Sims pluton, Nash and Wilson counties, North Carolina

              ;-2-
THE SIMS PLUTON,
NASH AND WILSON COUNTIES, NORTH CAROLINA
By
J. Alexander Speer
BULLETIN 97
iiC. DOCUMENTS
CLEARINGHOUSE
JUL 1 1 1997
NORTH CAROLINA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
DIVISION OF LAND RESOURCES
DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT, HEALTH AND NATURAL RESOURCES
)
Geological Survey Section
The Geological Survey Section examines, surveys, and maps the geology, mineral resources,
and topography of the state to encourage the wise conservation and use of these resources by
industry, commerce, agriculture, and government agencies for the general welfare of the citizens
of North Carolina.
The Section conducts basic and applied research projects in environmental geology, mineral
resource exploration, and systematic geologic mapping. Services include identifying rock and
mineral samples submitted by citizens and providing consulting services and specially prepared
reports to agnecies that need geological information.
The Geological Survey Section publishes Bulletins, Economic Papers, Information Circulars,
Educational Series, Geologic Maps and Special Publications. For a list of publications or more
information about the section please contact the Geological Survey Section at P.O. Box 27687,
Raleigh, North Carolina 27611-7687, or call (919) 733-2423.
Jeffrey C. Reid
Chief Geologist
THE SIMS PLUTON,
NASH AND WILSON COUNTIES, NORTH CAROLINA
By
J. Alexander Speer
Mineralogical Society of America
1718 M Street, N.W.
Washington, D.C. 20036
NORTH CAROLINA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
BULLETIN 97
1997
CHARLES H. GARDNER, DIRECTOR AND STATE GEOLOGIST
STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT,
JAMES B. HUNT, JR., GOVERNOR HEALTH AND NATURAL RESOURCES
JOHNATHAN B. HOWES, SECRETARY
/
CONTENTS '
Page
Abstract 1
Introduction 2
Previously Published Work 3
Techniques 4
Geologic Setting 5
Lithology 5
Sims Pluton 5
Conner granitoid 7
Sims granitoid 9
Relationship between the
Conner and Sims granitoids 9
Porphyritic granitoid 10
Aplite 10
Muscovite + quartz greisen 10
Veins 11
Wall Rocks 12
Country rocks 12
Contact metamorphic aureole 12
Granitoid Compositions 13
Sims Pluton 13
Comparison with other Alleghanian
Page
Granitoids 14
Mineralogy 14
Biotite 14
White Mica 14
Feldspars 15
Oxide Minerals 15
Chlorite 16
Epidote 16
Other Minerals 17
Geophysical Expression 17
Gravity Expression 17
Aeromagnetic Expression 18
Aeroradiometric Expression 19
Soil and Groundwater Radon 20
Economic Resources 25
Stone 25
Mica 25
Base Metals 26
Discussion 30
Acknowledgements 32
References Cited 33
ILLUSTRATIONS
Figure Page
1. Location map Sims pluton, N.C 3
2. Geologic sketch maps of the Sims
pluton, N.C. and vicinity 6
3. Modal QAP compositional diagram for
the Sims pluton, NC 7
4. Outcrops of the Conner and Sims
granitoids 8
5. Lower crust-normalized granitoid
elemental concentrations 13
6. Chondrite-normalized granitoid REE
concentrations 14
7. Biotite compositional quadrilateral 15
8. Biotite compositional
variation diagram 15
9. Mica Fe+Mg+Mn—Al—Si (atomic pro
portions) diagram 16
10. Muscovite compositional variation
diagram 16
Figure Page
11. Ternary compositional diagram for
the Sims pluton feldspars 17
12. Oxide Ti—Fe+2,Mn—Fe+3 ternary
compositional diagram 17
13. Chlorite compositional diagram 17
14. Gravity map of the Sims pluton, N.C.
and vicinity 18
15. Aeromagnetic map of the Sims pluton,
N.C. vicinity 19
16. Aeroradioactivity map of the Sims
pluton, N.C. vicinity 20
17. Soil-gas sample locality map 21
18. Soil-gas radon concentration map 22
19. Groundwater sample locality map .... 23
20. Groundwater radon
concentration map 24
21. Soil Cu concentration map 28
22. Soil Mo concentration map 29
TABLES
Table Page
1. Modal Analyses 36
2. Rock Major Element Analyses 37
3
.
Rock Trace Element Analyses 38
4. Biotite Analyses 39
5. Muscovite Analyses 40
6. Feldspar Analyses 42
7. Ilmenite Analyses 46
8. Hematite Analyses 47
9. Magnetite Analyses 48
Table Page
10. Rutile Analyses 49
11. Chlorite Analyses 50
12. Epidote Analyses 51
13. Carbonate Mineral Analyses 52
14. Titanite Analyses 53
15. Soil-gas Radon Concentrations 54
16. Groundwater Radon Concentrations 55
17. Aggregate Tests, Sims granitoid,
Neverson Quarry 56
n
THE SIMS PLUTON,
NASH AND WILSON COUNTIES, NORTH CAROLINA
by
J. Alexander Speer, Mineralogical Society of America
ABSTRACT
The Sims pluton of Alleghanian age (288 ±13 Ma) is an
egg-shaped, composite body about 50 km2 (20 mi2
) in area within
the Eastern slate belt of North Carolina. It is a centered pluton
comprising two major lithologies, the Conner (rim) and Sims
(core) granitoids, and a number of minor granitoids that occur
as dikes or other small intrusive bodies within the pluton. A
1.5 x 0.5 km greisen-bearing zone is developed by replacement
of the Conner granitoid within the southeastern margin of the
pluton. Both major facies are coarse-grained, biotite
monzogranites. The Conner granitoid contains alkali feldspar
megacrysts up to 5 cm whereas the Sims is equigranular. The
Conner granitoid contains monazite, relatively abundant sul-fide
minerals, and only minor magnetite whereas the Sims con-tains
allanite, a low abundance of sulfide minerals, and greater
modal amounts of magnetite. There is a gradational contact
between the two lithologies. Neither granitoid shows visible
magmatic flow structures. Contact metamorphic rocks include
garnet-bearing tactites and biotite + muscovite ± andalusite
hornfelses and are sparsely developed.
The two granitoid facies are identical in terms of modal and
major and most trace element compositions. Significant com-positional
differences are the higher S, U, Nb, Ta, and hydro-phile
element Li, Be, Rb, Sr, Cs contents of the Conner, and the
higher transition metals Zn, Pb, Cu contents of the Sims. Bi-otites
of the Conner granitoid are more Fe-rich, F-rich, and alu-minous
than those in the Sims, but there is a continuous com-positional
gradation between them related by the Tschermak
[
ivAlviAl(Fe,Mg).1
Si.
1 ] / [OHF^], [NlgFe^] exchanges, and
solid solution with the dioctahedral micas.
Textural and compositional features of the granitoids indi-cate
the composite pluton formed from a single magma batch,
portions of which crystallized under differing conditions to form
the different lithologies. Varietal mineralogy of the two major
facies are related by the reaction: Conner Fe-rich biotite + O2
<=> Sims Mg-rich biotite + K feldspar + magnetite. The magma
was emplaced vapor undersaturated. Vapor saturation oc-curred
once solidification reached the Conner-Sims boundary.
With vapor saturation, nucleation rates for the major minerals
became nearly equal and the rock texture changed from
inequigranular to equigranular. With vapor saturation, some
components fractionated into the separate volatile phase. Mi-gration
of the volatile phase from the central Sims granitoid
caused relatively reduced conditions by dissociation of H2O
and loss of H2. The outwardly migrating fluids reacted with
the already crystallized surrounding Conner granitoid to form
OH-bearing minerals and release of O2. Segregation and mi-gration
of a fluid to the western margins of the pluton formed
both the greisen zone by replacement of the Conner granitoid
and the abundant aplite dikes. Subsequent, and lower tem-perature
fluid migration would form the widespread mineral-ized
fractures. During these fluid migrations, there was redis-tribution
of the trace elements, especially the hydrophile ele-ments.
The occurrence of the mineralizations in linear zones
and fractures indicates structural control. The pluton was
emplaced at depths corresponding to pressures less than the
aluminum silicate triple point (<4 kbar, or <15 km depth).
The Sims pluton causes anomalies in the regional gravity,
magnetic, radiometric, and geochemical fields. The small nega-tive
gravity anomaly and density difference of 0.13 g cm"3 with
the surrounding rocks makes it unlikely that the pluton is sig-nificantly
larger at depth. Magnetic and radiometric anoma-
lies reveal variations within the pluton. The positive magnetic
anomaly of the pluton coincides with that portion of the Conner
granitoid with the thinnest coastal plain cover and containing
magnetite. The greatest radiometric maximum coincides with
abundant aplite dikes in the northwestern margin of the plu-ton.
The soils developed on the Sims pluton have a median
soil-gas radon concentration of 2,289 pC/1 compared to a me-dian
concentration of 1,192 pC/1 for the surrounding slate belt
and 323 pC/1 for soils developed on the overlying coastal plain.
The greatest soil gas radon concentrations (up to 6341 pC/1)
are in the vicinity of abundant aplite dikes. Median ground-water
radon concentration in the granitoids is 20,252 pC/1,
whereas the groundwater of the slate belt rocks is 2,041 pC/1.
The equigranular, automorphic Sims granitoid is presently
being quarried for crushed stone. The greisen, along with the
intermixed granite, is a potential source of mica, feldspar, and
quartz. Elevated Mo concentrations in the soils is associated
with the greisen that contains disseminated and vein Mo min-eralization.
The adjacent Eastern slate belt rocks have elevated
Cu concentrations.
INTRODUCTION
The Sims pluton is a granitic body within
the Eastern slate belt largely covered by a thin
layer of Atlantic Coastal Plain sediments. It has
also been referred to as the Conner stock (Cook,
unpub. data, 1972; Cook, 1972). The Sims plu-ton
lies on the border of Wilson and Nash Coun-ties,
North Carolina in the eastern part of the
Raleigh 30 x 60-minute quadrangle. The center
of the pluton nearly coincides with the location
where the Bailey, Middlesex, Lucama, and
Stancils Chapel U.S. Geologic Survey 1:24,000-
scale topographic quadrangle maps meet (fig.
1).
The objective of this investigation was to
characterize the distribution and nature of the
granitoids and any contact aureole in order to
understand and evaluate the geologic evolution,
economic potential, and geophysical and
geochemical expression of the Sims pluton.
Much of the previous work on the pluton has
been reconnaissance with most, if not all,
samples examined obtained from the Neverson
Quarry. The results of these previous studies
produced a picture of a granitoid unlike the
other igneous rocks of similar age in the south-eastern
U.S. Such an unusual Alleghanian
granitoid warranted further study. Like most
granitoids in the southern Appalachians, the
Sims pluton has been a source of both dimen-sion
and crushed stone. However, unlike most,
its potential for economic deposits of copper,
zinc, molybdenum, tin, tungsten, mica, and
feldspar have all been extensively explored.
Additionally, the paleotopographic expression
of the pluton appears to have been responsible
for concentration of heavy minerals in economic
amounts in the overlying Coastal Plain sedi-ments.
The composition and physical proper-ties
of the Sims pluton contrast with those of
the enclosing rocks, and with other granitoids.
These contrasts give rise to physical and chemi-cal
anomalies immediately evident on regional
maps of gravity, magnetics, radioactivity, and
geochemistry.
Most of the geologic mapping for this report
was done between March and December, 1990.
Laboratory studies to obtain mineral and rock
compositions continued until May, 1991. The
work was conducted as part of a cooperative
effort (COGEOMAP) among the North Caro-lina
Geological Survey, U. S. Geological Survey,
and N. C State University.
In addition to the work done for that project,
this report incorporates the results of other un-published
investigations. Radon concentrations
measured in the soil gas and groundwater of
the area are from Speer (unpub. data, 1992,
1994). The Lindgren Exploration Company of
Wayzata, Minnesota did detailed field mapping,
trace element geochemistry, and drilling of the
Figure 1. Location map of the Sims pluton, N.C. and overlying Atlantic coastal plain with regard
to cultural features, county lines, and U.S.G.S. 7.5' topographic maps.
granitoid and adjacent wall rocks between 1968
and 1979 (Kiff, unpub. data, 1968; Kiff and
Schell, unpub. data, 1969; Claus and Smith,
unpub. data, 1970, 1971; Cook, unpub. data,
1972; Bartlett, unpub. data, 1975; Bartlett and
Johnson, unpub. data, 1979). The Sims pluton
and adjacent wall rocks were thought to be
among the more attractive possibilities for base
metal deposits. Newmont Exploration also ex-amined
the area (Hausen, unpub. data, 1979).
PREVIOUSLY PUBLISHED WORK
Published maps which delineate the pluton
are preliminary geologic maps of Nash and
Wilson counties (Wilson and Spence, 1979; Wil-son,
1979), the NC Geologic Map (N. C. Geo-logical
Survey, 1985), and the regional mapping
by Farrar (1985). Petrographic descriptions of
the granitoids appear in Councill (1954),
Wedemeyer (1981) and Farrar (1985).
Unpublished data was also obtained from Cook (1972), Barwick et al. (1978),
the N.C. Department of Transportation. It has Wedemeyer (1981), and Speer et al. (1980) have
tested the aggregate produced from the reported on the mineralogy of the Sims pluton
Neverson Quarry yearly since 1982 to assure and associated mineralization. Sando (1979)
compliance with standards for road aggregate. and Wedemeyer (1981) determined some ma-
jor and trace element geochemistry. Spanjers gravel. As the sea regressed, fine-grained dune
(1983) measured fracture orientation data at the and nearshore deposits prograded to form a
Neverson Quarry and traced lineaments in the sheet of sand containing the heavy-mineral de-region
using Landsat photography. He found posits. The area has remained emergent since
a strongly developed N.50°E., 30°N. joint set, that time,
and a less developed N.30°E., 90°. Cu-Mo soil/
rock geochemical anomalies are associated with TECHNIQUES
the pluton and it was explored for disseminated
Mo-Cu mineralization (Cook, 1972). Councill Rock descriptions are based on hand-speci-
(1954) gave a history of the Neverson Quarry. men petrography and transmitted and re-
The Rb/Sr whole-rock age of the Sims plu- flected-light microscopy. Modal analyses were
ton, based on rocks from the Neverson Quarry, done by point counting stained slabs using a 5
is 288 ± 13 Ma, with an initial Sr ratio of 0.7044 x 5 mm transparent grid overlay. Igneous rock
± 0.0005 (Wedemeyer, 1981). A Rb/Sr whole- names are those recommended by the IUGS
rock / plagioclase / biotite isochron gives an Subcommission on the Systematics of Igneous
age of 285 ± 2 Ma (Wedemeyer, 1981). Spanjers Rocks (LeMaitre, 1989). Color designations are
(1983) reports a 262 ± 13 Ma K/Ar date. from the Rock-Color Chart (GSA, 1979).
Wilson (1979) mapped hornfels at the south- Rock analyses were done by Chemex Labs
eastern contact of the Sims. Farrar (1985) noted Inc., Sparks, Nevada. The samples were ground
that the quartz muscovite phyllite adjacent to in a zirconia grinding apparatus. Concentra-the
pluton was recrystallized to a coarse-grained tions of Si, Al, Ca, Fe(total), K, Mg, Mn, Na, P,
quartz muscovite hornfels. He also reported a Ti were measured by ICP-AES following a ni-pelitic
xenolith from the Neverson Quarry with tric-aqua-regia digestion of a fused meta-borate
the assemblage biotite + andalusite + fibrolite fusion. FeO was measured by titration after acid
+ quartz + muscovite. digestion. C and S were determined on a Leco
IR detector /induction furnace. Crystalline and
Carpenter and Carpenter (1991) described surface water were determined with a Leco
the heavy-mineral deposits which occur in the RMC100. F was determined by specific ion elec-
Coastal Plain sediments in the area. The high- trode after a carbonate-nitrate fusion. Nb and
grade portion of the Bailey heavy-mineral de- Y were determined by x-ray fluorescence. CI,
posit, termed the Bailey South deposit, overlies Cs, Hf, Sc, Ta, Th, U, and the REE were done by
the Sims pluton (Mallard, 1992, in Hoffman and neutron activation analysis (NAA). Be, Ga, Ge,
Carpenter, 1992). Hoffman and Carpenter Li, and Rb were done by Atomic Absorption
(1992) described more fully the stratigraphy and Spectrophotometry (AAS) after a perchloric-ni-depositional
environment of the sedimentary trie-hydrofluoric acid digestion. Ga had an or-rocks
containing these deposits. They presented ganic extraction and the AAS was corrected for
a structural contour map and several cross-sec- background. Cd, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Mo, Pb were
tions of the nonconformity of the Sims pluton analyzed by AAS following an aqua regia di-and
adjacent country rocks with the overlying gestion. Cd, Co, Ni, and Pb were corrected for
Coastal Plain sedimentary rocks. The Sims plu- background. Cr, Sr, V, Ge, Ba were analyzed by
ton was a paleographic high during the Pliocene AAS following a perchloric-nitric-hydrofluoric
transgression. It remained emerged as an is- acid digestion. B was analyzed by prompt-land,
developing an apron of coarse sand and gamma neutron activation. Sn was determined
byAAS after ammonia iodide fusion extraction. (Farrar, 1985; Carpenter et al., 1994). The meta-
W was determined colorimetrically after a po- morphic rocks are included in the Smithfield
tassium pyrosulfate fusion. formation as defined by Farrar (1985). In the
vicinity of the Sims pluton these comprise a
Compositions of the minerals in polished lower metaargillite and an upper metasiltstone
section were determined with a Cameca sequence (Carpenter et al., 1994). The pluton
Camebax SX 50 electron microprobe at the Vir- intrudes metaargillite on its western and south-ginia
Polytechnic Institute and State University, eastern contacts. It intrudes the metasiltstone
on its southwest contact (fig. 2b). The western
The procedures and equipment used for col- contact of the pluton is located to within 0.2 km
lecting soil gas and groundwater radon samples by exposures along Turkey Creek. The north-are
those described by Reimer (1991). Sample ern and eastern contacts are hidden by overly-depth
for soil gas radon was 0.75 m. Ground- ing Coastal Plain sedimentary rocks. These in-water
samples from the granitoid and Eastern trusive contacts were previously inferred from
slate belt are from wells deeper than 25 m (84 aeromagnetic data (Farrar, 1985). The southeast-feet)
that penetrated rock. Groundwater from ern contact was confirmed for this study in a
shallower bored or hand-dug wells have lower traverse along the unnamed stream crossing
radon contents that are comparable to the soil State Road 1145.
gas contents. Coastal Plain groundwater
samples are from wells ending within the LITHOLOGY
Coastal Plain sediments. Water was run until it
was being pumped from the ground. This was Sims pluton
checked by measuring water temperatures
which are generally <18°C in the ground. Ra- The Sims pluton is a composite body with
don was measured on 20 cc of gas sample us- two major and several minor lithologies. Both
ing Lucas cells and a Bondar-Clegg & Co., Ltd. major lithologies (Conner and Sims) are coarse-model
RE-279 alpha-scintometer. Counting was grained biotite granitoids, but differ in the ap-begun
five minutes after injection of gas into pearance of the alkali feldspars, color, degree
the Lucas cell. Two-minute counts were taken of alteration, accessory mineralogy, and mineral
and recorded until a reading that is lower than compositions,
the previous one was obtained. At that point, a
succession of five (5) 2-minute counts were Much of the previous work on the pluton
taken and used for the radon concentration de- was confined to either the Neverson Quarry in
termination. the northeast portion or the mineralized area
in the southeast portion of the pluton. Starting
GEOLOGIC SETTING with Councill (1954), workers refered to the rock
in the Neverson Quarry near the town of Sims
The Sims is an egg-shaped pluton with an as the granite at Sims or the Sims granite. The
area of approximately 50 km2 (20 square miles) igneous body was eventually termed the Sims
(fig. 2). The pluton occurs in the Spring Hope as well by Wedemeyer (1981). The Lindgren
tectonostratigraphic terrane of Horton et al. Exploration Company worked in the southeast
(1989). It is emplaced in greenschist-grade portion of the body near the community of
metasedimentary rocks of the Eastern slate belt Conner. Kiff and Schell (unpub. data, 1969) first
along the axial trace of the Smithfield synform termed the rock the Conner granite and the ig-
Figure 2a. Geologic sketch map of the Sims pluton, NC showing the distribution and location of
outcrops and numbered samples collected for this study for the Conner granitoid (open circles),
Sims granitoid (filled squares), and greisen zone.
Figure 2b. Contacts of the Eastern slate belt lithologies in the vicinity of the Sims pluton from
Carpenter et al., unpublished, 1995 (Middlesex), Carpenter et al., 1995 (Stancils Chapel), and
Hoffman et al., unpublished (Lucama). Drillholes are the bedrock diamond core drilling
program of the Lindgren Exploration Company (Claus and Smith, unpub. data, 1971).
neous body the Conner stock. The rocks in the
two areas are petrographically distinct facies of
the pluton. Because of this fortuitous happen-stance,
the two names are retained for the two
distinct lithologic facies in the pluton: the
Conner and Sims granitoids.
The proper or suitable name for the pluton
is problematical. Taking their cue from
Council's (1954) label of the body as the granite
of the Sims area, all but one of the published
papers on the pluton refer to it as the Sims. The
Lindgren unpublished reports refer to it as the
Conner stock as early as 1969, but this name
only appears in print with the abstract by Cook
(1972). Because the pluton is most commonly
refered to in print as the Sims, that usage is re-tained
here. Sims is the name as one of the con-stituent
facies as well. This is a unavoidable
consequence of retaining continuity with past
usages. It is not the only case. For example, the
Liberty Hill pluton of South Carolina contains
two major facies: the Kershaw and Liberty Hill
granitoids (Wagener, 1977).
Conner granitoid
The western and southern sides of the plu-ton
(fig. 2a) comprise coarse-grained, biotite
granitoid. Modal analysis shows the rocks are
granites with a color index (CI) < 5 (table 1, fig.
3). The rocks lie in that area of the granite field
designated monzogranite in the IUGS system
(LeMaitre, 1989). The texture is automorphic
granular with no discernible mineral alignment.
The rock contains abundant alkali feldspars
which are subhedral to euhedral, tabular crys-tals
up to 5 cm (2 inches) across. Because the
other minerals in the rock are less than 1 cm
across, the alkali feldspar megacrysts give the
rock a hiatal or inequigranular texture (fig. 4a).
The alkali feldspar is conspicuous mineral in
outcrop because of its prominent relief on
weathered surfaces. The alkali feldspar is very
quartz
• Conner Granite
x Sims Granite
• Wedemeyer (1981)
alkali feldspar plagioclase
Figure 3. Triangular modal diagram of quartz
- alkali feldspar - and plagioclase for the
Sims pluton, NC granitoids.
pale orange in rocks on the northwest corner of
the pluton and grades through grayish orange
pink to moderate orange pink to the south and
east. The color of the alkali feldspar controls
the color of the fresh rock. The alkali feldspar
is perthitic microcline and is locally poikilitic
with inclusions of plagioclase and biotite and a
noticeable textural zoning. Wiborgite (rapakivi)
texture is widespread and readily noticeable by
the color difference between the two feldspars.
Plagioclase grains are subhedral to anhedral
plates up to 1 cm across and are white. They
have normal oscillatory zoning of An2i to Ang.
Biotite is the only varietal mineral and occurs
as black flakes up to 5 mm across. It is locally
altered to muscovite, chlorite, epidote, and
rutile.
Magmatic accessory minerals include apa-tite,
monazite, and zircon. Apatite in rocks with
abundant monazite have cores clouded by
abundant 2-phase fluid inclusions. Opaque
minerals are magnetite, exsolved hemo-il-menite,
columbite, pyrite, chalcopyrite, and
pyrrhotite. Pyrrhotite occurs only as inclusions
Jt'1* •«*-"
23456789 10 CM
Figure 4a. Conner coarse-grained, inequigranular biotite granitoid. The large mineral grains
are alkali feldspar megacrysts up 5 cm in a groundmass less than 1 cm.
I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 CM
« H £
Figure 4b. The Sims coarse-grained, equigranular biotite granitoid.
in pyrite and exsolution intergrowths in chal- other comparably sized minerals. These feld-copyrite.
Chalcopyrite occurs as matrix grains spars are perthitic microcline and occur as
and inclusions in the silicate, oxide, and other subhedral to anhedral blocky and equant grains
sulfides. Pyrite and chalcopyrite also occur as up to 1.5 cm across. Locally, tabular alkali feld-fillings
in fractures cutting across several dif- spar grains up to 4 cm across similar to those in
ferent mineral grains. Carbonate, chlorite, epi- the inequigranular granitoids are present. How-dote,
fluorite, Nb-rutile, and muscovite are sec- ever they are rare. Both types of alkali feldspar
ondary accessory minerals. are pale red to grayish red. Plagioclase grains
are anhedral and less than 5 mm across and are
Sims granitoid white to pale green depending on the degree of
alteration. They have oscillatory normal zon-
Rocks in the center and northeastern corner ing of An23 to An . Biotite is the varietal min-of
the pluton (fig. 2a) are also coarse-grained eral and occurs as black flakes less than 2 mm
biotite granitoids, but the alkali feldspars are across. The biotite is extensively replaced by
smaller than in the megacrystic granitoid. They muscovite, chlorite, epidote, fluorite, and rutile.
are generally comparable in grain size with the
other minerals. This gives the Sims granitoid a Magmatic accessory minerals include
more equigranular appearance than the Conner allanite, apatite, columbite, and zircon. Opaque
granitoid (fig. 4b). It is assumed the Sims grani- minerals are magnetite, coarsely exsolved
toid forms a continuous mass underlying the hemo-ilmenite, chalcopyrite, pyrite, and pyr-
Coastal Plain sediments in that part of the plu- rhotite. The hemo-ilmenite also contains
ton where they are the only exposed rock type, intergrowths of rutile. Pyrrhotite occurs only
as inclusions in magnetite and unmixed from
Modal analysis show that the rocks are gran- chalcopyrite. Chalcopyrite occurs as inclusions
ites (table 1, fig. 3) with a color index (CI) < 5. in the silicates and oxides. The sulfide miner-
The rocks lie in that area of the granite field als are less abundant than in the megacrystic
designated monzogranite in the IUGS system granitoids. Secondary accessory minerals are
(LeMaitre, 1989). Previous modal analyses by calcite, chlorite, fluorite, epidote, hematite,
Wedemeyer (1981) showed these rocks as alkali muscovite, Nb-bearing rutile, and titanite.
feldspar granitoids with a wide modal scatter
(fig. 3). The scatter resulted from point count- Fracture fillings and alteration zones in the
ing one thin section per sample, which was too Neverson Quarry were investigated by Barwick
small an area for the rock grain size. The name et al. (1978), who reported carbonates, chlorite,
difference results from Wedemeyer 's counting epidote, fluorite, hematite, muscovite, quartz,
the albite zones of the plagioclase as alkali feld- and pyrite as well as bornite, chalcocite, chal-spar
and the plagioclase saussuritization as copyrite, galena, molybdenite, and pyrite.
muscovite.
Relationship between
The texture is hypidiomorphic granular with the Conner and Sims granitoids
no discernible mineral alignment. Contrasting
colors of the major minerals give the rock a Field evidence for the possible relationship
mottled coloring in fresh samples, but weath- between the Conner and Sims granitoids was
ered samples tend to be reddish. Alkali feld- found only in the valley containing the west
spar is generally no more conspicuous than the branch of Marsh Swamp, located in the north-
west corner of the Lucama quadrangle. There
are outcrops of Conner granitoid on its south-ern
length. The Conner granitoid in this area is
inequigranular, containing about 25-33 modal
% subhedral alkali feldspar megacrysts. Along
the upper reaches of the stream, there are out-crops
of Sims granitoid. Here the Sims grani-toid
is an coarse-grained, equigranular rock. An
outcrop 0.1 km south of SR 1132 is a granitoid
containing only about 10 modal % alkali feld-spar
megacrysts. This outcrop is the only one
found at the contact between the two major fa-des
of the pluton and contains features transi-tional
between the two. The contact between
the Conner and Sims granitoids is interpreted
as a gradational contact.
Porphyritic granitoid
Near the southeast border of the pluton (SI-
21) is a granitoid containing grains of perthitic
microcline, plagioclase, quartz, and biotite up
to 2 cm set in a fine-grained, nearly aphanitic
matrix. The abrupt hiatal texture warrants the
term porphyritic. Biotite is noticeably more
abundant, and the CI is about 10. The alkali
feldspars are blocky subhedral grains 0.5-2.0 cm
across. The plagioclase occurs as tabular
subhedral grains up to 1 cm across. Quartz oc-curs
as equant grains up to 5 mm across in rough
hexagonal dipyramids. These are most likely
a-quartz pseudomorphs after (3-quartz. Biotite
occurs as rounded flakes 4 mm across. The
matrix is comprised of the same minerals but
of grains less than 0.5 mm across.
Claus and Smith (unpub. data, 1971) de-scribed
several intervals of what they termed
quartz porphyry within the Sims granitoid of
the DDH 3 drillcore. Two intervals coincide for
a distance of 30 feet. If these rocks are the same
as those at location SI-21, then the porphyritic
granitoid is a dike rock.
Aplite
Granitoid aplite occur locally in dikes up to
10 cm wide in both major granitoid lithologies
of the pluton. The few surface exposures con-taining
aplite would indicate that aplite dikes
are relatively rare in the pluton. However,
drillholes in the northwest area of the pluton
encountered abundant aplite dikes (Claus and
Smith, unpub. data, 1971). Thirty-one aplite
dikes, occupying 1-6 inch intervals of core, were
encountered in the 203-foot-deep DDH 1
drillhole, 15 aplite dikes were encountered in
the 200-foot-deep DDH 3 drillhole, and 8 aplites
were encountered in the 120-foot granitoid in-terval
of DDH 1. By comparison, only 2 aplite
dikes were encountered in the 2,577 feet core of
the other 12 drillholes elsewhere in the pluton.
The aplite is white with a xenomorphic
granular texture and grain size of < 1 mm. CI is
< 2. Accessory minerals include biotite, mus-covite,
magnetite, hemo-ilmenite, and chalcopy-rite
locally intergrown with pyrrhotite and
covellite.
Muscovite + quartz greisen
At the southeastern contact of the pluton,
coarse-grained rocks of muscovite + quartz are
found as outcrops and float boulders up to 4 m.
Greisen occurs in a north-northwest-trending
band up to 0.3 km wide extending about 1.5 km
between State Roads 1131 and 1126 (fig. 2a).
These rocks are the marginal greisen zone of
Cook (unpub. data, 1972; 1972) and the quartz-muscovite
hornfels of Farrar (1985). Because of
their spatial association with the granitoid con-tact,
they could form by alteration of either
granitoid or country rocks. However, mapping
and the Lindgren Exploration drillcores (Claus
and Smith, unpub. data, 1971) shows that the
greisen zone lies within the pluton. Three drill
cores in an east-west traverse across the north-
10
ern end of the greisen zone (DDH 4, 5, and 6) and distribution much like the alkali feldspars
encountered little greisen (Claus and Smith, in the Conner granitoid. On the basis of this
unpub. data, 1971). An interval between 40- and texture, the greisen is interpreted, in part, to
50-foot depth of DDH 6 was the largest. This have formed by replacement of the enclosing
greisen interval yielded an assay of 28 ppm Sn, Conner granitoid. Feldspar is rare as are limo-the
highest values found during exploration. A nite pseudomorphs after earlier minerals. Chlo-cluster
of drillholes in the middle of the greisen rite was locally reported by Claus and Smith
zone (DDH 7, 8, 9, 10, 13, and 14) also encoun- (unpub. data, 1971). Opaque minerals of the
tered little or no greisen in most holes. DDH 7 greisen are pyrite, chalcopyrite, and molybden-contained
a 1 -foot interval of greisen at 250 feet ite (up to 10 mm masses) (Claus and Smith,
whose Cu assay was 650 ppm, the highest value unpub. data, 1971).
obtained during exploration. Significant gre-isen
was located between 63-68 feet in DDH 8; Veins
between the intervals 132-152, 160-166, and 206-
209 feet in DDH 10; and between 165-175 in Through-out the area of the Sims pluton are
DDH 13. Drillholes DDH 9 and 10 were located scattered residual fragments of weathered vein
in an area of abundant greisen float. Two material in the soil. This is invariably Fe-stained
drillholes at the southeast contact of the plu- milky quartz, a ubiquitous feature of
ton, where the greisen zone was mapped as Alleghanian plutons. What sets the veins of the
adjacent to the wall rocks (DDH 11 and 12), en- Sims pluton apart was the opportunity pro-countered
less than 2 feet of greisen. vided by the Lindgren Exploration Company
drilling program to examine fresh samples
Small occurrences of greisen are found in the (Claus and Smith, unpub. data, 1971).
northeast are of the pluton (Claus and Smith,
unpub. data, 1971). A short (< 1 foot) interval Veins occupied up to 25 cm lengths of the
of molybdenite-bearing greisen was encoun- drillcore. Massive, milky quartz is the domi-tered
in the DDH 2 drillhole five feet in from nant mineral. On the surface at DDH 12, quartz
the wall rock-pluton contact. The 10-foot sec- crystals up to 10 cm were found in the soil, in-tion
of core containing the greisen gave 127 ppm dicating some quartz grew in open spaces. Cal-
Mo, the highest values obtained during the ex- cite and calcite-bearing veins were found in the
ploration. greisen zone. In a few drillholes, pyrite, with
or without molybdenite, was noted as the min-
Muscovite occurs as unoriented grains up eral filling of hairline fractures. A quartz vein
to 5 mm across. Rosettes of euhedral musco- containing black tourmaline 1 cm long was en-vite
crystals occur in open vugs. The vugs are countered in DDH 10. Vein sulfide minerals
either an original feature or formed by the include pyrite, chalcopyrite, molybdenite (up
weathering of some mineral. The occurrence to 1.5 mm), sphalerite (with exsolved chalcopy-of
limonite in some vugs indicates the later, rite), galena, arsenopyrite, pyrrhotite (contained
probably pyrite. Locally the muscovite is color within the pyrite), and chalcocite (replacing
zoned. Quartz occurs intermixed with the mus- chalcopyrite). The occurrence of these miner-covite
or as separate veins. The quartz occur- als is sporadic, but they can comprise up to 2%
ring with the muscovite is present as either dis- by volume of the vein. The dominant sulfide
seminated granular masses or as 1-4 cm mineral is pyrite. The only other mineral men-rounded
to blocky grains with an appearance tioned as occurring in the veins is chlorite.
11
Analysis of a sphalerite + galena-bearing sparse distribution of observations, appear un-vein
within the Eastern slate belt at 115 feet in disturbed by emplacement of the Sims pluton
DDH 15 showed 520 ppm Pb, 500 ppm Zn, 90 (fig. 2b).
ppm Cu; 7 ppm Sn, 3 ppm W, 2 ppm Mo, and
no Au. The few other analyzed veins contained Contact metamorphic aureole
up to 60 ppm Cu, less than 1 ppm Mo (but one
with 1,080 ppm Mo), and up to 16 ppm W, 10 Several mapping traverses across the grani-ppm
Zn, and 10 ppm Sn. Weathered quartz toid - wall rock contact located only one sur-veins,
or siliceous gossan, had uniformly higher face exposure of contact metamorphic effects in
base metal contents (up to 150 ppm Cu, 1,920 the aureole (SI-25). This was within 0.2 km or
ppm Mo). less of the contact. This hornfels is distinguished
in the field from the phyllites of the country
Wall rocks rocks by its dark greenish gray color and 1 mm
round pyrite porphyroblasts. The mineral as-
Country rocks semblage is biotite + muscovite + quartz.
Country rocks in the immediate vicinity of The Lindgren Exploration Company en-the
Sims pluton are phyllites and metasiltstones, countered several contact metamorphic effects
These rock types were included in the in holes drilled to cross the pluton - wall rock
Smithfield formation described and mapped by contact (Claus and Smith, unpub. data, 1971).
Farrar (1985). They are considered to be of Late Within two meters of the granitoid contact in
Proterozoic or Cambrian age with a greenschist DDH 2, the Eastern slate belt phyllites gave way
facies metamorphic mineral assemblage of to a spotted biotite-muscovite hornfels with 10%
Taconic age. Detailed mapping of the pyrite and a 1 inch zone of 3 mm garnets with
Middlesex (Carpenter et al, 1995), Stancils epidote and molybdenite. DDH 15 was located
Chapel (Carpenter et al., 1995), and Lucama within 50 feet of the pluton contact, but did not
(Hoffman et al., unpub. data, 1995) quadrangles intersect the granitoid when drilling stopped at
shows that the pluton is emplaced in a sequence 270 feet. The hole started in greenish gray, deli-of
laminated argillites and massive siltstone (fig. cately banded argillite which became more mi-
2b). Phyllites are distinguished on the basis of caceous, massive, and darker with depth. Gar-well
defined fissility, sheen, and abundant net-bearing quartz-rich rocks appeared, start-phyllosilicates.
They range in color from gray- ing at 100-foot depth. These changes were in-ish
green through grayish red purple and tend terpreted as an effect of increasing contact meta-toward
brown when weathered. Metasiltstones morphism. Two calc-silicate garnet tactite zones
are more granular, with visible mineral grains were encountered between 243-247 feet,
and weak foliation. They are grayish green.
Both rock types contain the same mineral as- Farrar (1985) described a pelitic xenolith
semblage: muscovite + chlorite + quartz + from the Neverson Quarry with the assemblage
opaques ± epidote. Both rock types are cross- biotite + andalusite + fibrolite + quartz + mus-cut
by quartz veins. Measurable foliations of covite. Re-examination of the sample (F7-163-
the country rocks are phyllosilicate mineral 2) shows it is a fine-grained, xenomorphic
alignments which appear to subparallel rock granular rock with banding defined by dark
cleavage and compositional layering. The gen- oblate poikiloblasts up to 3 mm across. In ad-eral
trend is N.10°E. - N.20°E. and, within the dition to the reported mineral assemblage, the
12
rock also contained plagioclase and two textural
occurrences of muscovite. Muscovite occurs as
flakes equal in size to the biotites and as fine-grained
aggregates which form the
poikiloblasts. The poikilitic porphyroblasts may
have originally been cordierite.
Wilson (1979) mapped as hornfels the rocks
along Contentnea Creek south of the Sims plu-ton
in a rectangular area 1.5 km wide and ex-tending
to the county line up to 4 km away from
the contact. These rocks are metasiltstones and,
while having a massive texture, do not have a
mineralogy or texture indicative of contact
metamorphism. These rocks are a lithologic unit
within the country rocks which can mapped on
a regional basis (fig. 2b).
subalkaline on the basis of Na20 + K2O vs.
silica, with K2O > Na20. The granitoids are
leucocratic, and Ti02 + FezOs + MgO + MnO is
less than 2.80 wt.%. They are iron-rich, with an
average cation Fe/(Fe+Mg) ratio of 0.659 (table
2). There is wide scatter of ferrous and ferric
iron contents, and the cation Fe+3 /(Fe+2 + Fe+3
)
ratio is 0.322-0.853. The granitoids extend into
the calc-alkaline field on an AFM plot (Irvine
and Baragar, 1971); however, the rocks are too
felsic, and their compositional range too lim-ited,
to make this distinction meaningful. They
span the metaluminous-peraluminous bound-ary
with a range of A/CNK (molecular AI2O3/
[CaO + Na2 + K20]) values from 0.994 to 1.025.
However, all rocks have normative corundum
(table 2).
GRANITOID COMPOSITIONS
Sims Pluton
Major and trace element composition of the
Conner and Sims granitoids are reported in
tables 2 and 3. Various calculated petrochemi-cal
parameters and CIPW norms are included
in table 2.
The granitoids of the Sims pluton span a
small compositional range. The silica contents
of the rocks only range from 73.56 to 74.97 wt.%,
and the other elements have comparable com-positional
ranges. There are small, but system-atic
major element differences between the
Conner and Sims granitoids. The Conner grani-toid
contains more Si and less Ti, Al, Fe, Mg,
Ca, Na, and K than the Sims granitoid (table 2).
Most trace element compositions of the two fa-des
overlap, but there are important differences.
The Conner granitoid contains more Li, Be, Rb,
Nb, Cs, Ta, U and less Sr than the Sims grani-toid
(table 3).
The Conner and Sims granitoids are
A lower-crust normalized plot of selected
elements is given in figure 5. The lower crust
was chosen for normalization because it is a
likely source for the Alleghanian granitoid
granitoid abundance
lower crust abundance
100 -,
10 -.
'^Wh' m
element
Figure 5. Lower-crust normalized diagram for
the Sims pluton, NC. Data is from Table 3.
Normalizing values from Taylor and
McLennan (1985).
13
granitoid abundance
chondrite abundance
1000^
100
10
^^:
SI-3 SI-4
A SI-U 4- SI-U
O SI-26 • Sl-27
La Ce PrNdSmEuGdTb DyHoErTmYb Lu
element
Figure 6. REE chondrite-normalized diagram
for the Sims pluton, NC. Data is from Table
3. Normalizing REE values from Nakamura
(1983).
magma whereas MORB, primitive mantle, or
chondrites have no clear genetic relationship to
the granitoids. The Sims granitoids are enriched
over the lower crust in all of the selected ele-ments
except for Sr, Ti, Sc, and V. There are
negative Pb, Ba, Sr, Ti, Sc, and V anomalies. The
systematic Cs, U, Ta, and Nb differences be-tween
the two granitoid facies are evident by
the separation of the patterns at those elements.
The Sims pluton chondrite-normalized REE
patterns (fig. 6) have gentle slopes, with light
rare-earth element enrichment, a small or ab-sent
Eu anomaly, and a low abundance of the
heavier rare-earth elements. The pattern for the
HREE is scattered. This might be accounted for
by a lack of precision in determining the less
abundant HREE.
Comparison with other Alleghanian
Granitoids
The rocks of the Sims pluton have, for the
most part, compositions that fall within the
range of compositions of the Alleghanian
granitoids of the southern Applachians. The
mean composition, and standard deviation, are
included in tables 2 and 3. These values are re-ported
by Speer and Hoff (in press) and are com-piled
from up to 609 rock analyses for some el-ements.
The Sims pluton granitoids are more
siliceous than the average. Speer and Hoff (in
press) found that a number of elemental con-centrations
varied linearly with silica content.
Many of the differences of the Sims granitoids
from the averages of tables 2 and 3 result from
this effect. However, a few differences exceed
this silica compositional effect. The Conner
granitoids have greater amounts of S, Nb, Cs,
and U than most Alleghanian granitoids, even
those granitoids as siliceous as the Sims.
MINERALOGY
Mineral compositions were obtained from
9 Conner granitoid, 6 Sims granitoid, 2 greisen,
and 1 porphyritic granitoid samples. Also in-cluded
in the work were 4 polished sections of
samples originally used by Farrar (1985) to de-scribe
the Sims pluton.
Biotite
Biotites of the Sims granitoid are more mag-nesian,
F-rich, and less aluminous than those
in the Conner, but there is a continuous compo-sitional
gradation between them (table 4, fig. 7
and 8). These compositional variations can be
related by four solid solutions: Tschermak
[ivAlviAl(Fe,Mg).1Si.1 ] / F-OH [OHF.J, and Fe-
Mg [MgFe.j] exchanges, and a degree of solid
solution with the dioctahedral micas (fig. 9).
White Mica
The white micas in the Sims pluton are
dominantly muscovite-phengite solid solutions
14
>
(3
0)
3.0
2.8
2.6-
2.4-
2.2-
2.0-
D Cornier granite
• Sims Granite
a
0.0
—
r
-
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
cation Fe/(Fe+Mg)
Figure 7. Sims pluton, NC biotite composi-tions
projected onto the phlogopite-annite-eastonite-
siderophyllite field and differen-tiated
by granitoid. Biotite compositional
data from table 4.
with minor trioctahedral substitution (table 5,
fig. 9). There are small compositional differ-ences
among the muscovites depending on oc-currence
with lithology and in an individual
sample. Muscovites in plagioclase (sausserite)
are sodic, but have less Fe+Mg, Ti, and F than
the matrix muscovites (fig. 10). Greisen
muscovites are more sodic than the granitoid
matrix muscovites.
X-ray diffraction analysis of the greisen
muscovites show them to be the 2M2 poly-morph
(Claus and Smith, unpub. data, 1971).
Spectrographic analysis of the greisen showed
that Li was present in quantities of up 100 ppm
(Kiff and Schell, unpub. data, 1969). This indi-cates
that the Li-bearing mica, zinnwaldite does
not occur in any significant degree, either as a
separate phase or as a component of the mica.
Feldspars
Microprobe analyses show that the plagio-clases
have a compositional range of An25 to
Ano and that the perthites are intergrowths of
albite and K feldspar of average composition
Or96 (table 6, fig. 11).
Oxide Minerals
The rhombohedral oxides are ilmenite and
hematite. They occur as intergrowths, indicat-ing
they have exsolved from a higher-tempera-ture
hemo-ilmenite solid solution. Ilmenite is
close to end-member composition on the il-menite-
hematite join, whereas hematite has a
significant ilmenite solid solution (tables 7 and
8, fig. 12). However, the ilmenite has up to 32
mol % substitution of the pyrophanite compo-nent
(MnTiOs), though most have about 20%
(table 7). The spinel phase is magnetite with
nearly the ideal composition (table 9). Abrown
re
<
<
-a
3
o
0.9
0.8-
0.7-
3 0.6-
ttT 0.5 -
0.4-
0.3-
0.2
V a 9
a
-0.7
-0.6
-0.5
-0.4
-0.3
j_ _i_
Conner granitoid
• Sims granitoid
• •
a
a
a
a
~r "T~
0.8
• 0.2
0.40 0.45 0.50 0.55 0.60 0.65 0.70
cation Fe/(Fe +Mg)
Figure 8. Sims pluton, NC biotite variation dia-grams
for V1A1, Fe, Mg, and F with Fe/(Fe +
Mg). Compositional data from table 4. afu
= atomic formula units.
15
^Al+^Al
a mica end-members
' Conner biotites
° Conner and Sims muscovites
+ Sims biotites
eastonite
siderophyllite
D
60 50 40 30 20 10
Fe+Mg+Mn Si
Figure 9. Sims pluton, NC mica cc mpositions
plotted on a Fe+Mg+Mn—Al--Si (atomic
proportions) diagram. Mineral composi-tional
data from tables 4 and 5.
rutile has up to 9 wt % FeO and a significant,
though undetermined amount of Nb (table 10).
A Fe-Nb oxide mineral was found in both
granitoids. The mineral is tentatively identified
as columbite.
Chlorite
The chlorites of the Conner granitoid (Fe/
(Fe + Mg) = 0.518-0.671) are more Fe-rich than
the Sims granitoid chlorites (Fe/(Fe + Mg) =
0.435-0.490) (table 11). This difference makes
the Conner chlorites ripidolites and
brunsvigites whereas the Sims chlorites are
dominantly pycnochlorites (fig. 13).
Epidote
Matrix epidotes in both granitoids of the
Sims pluton have narrow compositional ranges.
The pistacite component is PS27.4-PS31.0 with Mn
contents corresponding to a piemontite compo-nent
between Pdo.4 and Pdo.9 (table 12). Epi-dotes
forming part of the alteration assemblages
of plagioclases (sausserite) are aluminous, Pd3.5.
This indicates that matrix and sausserite epi-dotes
have not equilibrated with one another.
3
CC
u-
6.8
6.6
6.4
6.2
6.0
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3-
0.2
0.1
0.0
0.30
A 15
I A 1
. P
DO
A« U »
J_A *_*& I A
u*£$
''A=
rdV A A
D
A M
D Conner
• Sims
griesen
A sausserite
1)30
0.25
0.20
0.15
0.10
0.05
00
0.4
0.3
1-0.2
0.1
—1
1 1 1 1
—
0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80 0.90
0.0
cation Fe/(Fe+Mg)
Figure 10. Sims pluton, NC muscovite varia-tion
diagrams for viAl, Fe, Mg, and F with
Fe/(Fe + Mg). Muscovite compositional
data from table 5. afu = atomic formula
units.
16
* Conner granitoid
° Sims granitoid
Ab An
Figure 11. Sims pluton, NC feldspar composi-tions
plotted on the ternary end-member Or
(K) - Ab (Na) - An (Ca) diagram. Feldspar
compositional data from table 6.
Ti02
rutile
ilmenite
Conner granitoid
0.70
Sims granitoid
60
+
PL,
co
0.65
0.60
0.55-
0.50-
0.45-
0.40-
j-
B
ripidolite
bninsvigite
pycnochlorite
2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9
Si, afu
3.0 3.1
hematite
Fe,MnO magnetite Fe203
Figure 12. Sims pluton, NC oxide composi-tions
projected onto a cation Ti—Fe+2
, Mn
—
Fe+3 ternary diagram. Mineral composi-tional
data from tables 7, 8, 9, and 10.
Figure 13. Sims pluton, NC chlorite composi-tions
projected onto Si vs. cation Fe/
(Fe+Mg) bivariate diagram. Mineral com-positional
data from table 11. afu = atomic
formula units.
Other Minerals
The carbonate minerals of the granitoids are
calcites with up to 6 mol % substitution of Mn
and 2 mol % Fe (table 13). The titanites are A1-,
Fe-, and F-rich (table 14).
The abundant, transparent radioactive min-eral
in the Conner granitoids showed only x-ray
spectra of REE, Th, and P. This composi-tional
information combined with the optical
properties of the mineral indicates that they are
probably monazites. By contrast, the major
REE-bearing mineral of the Sims granitoid is
allanite.
GEOPHYSICAL EXPRESSION
Gravity expression
The Sims pluton is evident on large-scale
gravity maps (Haworth et al., 1980; Lawrence,
1996) as a negative -40 mgal anomaly perturb-
17
ing the regional field (fig. 14). The anomaly co-incides
with the mapped pluton. The thickest
section of the pluton coincides with the Sims
granitoid. The granitoids have a relatively large
density contrast with the enclosing Eastern slate
belt rocks of 0.13 g cm"3 (table 1). This large
density contrast, but near coincidence of the
gravity anomaly with the granitoid outcrop,
indicates that there is not a much larger portion
of the pluton hidden at depth.
Aeromagnetic expression
The Sims pluton shows a positive 200-300
gamma anomaly compared to the regional field
(fig. 15). The anomaly is most pronounced for
the southwestern part of the pluton. This is
where the Conner granitoid, which normally
contains little magnetite, contains the most
magnetite.
In the immediate vicinity of the pluton there
are two northeast trending positive anomalies
(fig. 15). That in the northwest corner of the
map area is of a regional scale and coincides
with increased abundance of volcanic rocks in
the Eastern slate belt; the Stanhope formation
metavolcanics and mafic metavolcanics (fig. 2b).
The anomaly adjacent to the eastern margin of
the pluton is a more local feature. All rocks are
Figure 14. Bouguer gravity anomaly map for the Sims pluton and vicinity (Lawrence, 1996).
Shaded triangles indicate location of the observations.
18
Figure 15. Aeromagnetic map for the vicinity of the Sims pluton, N.C. (U. S. Geological Survey,
1976). Values are residual, negative magnetic intensity in gammas.
covered by Coastal Plain sediments in this area.
Given its location and limited extent, it could
be the magnetic expression of the contact aure-ole
similar to that found by Speer (1981) for the
Liberty Hill, S.C. pluton. However, the anomaly
does extend some distance from the pluton and
is found to coincide with a basaltic flow or tuff
unit containing abundant magnetite presum-ably
formed during regional metamorphism
(Carpenter et. alv oral communication, 1994).
Aeroradiometric expression
The Sims pluton coincides with a positive
200-800 total gamma ray count anomaly as com-pared
to the regional field (fig. 16). This is
readily explained by the higher radioactive ele-ment
content (K, U, Th) of the granitoids as com-pared
to the enclosing Eastern slate belt.
The anomaly has two, well-defined maxima
within it. The maximum at the northwest cor-ner
of the pluton coincides with an area of abun-dant,
exposed outcrops of the high U Conner
granitoid and aplite dikes. Away from this area
within the pluton, the outcrop and number of
aplite dikes are less abundant and the pluton
becomes increasingly covered by Coastal Plain
sediments. The reason for the radiometric maxi-mum
at the northeastern corner of the Sims plu-ton
is less clear. This is the location of the
Neverson Quarry. This single large exposure
19
Figure 16. Aeroradioactivity map for the vicinity of the Sims pluton, N.C. (U.S. Geological
Survey, 1975). Values are total count gamma ray intensity.
of exposed Sims granitoid might represent suf-ficient
contrast with the covering Coastal Plain
sediments to cause the maximum. The maxi-mum
could be associated with a local concen-tration
of radioactive minerals within the heavy
mineral deposits of the Coastal Plain sediments.
SOIL AND GROUNDWATER RADON
The soil-gas and groundwater radon con-tents
over the Sims pluton and wall rocks were
reported by Speer (unpub. data, 1992, 1994).
Radon contents of the soil-gas and groundwa-ter
of the overlying Coastal Plain rocks contain-ing
the Bailey South heavy-mineral deposit are
reported by Speer (unpub. data, 1994). Loca-tions
of the sample sites and soil-gas radon con-centrations
are shown in Figures 17 and 18. The
comparable diagrams for the groundwater ra-don
are figures 19 and 20. Numerical results
are in tables 15 and 16.
The median soil-gas radon associated with
the granitoid is 2,289 pC/1 (N=24). These soil-gas
radon contents were among the highest
sampled over granitoids in the southern Appa-lachians.
This is expected because the Sims plu-tons
also is among the highest U granitoids in
the southern Appalachians with an average of
11.13 ppm for the Conner granitoid and 5.45
ppm for the Sims granitoid. The average ura-nium
content of 600 Alleghanian granite
samples from the southern Appalachians is 4.9
ppm U (Speer, unpub. data. 1994). Most high
soil-gas radon values of the granitoid are located
in the northwestern corner of the pluton (fig.
18) which is the same location of a positive
aeroradiometric anomaly (fig. 16). By contrast,
the soil-gas radon contents over the surround-ing
Eastern slate belt is 1,192 pC/1 (N = 8).
20
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24
The groundwater radon contents of the Sims at the Neverson Quarry (Councill, 1954). The
pluton, NC are high. The median value is 20,251 quarry is currently operated for crushed stone
pC/1 with a range of 2,970 to 65,895 pC/1 (N = by the Nello Teer Company.
29). There is no discernible difference in
groundwater radon concentrations between the The Neverson Quarry is located at the north-
Conner and Sims granitoids. The highest val- east corner of the pluton within the
ues are located just to the west of the Neverson equigranular Sims granitoid (fig. 2a). The noted
Quarry (fig. 20), in the vicinity of the positive property of this rock is its hardness. Los Ange-aeroradiometric
anomaly (fig. 16). Groundwa- les Abrasion Test results for the stone, as well
ter from the surrounding Eastern slate belt have as the specific gravity and sodium sulfate
markedly lower radon contents, with a median soundness of various size fractions are given in
value of 2,041 pC/1 (N = 16). table 17. The xenomorphic texture of the rock
contributes to its hardness. The megacrystic
The soil gas radon sample sites of the Bailey Conner granitoid would be expected to have
South heavy-mineral deposit were located in the somewhat higher (softer) L.A. wear numbers
same areas as the augured drill holes used to of 40-60, characteristic of more automorphic
outline the deposit (Carpenter and Carpenter, granular granitoids. Thus the best aggregate
1991; R. Carpenter, oral communication). The stone resource of the Sims pluton is confined to
median soil-gas radon content is 323 pC / 1 with the Sims granitoid . Outcrops of the Sims grani-a
range of 57 to 1482 pC/ 1. Four groundwater toid may be steep-sided monadnocks buried by
radon measurements are between 632 and 6,780 the surrounding Coastal Plain sediments. This
pC/1. Shallow wells were used for sampling to is confirmed by drilling in the case of the
avoid obtaining water from the underlying Sims Neverson Quarry by the Nello Teer Company
granitoid or Eastern slate belt. These relatively (James Izzell, oral communication) and sus-low
radon values show that the Bailey South pected by the occurrence of the other outcrops,
deposit, while possibly a gamma-ray source, is
not associated with high soil gas 222radon. This Stone from other sources, but similar in tex-could
be explained by either a relatively low ture and color to both the Conner and Sims
abundance of U-bearing heavy minerals in this granitoids, is widely used as dimension stone
deposit or the inability of radon to escape from or decorative facing. The Conner has a coarsely
these minerals, primarily the zircon. Produc- colored mottling because of the large alkai feld-tion
of short-lived 220radon (thoron) as a result spar megacrysts. The Sims is even-grained and
of the Th-bearing minerals of the deposit is un- locally brilliantly colored light to moderate red.
known. Dimension stone resources require an ability to
quarry large, fracture-free rock. This cannot be
ECONOMIC RESOURCES readily determined from surface outcrops.
While the few rock outcrops of the Sims pluton
gTONE are not fractured, these may be the exception
and the reason they outcrop.
The stone of older houses in the area and
the worked field boulders indicate that the Sims mica
pluton has been quarried on a small, but wide-spread
basis for dimension stone for some time.
The rocks of the §reisen zone of the Sims
Commercial quarrying for stone began in 1917 Pluton comprise 40-100 modal % muscovite.
25
The remainder is dominantly quartz. The area mary of investigations by the Lindgren Explo-of
abundant greisen outcrop and float is 1 .5 km ration Company of what initially was called the
long and up to 0.3 km wide. Both drilling and Conner anomaly. The anomaly was eventually
examination of surface float show that greisen concluded to result from a porphyry-type min-does
not constitute all of the bedrock in this eralization of the Sims (= Conner) pluton.
large area, but they do indicate it is abundant
and can be the dominant rock in bodies up to Following up on the reconnaissance discov-
0.2 km in size. This is a potential mica resource ery of the Conner anomaly, Cu and Mo analy-and
was evaluated by the N. C. Geological Sur- ses of 850 soil and 70 rock samples and geologi-vey
and the Minerals Research Laboratory, cal mapping at a scale of 1:1000 were done by
Asheville, NC (Carpenter, et al., 1995). The Kiff and Schell (unpub. data, 1969). They rec-mica,
which is high in potassium as compared ognized the presence of the Atlantic Coastal
to other sources, would make excellent flux Plain and sampled at locations or depths to 10
coating of welding rods and may be suitable for feet to avoid the sediment cover. Kiff and Schell
dusting rubber compounds. Drawbacks to this identified four favorable areas in the vicinity of
mica are the high grinding hardness, low bright- the Sims pluton: [1] disseminated molybdenite
ness, and high bulk density. The latter two mineralization in the Neverson Quarry, referred
could be improved by more efficient grinding to in company reports as the northeast area, [2]
to finer particle sizes. For other uses the mica a greisen zone along the western margin of the
could be mixed with material from other sources pluton containing anomalous W and Mo and
to meet specifications. Given the mineralogy referred to as the southwest area, [3] anoma-of
the greisen and the occurrence of greisen lous Mo values at the granitoid-slate belt con-within
the Conner granitoid, potential by-prod- tact in the vicinity of the junction of State Roads
uct minerals include quartz and feldspar. 1100 and 1104 and referred to as the northwest
area, and [4] anomalous Cu mineralization in
Base Metals sericitized and silicified Eastern slate belt rocks
along the western contact of the pluton. Only
The Sims pluton was extensively investi- the first three areas were pursued in subsequent
gated for possible base metal resources by the exploration work. Vertical sampling of the
Lindgren Exploration Company of Wazaya, weathering profiles of the granitoids showed
Minnesota between 1965 and 1979. The metals that Mo decreased and Cu remained unchanged
of interest were copper, molybdenum, tin, and with depth. Vertical sampling profiles over the
tungsten. The program began with a literature Eastern slate belt showed an equal number of
research and scouting of the southeastern increases and decreases of Cu content with
United States that lead to the conclusion that depth. The soil Cu and Mo data were analyzed
there was the potential for discovery of eco- by the log-probability method of Lepeltier
nomic mineral deposits by the use of geochemi- (Cook, unpub. data, 1972). Soil samples col-cal
and geophysical exploration techniques lected over the granitoid had average Cu back-
(Lindgren, unpub. data, 1967). Reconnaissance grounds of 15 ppm and a determined anoma-geochemical
sampling of the soils of the Caro- lous threshold of 35 ppm, with 3% of the
lina slate belt in Virginia and North Carolina samples being at this level or higher. Average
by Kiff (unpub. data, 1968) located several ar- Mo backgrounds were 1 ppm and a determined
eas with anomalous Cu and Mo, including the anomalous threshold of 5 ppm, with 6% of the
area of the Sims pluton. Given here is a sum- samples being greater than this amount. Sum-
26
mary maps of the Lindgren geochemical results drill holes totaling 3,100 feet into bedrock the
are shown in figures 21 (Cu) and 22 (Mo), following year. Eleven holes were drilled within
Clearly evident are the reasons for Kiff and the greisen in the southeast area and 4 holes
Schell's conclusion that the anomalous base were drilled in the northwest to locate the plu-metal
occurrences are zoned. The higher Cu ton contact (fig. 2b). Holes were started in both
values are associated with the slate belt rocks the pluton and adjacent wall rocks. There was
and are peripheral to the high Mo values within 2,570 feet of core recovered. The petrography,
the granitoids. This zoning could be a feature mineralogy, alteration, and Cu, Mo, Sn, W, and
of a hydrothermal convection system formed Zn geochemistry of those drillcores were de-by
the intrusion of the Sims pluton, or a feature scribed by Claus and Smith (unpub. data, 1970).
of the original lithologies. The Mo would be a Four-inch lengths of the core sampled at 10-foot
magmatic feature but the elevated Cu concen- intervals were split and analyzed for Mo and
trations of the slate belt could be an original fea- Cu and for W and Sn at 20-foot intervals. A
ture of those rocks. Worthington and Kiff (1970) few Zn analyses were made as well. The aver-suggested
that low-grade gold ores in the Caro- age Cu content of the Eastern slate belt drillcore
lina slate belt were largely conformable and al- was 69 ppm (30 samples) compared to the av-most
entirely within the basal volcanic unit or erage granitoid Cu content of 17 ppm (235
a short distance stratigraphically above it. This samples). The few Zn analyses also showed
might be true for base metal mineralization as higher values for the Eastern slate belt (121 ppm,
well. The slate belt Cu anomaly outlined by the 2 samples) "than for the granitoid (27 ppm, 3
Lindgren Exploration Company is in a compa- samples). Average granitoid Mo (5.6 ppm, 234
rable position at the transition between samples), Sn (6.6 ppm, 111 samples), andW (130
metavolcanic and metasedimentary rocks (Car- ppm, 130 samples) contents were not signifi-penter
et al., 1995) (figs. 2a and 21). cantly different from Eastern slate belt rock Mo
(5.6 ppm, 30 samples), Sn (5.7 ppm, 14 samples),
Kiff and Schell (unpub. data, 1969) sug- and W (4.7 ppm, 14 samples). All of these metal
gested a drilling program as the next explora- concentrations are higher than those reported
tion step. A drilling program on the right-of- for this study in table 3. However, the rocks
way of the state roads was considered. How- analyzed in table 3 were specifically chosen to
ever, state law required that any record of test be free of any mineralization,
drilling be furnished to the State Highway Com-mission
for public record. This was unaccept- Claus and Smith (unpub. data, 1971) identi-able.
As an alternative, prospecting agreements fied three mineralization environments in the
and options for mineral leases from local land- drillcores: [1] Quartz-mica greisen containing
owners were obtained (Claus and Smith, unpub. pyrite, chalcopyrite, and possibly some molyb-data,
1970). In 1970 twenty-two, rotary drill denite. The greisen was considered a phyllic
holes, to depths of 9 to 55 feet were drilled in alteration. [2] Molybdenite- pyrite-, arsenopy-the
northwest and southeast areas. Ninety drill rite-, and chalcocite-bearing quartz-calcite veins,
cutting samples from these holes were analyzed These occur as networks of closely spaced cross-for
Cu and Mo, and some for W. The results cutting and narrow gray to milky quartz veins
showed that the Cu-Mo anomalies found in the in granitoids and contorted veins in the East-soils
(figs. 21 and 22) were associated with bed- ern slate belt. The rocks adjacent to the quartz
rock mineralization. This conclusion was suffi- veins are bleached and show argillic alteration,
cient to justify the drilling of fifteen diamond [3] Molybdenite, sphalerite, chalcopyrite, and
27
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29
galena in open and vuggy quartz veins both pluton had porphyry Mo mineralization. Sodic
within the pluton and, more commonly, wall plagioclase-rich and alkali feldspar-rich
rocks near the pluton contact. Claus and Smith granitoids were distinguished. However, the
(unpub. data, 1971) concluded that the three sample size may have been inappropriate for
mineralization environments represented sue- the large grain-size of the Sims granitoid and
cessively lower temperature-pressure condi- much smaller than the scale of modal inhomo-tions.
They also concluded that the site of min- geneity usually encountered. Hausen recog-eralization
was structurally controlled. The nized that the molybdenite mineralization oc-larger
greisen bodies have linear map trends, curred in late brittle fractures with sericite,
and the smaller ones are steeply dipping tabu- quartz, and calcite. He argued that the miner-lar
bodies in outcrop. The other two mineral- alization was late and formed at relatively low
izations occur as fracture vein fillings. temperatures. Hausen concluded that it could
not be determined if the mineralization was of
The last phase of exploration of the Sims the porphyry type, based on their limited sam-pluton
by the Lindgren Exploration Company pling, but that the features found were encour-was
reported by Bartlett and Johnson (unpub. aging,
data, 1979), and Bartlett (unpub. data, 1975).
Their mapping revealed the composite nature DISCUSSION
of the Sims pluton; the fades were most readily
distinguished by the size of the alkali feldspars. Tne composite nature of the Sims pluton
Potash enrichment was found in the Neverson could result from either the simultaneous ar-
Quarry to be associated with visible dissemi- rival of differing magmas at the site of emplace-nated
molybdenite (Mo <1 - 3100 ppm) and ment/ or portions of the same magma crystal-chalcopyrite
(Cu 5-10 ppm). Magnetic traverses lizing under different conditions. The Sims and
across the pluton contacts discovered the mag- Conner granitoids are nearly identical in their
netic high located along the eastern contact of modal and major and trace element composi-the
pluton buried beneath the coastal plain sedi- tions Significant compositional differences
ments (fig. 15). Its source could not be deter- between the two are limited to higher S, U, Nb,
mined. No anomalies were detected in the gre- Ta Li/ Be/ Rb, Sr, Cs concentrations in the
isen zone by 13 VLF-EM traverses. No Sn orW Conner, and higher transition metal Zn, Pb, Cu
minerals were found in 32 heavy mineral sepa- concentrations in the Sims. The two fades also
rates from the soils above the greisen. Earlier differ in texture and mineral assemblages. The
examination of heavy mineral separates from Conner is inequigranular with alkali feldspar
soils showed about 30% of a fluorescent min- megacrysts. The Conner has monazite, abun-eral
thought to be barite(Kiff and Schell, unpub. d ant sulfides, and only minor magnetite
data, 1969). whereas the Sims contains allanite, modally rare
sulfides, and major magnetite. Biotites of the
Newmont Exploration Limited of Danbury, Conner granitoid are more iron-rich, F-rich, and
CT also investigated the Sims plutons as a mo- aluminous than those in the Sims. The only
lybdenum prospect (Hausen, unpub. data, observation of the contact between the two fa-
1979). The company examined the texture, min- cies indicates a gradational contact. Taken to-eralogy,
and selected element concentrations of
gether, these characteristics indicate that the
12 'small' samples collected from the Neverson composite Sims pluton formed from a single
Quarry. They wanted to determine if the Sims magma batch that crystallized under differing
30
conditions. This possibility is also allowed for Thus the difference in mineralogy between
by the close Nd isotopic compositions for the the two facies of the Sims pluton resulted from
two facies (Samson et al., 1995). either the differing temperatures of last equili-bration
or fluid behavior. There are several in-
The differing biotite Fe/(Fe+Mg) values of dications that it is differences in fluid behavior
the Conner (0.60) and Sims (0.46) and modal that is responsible for the composite nature of
rarity of magnetite in the Conner granitoid in- the Sims pluton and not differing closure tem-dicate
the Fe-Mg [MgFe.i] exchange for biotites peratures.
of the two rocks can be related by the reaction:
The Sims granitoid is interior to the Conner
Conner Fe-rich biotite + O2 <=> Sims Mg-rich granitoid. This suggests that the source of the
biotite + K feldspar + magnetite. fluid participating in the mineral reactions is
the magma. Dissociation of H2O and loss of
Based on this reaction, it is concluded that bi- H2, rather than influx of fluid from the wall
otite Fe/(Fe+Mg) and the abundance of mag- rocks, accounts for the relatively oxidized na-netite
in the granitoids differ because of differ- ture of the Sims granitoid. The evidence points
ing oxygen pressure (Wones and Eugster, 1965). to a crystallization history for the Sims pluton
consistent with the models presented by
There are two possible ways such a differ- Whitney (1975). The magma was emplaced into
ence could arise: the shallow crust (less than 4 kbars, correspond-ing
to a pressure less than the aluminum sili-
[1] Crystallization under buffered oxygen cate triple point). The magma intruded at these
fugacity conditions with the Sims conditions would have had insufficient volatile
granitoids preserving higher and the element content to attain vapor saturation. As
Conner granitoids preserving lower heat is lost and temperature drops, the
temperature mineral assemblages. inequigranular Conner granitoid was pro-duced.
The large alkali feldspars form because
[2] If the mineral assemblages in the two of low nucleation rate of this mineral, compared
lithologies of the pluton last equilibrated to the plagioclase and quartz,
at about the same temperature, oxygen
fugacity was higher in the Sims than in As the magma crystallized, the fluid com-the
Conner granitoids. In the Sims, this ponents concentrated in the residual liquid,
could result from entry of oxidized fluid Saturation occured when the solidifcation sur-from
the wall rocks or from elsewhere face was close to the mapped gradational
in the pluton, or by the dissociation of Conner-Sims granitoid boundary. From the
its contained magmatic H2O and loss of pressure estimate and relative volumes of the
H2. In the Conner, production of mag- two lithologies, this would mean that the origi-matic
or high-temperature subsolidus nal magma contained an approximate equiva-
OH-bearing minerals would preferen- lent of 2 to 3 weight percent water. With vapor
tially consume O2 from any H20-bear- saturation, the rate of crystallization with fall-ing
fluid and produce H2. Such min- ing temperatures accelerated. A more
eral reactions would be promoted by equigranular texture resulted as the nucleation
influx of aqueous fluids, from either the rate of most phases became nearly equal,
wall rocks or from elsewhere in the plu-ton.
31
The vapor phase concentrated H2O, CI, and pluton. The occurrence of the mineralizations
S from the melt, as well as silica, K, and metals in linear zones and fractures indicates a struc-of
economic interest, which are then capable of tural control. One or more times during these
being transported to and deposited in the min- fluid migrations, the redistribution of the trace
eralized areas. The fluid phase separated in elements, the S, U, and especially the hydrophile
equilibrium with the crystalline residue and elements Li, Be, Rb, Sr, and Cs to the Conner
therefore contained low but significant concen- could have occurred. These elemental differ-trations
of hydrogen and hydrogen sulfide. The ences and the F-rich composition of the gre-oxygen
released in this process from the H2O, isen muscovite suggests a significant portion the
OH, and oxidized sulfur complexes in the migrating fluid is magmatic in origin. Exten-magma
caused the oxygen activity of the resi- sive fluid separation from the magma would
due to rise, stabilizing oxidized phases. The also explain the abundance of aplite dikes in the
combination of iron extraction and relative oxi- northwest corner of the pluton. This would
dation of the iron buffering assembages explains eventually result in the differing accessory min-the
biotite compositions and modal mineralogy eralogy of the granitoids in that area and ac-in
the Sims granitoid. count for the radioactivity and radon anoma-lies
as well.
The volatile phase transported elements of
economic interest to the northwest and south- The Sims pluton was intruded at a depth cor-west
contacts of the pluton. In doing so, the responding to a pressure less than the alumi-fluids
passed through the already crystallized num silicate triple point. This is about 4 kbars,
Conner granitoid surrounding what would be- or depths less than 15 km. This is shallow
come the Sims granitoid. In most places the flu- enough to permit extensive fluid exchange be-ids
reacted with the granitoid to produce mag- tween the country rocks and magma. Did that
matic or high-temperature subsolidus OH-bear- occur? The Rb-Sr crystallization age of 288 ± 13
ing alteration mineral assemblages which con- Ma and cooling ages of 262 ± 13 Ma indicate
sumed H2O from the fluid and the available O2, cooling of the pluton was rapid, within the time
resulting in reduced mineral assemblages. uncertainty of radiometric age determinations.
The contact metamorphic effects in the Sims
Indications that fluid behavior played a cru- aureole are minor, and confined to a narrow
cial role in the evolution of the Sims pluton also zone. These observations indicate that dehy-makes
more understandable the feature of the dration of the wall rocks and uptake of the
Sims pluton that distinguishes it from the other evolved fluid by the magma were minimal, per-
Alleghanian plutons of the southern Appala- haps because of insufficient time,
chians; its mineralization. Segregation and mi-gration
of a fluid to the western margins' of the ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
pluton was necessary to form the greisen zone
by replacement of the Conner granitoid. On the Field mapping and analytical work on the
basis of the mineralogy change, this replace- rocks and minerals were performed as part of a
ment required the addition of Mo, K and H2O, cooperative effort (COGEOMAP, contract
possibly Si and Al, and loss of Fe, Mg, Ca, Na, Agreements 14-08-0001-A0657 and 14-08-0001-
and Ti. Subsequent, and lower temperature A0742) between the North Carolina Geological
fluid migration are necessary to form the min- Survey and the U. S. Geological Survey. Radon
eralized fractures widespread through-out the investigations were done under a cooperative
32
agreement between the U. S. Geological Survey
and N. C. State University (Speer, unpub. data,
1992; unpub. data, 1994). Donald W. Lindgren
provided both his hospitality and access and
permission to use the wealth of information col-lected
by the Lindgren Exploration Company.
James Izell arranged access to Nello Teer's
Neverson Quarry. Robert H. Carpenter pro-duced
the computer-drawn maps, work that is
much appreciated. The manuscript benefited
from reviews by James A. Whitney, P. Albert
Carpenter, III, Robert H. Carpenter, Harry Y.
McSween, and Jeffrey C. Reid.
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79"3
'
X sheet
'
scale 1:125'000-
chronology of the Sims granitoid, Eastern
35
Table 1. Modal Analysis, Sims pluton,
Nash and Wilson Counties, North Carolina
quartz
alkali feldspar
plagioclase
color index
grid size, mm
number of points
Conner granitoid Sims granitoid
SI-3 SI-4 SI-11 SI-14 SI-26 SI-27
29.4 - - 23.4 29.7 27.6
38.2 - - 36.3 34.3 29.2
28.3 - - 38.5 34.6 39.4
4.1 - - 1.6 1.2 3.5
5 - _ 5 5 5
1800 - - 1113 1234 1171
specific gravity 2.65+01 2.651.01 2.651.01 2.651.01 2.641.01 2.651.01
36
Table 2. Rock Major Element Analyses, Sims pluton,
Nash and Wilson counties, North Carolina
Conner granitoid Sims granitoidf Alleghanian granitoids
SI-3
74.97
SI-4
74.12
SI-11
74.5
SI-14
73.95
SI-26
73.86
SI-27
73.56
mean std. dev.
Si02 71.26 3.49
Ti02 0.26 0.26 0.26 0.30 0.29 0.29 0.36 0.22
A12 3 13.85 13.57 13.74 14.27 13.82 14.28 14.81 1.14
Fe203 0.58 1.12 0.27 1.15 1.11 1.59 1.02 0.41
FeO 0.99 0.49 0.71 0.80 0.75 0.34 1.12 0.75
MnO 0.05 0.01 0.06 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.05
MgO 0.48 0.43 0.42 0.51 0.50 0.50 0.63 0.44
CaO 1.33 1.16 1.21 1.57 1.44 1.53 1.66 0.80
Na2 3.79 3.77 3.91 3.86 3.74 3.96 3.78 0.56
K2 4.49 4.85 4.67 4.53 4.73 4.69 4.70 0.86
H20+ 0.45 0.53 0.40 0.47 0.62 0.59 0.32 0.24
H20- 0.13 0.16 0.09 0.08 0.11 0.11 0.10 0.05
p2o5 0.19 0.16 0.17 0.19 0.17 0.18 0.13 0.09
BaO 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.08 0.07 0.07 0.08 0.04
co2 <0.2 0.3 <0.2 <0.2 <0.2 0.3 0.30 0.15
F 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.08 0.09 0.09
CI 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.02
S 0.04 0.07 0.02 0.028 0.028
O = F,C1,S -0.06 -0.08 -0.05 -0.04 -0.04 -0.04
TOTAL 101.75 101.15 100.57 101.9 101.34 102.15
petrochemical parameters
Fe+2/(Fe+2+Fe+3
) 0.791 0.494 0.853 0.607 0.601 0.322
Fe/(Fe+Mg) 0.594 0.564 0.527 0.592 0.583 0.542
A/CNK 1.025 1.001 1.004 1.012 0.995 0.994
CIPW norms
quartz 32.58 32.02 31.01 30.7 30.8 30.16
orthoclase 26.66 28.78 27.72 26.97 28.12 27.89
albite 31.92 31.83 33.09 32.59 31.65 33.36
anorthite 4.82 2.26 4.34 6.09 5.49 3.98
corundum 0.98 1.27 0.63 0.75 0.49 1.21
hypersthene 2.12 1.07 1.77 1.39 1.32 1.25
magnetite 0.84 0.61 0.39 1.67 1.61 0.42
ilmenite 0.49 0.49 0.49 0.57 0.55 0.55
hematite 0.70 1.30
apatite 0.45 0.38 0.40 0.45 0.40 0.43
halite 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.03
fluorite 0.15 0.16 0.15 0.13 0.15 0.15
pyrite 0.07 0.13 0.04
TOTAL 101.13 99.72 100.04 101.31 100.58 100.73
37
Table 3. Rock Trace Element Analyses, Sims pluton,
Nash and Wilson Counties, North Carolina
Conner granitoid Sinn; granitoid Alleghanian granitoids
SI-3
33
SI-4
36
SI-11
35
SI-14
27
SI-26 SI-27
26 29
mean std. dev.
Li, ppm 30 17
Be 3.7 4 4.2 2.8 3.3 3.3 3.2 1.8
B 5 5 <5 <5 5 5 10.8 5.8
F 860 940 860 820 880 910 915 614
CI 200 100 <100 100 <100 200 157.1 78.7
Sc 5.5 5.5 5.5 4.5 5.5 5.5 4.7 2.1
V 30 32 28 33 33 31 27.9 17.5
Cr 14 17 20 16 15 16 12.5 9.4
Co 1 <1 1 1 <1 1 7 5.1
Ni 1 2 1 1 2 2 5.5 4.5
Cu 8 11 7 5 4 4 20.5 16.1
Zn 40 38 38 48 47 54 52.3 16.9
Ga 14 14 16 14 14 14 15.2 4.7
Ge <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 10 10
Rb 214 220 200 170 161 165 188.5 66.8
Sr 89 98 89 122 106 109 237.5 226.5
Y 20 15 20 15 20 20 33.1 27.6
Nb 40 40 45 20 30 25 22.4 12.8
Mo <1 1 <1 <1 <1 <1 2.6 3.6
Cd <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 0.15 0.1
Sn <2 <2 <2 <2 <2 <2 1.1 0.4
Cs 7 6.5 3.5 1 2 3.5 2.7 1.7
La 42 44 45 46 44 47 72.2 33.1
Ce 100 90 92 94 88 94 125.9 71.8
Pr 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
Nd 15 20 25 30 30 35 42.4 28.5
Sm 4.8 4.7 4.9 4.6 5.4 5.1 7.4 3.8
Eu <0.5 0.5 <0.5 1 0.5 <0.5 1.3 0.8
Gd <50 <50 <50 <50 <50 <50 6.1 4
Tb 0.3 0.4 0.6 0.3 <0.1 <0.1 0.9 0.5
Dy 2 3 2 1 2 2 4.7 2.4
Ho <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1
Er <20 <20 <20 <20 <20 <20 2 1.4
Tm <1 1 <1 <1 1 <1 1
Yb 2.1 1.9 1.3 2 2 1.8 2.3 1.2
Lu 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.2
Hf 10 12 12 14 12 14 10.9 4.7
Ta 4 2 4 <2 <2 <2 5.1 4.9
W <2 <2 <2 <2 <2 <2 1
Pb 7 7 7 8 10 10 33.3 25.6
Th 26 22 25 25 24 29 24.7 12.2
U 11 11 12 6 5 6 5.6 4.8
38
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Table 5. Muscovite Analyses, Sims Pluton, Nash and Wilson Counties, North Carolina
Conner granitoid
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Si02 46.3 44.5 48.7 45.5 45.0 47.1 47.1 46.3 44.7 46.1 44.6 45.0 47.5 46.9 46.1
Ti02 0.98 1.42 0.42 0.09 0.61 0.11 0.04 0.08 0.76 0.05 0.63 0.85 1.12 2.39 1.01
A1A 28.2 30.6 25.8 34.1 28.5 28.9 35.8 38.6 29.8 36.4 29.9 27.7 27.7 25.8 29.5
FeO 4.64 3.67 4.95 1.70 5.82 3.73 0.40 0.51 4.86 0.51 4.90 4.96 5.37 5.08 4.70
MnO 0.11 0.12 0.11 0.06 0.09 0.00 0.07 0.02 0.10 0.08 0.06 0.07 0.11 0.04 0.01
MgO 1.86 1.52 2.46 0.53 2.25 2.57 0.08 0.10 1.51 0.05 1.43 2.59 2.27 2.39 1.42
CaO 0.01 0.01 0.22 0.02 0.01 0.02 0.11 0.11 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.01
Na2 0.18 0.40 1.95 0.42 0.23 0.18 0.75 1.23 0.31 0.39 0.42 0.23 0.17 0.15 0.26
K2 10.7 10.7 8.74 10.8 10.9 10.8 10.4 9.50 10.7 10.3 10.6 10.6 11.2 10.7 10.9
F 0.38 0.31 0.37 0.12 0.42 0.29 0.07 0.08 0.27 0,07 0.33 0.41 0.48 0.33 0.19
CI 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.01 0.00 0.02 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.01
H2 4.11 4.15 4.16 4.33 4.06 4.20 4.47 4.55 4.14 4.44 4.10 4.04 4.15 4.14 4.24
Sum 97.49 97.41 97.89 97.67 97.91 97.92 99.31 101.11 97.17 98.41 97.00 96.47 100.09 97.93 98.35
0=F+C1 0.16 0.13 0.16 0.05 0.18 0.13 0.03 0.04 0.12 0.03 0.14 0.17 0.21 0.14 0.08
Total 97.33 97.28 97.73 97.62 97.73 97.79 99.28 101.07 97.05 98.38 96.86 96.30 99.88 97.79 98.27
number cf cations on the basis of 24 (O, OH, F, CI)
Si 6.456 6.201 6.728 6.220 6.321 6.500 6.262 6.028 6.275 6.180 6.267 6.372 6.497 6.537 6.369
Aliv 1.544 1.799 1.272 1.780 1.679 1.500 1.738 1.972 1.725 1.820 1.733 1.628 1.503 1.463 1.631
sum 8.000 8.000 8.000 8.000 8.000 8.000 8.000 8.000 8.000 8.000 8.000 8.000 8.000 8.000 8.000
Al" 3.097 3.224 2.927 3.711 3.026 3.194 3.867 3.954 3.200 3.923 3.227 3.000 2.955 2.777 3.176
Ti 0.103 0.149 0.044 0.009 0.064 0.011 0.004 0.008 0.080 0.005 0.067 0.090 0.115 0.250 0.105
Fe 0.542 0.429 0.572 0.194 0.684 0.430 0.044 0.056 0.571 0.057 0.576 0.587 0.614 0.592 0.544
Mn 0.013 0.014 0.013 0.007 0.011 0.000 0.008 0.002 0.012 0.009 0.008 0.008 0.013 0.005 0.001
Mg 0.387 0.315 0.507 0.108 0.471 0.528 0.016 0.019 0.316 0.010 0.301 0.546 0.463 0.496 0.294
sum 4.142 4.131 4.063 4.029 4.256 4.163 3.939 4.039 4.179 4.004 4.179 4.231 4.160 4.120 4.120
Ca 0.001 0.001 0.033 0.003 0.002 0.003 0.016 0.015 0.002 0.003 0.002 0.002 0.000 0.000 0.002
Na 0.049 0.107 0.523 0.111 0.063 0.048 0.193 0.311 0.086 0.101 0.115 0.063 0.046 0.040 0.071
K 1.901 1.901 1.541 1.873 1.946 1.900 1.755 1.579 1.914 1.764 1.893 1.915 1.950 1.906 1.927
sum 1.951 2.009 2.097 1.987 2.011 1.951 1.964 1.905 2.002 1.868 2.010 1.980 1.996 1.946 2.000
CI 0.005 0.002 0.002 0.000 0.006 0.005 0.005 0.007 0.002 0.000 0.005 0.002 0.005 0.002 0.004
F 0.168 0.135 0.162 0.052 0.186 0.127 0.029 0.033 0.122 0.030 0.147 0.182 0.206 0.145 0.083
OH 3.826 3.862 3.835 3.945 3.805 3.865 3.965 3.956 3.874 3.969 3.846 3.814 3.785 3.846 3.910
sum 3.999 3.999 3.999 3.997 3.997 3.997 3.999 3.996 3.998 3.999 3.998 3.998 3.996 3.993 3.997
F/(FM) 0.58 0.58 0.53 0.64 0.59 0.45 0.73 0.75 0.64 0.85 0.66 0.52 0.57 0.54 0.65
1 SF8-318 6 SI-3, muse w/ chl. 11 SI-4
2 SI-2a, matrix muscovite w/ biotite 7 SI-3, muse in plag 12 SI-7
3 Si-2a, muse in plag 8 SI-3a, muse w/ plag 13 SI-11
4 SI-2a, muse in plag 9 SI-3b, enclave, matrix muse w/ bt 14 SI-14, matrix ms w/ bt
5 SI-3, matrix muse in 1 biot 10 SI-3b, muse in plag 15 SI-21a, matrix ms w/ bt
40
Table 5 ( cont.). Muscovite Analyses, Sim 3 Pluton,Nashand A/Vilson Cc)unties, North Carol
Sims granitoid aplite
24
greisen
16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 25 26 27
sio2 47.4 47.1 47.0 46.2 47.8 46.3 47.0 46.2 48.2 45.9 46.6 46.1
Ti02 0.37 1.88 0.18 0.17 0.19 0.61 0.57 0.04 0.25 0.75 0.06 0.75
A12 3 26.2 26.7 27.1 28.9 27.7 26.9 28.8 35.7 28.2 31.6 32.4 31.3
FeO 5.14 5.00 5.14 3.85 4.86 4.90 4.77 1.58 4.25 3.54 2.90 3.51
MnO 0.06 0.07 0.13 0.09 0.05 0.12 0.08 0.00 0.11 0.01 0.01 0.03
MgO 2.70 2.33 2.55 1.57 2.62 2.63 2.12 0.39 2.41 1.15 0.99 1.13
CaO 0.03 0.00 0.04 0.02 0.01 0.04 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.10 0.04 0.02
Na2 0.14 0.13 0.16 0.24 0.16 0.23 0.27 0.93 0.12 0.55 0.59 0.49
K2 10.9 10.7 10.4 10.3 11.1 11.0 10.9 10.3 11.3 9.88 10.4 10.4
F 0.34 0.31 0.42 0.12 0.36 0.21 0.30 0.13 0.39 0.24 0.33 0.34
CI 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01
H2 4.12 4.18 4.09 4.20 4.19 4.16 4.22 4.43 4.20 4.25 4.24 4.21
Sum 97.41 98.40 97.21 95.66 99.04 97.10 99.05 99.72 99.44 97.97 98.56 98.29
0=F+C1 0.14 0.13 0.18 0.05 0.15 0.09 0.13 0.06 0.16 0.10 0.14 0.14
Total 97.27 98.27 97.03 95.61 98.89 97.01 98.92 99.66 99.28 97.87 98.42 98.15
Si 6.634 6.524 6.578 6.506 6.568 6.505 6.451 6.167
Aliv 1.366 1.476 1.422 1.494 1.432 1.495 1.549 1.833
sum 8.000 8.000 8.000 8.000 8.000 8.000 8.000 8.000
A1V1 2.955 2.874 3.048 3.303 3.050 2.970 3.112 3.772
Ti 0.039 0.195 0.019 0.018 0.019 0.065 0.059 0.004
Fe 0.602 0.579 0.602 0.453 0.558 0.576 0.548 0.176
Mn 0.007 0.008 0.015 0.011 0.005 0.014 0.009 0.000
Mg 0.564 0.481 0.530 0.329 0.537 0.551 0.434 0.078
sum 4.167 4.137 4.214 4.114 4.169 4.176 4.162 4.030
Ca 0.004 0.001 0.006 0.003 0.001 0.006 0.002 0.000
Na 0.037 0.035 0.042 0.066 0.043 0.063 0.072 0.240
K 1.951 1.898 1.848 1.850 1.953 1.966 1.912 1.745
sum 1.992 1.934 1.896 1.919 1.997 2.035 1.986 1.985
CI 0.002 0.001 0.001 0.000 0.001 0.000 0.002 0.005
F 0.149 0.138 0.186 0.053 0.154 0.093 0.130 0.055
OH 3.846 3.857 3.811 3.944 3.844 3.903 3.867 3.941
sum 3.997 3.996 3.998 3.997 3.999 3.996 3.999 4.001
F/(FM) 0.52 0.55 0.53 0.58 0.51 0.51 0.56 0.69
6.574 6.297 6.337 6.326
1.426 1.703 1.663 1.674
8.000 8.000 8.000 8.000
3.112 3.401 3.531 3.379
0.026 0.077 0.007 0.078
0.485 0.406 0.330 0.403
0.013 0.001 0.001 0.004
0.490 0.235 0.201 0.231
4.126 4.120 4.070 4.095
0.001 0.015 0.005 0.003
0.032 0.146 0.156 0.131
1.975 1.729 1.807 1.812
2.008 1.890 1.968 1.946
0.000 0.000 0.001 0.002
0.168 0.104 0.142 0.147
3.825 3.891 3.855 3.848
3.993 3.995 3.998 3.997
0.50 0.63 0.62 0.64
16 F7-163, matrix muscovite w/ biot
17 SI-14, matrix biotite
18 SI-14, overgrowth on biotite
19 SI-14, muse in plag
20 SI-26, muse overgrown on biotite
21 SI-27, muse in plag.
22 SI-27a, enclave, matrix muse w/ biot
23 SI-27a, muse w/ plag + cal
24 SI-27b, matrix muse
25 SF7-318.2
26 SF8-319, light muscovite zone
27 SF8-319, dark muscovite zone
41
Table 6. Feldspar Analyses, Sims Pluton, Nash and Wilson Counties, North Carolina
Conner granitoid
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Si02 65.2 65.5 63.5 63.3 63.6 62.0 62.3 64.7 66.5 66.3 62.1 62.7 60.6 62.8
Ti02 0.01 0.04 0.00 0.03 0.01 0.02 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.00 0.00
A12 3 21.5 21.2 21.4 21.6 18.3 18.1 22.1 22.0 21.1 21.0 18.3 21.5 22.2 21.1
FeO 0.00 0.05 0.05 0.09 0.00 0.14 0.01 0.04 0.06 0.06 0.09 0.07 0.20 0.00
MnO 0.00 0.03 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.07 0.04 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.02
MgO 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.01
CaO 2.56 2.35 2.41 2.59 0.02 0.01 3.53 2.79 1.13 2.11 0.03 2.50 3.42 2.24
NazO 10.1 10.1 9.91 9.98 0.29 0.56 9.56 10.5 11.4 10.4 0.43 10.2 9.67 10.3
K2 0.32 0.61 0.56 0.34 16.5 15.8 0.19 0.21 0.08 0.16 16.2 0.15 0.30 0.46
Total 99.71 99.88 97.81 97.94 98.74 96.69 97.74 100.20 100.25 100.02 97.14 97.11 96.37 96.84
number of cations on the basis of 8 (O)
Si 2.878 2.890 2.864 2.852 2.985 2.973 2.817 2.851 2.913 2.911 2.968 2.850 2.789 2.863
Aliv 1.120 1.103 1.136 1.146 1.014 1.022 1.179 1.140 1.088 1.085 1.028 1.148 1.203 1.131
Ti 0.000 0.001 0.000 0.001 0.000 0.001 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.000 0.000
sum 3.998 3.994 4.000 3.999 3.999 3.996 3.996 3.991 4.001 3.996 3.996 3.999 3.992 3.994
Fe 0.000 0.002 0.002 0.003 0.000 0.006 0.000 0.001 0.002 0.002 0.004 0.003 0.008 0.000
Mn 0.000 0.001 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.003 0.002 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.000 0.001
Mg 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.000 0.001 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.000 0.000 0.001
Ca 0.121 0.111 0.116 0.125 0.001 0.001 0.171 0.132 0.053 0.099 0.002 0.122 0.169 0.109
Na 0.865 0.861 0.867 0.871 0.026 0.052 0.839 0.895 0.970 0.886 0.040 0.894 0.863 0.906
K 0.018 0.034 0.032 0.020 0.987 0.966 0.011 0.012 0.004 0.009 0.985 0.009 0.018 0.027
sum 1.004 1.009 1.017 1.020 1.014 1.029 1.023 1.040 1.030 0.997 1.032 1.029 1.058 1.044
components
An 12.1 11.0 11.4 12.3 0.1 0.1 16.7 12.7 5.2 10.0 0.2 11.9 16.1 10.5
Ab 86.2 85.6 85.4 85.7 2.6 5.1 82.2 86.1 94.4 89.1 3.9 87.2 82.2 86.9
Or 1.8 3.4 3.2 2.0 97.3 94.8 1.1 1.2 0.4 0.9 95.9 0.9 1.7 2.6
1 SF8-318 8 SI-2b, plag rim
2 SF8-318 9SI-3
3 SI-2a 10 SI-3
4 SI-2a 11 SI-3
5 SI-2b 12 SI-3b, enclave
6 SI-2b 13 ST3b, enclave
7 SI-2b 14 SI-3b, enclave
42
Table 6. (cont.) Feldspai• Analyses, Sims Pluton, Nash and Wilson Counties, North Carolina
Conner granitoid
15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28
SiOz 65.0 66.4 62.1 63.2 66.4 68.1 61.2 62.3 63.3 67.6 65.7 62.4 66.5 63.5
TiOz 0.00 0.01 0.05 0.03 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.03 0.03 0.00 0.00 0.03 0.00 0.03
A12 3 20.9 19.7 18.5 22.5 19.6 19.8 23.3 22.8 23.1 19.3 21.1 18.4 19.6 18.3
FeO . 0.11 0.13 0.00 0.00 0.17 0.10 0.08 0.24 0.00 0.04 0.02 0.11 0.03 0.06
MnO 0.02 0.00 0.04 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.00
MgO 0.00 0.02 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.00 0.00
CaO 1.73 0.51 0.02 3.62 0.55 0.61 4.97 4.07 4.19 0.13 1.80 0.02 0.17 0.06
Na2 10.7 11.1 0.92 9.55 10.8 11.3 8.64 9.16 9.65 11.7 10.5 0.65 11.1 0.57
K2 0.10 0.34 15.2 0.18 0.89 0.11 0.15 0.39 0.18 0.17 0.29 16.2 0.91 15.7
Total 98.56 98.21 96.84 99.10 98.46 100.05 98.35 99.01 :100.45 98.94 99.44 97.85 98.34 98.22
number of cations on the basis of 8 (O)
Si 2.900 2.962 2.962 2.818 2.962
Aliv 1.098 1.037 1.043 1.180 1.032
Ti 0.000 0.000 0.002 0.001 0.000
sum 3.998 3.999 4.007 3.999 3.994
Fe 0.004 0.005 0.000 0.000 0.006
Mn 0.001 0.000 0.002 0.000 0.000
Mg 0.000 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.002
Ca 0.083 0.024 0.001 0.173 0.026
Na 0.925 0.960 0.085 0.825 0.933
K 0.006 0.019 0.925 0.010 0.051
sum 1.019 1.009 1.014 1.009 1.018
2.976 2.760 2.790
1.020 1.236 1.202
0.000 0.000 0.001
3.996 3.996 3.993
2.791 2.987 2.902 2.962 2.968 2.987
1.199 1.007 1.098 1.031 1.030 1.014
0.001 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.000 0.001
3.991 3.994 4.000 3.994 3.998 4.002
An
Ab
Or
8.2
91.2
0.6
2.4
95.7
1.9
0.1
8.4
91.5
17.2
81.8
1.0
2.6
92.4
5.0
0.004 0.003 0.009 0.000 0.001 0.001 0.004 0.001 0.002
0.001 0.000 0.001 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.000
0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.001 0.000 0.000
0.029 0.240 0.195 0.198 0.006 0.085 0.001 0.008 0.003
0.961 0.755 0.796 0.825 1.006 0.903 0.060 0.962 0.052
0.006 0.009 0.022 0.010 0.010 0.016 0.980 0.052 0.944
1.001 1.007 1.023 1.033 1.023 1.007 1.047 1.024 1.001
components
2.9 23.9 19.2 19.2 0.6 8.5 0.1 0.8 0.3
96.5 75.2 78.6 79.9 98.4 89.9 5.8 94.1 5.2
0.6 0.9 2.2 1.0 1.0 1.6 94.1 5.1 94.5
15 SI-3b, enclave 22 SI-4, grain core
16 SI-3b, enclave, exsolv. alk. fsp. 23 SI-4, grain near rim
17 SI-3b, enclave, exsolv. alk. fsp. 24 SI-4, grain rim
18 SI-3b, enclave, plag w/ms 25 SI-4, exsolv. alk. fsp
19 SI-3b, enclave, plag. rim 26 SI-4, exsolv. alk. fsp
20 SI-3b, enclave, w/ms + cal 27 SI-4, exsolv. alk. fsp
21 SI-3b, enclave, clot plag. 28 SI-7, exsolv. alk. kfs
43
Table 6. (cont.) Feldspar Analyses, Sims Pluton, Nash and Wilson Counties, North Carolina
Conner granitoid Sims granitoid
29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41
SiOz 63.7 64.4 67.2 63.6 64.0 67.3 64.3 63.9 65.1 63.3 63.2 67.4 64.0
TiOz 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.03 0.01 0.03 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.03 0.00 0.03
A12 3 22.9 22.2 19.8 18.6 18.1 20.1 23.3 18.3 22.5 23.1 18.1 19.5 21.6
FeO 0.00 0.07 0.06 0.00 0.00 0.08 0.00 0.15 0.00 0.08 0.05 0.03 0.04
MnO 0.06 0.00 0.05 0.02 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.06 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.00
MgO 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00
CaO 3.96 3.30 0.14 0.00 0.08 0.86 3.90 0.02 3.27 4.36 0.01 0.33 3.16
Na2 9.41 9.95 11.8 0.45 0.55 11.6 9.66 0.44 9.77 9.39 0.27 11.2 10.1
K2 0.22 0.22 0.14 16.2 16.1 0.11 0.18 15.9 0.20 0.24 16.3 0.71 0.28
Total 100.25 100.15 99.20 98.87 98.87 100.06 101.38 98.80 100.86 100.47 97.96 99.20 99.21
number of cations (on the basis of 8 (O)
Si 2.810 2.840 2.966 2.976 2.994 2.951 2.804 2.988 2.846 2.790 2.989 2.978 2.850
Aliv 1.188 1.153 1.030 1.028 1.000 1.038 1.196 1.011 1.157 1.201 1.008 1.016 1.135
Ti 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.000 0.001 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.000 0.001
sum 3.998 3.993 3.996 4.004 3.995 3.989 4.001 3.999 4.003 3.991 3.998 3.994 3.986
Fe 0.000 0.003 0.002 0.000 0.000 0.003 0.000 0.006 0.000 0.003 0.002 0.001 0.001
Mn 0.002 0.000 0.002 0.001 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.002 0.001 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.000
Mg 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.001 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.000
Ca 0.187 0.156 0.007 0.000 0.004 0.040 0.182 0.001 0.153 0.206 0.001 0.016 0.151
Na 0.804 0.851 1.013 0.041 0.050 0.988 0.817 0.040 0.828 0.803 0.025 0.963 0.870
K 0.012 0.012 0.008 0.967 0.960 0.006 0.010 0.950 0.011 0.013 0.984 0.040 0.016
sum 1.005 1.022 1.032 1.009 1.014 1.037 1.010 1.000 0.993 1.025 1.012 1.022 1.038
components
An 18.6 15.3 0.7 0.0 0.4 3.9 18.0 0.1 15.4 20.2 0.1 1.6 14.6
Ab 80.2 83.5 98.5 4.1 4.9 95.6 81.0 4.0 83.5 78.6 2.5 94.5 83.9
Or 1.2 1.2 0.8 95.9 94.7 0.6 1.0 95.9 1.1 1.3 97.4 3.9 1.5
29 SI-7, plag. near core 36 SI-21a
30 SI-7, plag. near rim 37 SI-21a
31 SI-7, exsolv. alk. kfs 38 SI-21a
32 SI-7, exsolv. alk. kfs 39 SF7-163, exsolv. alk. fsp.
33 SI-11 40 SF7-163, exsolv. alk. fsp.
34 SI-11, plag. rim 41 SF7-163, plag. near core
35 SI-11, plag. near corek 42 SF7-163 plag. near rim
44
Table 6. (cont.) Feldspar Analyses, Sims Pluton, Nash and Wilson Counties, North Carolina
Sims• granitoid aplite
42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53
Si02 64.4 66.5 67.5 62.8 65.1 69.1 66.9 63.3 66.7 68.4 64.9 67.7
Ti02 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.01
A12 3 21.4 20.6 19.9 18.0 18.5 20.5 20.1 18.4 19.2 19.7 18.2 20.5
FeO 0.13 0.00 0.10 0.02 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.04 0.00 0.01 0.08
MnO 0.04 0.00 0.00 0.03 0.00 0.00 0.03 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.03 0.00
MgO 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.00 0.01 0.03 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00
CaO 2.66 1.36 0.32 0.02 0.09 0.75 0.59 0.01 0.32 0.12 0.02 1.39
Na2 10.0 11.0 12.0 0.49 0.49 11.4 11.7 0.42 11.5 11.9 0.44 11.1
K2 0.28 0.16 0.10 15.1 16.2 0.16 0.11 16.5 0.15 0.09 16.4 0.11
Total 98.92 99.63 99.93 96.50 100.40 101.96 99.48 98.65 97.92 100.23 100.00 100.89
number of cations on i'he basis of 8 (O)
Si 2.870 2.929 2.962 2.998 2.997 2.964 2.948 2.978 2.982 2.984 3.004 2.944
Aliv 1.124 1.069 1.028 1.010 1.002 1.038 1.045 1.018 1.009 1.014 0.991 1.049
Ti 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
sum 3.994 3.998 3.990 4.009 4.000 4.003 3.994 3.997 3.991 3.998 3.995 3.993
Fe 0.005 0.000 0.004 0.001 0.000 0.001 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.000 0.000 0.003
Mn 0.002 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.000
Mg 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.000 0.001 0.002 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.000 0.000
Ca 0.127 0.064 0.015 0.001 0.004 0.034 0.028 0.001 0.015 0.006 0.001 0.065
Na 0.864 0.941 1.020 0.045 0.044 0.945 1.001 0.038 1.000 1.004 0.039 0.932
K 0.016 0.009 0.006 0.920 0.949 0.009 0.006 0.988 0.009 0.005 0.966 0.006
sum 1.015 1.015 1.046 0.969 0.997 0.990 1.038 1.027 1.025 1.016 1.007 1.006
COmponents
An 12.6 6.3 1.4 0.1 0.4 3.4 2.7 0.1 1.5 0.6 0.1 6.5
Ab 85.8 92.8 98.0 4.7 4.4 95.6 96.7 3.7 97.7 98.9 3.9 92.9
Or 1.6 0.9 0.6 95.2 95.2 0.9 0.6 96.2 0.9 0.5 96.0 0.6
43 SF7-163, plag. rim 50 SI-27, exsolv. alk. kfs.
44 SI-14,
w/ cal 51 SI-27a, enclave, plag
45 SI-14,
]plagw / ms + cal w/ ms + cal
46 SI-14 52 SI-27b,
47 SI-26 53 SI-27b,
48 SI-27
49 SI-27, exsolv. alk. kfs
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Table 8. Hematite Analyses, Sims Pluton,
Nash and Wilson Counties,
North Carolina
Conner granitoid 12 3
Ti02 14.9 0.02 0.01
A12 3 0.00 14.04 23.19
Fe2 3 69.8 0.01 0.02
FeO 11.1 72.2 54.1
MnO 2.29 10.4 16.7
MgO 0.02 2.14 4.05
Total 98.11 98.81 98.07
iber of cations on the basis of 3
Ti 0.298 0.280 0.461
Al 0.000 0.000 0.001
Fe3+ 1.402 1.439 1.077
Fe2+ 0.247 0.231 0.370
Mn 0.052 0.048 0.091
Mg 0.001 0.001 0.001
sum 2.000 1.999 2.001
1 SI-7
2 SI-7
3 SI-7
47
Table 9. Magnetite Analyses,
Sims Pluton,
Nash and Wilson Counties,
North Carolina
Conner granitokI 12 3 4
Si02 0.05 0.02 0.02 0.04
Ti02 0.17 0.00 0.00 0.08
A12 3 0.06 0.05 0.04 0.00
Fe2 3 66.9 67.3 61.9 63.2
FeO 30.4 30.3 27.9 28.4
MnO 0.10 0.04 0.02 0.17
MgO 0.02 0.00 0.01 0.03
Total 97.70 97.71 89.89
number of cations
on the basis of 4 (O)
91.92
Ti 0.005 0.000 0.000 0.003
Al 0.003 0.002 0.002 0.000
Fe3+ 1.985 1.997 1.997 1.993
Fe2+ 1.004 1.000 1.000 0.997
Mn 0.003 0.001 0.001 0.006
Mg 0.001 0.000 0.001 0.002
sum 3.001 3.000 3.001 3.001
1 SI-7 3 SI-14
2 SI-7 4 SI-14
48
Table 10. Rutile Analyses,
Sims Pluton,
Nash and Wilson Counties,
North Carolina
Conner Sims
1 2
Si02 0.00 0.10
Ti02 66.9 84.5
A12 3 0.05 0.10
FeO 9.08 2.83
MnO 0.04 0.08
MgO 0.01 0.01
Nb2Os (?)
Total 76.08 87.62
number of cations
on the basis of 2 (0)
Ti 0.929 0.980
Al 0.001 0.002
Fe 0.140 0.037
Mn 0.001 0.001
Mg 0.000 0.000
sum 1.071 1.020
1 SI-11
2 SI-26
49
Table 11. Chlorite Analyses, Sims Pluton,
Nash and Wilson Counties, North Carolina
Conner granitoid Sims granitoid aplite
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Si02 26.2 24.6 24.9 27.7 27.1 28.0 29.0 28.5 27.7
Ti02 0.25 0.06 0.07 0.09 0.04 0.07 0.00 0.06 0.06
A12 3 20.2 20.8 21.6 18.9 18.7 18.9 20.5 20.3 19.7
FeO 31.3 32.3 32.1 26.2 22.4 22.7 22.9 23.3 25.3
MnO 0.96 0.99 1.54 1.09 0.92 0.70 0.88 0.91 0.96
MgO 9.24 9.36 8.84 13.7 16.3 15.7 13.4 15.8 13.5
CaO 0.04 0.01 0.05 0.03 0.04 0.08 0.28 0.04 0.02
Na2 0.07 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.03 0.07 0.00 0.00
K2 0.64 0.03 0.01 0.09 0.02 0.01 0.07 0.19 0.51
F 0.17 0.10 0.06 0.12 0.19 0.11 0.04 0.25 0.20
CI 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.00
H2 11.0 10.9 11.0 11.3 11.1 11.3 11.5 11.6 11.3
Sum 100.09 99.17 100.20 99.23 96.82 97.60 98.65 100.96 99.25
0=F+C1 0.08 0.05 0.03 0.05 0.08 0.05 0.02 0.11 0.08
Total 100.01 99.12 100.17 99.18 96.74 97.55 98.63 100.85 99.17
number of cations on the basis of 18 (O, OH, F, CI)
Si 2.820 2.687 2.687 2.931 2.886 2.954 3.016 2.905 2.914
A11V 1.180 1.313 1.313 1.069 1.114 1.046 0.984 1.095 1.086
sum 4.000 4.000 4.000 4.000 4.000 4.000 4.000 4.000 4.000
Alvi 1.385 1.364 1.437 1.285 1.233 1.303 1.530 1.339 1.360
Ti 0.020 0.005 0.006 0.008 0.004 0.006 0.000 0.005 0.005
Fe 2.814 2.956 2.904 2.312 1.993 2.002 1.994 1.988 2.222
Mn 0.088 0.092 0.141 0.098 0.083 0.062 0.078 0.079 0.086
Mg 1.482 1.527 1.425 2.150 2.584 2.461 2.073 2.403 2.116
Ca 0.000 0.001 0.006 0.003 0.004 0.009 0.031 0.004 0.002
Na 0.015 0.000 0.000 0.002 0.000 0.006 0.014 0.000 0.000
K 0.088 0.004 0.001 0.013 0.003 0.001 0.009 0.025 0.068
sum 5.892 5.949 5.920 5.871 5.904 5.850 5.729 5.843 5.859
CI 0.004 0.004 0.005 0.000 0.001 0.000 0.002 0.002 0.000
F 0.058 0.035 0.021 0.040 0.066 0.037 0.013 0.081 0.067
OH 7.938 7.962 7.974 7.960 7.933 7.963 7.985 7.918 7.933
sum 8.000 8.001 8.000 8.000 8.000 8.000 8.000 8.001 8.000
F/(FM) 0.66 0.66 0.67 0.52 0.44 0.45 0.49 0.45 0.51
1 ST2b, matrix chlorite 5 SF7-163, matrix chlorite
2 ST3, matrix chlorite 6 SI-14,
;
intergrown w/ biotite
3 ST3a, matrix chlorite 7 SI-21a,, matrix chlorite
4 SI-11, intergrown w/ biotite 8 SI-27,
:
intergnDwn w/ biotite
9 SI-27b , matrix chlorite
50
Table 12. Epidote Analyses, Sims Pluton, North Carolina
Conner granitoid Sims granitoid
6 7 8
aplite
1 2 3 4 5 9
SiOz 36.9 41.1 40.7 37.9 36.7 37.0 38.0 38.6 37.8
Ti02 0.04 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.02 0.06 0.03 0.24 0.16
A12 3 21.4 31.0 21.2 22.0 21.8 22.0 22.6 21.6 22.4
Fe2 3 15.2 1.75 12.4 14.4 14.6 14.4 13.5 14.2 14.7
MnO 0.29 0.14 0.20 0.42 0.37 0.33 0.37 0.20 0.32
MgO 0.01 0.13 0.02 0.01 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.01 0.06
CaO 22.5 21.3 18.3 23.0 22.7 22.8 22.6 23.6 22.8
Na2 0.00 1.21 1.86 0.01 0.00 0.06 0.00 0.03 0.04
K2 0.03 0.04 0.12 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.19
F 0.01 0.00 0.04 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.05 0.01 0.04
CI 0.00 0.03 0.02 0.01 0.00 0.02 0.01 0.02 0.02
H2 1.83 1.95 1.83 1.87 1.83 1.84 1.84 1.87 1.86
Sum 98.21 98.71 96.76 99.69 98.03 98.54 99.00 100.40 100.39
0=F+C1 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.02
Total 98.21 98.70 96.74 99.69 98.02 98.53 98.98 100.39 100.37
number of cations on the basis of 13 (O, OH, F, CI)
Si 3.012 3.147 3.292 3.036 2.995 3.004 3.049 3.065 3.007
Aliv 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
sum 3.012 3.147 3.292 3.036 2.995 3.004 3.049 3.065 3.007
A1V1 2.054 2.790 2.017 2.075 2.100 2.099 2.134 2.027 2.099
Ti 0.002 0.003 0.004 0.004 0.002 0.004 0.002 0.014 0.010
Fe 0.932 0.101 0.753 0.866 0.897 0.879 0.815 0.849 0.882
Mn 0.020 0.009 0.014 0.028 0.025 0.023 0.025 0.013 0.022
Mg 0.002 0.015 0.002 0.001 0.000 0.002 0.000 0.001 0.007
sum 3.008 2.903 2.788 2.973 3.024 3.007 2.976 2.904 3.020
Ca 1.967 1.743 1.577 1.976 1.983 1.984 1.941 2.006 1.946
Na 0.000 0.179 0.292 0.002 0.000 0.009 0.000 0.005 0.006
K 0.003 0.004 0.012 0.000 0.001 0.000 0.001 0.002 0.019
sum 1.970 1.926 1.881 1.978 1.984 1.993 1.942 2.013 1.971
CI 0.000 0.004 0.003 0.001 0.003 0.003 0.001 0.003 0.003
F 0.003 0.000 0.010 0.000 0.000 0.003 0.013 0.003 0.010
OH 0.997 0.996 0.987 0.999 0.997 0.995 0.986 0.995 0.987
sum 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.001 1.000 1.001 1.000
components
Ps 31.0 3.5 27.0 29.2 29.7 29.3 27.4 29.4 29.4
Cz 68.3 96.2 72.4 69.9 69.5 69.9 71.8 70.2 69.9
Pd 0.7 0.3 0.5 0.9 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.4 0.7
1 SF8-318, epidote w/ ms. + bt.
2 SI-3, epidote in plagioclase
3 SI-4, epidote in plagioclase
4 SI-11, epidote w/ ms. + chl.
5 SI-21a, epidote w/ ms. + bt.
6 SF7-163, epdiote w/ chl.
7 SI-14, epidote w/ ms. + bt
8 SI-27, epdiote w/ ms. + bt.
9 SI-27b, matrix epidote
51
Table 13. Carbonate Analyses, Sims Pluton,
Nash and Wilson Counties, North Carolina
Conner Sims
1 2 3 4 5
FeO 0.45 1.49 0.72 0.88 0.00
vMnO 1.26 4.35 2.23 3.15 0.78
MgO 0.07 0.29 0.21 0.38 0.05
CaO 55.9 51.6 52.8 55.7 57.7
co2 45.0 44.4 43.5 46.6 45.8
Total 102.68 102.13 99.46 106.71 104.33
number of cations on the basis of 3 (O)
Fe 0.006 0.021 0.010 0.012 0.000
Mn 0.017 0.061 0.032 0.042 0.011
Mg 0.002 0.007 0.005 0.009 0.001
Ca 0.975 0.912 0.953 0.938 0.988
sum 1.000 1.001 1.000 1.001 1.000
C 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000
1 SI-3a, calcite in plagioclase
2 SI-3b, calcite in plagioclase
3 SI-14, calcite in plagioclase
4 SI-27, calcite w/ muscovite + plagioclase
5 SI-27a, calcite in plagioclase
52
Table 14. Titanite Analyses,
Sims Pluton,
Nash and Wilson Counties,
North Carolina
Conner
1 2
SiOz 31.5 22.0
Ti02 26.7 40.8
A12 3 7.18 2.65
FeO 2.11 10.28
MnO 0.17 4.21
MgO 0.12 0.00
CaO 29.4 19.6
Na2 0.00 0.01
K2 0.02 0.01
F 1.72 0.64
CI 0.00 0.01
Sum 98.92
0=F+C 0.72
Total 98.20 100.21
number of cations
on the basis of 5 (O, OH, F, CI)
Si 1.030
Ti 0.658
Al 0.277
Fe 0.052
sum 0.987
Mn 0.005
Mg 0.006
Ca 1.030
Na 0.000
K 0.001
sum 1.042
CI 0.000
F 0.176
sum 1.985
1. SI-26, alter, of ilm, w/ ru
2. SI-27a, mixture w/ ilm
53
Table 15. Soil-gas Radon Concentrations, Sims pluton area, North Carolina
rock type Sample
radon std. duplicate
pC/1 dev. average rock type Sample
radon std. duplicate
pC/1 dev. average rock type Sample
radon std. duplicate
pC/1 dev. average
Conner granitoid
RnSI3 4428 19
RnSI4 2622 21
RnSI5 2289 19
RnSI6 2232 22
RnSI8 1242 13
RnSIll 3399 16
RnSI12 682 8
RnSI13 2756 24
RnSI14 1371 4
RnSI15 2261 8
RnSI17 3248 24
RnSI22 1799 10
RnSI23 5215 9
RnSI24 6341 36
RnSI25 2057 15
RnSI26 3238 32
RnSI27 2413 16
RnSI28 2675 20
RnSI28(dup) 2730 3
RnSI33 2119 25
RnSI34 2177 15
RnSI35 1093 7
average 2652
std. dev. 1354
Sims granitoid
RnSI18 3191 24
RnSI19 1151 10
RnSI19(dup) 1112 4
greisen
RnSIlO 1514 20
RnSIlO(dup) 1456 10
Quaternary alluvium
|RnSI29
Eastern slate belt rocks
RnSIl 1180 19
RnSI2 1483 11
RnSI7 1318 19
RnSI9 1067 6
RnSI20 1810 11
RnSI30 738 14
RnSI31 920 11
RnSI32 1019 11
average 1192
std. dev. 340
Atlantic Coastal plain rocks
Bailey Springs Heavy Mineral Deposit
2701
1131
1485
1363 14
RnSI16 614 6
RnSI21 1175 12
RnSI36 530 9
RnSI37 696 7
RnSI38 797 9
RnSI38(dup) 733 7
RnBSl 1178 8
RnBS2 1052 7
RnBS3 606 4
RnBS4 300 8
RnBS5 361 8
RnBS6 215 10
RnBS6(dup) 160 5
RnBS7 708 9
RnBS8 1048 8
RnBS9 599 7
RnBSlO 229 8
RnBSl
1
223 3
RnBS12 386 9
RnBS13 632 6
RnBS14 408 8
RnBS15 306 4