guide to Safety in Confined Spaces

1# 2. A Guide to Procedures of the Safety and Health Review Board of North Carolina

1# 3. A Guide to Machine Safeguarding

1# 4. A Guide to OSHA in North Carolina

1# 5. A Guide for Persons Employed in Cotton Dust Environments

1# 6. A Guide to Lead Exposure in the Construction Industry

1# 7. A Guide to Bloodborne Pathogens in the Workplace

1# 8. A Guide to Voluntary Training and Training Requirements in OSHA Standards

1# 9. A Guide to Ergonomics

# 10. A Guide to Farm Safety and Health

# 11. A Guide to Radio Frequency Hazards With Electric Detonators

# 12. A Guide to Forklift Operator Training

# 13. A Guide to the Safe Storage of Explosive Materials

# 14. A Guide to the OSHA Excavations Standard

# 15. A Guide to Developing and Maintaining an Effective Hearing Conservation Program

# 17. A Guide to Asbestos for Industry

# 18. A Guide to Electrical Safety

# 19. A Guide to Occupational Exposure to Wood, Wood Dust and Combustible Dust Hazards

# 20. A Guide to Crane Safety

# 21. A Guide to School Safety and Health

# 23. A Guide to Working With Electricity

# 25. A Guide to Personal Protective Equipment

# 26. A Guide to Manual Materials Handling and Back Safety

# 27. A Guide to the Control of Hazardous Energy ( Lockout/ Tagout)

# 28. A Guide to Eye Wash and Safety Shower Facilities

# 29. A Guide to Safety and Health in Feed and Grain Mills

# 30. A Guide to Working With Corrosive Substances

# 31. A Guide to Formaldehyde

# 32. A Guide to Fall Prevention in Industry

# 33. A Guide to Office Safety and Health

# 34. A Guide to Safety and Health in the Poultry Industry

# 35. A Guide to Preventing Heat Stress

# 36. A Guide to the Safe Use of Escalators and Elevators

# 37. A Guide to Boilers and Pressure Vessels

# 38. A Guide to Safe Scaffolding

# 39. A Guide to Safety in the Textile Industry

# 40. A Guide to Emergency Action Planning

# 41. A Guide to OSHA for Small Businesses in North Carolina

Occupational Safety and Health ( OSH)

Sources of Information

You may call 1- 800- NC- LABOR ( 1- 800- 625- 2267) to reach any division of the N. C. Department of Labor; or visit the

NCDOL home page on the World Wide Web, Internet Web site address: http:// www. nclabor. com.

N. C. Division of Occupational Safety and Health

Mailing Address: Physical Location:

1101 Mail Service Center 111 Hillsborough St.

Raleigh, NC 27699- 1101 ( Old Revenue Building, 3rd Floor)

Local Telephone: ( 919) 807- 2900 Fax: ( 919) 807- 2856

For information concerning education, training and interpretations of occupational safety and health standards contact:

Bureau of Education, Training and Technical Assistance

Mailing Address: Physical Location:

1101 Mail Service Center 111 Hillsborough St.

Raleigh, NC 27699- 1101 ( Old Revenue Building, 4th Floor)

Telephone: ( 919) 807- 2875 Fax: ( 919) 807- 2876

For information concerning occupational safety and health consultative services and safety awards programs contact:

Bureau of Consultative Services

Mailing Address: Physical Location:

1101 Mail Service Center 111 Hillsborough St.

Raleigh, NC 27699- 1101 ( Old Revenue Building, 3rd Floor)

Telephone: ( 919) 807- 2899 Fax: ( 919) 807- 2902

For information concerning migrant housing inspections and other related activities contact:

Agricultural Safety and Health Bureau

Mailing Address: Physical Location:

1101 Mail Service Center 111 Hillsborough St.

Raleigh, NC 27699- 1101 ( Old Revenue Building, 2nd Floor)

Telephone: ( 919) 807- 2923 Fax: ( 919) 807- 2924

For information concerning occupational safety and health compliance contact:

Safety and Health Compliance District Offices

Raleigh District Office ( 313 Chapanoke Road, Raleigh, NC 27603)

Telephone: ( 919) 779- 8570 Fax: ( 919) 662- 4709

Asheville District Office ( 204 Charlotte Highway, Suite B, Asheville, NC 28803- 8681)

Telephone: ( 828) 299- 8232 Fax: ( 828) 299- 8266

Charlotte District Office ( 901 Blairhill Road, Suite 200, Charlotte, NC 28217- 1578)

Telephone: ( 704) 665- 4341 Fax: ( 704) 665- 4342

Winston- Salem District Office ( 4964 University Parkway, Suite 202, Winston- Salem, NC 27106- 2800)

Telephone: ( 336) 776- 4420 Fax: ( 336) 776- 4422

Wilmington District Office ( 1200 N. 23rd St., Suite 205, Wilmington, NC 28405- 1824)

Telephone: ( 910) 251- 2678 Fax: ( 910) 251- 2654

*** To make an OSHA Complaint, OSH Complaint Desk: ( 919) 807- 2796***

For statistical information concerning program activities contact:

Planning, Statistics and Information Management

Mailing Address: Physical Location:

1101 Mail Service Center 111 Hillsborough St.

Raleigh, NC 27699- 1101 ( Old Revenue Building, 2nd Floor)

Telephone: ( 919) 807- 2950 Fax: ( 919) 807- 2951

For information about books, periodicals, vertical files, videos, films, audio/ slide sets and computer databases contact:

N. C. Department of Labor Library

Mailing Address: Physical Location:

1101 Mail Service Center 111 Hillsborough St.

Raleigh, NC 27699- 1101 ( Old Revenue Building, 5th Floor)

Telephone: ( 919) 807- 2848 Fax: ( 919) 807- 2849

N. C. Department of Labor ( Other than OSH)

1101 Mail Service Center

Raleigh, NC 27699- 1101

Telephone: ( 919) 733- 7166 Fax: ( 919) 733- 6197

Guidelines for Hoisting and Rigging Activity

The U. S. Department of Energy ( DOE) Hoisting and Rigging Standard, DOE- STD- 1090- 2001, is intended as a refer-ence

document to be used by supervisors, line managers, safety personnel, equipment operators, and any other personnel

responsible for safety of hoisting and rigging. Although DOE- STD- 1090- 2001 was established for operations at DOE

sites, other employer sites may also benefit from relevant information and applicable standards or guidelines it offers,

therefore various sections have been condensed/ consolidated and provided in this OSHNC industry guide ( Crane Safety).

The DOE’s Hoisting and Rigging Standard, used here as source document, quotes verbatim or paraphrases ( with minor

editorial changes for consistency) the requirements of the U. S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration ( OSHA)

and the American National Standards Institute ( ANSI).

The following list provides examples of recognized consensus standards as pertained to OSHA and ANSI/ ASME stan-dards

addressed here:

29 CFR 1910, Occupational Safety and Health Standards for General Industry; Subpart N- Material Handling and

Storage ( i. e. 1910.179, Overhead and gantry cranes; 1910.180, Crawler locomotive and truck cranes; 1910.181, Derricks

1910.184, Slings);

29 CFR 1926, Occupational Safety and Health Regulations for Construction; Subpart N- Crane, Derricks, Hoists,

Elevators, and Conveyors ( i. e. 1926.550, Cranes and derricks; 1926.551, Helicopters; 1926.552, Material hoists, person-nel

hoist, and elevators; 1926.553, Base- mounted drum hoists; 1926.554, Overhead hoists; 1926.555, Conveyors;

1926.556, Aerial lifts);

ANSI/ ASME B30.2, Overhead and Gantry Cranes; ASME B30.5, Crawler, Locomotive, and Truck Cranes; ASME

B30.9, Slings; B30.10, Hooks; ASME B30.16, Overhead Hoists ( Underhung); ASME B30.17, Overhead and Gantry

Cranes ( Top Running Bridge, Single Girder Underhung Hoist); B30.20, Below- the- Hook Lifting Devices; ASME B30.21,

Manually Lever Operated Hoist; ASME B30.23, Personnel Lifting Systems.

DOE is owner and primary user of the source document ( available on internet in public domain), however others may

also benefit from compilation of information as provided in this industry guide. DOE- STD- 1090- 2001 offers a significant

amount of information and guidelines applicable to many other employers or personnel involved in hoisting and rigging

activity. DOE- STD- 1090- 2001 has 17 chapters, subdivided into 10 parts ( sample table of content provided on next page).

Material provided here has same number sequence as source document, however, all chapters or sections within the docu-ment

are not addressed in this industry guide. The DOE standard occasionally goes beyond the minimum general industry

standards established by OSHA and ANSI; and also delineates the more stringent requirements necessary to accomplish

the extremely complex, diversified, critical, and oftentimes hazardous hoisting and rigging work found within the DOE

complex. In doing so, it addresses the following items which are not covered in detail in the general industry standards:

1. Management responsibility and accountability

2. Operator/ inspector training and qualification requirements

3. Definition of critical lifts and the additional requirements for making them

4. The need and responsibilities of a person- in- charge for critical lifts

5. The need and responsibilities of a designated leader for ordinary lifts

6. The definition and special requirements for preengineered production lifts

7. Special requirements for the testing, inspection, and maintenance of hoisting equipment in hostile environments

8. Nondestructive testing/ nondestructive examination requirements for such items as hooks, welds, and spreader bars

9. Special requirements for inspection and load- testing of hoisting and rigging equipment/ accessories

10. Hook latch requirements for cranes, slings, and rigging accessories

11. Design standards for such equipment as cranes, forklifts, and hooks

12. Operating practices for hoisting and rigging operations

13. Rigging information and load tables

14. Good and bad rigging practices.

33

DOE- STD- 1090- 2001 Table of Contents

Part 1

Summary of Changes

Table of Contents

History and Background

Acknowledgment

Introduction

Chapter 1 - Terminology and Definitions

Part 2

Chapter 2 - Critical Lifts

Chapter 3 - Preengineered Productions Lifts

Chapter 4 - Lifting Personnel

Part 3

Chapter 5 - Hostile Environment

Chapter 6 - Personnel Qualification and Training

Chapter 7 - Overhead and Gantry Cranes

Part 4

Chapter 8 - Hoists

Chapter 9 - Mobile Cranes

Part 5

Chapter 10 - Forklifts Trucks

Part 6

Chapter 11 - Wire Rope and Slings

Part 7

Chapter 12 - Rigging Accessories

Chapter 13 - Load Hooks

Part 8

Chapter 14 - Below- The- Hook Lifting Devices

Part 9

Chapter 15 - Construction Hoisting and Rigging Equipment Requirements

Part 10

D O E - S T D - 1 0 9 0 - 2 0 0 1

C h a p t e r   1

1 - 1 T e r m i n o l o g y   a n d   D e f i n i t i o n s

C H A P T E R   1

T E R M I N O L O G Y   A N D   D E F I N I T I O N S

T h e   f o l l o w i n g   a r e   s p e c i a l i z e d   t e r m s   c o m m o n l y

u s e d   w h e n   d i s c u s s i n g   h o i s t i n g   a n d   r i g g i n g

o p e r a t i o n s .     M a n y   m a y   n o t   b e   u s e d   i n   t h i s

s t a n d a r d   b u t   a r e   i n c l u d e d   f o r   g e n e r a l

i n f o r m a t i o n .     T h e   t e r m s   a r e   a r r a n g e d   i n

a l p h a b e t i c a l   o r d e r .     I l l u s t r a t i o n s   a r e   i n c l u d e d   f o r

c l a r i t y .

A B R A S I O N :     Surface wear.

A C C E L E R A T I O N   S T R E S S :     A d d i t i o n a l

s t r e s s   i m p o s e d   d u e   t o   i n c r e a s i n g   l o a d   v e l o c i t y .

A L T E R N A T E   L A Y :     L a y   o f   w i r e   r o p e   i n   w h i c h

t h e   s t r a n d s   a r e   a l t e r n a t e l y   r e g u l a r   a n d   l a n g   l a y .

A N S I :     A m e r i c a n   N a t i o n a l   S t a n d a r d s   I n s t i t u t e .

A P P O I N T E D :     A s s i g n e d   s p e c i f i c

r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s   b y   t h e   e m p l o y e r   o r   t h e

e m p l o y e r ' s   r e p r e s e n t a t i v e .

A R E A ,   M E T A L L I C :     S u m   o f   t h e

c r o s s - s e c t i o n a l   a r e a s   o f   i n d i v i d u a l   w i r e s   i n   a

w i r e   r o p e   o r   s t r a n d .

A T T A C H M E N T :     A   d e v i c e   o t h e r   t h a n

c o n v e n t i o n a l   f o r k s   o r   l o a d   b a c k r e s t   e x t e n s i o n ,

m o u n t e d   p e r m a n e n t l y   o r   r e m o v a b l y   o n   t h e

e l e v a t i n g   m e c h a n i s m   o f   a   t r u c k   f o r   h a n d l i n g   t h e

l o a d .     P o p u l a r   t y p e s   a r e   f o r k   e x t e n s i o n   c l a m p s ,

r o t a t i n g   d e v i c e s ,   s i d e   s h i f t e r s ,   l o a d   s t a b i l i z e r s ,

r a m s ,   a n d   b o o m s .

A U T H O R I Z E D :     A s s i g n e d   b y   a   d u l y

c o n s t i t u t e d   a d m i n i s t r a t i v e   o r   r e g u l a t o r y

a u t h o r i t y .

A U X I L I A R Y   H O I S T :     S u p p l e m e n t a l   h o i s t i n g

u n i t   o f   l i g h t e r   c a p a c i t y   a n d   u s u a l l y   h i g h e r   s p e e d

t h a n   t h e   m a i n   h o i s t .

B A C K   S T A Y :     G u y   u s e d   t o   s u p p o r t   a   b o o m   o r

m a s t   o r   t h a t   s e c t i o n   o f   a   m a i n   c a b l e ,   a s   o n   a

s u s p e n s i o n   b r i d g e ,   o r   c a b l e w a y ,   a n d   t h e   l i k e ,

l e a d i n g   f r o m   t h e   t o w e r   t o   t h e   a n c h o r a g e .

B A I L :     A   U - s h a p e d   m e m b e r   o f   a   b u c k e t ,   s o c k e t ,

o r   o t h e r   f i t t i n g .

B A S K E T   O R   S O C K E T :     T h e   c o n i c a l   p o r t i o n

o f   a   s o c k e t   i n t o   w h i c h   a   s p l a y e d   r o p e   e n d   i s

i n s e r t e d   a n d   s e c u r e d   w i t h   z i n c .

B A T T E R Y - E L E C T R I C   T R U C K :     A n   e l e c t r i c

t r u c k   i n   w h i c h   t h e   p o w e r   s o u r c e   i s   a   s t o r a g e

b a t t e r y .

B E C K E T   L O O P :     A   l o o p   o f   s m a l l   r o p e   o r   a

s t r a n d   o f   r o p e   f a s t e n e d   t o   t h e   e n d   o f   a   l a r g e   w i r e

r o p e   t o   f a c i l i t a t e   i n s t a l l a t i o n .

B E N D I N G   S T R E S S :     S t r e s s   o n   w i r e s   o f   a   w i r e

r o p e   i m p o s e d   b y   b e n d i n g .     T h i s   s t r e s s   n e e d   n o t

b e   a d d e d   t o   d i r e c t   l o a d   s t r e s s e s .     W h e n   s h e a v e s

a n d   d r u m s   a r e   o f   s u i t a b l e   s i z e ,   b e n d i n g   s t r e s s

d o e s   n o t   a f f e c t   t h e   n o r m a l   l i f e   o f   t h e   w i r e   r o p e .

B I R D C A G E :     A   c o l l o q u i a l i s m   d e s c r i b i n g   t h e

a p p e a r a n c e   o f   a   w i r e   r o p e   t h a t   i s   f o r c e d   i n t o

c o m p r e s s i o n .     T h e   o u t e r   s t r a n d s   f o r m   a     c a g e  

a n d   a t   t i m e s   d i s p l a c e   t h e   c o r e .

B I R D C A G I N G :     T h e   t w i s t i n g   o f   f i b e r   o r   w i r e

r o p e   i n   a n   i s o l a t e d   a r e a   i n   t h e   o p p o s i t e   d i r e c t i o n

o f   t h e   r o p e   l a y ,   c a u s i n g   i t   t o   t a k e   o n   t h e

a p p e a r a n c e   o f   a   b i r d c a g e .

B O O M   ( C R A N E ) :     A   m e m b e r   h i n g e d   t o   t h e

r o t a t i n g   s u p e r s t r u c t u r e   a n d   u s e d   f o r   s u p p o r t i n g

t h e   h o i s t i n g   t a c k l e .

B O O M   L I N E :     A   w i r e   r o p e   f o r   s u p p o r t i n g   o r

o p e r a t i n g   t h e   b o o m   o n   d e r r i c k s ,   c r a n e s ,

d r a g l i n e s ,   s h o v e l s ,   a n d   t h e   l i k e .

B R A K E :     A   d e v i c e   u s e d   f o r   s l o w i n g   o r

s t o p p i n g   m o t i o n   b y   f r i c t i o n   o r   e l e c t r o m a g n e t i c

m e a n s .

B R A K E ,   D R A G :     A   b r a k e   t h a t   p r o v i d e s

s t o p p i n g   f o r c e   w i t h o u t   e x t e r n a l   c o n t r o l .

B R A K E ,   H O L D I N G :     A   b r a k e   t h a t   s e t s

a u t o m a t i c a l l y   a n d   t h a t   p r e v e n t s   m o t i o n   w h e n

p o w e r   i s   o f f .

B R A K E ,   P A R K I N G :     A   d e v i c e   t o   p r e v e n t   t h e

m o v e m e n t   o f   a   s t a t i o n a r y   v e h i c l e .

B R A K I N G ,   C O U N T E R   T O R Q U E :     A   m e t h o d

o f   s t o p p i n g   m o t i o n   i n   w h i c h   t h e   p o w e r   t o   t h e

m o t o r   i s   r e v e r s e d   t o   d e v e l o p   t o r q u e   i n   t h e

o p p o s i t e   d i r e c t i o n .

D O E - S T D - 1 0 9 0 - 2 0 0 1

C h a p t e r   1

T e r m i n o l o g y   a n d   D e f i n i t i o n s 1 - 2

F i g u r e   1 - 1 .     C h o k e r   r o p e .

B R A K I N G ,   D Y N A M I C :     A   m e t h o d   o f

c o n t r o l l i n g   c r a n e   m o t o r   s p e e d s   w h e n   i n   t h e

o v e r h a u l i n g   c o n d i t i o n   t o   p r o v i d e   a   r e t a r d i n g

f o r c e .

B R A K I N G ,   M E C H A N I C A L :     A   m e t h o d   o f

s l o w i n g   m o t i o n   b y   f r i c t i o n .

B R A K I N G ,   R E G E N E R A T I V E :     A   f o r m   o f

d y n a m i c   b r a k i n g   i n   w h i c h   t h e   e l e c t r i c a l   e n e r g y

g e n e r a t e d   i s   f e d   b a c k   i n t o   t h e   p o w e r   s y s t e m .

B R E A K I N G   S T R E N G T H :     T h e   m e a s u r e d   l o a d

r e q u i r e d   t o   b r e a k   a   w i r e   r o p e   o r   c h a i n .

B R I D G E :     T h e   p a r t   o f   a   c r a n e ,   c o n s i s t i n g   o f

g i r d e r s ,   w a l k w a y s ,   r a i l i n g s ,   t r u c k s ,   a n d   d r i v e

m e c h a n i s m s ,   t h a t   c a r r i e s   t h e   t r o l l e y   o r   t r o l l e y s .

B R I D G E   T R A V E L :     H o r i z o n t a l   t r a v e l   o f   t h e

c r a n e   p a r a l l e l   w i t h   r u n w a y   r a i l s .

B R I D L E   S L I N G :     A   s l i n g   c o m p o s e d   o f

m u l t i p l e   l e g s   ( b r a n c h e s ) ,   t h e   t o p   e n d s   o f   w h i c h

t e r m i n a t e   i n   a   f i t t i n g   t h a t   l a t c h e s   o n t o   t h e   l i f t i n g

h o o k .

B U L L   R I N G :     T h e   m a i n   l a r g e   r i n g   o f   a   s l i n g   t o

w h i c h   s l i n g   l e g s   a r e   a t t a c h e d .

B U M P E R   ( B U F F E R ) :     A n   e n e r g y - a b s o r b i n g

d e v i c e   f o r   r e d u c i n g   i m p a c t   w h e n   a   m o v i n g

o v e r h e a d   c r a n e   o r   t r o l l e y   r e a c h e s   t h e   e n d   o f   i t s

p e r m i t t e d   t r a v e l ,   o r   w h e n   t w o   m o v i n g   c r a n e s   o r

t r o l l e y s   c o m e   i n t o   c o n t a c t .

C A B :     T h e   o p e r a t o r ' s   c o m p a r t m e n t .

C A B L E :     A   t e r m   l o o s e l y   a p p l i e d   t o   w i r e   r o p e s ,

w i r e   s t r a n d s ,   m a n i l a   r o p e s ,   a n d   e l e c t r i c a l

c o n d u c t o r s .

C A B L E - L A I D   W I R E   R O P E :     A   t y p e   o f   w i r e

r o p e   c o n s i s t i n g   o f   s e v e r a l   i n d e p e n d e n t   w i r e

r o p e s   l a i d   i n t o   a   s i n g l e   w i r e   r o p e .

C A B L E   C R O W D   R O P E :     A   w i r e   r o p e   u s e d   t o

f o r c e   t h e   b u c k e t   o f   a   p o w e r   s h o v e l   i n t o   t h e

m a t e r i a l   b e i n g   h a n d l e d .

C A N T I L E V E R   T R U C K :     A   s e l f - l o a d i n g

c o u n t e r b a l a n c e d   o r   n o n c o u n t e r b a l a n c e d   t r u c k

e q u i p p e d   w i t h   c a n t i l e v e r   l o a d - e n g a g i n g   m e a n s ,

s u c h   a s   f o r k s   ( s e e   F i g u r e   1 0 - 3 ) .

C A R R I A G E :     A   s u p p o r t   s t r u c t u r e   f o r   f o r k s   o r

a t t a c h m e n t s ,   g e n e r a l l y   r o l l e r - m o u n t e d ,   t r a v e l i n g

v e r t i c a l l y   w i t h i n   t h e   m a s t   o f   a   c a n t i l e v e r   t r u c k .

C E N T E R :     A   s i n g l e   w i r e   o r   f i b e r   i n   t h e   c e n t e r

o f   a   s t r a n d   a r o u n d   w h i c h   t h e   w i r e s   a r e   l a i d .

C E N T E R   C O N T R O L :     T h e   p o s i t i o n   n e a r   t h e

c e n t e r   o f   a   t r u c k   c a b   f r o m   w h i c h   t h e   o p e r a t o r

c o n t r o l s   m o v e m e n t   o f   t h e   t r u c k .

C H O K E R   R O P E :     A   s h o r t   w i r e - r o p e   s l i n g

u s e d   t o   f o r m   a   s l i p   n o o s e   a r o u n d   t h e   o b j e c t   t o   b e

m o v e d   o r   l i f t e d   ( s e e   F i g u r e   1 - 1 ) .

C I R C U M F E R E N C E :     M e a s u r e d   p e r i m e t e r   o f   a

c i r c l e   c i r c u m s c r i b i n g   t h e   w i r e s   o f   a   s t r a n d   o r   t h e

s t r a n d s   o f   a   w i r e   r o p e .

C L A M P ,   S T R A N D :     A   f i t t i n g   u s e d   t o   f o r m   a

l o o p   a t   t h e   e n d   o f   a   l e n g t h   o f   s t r a n d ;   c o n s i s t s   o f

t w o   g r o o v e d   p l a t e s   a n d   b o l t s .

C L E A R A N C E :     T h e   d i s t a n c e   b y   w h i c h   o n e

o b j e c t   c l e a r s   a n o t h e r ,   o r   t h e   c l e a r   s p a c e   b e t w e e n

t h e m .

C L E V I S :     A   U - s h a p e d   f i t t i n g   w i t h   p i n s .

C L I P :     A   f i t t i n g   u s e d   t o   c l a m p   t w o   p a r t s   o f   w i r e

r o p e .

C L O S E D   S O C K E T :     A   w i r e - r o p e   f i t t i n g

c o n s i s t i n g   o f   a n   i n t e g r a l   b e c k e t   a n d   b a i l .

C L O S I N G   L I N E :     W i r e   r o p e   t h a t   c l o s e s   a

c l a m s h e l l   o r   o r a n g e - p e e l   b u c k e t   a n d   t h e n

o p e r a t e s   a s   a   h o i s t i n g   r o p e .

C O I L :     C i r c u l a r   b u n d l e   o f   w i r e   r o p e   n o t   p a c k e d

o n   a   r e e l .

C O L L E C T O R :     C o n t a c t i n g   d e v i c e   m o u n t e d   o n

a   b r i d g e   o r   t r o l l e y   a n d   u s e d   t o   c o l l e c t   c u r r e n t

f r o m   t h e   c o n d u c t o r   s y s t e m .

D O E - S T D - 1 0 9 0 - 2 0 0 1

C h a p t e r   1

1 - 3 T e r m i n o l o g y   a n d   D e f i n i t i o n s

C O M E - A L O N G :     A   p o r t a b l e ,   h a n d - o p e r a t e d

d e v i c e   c o n s i s t i n g   o f   a   h o u s i n g ,   a   l e n g t h   o f   c h a i n

o r   w i r e   r o p e ,   t w o   h o o k s ,   a n d   a   r a t c h e t i n g   l e v e r ,

t h a t   i s   u s e d   f o r   m i s c e l l a n e o u s   p u l l i n g .

C O N D U C T O R :     W i r e ,   a n g l e s ,   b a r s ,   t e e s ,   o r

s p e c i a l   s e c t i o n s   m o u n t e d   t o   t r a n s m i t   c u r r e n t   t o

t h e   c o l l e c t o r s .

C O N I C A L   D R U M :     G r o o v e d   h o i s t i n g   d r u m   o f

v a r y i n g   d i a m e t e r .

C O N S T R U C T I O N   ( W I R E   R O P E ) :     R e f e r s   t o

t h e   d e s i g n   o f   w i r e   r o p e ,   i n c l u d i n g   n u m b e r   o f

s t r a n d s ,   n u m b e r   o f   w i r e s   p e r   s t r a n d ,   a n d

a r r a n g e m e n t   o f   w i r e s   i n   e a c h   s t r a n d .

C O N T I N U O U S   B E N D :     R e e v i n g   o f   w i r e   r o p e

o v e r   s h e a v e s   a n d   d r u m s   s o   t h a t   i t   b e n d s   i n   o n e

d i r e c t i o n   ( a s   o p p o s e d   t o   r e v e r s e   b e n d ) .

C O N T R O L L E R :     A n   o p e r a t o r ' s   d e v i c e   f o r

r e g u l a t i n g   t h e   p o w e r   d e l i v e r e d   t o   a   m o t o r   o r

o t h e r   e q u i p m e n t .

C O N T R O L L E R ,   S P R I N G   R E T U R N :     A

c o n t r o l l e r   t h a t ,   w h e n   r e l e a s e d ,   w i l l   r e t u r n

a u t o m a t i c a l l y   t o   a   n e u t r a l   p o s i t i o n .

C O R E :     T h e   c e n t e r   m e m b e r   o f   a   w i r e   r o p e

a r o u n d   w h i c h   t h e   s t r a n d s   a r e   l a i d .     I t   m a y   b e

f i b e r ,   a   w i r e   s t r a n d ,   o r   a n   i n d e p e n d e n t   w i r e   r o p e .

C O R I N G   L I N E :     W i r e   r o p e   u s e d   t o   o p e r a t e   t h e

c o r i n g   t o o l   f o r   t a k i n g   c o r e   s a m p l e s   d u r i n g   t h e

d r i l l i n g   o f   a   w e l l .

C O R R O S I O N :     C h e m i c a l   d e c o m p o s i t i o n   b y

e x p o s u r e   t o   m o i s t u r e ,   a c i d s ,   a l k a l i e s ,   o r   o t h e r

d e s t r u c t i v e   a g e n t s .

C O R R U G A T E D :     A   t e r m   u s e d   t o   d e s c r i b e   t h e

g r o o v e s   o f   a   s h e a v e   o r   d r u m   w h e n   w o r n   s o   a s   t o

s h o w   t h e   i m p r e s s i o n   o f   a   w i r e   r o p e .

C O U N T E R B A L A N C E D   T R U C K :     A   t r u c k

e q u i p p e d   w i t h   l o a d - e n g a g i n g   m e a n s   w h e r e i n ,

d u r i n g   n o r m a l   t r a n s p o r t i n g ,   a l l   t h e   l o a d   i s

e x t e r n a l   t o   t h e   p o l y g o n   f o r m e d   b y   t h e   w h e e l

c o n t a c t s   ( s e e   F i g u r e   1 0 - 3 ) .

C O V E R   W I R E S :     T h e   o u t e r   l a y e r   o f   w i r e s .

C R A N E :     A   m a c h i n e   u s e d   f o r   l i f t i n g   a n d

l o w e r i n g   a   l o a d   v e r t i c a l l y   a n d   m o v i n g   i t

h o r i z o n t a l l y   a n d   t h a t   h a s   a   h o i s t i n g   m e c h a n i s m

a s   a n   i n t e g r a l   p a r t   o f   i t .

C R A N E S ,   T Y P E S   O F :

A u t o m a t i c   C r a n e :     A   c r a n e   t h a t ,   w h e n

a c t i v a t e d ,   o p e r a t e s   t h r o u g h   a   p r e s e t

c y c l e   o r   c y c l e s .

C a b - O p e r a t e d   C r a n e :     A   c r a n e   c o n t r o l l e d

b y   a n   o p e r a t o r   i n   a   c a b   l o c a t e d   o n   t h e

b r i d g e   o r   t r o l l e y .

C a n t i l e v e r   G a n t r y   C r a n e :     A   g a n t r y   o r

s e m i g a n t r y   c r a n e   i n   w h i c h   t h e   b r i d g e

g i r d e r s   o r   t r u s s e s   e x t e n d   t r a n s v e r s e l y

b e y o n d   t h e   c r a n e   r u n w a y   o n   o n e   o r

b o t h   s i d e s .

F l o o r - O p e r a t e d   C r a n e :     A   c r a n e   w h o s e

o p e r a t i o n   i s   c o n t r o l l e d   b y   u s e   o f   a

p e n d a n t   i n   t h e   h a n d s   o f   a n   o p e r a t o r   o n

t h e   f l o o r   o r   o n   a n   i n d e p e n d e n t

p l a t f o r m .

G a n t r y   C r a n e :     A   c r a n e   s i m i l a r   t o   a n

o v e r h e a d   c r a n e ,   e x c e p t   t h a t   t h e   b r i d g e

f o r   c a r r y i n g   t h e   t r o l l e y   o r   t r o l l e y s   i s

r i g i d l y   s u p p o r t e d   o n   t w o   o r   m o r e   l e g s

r u n n i n g   o n   f i x e d   r a i l s   o r   o t h e r   r u n w a y .

J i b   C r a n e :     A   f i x e d   c r a n e   w i t h   a   v e r t i c a l

r o t a t i n g   m e m b e r   s u p p o r t e d   a t   t h e

b o t t o m   ( a l s o   a t   t h e   t o p   i n   s o m e   t y p e s )

f r o m   w h i c h   a n   a r m   e x t e n d s   t o   c a r r y   t h e

h o i s t   t r o l l e y .     J i b   c r a n e s   a r e   m o s t

c o m m o n l y   m o u n t e d   o n   a   v e r t i c a l

c o l u m n ,   s u p p l i e d   a s   p a r t   o f   t h e   j i b

c r a n e ,   o r   o n   e x i s t i n g   s t r u c t u r a l

m e m b e r s   ( e . g . ,   a   w a l l - m o u n t e d   j i b

c r a n e ) .

M o b i l e   C r a n e :     F o r   t h e   p u r p o s e s   o f   t h i s

c h a p t e r ,   m o b i l e   c r a n e s   a r e   d e f i n e d   a s

w h e e l - m o u n t e d   c r a n e s ,   t r u c k   c r a n e s ,

a n d   c r a w l e r   c r a n e s .

o A   w h e e l - m o u n t e d   c r a n e   c o n s i s t s   o f

a   r o t a t i n g   s t r u c t u r e   w i t h   p o w e r   p l a n t ,

o p e r a t i n g   m a c h i n e r y ,   a n d   b o o m ,

m o u n t e d   o n   a   b a s e   o r   p l a t f o r m

e q u i p p e d   w i t h   a x l e s   a n d   r u b b e r - t i r e d

w h e e l s   f o r   t r a v e l .     T h e   b a s e   i s   u s u a l l y

p r o p e l l e d   b y   a n   e n g i n e   i n   t h e

s u p e r s t r u c t u r e ,   b u t   i t   m a y   b e   e q u i p p e d

w i t h   a   s e p a r a t e   e n g i n e   c o n t r o l l e d   f r o m

t h e   s u p e r s t r u c t u r e   ( s e e   F i g u r e s   1 5 - 1 ,

1 5 - 3 ,   1 5 - 5 ,   1 5 - 6 ,   1 5 - 7 ,   1 5 - 9 ,   a n d

1 5 - 1 0 ) .

D O E - S T D - 1 0 9 0 - 2 0 0 1

C h a p t e r   1

T e r m i n o l o g y   a n d   D e f i n i t i o n s 1 - 4

o A   t r u c k - m o u n t e d   c r a n e   c o n s i s t s   o f

a   r o t a t i n g   s u p e r s t r u c t u r e   w i t h   p o w e r

p l a n t   t h a t   o p e r a t e s   m a c h i n e r y   a n d

b o o m ,   m o u n t e d   o n   a n   a u t o m o t i v e   t r u c k

e q u i p p e d   w i t h   a   p o w e r   p l a n t   f o r   t r a v e l .  

C o m m e r c i a l   t r u c k - m o u n t e d   c r a n e s   a r e

i n c l u d e d   i n   t h i s   c a t e g o r y   ( s e e

F i g u r e s   1 5 - 3 ,   1 5 - 7 ,   1 5 - 9 ,   a n d   1 5 - 1 0 ) .

o A   c r a w l e r   c r a n e   c o n s i s t s   o f   a

r o t a t i n g   s u p e r s t r u c t u r e   w i t h   p o w e r

p l a n t ,   o p e r a t i n g   m a c h i n e r y   a n d   b o o m ,

m o u n t e d   o n   a   b a s e   e q u i p p e d   w i t h

c r a w l e r   t r e a d s   f o r   t r a v e l   ( s e e   F i g u r e s

1 5 - 2   a n d   1 5 - 8 ) .

O v e r h e a d   T r a v e l i n g   C r a n e :     A   c r a n e

w i t h   a   m o v a b l e   b r i d g e   c a r r y i n g   a

m o v a b l e   o r   f i x e d   h o i s t i n g   m e c h a n i s m

a n d   t r a v e l i n g   o n   a n   o v e r h e a d

f i x e d - r u n w a y   s t r u c t u r e .

P o w e r - O p e r a t e d   C r a n e :     A   c r a n e   w h o s e

m e c h a n i s m   i s   d r i v e n   b y   e l e c t r i c i t y ,   a i r ,

h y d r a u l i c s ,   o r   i n t e r n a l   c o m b u s t i o n .

P u l p i t - O p e r a t e d   C r a n e :     A   c r a n e

o p e r a t e d   f r o m   a   f i x e d   o p e r a t o r   s t a t i o n

t h a t   i s   n o t   a t t a c h e d   t o   t h e   c r a n e .

R e m o t e - O p e r a t e d   C r a n e :     A   c r a n e

c o n t r o l l e d   b y   a n   o p e r a t o r   n o t   i n   a

p u l p i t   o r   a   c a b   a t t a c h e d   t o   t h e   c r a n e ,   b y

a n y   m e t h o d   o t h e r   t h a n   p e n d a n t   o r   r o p e

c o n t r o l   ( e . g . ,   r a d i o - c o n t r o l l e d   c r a n e ) .

S e m i g a n t r y   C r a n e :     A   g a n t r y   c r a n e   w i t h

o n e   e n d   o f   t h e   b r i d g e   r i g i d l y   s u p p o r t e d

o n   o n e   o r   m o r e   l e g s   t h a t   r u n   o n   a   f i x e d

r a i l   o r   r u n w a y ,   t h e   o t h e r   e n d   o f   t h e

b r i d g e   b e i n g   s u p p o r t e d   b y   a   t r u c k

r u n n i n g   o n   a n   e l e v a t e d   r a i l   o r   r u n w a y .

S h o p   C r a n e :     A   P o r t a b l e   A u t o m o t i v e   |

L i f t i n g   D e v i c e   ( P A L D ) ,   s e l f   c o n t a i n e d |

h y d r a u l i c   a n d   p n e u m a t i c - h y d r a u l i c |

c r a n e   c h a r a c t e r i z e d   b y   a   p a i r   o f |

l a t e r a l l y   s p a c e d   l e g s ,   a n   u p r i g h t   m a s t ,   a |

p i v o t i n g   b o o m   w i t h   a   b o o m   e x t e n s i o n |

a n d   h o o k ,   a n d   a   h y d r a u l i c   u n i t .     T h e |

h y d r a u l i c   u n i t   m o v e s   t h e   b o o m   u p   a n d |

d o w n   a t   a   p i v o t   p o i n t   f o r   t h e   p u r p o s e |

o f   r a i s i n g ,   r e m o v i n g ,   t r a n s p o r t i n g   i n |

t h e   l o w e r e d   p o s i t i o n ,   a n d   r e p l a c i n g |

a u t o m o t i v e   e n g i n e s ,   t r a n s m i s s i o n s   a n d |

o t h e r   c o m p o n e n t s .     S h o p   c r a n e s   h a v e   a |

c a p a c i t y   o f   4   t o n s   ( 8 0 0 0   p o u n d s )   o r |

l e s s . |

W a l l - M o u n t e d   C r a n e :     A   c r a n e   h a v i n g   a

j i b ,   w i t h   o r   w i t h o u t   a   t r o l l e y ,   s u p p o r t e d

f r o m   a   s i d e   w a l l   o r   l i n e   o f   c o l u m n s   o f   a

b u i l d i n g .     I t   i s   a   t r a v e l i n g - t y p e   c r a n e

a n d   o p e r a t e s   o n   a   r u n w a y   a t t a c h e d   t o

t h e   s i d e   w a l l   o r   l i n e   o f   c o l u m n s .

W a l l - M o u n t e d   J i b   C r a n e :     S e e   C r a n e s ,

T y p e s   O f ,   J i b   C r a n e .

C R I T I C A L   D I A M E T E R :     D i a m e t e r   o f   t h e

s m a l l e s t   b e n d   f o r   a   g i v e n   w i r e   r o p e   t h a t   p e r m i t s

t h e   w i r e s   a n d   s t r a n d s   t o   a d j u s t   t h e m s e l v e s   b y

r e l a t i v e   m o v e m e n t   w h i l e   r e m a i n i n g   i n   t h e i r

n o r m a l   p o s i t i o n s .

C Y L I N D R I C A L   D R U M :     H o i s t i n g   d r u m   o f

u n i f o r m   d i a m e t e r .

D E C E L E R A T I O N   S T R E S S :     A d d i t i o n a l

s t r e s s   i m p o s e d   o n   a   w i r e   r o p e   d u e   t o   d e c r e a s i n g

t h e   l o a d   v e l o c i t y .

D E F L E C T I O N :

o S a g   o f   a   r o p e   i n   a   s p a n ,   u s u a l l y

m e a s u r e d   a t   m i d s p a n   a s   t h e   d e p t h   f r o m

a   c h o r d   j o i n i n g   t h e   t o p s   o f   t h e   t w o

s u p p o r t s .

o A n y   d e v i a t i o n   f r o m   a   s t r a i g h t   l i n e .

D E S I G N   F A C T O R :     R a t i o   o f   u l t i m a t e   s t r e n g t h

t o   t h e   d e s i g n   w o r k i n g   s t r e s s .

D E S I G N A T E D :     S e l e c t e d   o r   a s s i g n e d   b y   t h e

e m p l o y e r   o r   t h e   e m p l o y e r ' s   r e p r e s e n t a t i v e   a s

b e i n g   q u a l i f i e d   t o   p e r f o r m   s p e c i f i c   d u t i e s .

D E S I G N A T E D   L E A D E R :     A n   i n d i v i d u a l

a s s i g n e d   r e s p o n s i b i l i t y   f o r   h o i s t i n g   a n d   r i g g i n g

a c t i v i t i e s   r e q u i r i n g   m o r e   t h a n   o n e   p e r s o n   .

D I A M E T E R :     D i s t a n c e   m e a s u r e d   a c r o s s   t h e

c e n t e r   o f   a   c i r c l e   c i r c u m s c r i b i n g   t h e   w i r e s   o f   a

s t r a n d   o r   t h e   s t r a n d s   o f   a   w i r e   r o p e .

D I E S E L - E L E C T R I C   T R U C K :     A n   e l e c t r i c

t r u c k   i n   w h i c h   t h e   p o w e r   s o u r c e   i s   a   g e n e r a t o r

d r i v e n   b y   a   d i e s e l   e n g i n e .

D O C K B O A R D :     A   p o r t a b l e   o r   f i x e d   d e v i c e   f o r

s p a n n i n g   t h e   g a p   o r   c o m p e n s a t i n g   f o r   t h e

d i f f e r e n c e   i n   l e v e l   b e t w e e n   l o a d i n g   p l a t f o r m s

a n d   c a r r i e r s .

D O G - L E G :     P e r m a n e n t   s h o r t   b e n d   o r   k i n k   i n   a

w i r e   r o p e   c a u s e d   b y   i m p r o p e r   u s e .

D O E - S T D - 1 0 9 0 - 2 0 0 1

C h a p t e r   1

1 - 5 T e r m i n o l o g y   a n d   D e f i n i t i o n s

D R A G L I N E :     W i r e   r o p e   u s e d   t o   p u l l   a n

e x c a v a t i n g   o r   d r a g   b u c k e t .

D R I V E :     M o t o r ,   c o u p l i n g ,   b r a k e   a n d   g e a r   c a s e ,

o r   g e a r   c a s e s   u s e d   t o   p r o p e l   b r i d g e ,   t r o l l e y ,   o r

h o i s t .

D R I V E   G I R D E R :     A   g i r d e r   o n   w h i c h   i s

m o u n t e d   t h e   b r i d g e   d r i v e ,   c r o s s   s h a f t ,   w a l k ,

r a i l i n g ,   a n d   o p e r a t o r ' s   c a b .

D R U M :     A   c y l i n d r i c a l - f l a n g e d   b a r r e l   o f   u n i f o r m

( c y l i n d r i c a l   d r u m )   o r   t a p e r i n g   ( c o n i c a l   d r u m )

d i a m e t e r   o n   w h i c h   a   w i r e   r o p e   i s   w o u n d   f o r

o p e r a t i o n   o r   s t o r a g e .     I t   m a y   b e   s m o o t h   o r

g r o o v e d .

E L A S T I C   L I M I T :     L i m i t   o f   s t r e s s   b e y o n d

w h i c h   a   p e r m a n e n t   d e f o r m a t i o n   t a k e s   p l a c e

w i t h i n   t h e   m a t e r i a l .     T h i s   l i m i t   i s   a p p r o x i m a t e l y

5 5   6 5   p e r c e n t   o f   b r e a k i n g   s t r e n g t h   o f   s t e e l - w i r e

r o p e s .

E L E C T R I C   T R U C K :     A   t r u c k   i n   w h i c h   t h e

p r i n c i p a l   e n e r g y   i s   t r a n s m i t t e d   f r o m   p o w e r

s o u r c e   t o   m o t o r ( s )   i n   t h e   f o r m   o f   e l e c t r i c i t y .

E N D   C O N T R O L :     A n   o p e r a t o r - c o n t r o l   p o s i t i o n

t h a t   i s   l o c a t e d   a t   t h e   e n d   o p p o s i t e   t h e   l o a d   e n d   o f

t h e   t r u c k .

E Q U A L I Z E R :     A   d e v i c e   u s e d   t o   c o m p e n s a t e

f o r   u n e q u a l   l e n g t h   o r   s t r e t c h   o f   a   h o i s t   r o p e .

E Q U A L I Z I N G   S L I N G S :     S l i n g s   c o m p o s e d   o f

w i r e   r o p e   a n d   e q u a l i z i n g   f i t t i n g s .

E Q U A L I Z I N G   T H I M B L E S :     A   s p e c i a l   t y p e   o f

f i t t i n g   u s e d   a s   a   c o m p o n e n t   p a r t   o f   s o m e

w i r e - r o p e   s l i n g s .

E Y E   O R   E Y E   S P L I C E :     A   l o o p   w i t h   o r

w i t h o u t   a   t h i m b l e   f o r m e d   i n   t h e   e n d   o f   a   w i r e

r o p e .

F A I L - S A F E :     A   p r o v i s i o n   d e s i g n e d   t o

a u t o m a t i c a l l y   s t o p   o r   s a f e l y   c o n t r o l   a n y   m o t i o n

i n   w h i c h   a   m a l f u n c t i o n   c o u l d   o c c u r .

F A T I G U E :   T h e   t e n d e n c y   o f   a   m a t e r i a l   t o   b r e a k |

u n d e r   r e p e a t e d   s t r e s s . |

F I B E R   C E N T E R S :     C o r d s   o r   r o p e   m a d e   o f

v e g e t a b l e   f i b e r   u s e d   i n   t h e   c e n t e r   o f   a   s t r a n d .

F I B E R   C O R E S :     C o r d s   o r   r o p e   m a d e   o f

v e g e t a b l e   f i b e r   u s e d   i n   t h e   c o r e   o f   a   w i r e   r o p e .

F I R S T   P O I N T :     T h e   f i r s t   s e t t i n g   o n   t h e

o p e r a t o r ' s   c o n t r o l l e r   t h a t   s t a r t s   c r a n e   m o t i o n

( s l o w l y )   i n   e a c h   d i r e c t i o n .

F I T T I N G :     A n y   a c c e s s o r y   u s e d   a s   a n   a t t a c h m e n t

f o r   w i r e   r o p e .

F L A G :     M a r k   o r   m a r k e r   o n   a   r o p e   t o   d e s i g n a t e

p o s i t i o n   o f   l o a d .

F L A T   R O P E :     W i r e   r o p e   m a d e   o f   p a r a l l e l

a l t e r n a t i n g   r i g h t - l a y   a n d   l e f t - l a y   r o p e s   s e w n

t o g e t h e r   b y   r e l a t i v e l y   s o f t   w i r e s .

F L A T T E N E D   S T R A N D   R O P E :     A   w i r e   r o p e

w i t h   e i t h e r   o v a l   o r   t r i a n g u l a r   s t r a n d s   t h a t   p r e s e n t

a   f l a t t e n e d   r o p e   s u r f a c e .

F L E E T   A N G L E :     A n g l e   b e t w e e n   t h e   p o s i t i o n

o f   a   r o p e   a t   t h e   e x t r e m e   e n d   w r a p   o n   a   d r u m   a n d

a   l i n e   d r a w n   p e r p e n d i c u l a r   t o   t h e   a x i s   o f   t h e

d r u m   t h r o u g h   t h e   c e n t e r   o f   t h e   n e a r e s t   f i x e d

s h e a v e .

F O R K S :     H o r i z o n t a l   t i n e - l i k e   p r o j e c t i o n s ,

n o r m a l l y   s u s p e n d e d   f r o m   t h e   c a r r i a g e ,   u s e d   t o

e n g a g e   a n d   s u p p o r t   l o a d s .

F O R K   H E I G H T :     T h e   v e r t i c a l   d i s t a n c e   f r o m

t h e   f l o o r   t o   t h e   l o a d - c a r r y i n g   s u r f a c e   a d j a c e n t   t o

t h e   h e e l   o f   t h e   f o r k s   w i t h   t h e   m a s t   v e r t i c a l ,   a n d

i n   t h e   c a s e   o f   r e a c h   t r u c k s ,   w i t h   t h e   f o r k s

e x t e n d e d .

F O R K L I F T   T R U C K :     A   h i g h - l i f t   s e l f - l o a d i n g

t r u c k   e q u i p p e d   w i t h   l o a d   c a r r i a g e   a n d   f o r k s   f o r

t r a n s p o r t i n g   a n d   t i e r i n g   l o a d s   ( s e e   F i g u r e   1 0 - 3 ) .

G A L V A N I Z E :     T o   c o a t   w i t h   z i n c   t o   p r o t e c t

a g a i n s t   c o r r o s i o n .

G A L V A N I Z E D   R O P E :     R o p e   m a d e   o f

g a l v a n i z e d   w i r e .

G A L V A N I Z E D   S T R A N D :     S t r a n d   m a d e   o f

g a l v a n i z e d   w i r e .

G A L V A N I Z E D   W I R E :     W i r e   c o a t e d   w i t h   z i n c .

G A S - E L E C T R I C   T R U C K :     A n   e l e c t r i c   t r u c k

i n   w h i c h   t h e   p o w e r   s o u r c e   i s   a   g e n e r a t o r   d r i v e n

b y   a n   L P - g a s   o r   g a s o l i n e   e n g i n e .

G R O M M E T :     A   s e v e n - s t r a n d   w i r e - r o p e   s l i n g

m a d e   f r o m   o n e   c o n t i n u o u s   l e n g t h   o f   s t r a n d   o r   a n

e n d l e s s   s y n t h e t i c - w e b   s l i n g .

D O E - S T D - 1 0 9 0 - 2 0 0 1

C h a p t e r   1

T e r m i n o l o g y   a n d   D e f i n i t i o n s 1 - 6

F i g u r e   1 - 2 .   R o p e   L a y

G R O O V E D   D R U M :     D r u m   w i t h   g r o o v e d   o u t e r

s u r f a c e   t o   a c c o m m o d a t e   a n d   g u i d e   a   r o p e .

G R O O V E S :     D e p r e s s i o n s   i n   t h e   o u t e r   s u r f a c e

o f   a   s h e a v e   o r   d r u m   f o r   p o s i t i o n i n g   a n d

s u p p o r t i n g   a   r o p e .

G U Y   L I N E :     S t r a n d   o r   r o p e ,   u s u a l l y   g a l v a n i z e d ,

f o r   h o l d i n g   a   s t r u c t u r e   i n   p o s i t i o n .

H A N D L I N G   F I X T U R E :     A   c r a d l e ,   s t r u c t u r e ,

s h i p p i n g   f i x t u r e ,   o r   c o n t a i n e r   d e s i g n e d

s p e c i f i c a l l y   t o   f a c i l i t a t e   s u p p o r t i n g ,   l i f t i n g ,   o r

h a n d l i n g   a   c o m p o n e n t   d u r i n g   f a b r i c a t i o n ,

l o a d i n g ,   s h i p p i n g ,   s t o r a g e ,   o r   i n s t a l l a t i o n .

H I G H - L I F T   T R U C K :     A   s e l f - l o a d i n g   t r u c k

e q u i p p e d   w i t h   a n   e l e v a t i n g   m e c h a n i s m   d e s i g n e d

t o   p e r m i t   t i e r i n g .     P o p u l a r   t y p e s   a r e   h i g h - l i f t

p l a t f o r m   t r u c k s   ( s e e   F i g u r e   1 0 - 3 ) .

H I G H - L I F T   P L A T F O R M   T R U C K :     A

s e l f - l o a d i n g   t r u c k   e q u i p p e d   w i t h   a n   e l e v a t i n g

m e c h a n i s m   i n t e n d e d   p r i m a r i l y   f o r   t r a n s p o r t i n g

a n d   t i e r i n g   l o a d e d   s k i d   p l a t f o r m s   ( s e e

F i g u r e   1 0 - 3 ) .

H O I S T :     A   d e v i c e   t h a t   a p p l i e s   a   f o r c e   f o r   l i f t i n g

o r   l o w e r i n g .

H O I S T ,   L E V E R   O P E R A T E D :     A

l e v e r - o p e r a t e d   m a n u a l   d e v i c e   u s e d   t o   l i f t ,   l o w e r ,

o r   p u l l   a   l o a d   a n d   t o   a p p l y   o r   r e l e a s e   t e n s i o n .

H O L D I N G   L I N E :     W i r e   r o p e   o n   a   c l a m s h e l l   o r

o r a n g e - p e e l   b u c k e t   t h a t   h o l d s   t h e   b u c k e t   w h i l e

t h e   c l o s i n g   l i n e   i s   r e l e a s e d   t o   d u m p   t h e   l o a d .

H O O K   L O A D :     T h e   t o t a l   l i v e   w e i g h t   s u p p o r t e d

b y   t h e   h o o k   o f   a   c r a n e ,   d e r r i c k ,   o r   o t h e r   h o i s t i n g

e q u i p m e n t ,   i n c l u d i n g   t h e   l o a d ,   s l i n g s ,   s p r e a d e r

b a r s ,   a n d   o t h e r   t a c k l e   n o t   p a r t   o f   t h e   l o a d   b u t

s u p p o r t e d   b y   t h e   h o o k   a n d   r e q u i r e d   f o r   t h e

h a n d l i n g   o f   t h e   l o a d .

I D L E R :     S h e a v e   o r   r o l l e r   u s e d   t o   g u i d e   o r

s u p p o r t   a   r o p e .

I N D E P E N D E N T   W I R E - R O P E   C O R E :     W i r e

r o p e   u s e d   a s   t h e   c o r e   o f   a   l a r g e r   r o p e .

I N N E R   W I R E S :     A l l   w i r e s   o f   a   s t r a n d   e x c e p t

s u r f a c e   o r   c o v e r   w i r e s .

I N T E R N A L - C O M B U S T I O N   E N G I N E

T R U C K :     A   t r u c k   i n   w h i c h   t h e   p o w e r   s o u r c e   i s

a   g a s   o r   d i e s e l   e n g i n e .

I N T E R N A L L Y   L U B R I C A T E D :     W i r e   r o p e   o r

s t r a n d   h a v i n g   a l l   w i r e s   c o a t e d   w i t h   l u b r i c a n t .

K I N K :     P e r m a n e n t   d i s t o r t i o n   o f   w i r e s   a n d

s t r a n d s   r e s u l t i n g   f r o m   s h a r p   b e n d s .

L A G G I N G :     E x t e r n a l   w o o d   c o v e r i n g   o n   a   r e e l

o f   r o p e   o r   a   s t r a n d .

L A N G - L A Y   R O P E :     W i r e   r o p e   i n   w h i c h   t h e

w i r e s   i n   t h e   s t r a n d s   a n d   t h e   s t r a n d s   i n   t h e   r o p e

a r e   l a i d   i n   t h e   s a m e   d i r e c t i o n .

L A Y   L E N G T H :     T h e   l e n g t h w i s e   d i s t a n c e   o n   a

w i r e   r o p e   i n   w h i c h   a   s t r a n d   m a k e s   o n e   c o m p l e t e

t u r n   a r o u n d   t h e   r o p e ' s   a x i s   ( s e e   F i g u r e   1 - 2 ) .

L e f t   L a y :

o S t r a n d :     S t r a n d   i n   w h i c h   t h e   c o v e r

w i r e s   a r e   l a i d   i n   a   h e l i x   h a v i n g   a

l e f t - h a n d   p i t c h ,   s i m i l a r   t o   a   l e f t - h a n d

s c r e w .

o R o p e :     R o p e   i n   w h i c h   t h e   s t r a n d s   a r e

l a i d   i n   a   h e l i x   h a v i n g   a   l e f t - h a n d   p i t c h ,

s i m i l a r   t o   a   l e f t - h a n d   s c r e w .

R i g h t   L a y :

o S t r a n d :     S t r a n d   i n   w h i c h   t h e   c o v e r

w i r e s   a r e   l a i d   i n   a   h e l i x   h a v i n g   a

r i g h t - h a n d   p i t c h ,   s i m i l a r   t o   a   r i g h t - h a n d

s c r e w .

o R o p e :     R o p e   i n   w h i c h   t h e   s t r a n d s   a r e

l a i d   i n   a   h e l i x   h a v i n g   a   r i g h t - h a n d

p i t c h ,   s i m i l a r   t o   a   r i g h t - h a n d   s c r e w .

D O E - S T D - 1 0 9 0 - 2 0 0 1

C h a p t e r   1

1 - 7 T e r m i n o l o g y   a n d   D e f i n i t i o n s

L I F T :

o M a x i m u m   s a f e   v e r t i c a l   d i s t a n c e

t h r o u g h   w h i c h   a   h o o k   c a n   t r a v e l .

o T h e   h o i s t i n g   o f   a   l o a d .

L I F T ,   C R I T I C A L :   A   l i f t   f o r   w h i c h   t h e |

a p p l i c a t i o n   o f   r e q u i r e m e n t s   a p p l i c a b l e   t o |

o r d i n a r y   l i f t s   w o u l d   n o t   a d e q u a t e l y   e l i m i n a t e   o r |

c o n t r o l   t h e   l i k e l i h o o d   o r   s e v e r i t y   o f   t h e |

f o l l o w i n g : |

o p e r s o n n e l   i n j u r y   o r   s i g n i f i c a n t   a d v e r s e |

h e a l t h   i m p a c t   ( o n s i t e   o r   o f f s i t e ) . |

o s i g n i f i c a n t   r e l e a s e   o f   r a d i o a c t i v i t y   o r |

o t h e r   h a z a r d o u s   m a t e r i a l   o r   o t h e r |

u n d e s i r a b l e   c o n d i t i o n s . |

o u n d e t e c t a b l e   d a m a g e   t h a t   w o u l d |

j e o p a r d i z e   f u t u r e   o p e r a t i o n s   o r   t h e |

s a f e t y   o f   a   f a c i l i t y . |

o d a m a g e   t h a t   w o u l d   r e s u l t   i n   d e l a y   t o |

s c h e d u l e   o r   o t h e r   s i g n i f i c a n t   p r o g r a m |

i m p a c t   s u c h   a s   l o s s   o f   v i t a l   d a t a . |

L I F T ,   O R D I N A R Y :     A n y   l i f t   n o t   d e s i g n a t e d   a s

a   c r i t i c a l   l i f t   o r   a   p r e e n g i n e e r e d   p r o d u c t i o n   l i f t .

L I F T ,   P R E E N G I N E E R E D   P R O D U C T I O N :

R e p e t i t i v e ,   p r o d u c t i o n - t y p e   l i f t i n g   o p e r a t i o n ,

i n d e p e n d e n t   o f   t h e   n a t u r e   o f   t h e   l o a d   t o   b e   l i f t e d ,

i n   w h i c h   t h e   p r o b a b i l i t y   o f   d r o p p i n g ,   u p s e t ,   o r

c o l l i s i o n   i s   r e d u c e d   t o   a   l e v e l   a c c e p t a b l e   t o   t h e

r e s p o n s i b l e   m a n a g e r   b y     p r e l i m i n a r y   e n g i n e e r i n g

e v a l u a t i o n ,   s p e c i a l i z e d   l i f t i n g   f i x t u r e s ,   d e t a i l e d

p r o c e d u r e s ,   o p e r a t i o n - s p e c i f i c   t r a i n i n g ,   a n d  

i n d e p e n d e n t   r e v i e w   a n d   a p p r o v a l   o f   t h e   e n t i r e

p r o c e s s .

L I N E :     A   r o p e   u s e d   f o r   s u p p o r t i n g   a n d

c o n t r o l l i n g   a   s u s p e n d e d   l o a d .

L O A D :     T h e   t o t a l   w e i g h t   s u p e r i m p o s e d   o n   t h e

l o a d   b l o c k   o r   h o o k .

L O A D   B L O C K :     T h e   a s s e m b l y   o f   h o o k   o r

s h a c k l e ,   s w i v e l ,   b e a r i n g ,   s h e a v e s ,   p i n s ,   a n d

f r a m e   s u s p e n d e d   b y   t h e   h o i s t i n g   r o p e s .

L O A D - B A C K R E S T   E X T E N S I O N :     A   d e v i c e

e x t e n d i n g   v e r t i c a l l y   f r o m   t h e   f o r k   c a r r i a g e

f r a m e .

L O A D - B E A R I N G   P A R T S :     A n y   p a r t   o f   a

m a t e r i a l - h a n d l i n g   d e v i c e   i n   w h i c h   t h e   i n d u c e d

s t r e s s   i s   i n f l u e n c e d   b y   t h e   h o o k   l o a d .     A   p r i m a r y

l o a d - b e a r i n g   p a r t   i s   a   p a r t   t h e   f a i l u r e   o f   w h i c h

c o u l d   r e s u l t   i n   d r o p p i n g ,   u p s e t ,   o r   u n c o n t r o l l e d

m o t i o n   o f   t h e   l o a d .     L o a d - b e a r i n g   p a r t s   w h i c h ,   i f

f a i l e d ,   w o u l d   r e s u l t   i n   n o   m o r e   t h a n   s t o p p a g e   o f

t h e   e q u i p m e n t   w i t h o u t   c a u s i n g   d r o p p i n g ,   u p s e t ,

o r   l o s s   o f   c o n t r o l   o f   t h e   l o a d   a r e   n o t   c o n s i d e r e d

t o   b e   p r i m a r y   l o a d - b e a r i n g   p a r t s .

L O A D   C E N T E R   ( F O R K L I F T S ) :     T h e

h o r i z o n t a l   l o n g i t u d i n a l   d i s t a n c e   f r o m   t h e

i n t e r s e c t i o n   o f   t h e   h o r i z o n t a l   l o a d - c a r r y i n g

s u r f a c e s   a n d   v e r t i c a l   l o a d - e n g a g i n g   f a c e s   o f   t h e

f o r k s   ( o r   e q u i v a l e n t   l o a d - p o s i t i o n i n g   s t r u c t u r e )

t o   t h e   c e n t e r   o f   g r a v i t y   o f   t h e   l o a d .

L O W - L I F T   T R U C K :     A   s e l f - l o a d i n g   t r u c k

e q u i p p e d   w i t h   a n   e l e v a t i n g   m e c h a n i s m   d e s i g n e d

t o   r a i s e   t h e   l o a d   o n l y   s u f f i c i e n t l y   t o   p e r m i t

h o r i z o n t a l   m o v e m e n t   ( s e e   F i g u r e   1 0 - 3 ) .

M A G N E T :     A n   e l e c t r o m a g n e t i c   d e v i c e   c a r r i e d

o n   a   c r a n e   h o o k   a n d   u s e d   t o   p i c k   u p   l o a d s .

M A I N   H O I S T :     T h e   h o i s t   m e c h a n i s m   p r o v i d e d

f o r   l i f t i n g   t h e   m a x i m u m - r a t e d   l o a d .

M A N   T R O L L E Y :     A   t r o l l e y   h a v i n g   a n

o p e r a t o r ' s   c a b   a t t a c h e d   t o   i t .

M A R L I N E   S P I K E :     T a p e r e d   s t e e l   p i n   u s e d   i n

s p l i c i n g   w i r e   r o p e .

M E S S E N G E R   S T R A N D :     G a l v a n i z e d   s t r a n d

o r   b r o n z e   s t r a n d   u s e d   t o   s u p p o r t   t e l e p h o n e   a n d

e l e c t r i c a l   c a b l e s .

M O D U L U S   O F   E L A S T I C I T Y :     M a t h e m a t i c a l

q u a n t i t y   g i v i n g   t h e   r a t i o ,   w i t h i n   t h e   e l a s t i c   l i m i t ,

b e t w e e n   a   d e f i n i t e   r a n g e   o f   u n i t   s t r e s s   o n   a   w i r e

r o p e   a n d   t h e   c o r r e s p o n d i n g   e l o n g a t i o n .

M O U S I N G :     A   m e t h o d   o f   b r i d g i n g   t h e   t h r o a t

o p e n i n g   o f   a   h o o k   t o   p r e v e n t   t h e   r e l e a s e   o f   l o a d

l i n e s   a n d   s l i n g s ,   u n d e r   s e r v i c e   o r   s l a c k

c o n d i t i o n s ,   b y   w r a p p i n g   w i t h   s o f t   w i r e ,   r o p e ,

h e a v y   t a p e ,   o r   s i m i l a r   m a t e r i a l s .

N A R R O W - A I S L