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^ ^ 5<^ ^ m Vol. VI. JULY, 1906 No. i "UAe NortK Carolina Booklel: GREAT EVENTS IN NORTH CAROLINA HISTORY PUBLISHED QUARTERLY BY THE NORTH CAROLINA SOCIETY DAUGHTERS ofthe REVOLUTION CONTENTS The Indian Tribes of Eastern Carolina - - - By Richard Dillard/M. D. Glimpses of History in the Names of Our Counties By Kemp. P. Battle, LL. D. A Colonial Admiral of the Cape Fear - - . By James Sprunt, British Vice-Gjnsul at Wilmington, N. C. (ILLUSTRATED) Page 3 26 48 SINGLE NUMBERS 30 CENTS $1.00 THE YEAR ^•^••X-Jfe-X'-X"X"^^1g^gW^-Jg5g-^^^J^-^-Sg-^"X"^"X"^:^g^^^^gtg^^^^ ENTERED IN THE POST-OFFICE AT RALEIGH, N. C, AS SECOHD-CLASS MATTER. The North Carolina Booklet. Great Events in North Carolina History. VOLUME VI. Glimpses of History in the Names of our Counties, Kemp. P. Battle, LL. D. A Colonial Admiral of the Cape Fear (Admiral Sir Thomas Frank-land), , Mr. James Sprunt. The Indian Tribes of Eastern North Carolina, Richard Dillard, M. D. Gov. Thomas Burke, . . . Mr. J. G. de Roulhac Hamilton. Some North Carolina Histories and their Authors, Professor Edward P. Moses. The Borough Towns of North Carolina, . . Mr. Francis Nash. The John White Pictures, Mr. W. J. Peele. Gov. Jesse Franklin, .... Professor J. T. Alderman. Industrial Life in Early North Carolina, . . Mr. T. M. Pittman. Colonial and Revolutionary Costumes in North Carolina, Miss Mary Hilliard Hinton. «North Carolina's Attitude to the Revolution, Mr. Robert C. Strong. The Fundamental Constitutions and the Effects on the Colony, Mr. Junitis Davis. The BooKi^ET will contain short biographical sketches of the writers who have contributed to this publication, by Mrs. E. E. MoflStt. The Booklet will print abstracts of wills prior to 1760, as sources of biography, history and genealogy. The BooKi^ET will be issued quarteri,y by the North Carolina Society of the Daughters op the Revolution, beginning July, X906. Each Booklet will contain three articles and will be published in July, October, January and April. Price, |i.oo per year, 30 cents for single copy. Parties who wish to renew their subscription to the Booklet for Vol. VI, are requested to notify at once. MISS MARY HILLIARD HINTON, "Midway Plantation," Editors: ' Raleigh, North Carolina. Miss Mary Hilliard Hinton, Mrs. E. E. Moffitt. VH \ ..'^\ >K a North Carolina State Librafy Raieigh Vol. VI. JULY, 1906. No. 1 15he flORTH CflROiilj^il BoOKIiET ^^ Carolina! Carolina! Heaven'' s blessings attend her ! While we live zve will cherish, protect and defend her.'' Published by THE NORTH CAROLINA SOCIETY DAUGHTERS OF THE REVOLUTION The object of the Booklet is to aid in developing and preserving North Carolina History. Tlie proceeds arising from its publication will be devoted to patriotic purposes. Editors. i ADVISORY BOARD OF THE NORTH CAROLINA BOOKLET. Mrs. Spier Whitakek. Mr. R. D. W. Connor. Professor D. H. Hill. Dr. E. W. Sikes. Mr. W. J. Peele. Dr. PiIchard Dillard. Professor E. P. Moses. Mr. James Sprtjnt. Dr. Kemp P. Battle. Judge Walter Clark. Mr. Marshall DeLancey Haywood. OFFICERS OF THE NORTH CAROLINA SOCIETY DAUGHTERS OF THE REVOLUTION, 1906-1908. regent : Mrs. E. E. MOFFITT. vice-regent : Mrs. WALTER CLARK. honorary regent: Mrs. spier WHITAKER. (Nee Hooper.) RECORDING SECRETARY: Mrs. J. W. THACKSTON. CORRESPONDING SECRETARY : Mrs. W. H. PACE. TREASURER: Mrs. frank SHERWOOD. REGISTRAR : Mrs. ED. CHAMBERS SMITH. GENEALOGIST : Mrs. HELEN De BERNIERE WILLS. Founder of the North Carolina Society and Regent 1890-1902; Mrs. spier WHITAKER. REGENT 1902: Mrs. D. H. HILL, Sr.'' REGENT 1902-1906: Mrs. THOIMAS K. BRUNER. *Died December 12, 1904. THE NORTH CAROLINA BOOKLET. Vol. VI JULY, 1906 No. 1 THE FOREWORD. The sources of information regarding our Indians are both meagre and unsatisfactory, history lends but little aid, tradi-tion is silent, you must seek elsewhere than in books. There is a way we may study—even see them if we will—let me tell you the secret; I came upon it one evening just after sunset when I was hunting wild forget-me-nots along an idle brook away off in Pleasant Valley. If you wander alone through the deep everglade of a southern dismal you will sometimes stop suddenly to examine what you know is the faded footprint of a moccasined foot, or, if the hour is pro-pitious, you will listen and listen -again as you catch the sound of a warwhoop echoing and re-echoing through the deepening twilight of the forest. Or it may be that you will find an arrowhead or a broken tomahawk in a ramble through a summer field. One night when the moon was full, and I sat under a tree by the deep mirror of a certain silver stream, the air grew suddenly heavy with the drowsy sweetness of the lotus in blossom, there was a troubling of the waters as by the angel's touch upon the Pool of Bethesda, the leaves clapped fitfully together like elfin cymbals at a fairy dance, a few, twisting from their stems, came fluttering down upon the river, and went sailing off like a phantom squadron ; the sedges rustled violently at the water's hem—it was an enchanted spot, and I saw as in a dream two painted warriors drag a bound vic-tim hurriedly into a canoe, and push off into the stream, but as I turned to obser^^e them closely they blended into the dreamland of the other shore—the trick then lies in the imagination—in the embroidered fantacy of a midsummer-night's dream. THE NORTH CAKOLINA BOOKLET, HE INDIAN TRIBES OF EASTERN NORTH CAROLINA. BY RICHARD DILLARD, M.D. "Ye whose hearts are fresh and simple, Who have faith in God and nature, Who believe that in all ages Every human heart is human. That in even savage bosoms There are longings, yearnings, strivings For the good they comprehend not, That the feeble hands and helpless, Groping blindly in the darkness. Touch God's right hand in that darkness And are lifted up and strengthened; Listen to this simple story." The first Indian tableau upon wliicli the curtain of our history rises isi the royal reception of Aniidas and Barlow by Granganameo "in the delicate garden abounding in all kinds of odoriferous flowers" on the Island of Wocokon. The last is when, chagrined by the defeat and failure of the Tuscarora War, they are driven forever from the shores of the Albe-marle. The scenes between are interspersed with acts of kindness and of cruelty, bloody massacres and the torch, with long interludes, in which the curtain is so closely hauled down that not a ray of light reaches us, so that the path-finders of history can scarcely discern a single blazed tree to guide them through that untrodden solitude. The mural frescoes by Alexander in the Congressional Li-brary most beautifully tell the story of the evolution of learn-ing in five allegorical paintings; the first is a picture of a cairn built by a prehistoric man to coaumenorate some im-portant event; the second is oral tradition, an ancient story-teller surrounded by a group of attentive listeners ; the third THE NORTH CAROLINA BOOKLET. & is represented by hieroglyphics carved upon an Egyptian obelisk ; the fourth is the primitive American Indian painting upon his buffalo skin the crude story of the chase, the con-flict, or the war-dance, while the last is the beautiful consum-mation of them all—the printing press. Our own alphabet, tlirough a long series of elaboration covering many cen-turies, originally came from picture-writing. All knowledge began with units, and the compounding of those units in dif-ferent ways like the grouping of atoms to form various chemi-cal substances produced classified knowledge, or science in all of its labyrinthine detail. The language of the Indian is metaphorical, and essentially picture-writing, not only picture-words representing material objects, but sound-pictures, that is the formation of words in imitation of the sounds they are intended to represent. He speaks mostly with his eyes, using gestures, grimmaces and grunts where his language is inade-quate, and emphasis is required. The Iroquois, which were composed partly of Eastern J^orth Carolina Indians after the Tuscarora War, are especially metaphorical, and of course in studying their language we study the language of the dif-ferent tribes which compose them. When the weather is very cold they say "it is a nose-cutting morning." They use the hemlock boughs to protect them from the snow, and when one says "1 have hemlock boughs" he means that he has warm and comfortable quarters. It is said that twelve letters an-swer for all Iroquois sounds, viz. lAEFHIKISrOIlST W. The Algonquins, the Iroquois and the Mobilians are con-sidered the three primitive stocks, and the dialects now spoken throughout the country are traced by ethnologists di-rectly to them. Thoreau says in his Walden that the Puri Indians had but one word for the present, the past, and the future, expressing its variations of meaning by pointing backward for yester-day— forward for tomorrow—and overhead for to-day. 6 THE NOETH CAEOLINA BOOKLET. The beautiful eup'honeous Indian names are so inter-mingled with our own names and history that time cannot erase them. Let us analyze a few of their words and our application of them. I suggest the following derivation of the word Roanoke as applied to both Roanoke river and Roan-oke Island. Wampum, the Indian money, their current medium of exchange and equivalent of gold, was of two kinds — Wampum Peak, and Wampum Roanoke: It was made of a species of conch-shell (Buccinum Undatum), and shaped like beads, the darker colors being the most valuable. This was usually strung and worn around the waist as a belt, and served the double purpose of ornament and money. These belts were passed from one nation to another in making treaties and in other important transactions, e. g., "By my wampum belt I pledge thee." l^ow when Menotoscon, king of the Chowanokes, found that the English were principally in quest of gold, he beguiled them with all kinds of rococo stories about a great river, evidently our Roanoke, which rose in a western country, and abounded in mussels filled with pearls, and that the sands of this river were of gold, hence the English named it Roanoke, and as Roanoke meant money or gold, by metonomy Roanoke river means river of gold, a name not inappropriate at this day, considering the wealth of its fields and the richness and vastness of the forests which girt its shores. By the same fanciful analysis Roanoke Island may mean island of money or gold, from the great quantity of wampum shells abounding in that vicinity. The suffix peak appears in the words Chesapeake, Dessamonpeak, Corapeak and others, and also gives them a significance of profusion or wealth. Mattercomock or Machicomock Creek, to the west of Edenton, means Temple of God, doubtless from the exquisite beauty of the stream and the tall cypress trees along its banks, which stand like huge elaborately carved Corinthian columns supporting the dome of the sky. THE NORTH CAROLINA BOOKLET. 7 The name of the section of country along the Chowan above Edenton now called Rockyhock was derived from the Indian word Rakioch, meaning cypress tree, which by metathesis and the corruptions of successive generations is now spelled Rockyhock, meaning literally the Land of Cypress Trees. Chowan means paint or color—hence the county is the land of rich colors, from the variety and magnificence of its flora, and the myriad hues of its emerald forests, or it might have been that the Indians obtained their dyes and paints there. To the beautiful reflection of trees and sky upon a placid stream they gave the name of glimmerglass, shimmering mir-ror. The proximity of the Chowanokes to the Tuscaroras brought them into frequent communication, and there was in consequence some similarity of dialect, a great many of their words had in common the suflix ocli, e. g., Uppowock, Mattercomock, Rakiock, Moriatock and Ohanock. The origi-nal spelling of Currituck was Coratuc, Tar River was Tau, meaning river of health, and Hatteras was Hattorask. Little River was Kototine, Perquimans River was Ona, Albemarle Sound was called Weapomeiock, Yeopim was originally Jau-pin. Durant's l^eck was Wecocomicke. The Chowan River was called ]*^omopana. Captain John Smith, in his map of Virginia made in 1606, changes the vowels and spells Cho-wan Chawon, and gives tO' that tribe a large portion of the territory southeast of the Powhattan River, now the James. Theodore de Bry's map, 1590, gives the Chowans the vast ter-ritory along the upper Albemarle and Chowan River. Pas-quotank at one time was spelled Passo-Tank, and was derived from the Indian PassaquenoJce, meaning the woman's town. Resting upon the very bosom of nature, amid the most picturesque and beautiful surroundings they possessed neither music nor poetry. Grave, imperturbable and mute, their souls did not burn with the glowing tints of the autumn forest, or thrill at the echo from the hills, or at the grandeur 8 THE NORTH CAROLINA BOOKLET. and mystery of the great solitudes, fresh with the virginity of nature, or the long light upon the rivers. They hearkened not the song of the summer bird whose flight of ecstasy drew bars of golden music across the sky, nor the soft reed notes of Dio Pan's flute, nor the arpeggios swept from Apollo's lyre^ — the star-embroidered peace of the midnight heavens they heeded not, but without any of the embellishments of civiliza-tion they had a picturesqueness and beauty of costume en-tirely in harmony with the wild state of nature. We are well assured that the early Indians had a good idea of botany, knew the uses of the different plants, and gave them names descriptive of their qualities and physical ap-pearances, though they knew nothing of classification. A great deal of the flora which existed here then is now en-tirely extinct, the law of the survival of the fittest applying more strongly to the vegetable kingdom than to any other ; during my own observation one species of ground-pine in this country has entirely disappeared. Many of the wild flowers we know and see every day are really adventives from Europe, or plants which have escaped from cultivation in gardens, and are literally tramping it over the country. The botanical characteristics of our forests reveal the fact that some parts of them were in cultivation very many years ago, for pine is the original growth, and in successive rota-tion come gum, oak, etc: I^ature does not falter, she has her own ways—her owm days for doing her work, man can meddle, but cannot hinder her. Remove the earth from a piece of land, deep enough to destroy all remains of the pre-viously existing vegetation, and when the soil reforms upon it again she will persistently repeat the law by first produc-ing pine, and then on in regular rotation again. !N"ow the occurrence of oak thickets in most unexpected places argues strongly that the Indians had small clearings or assarts where thev grew their tobacco and maize. THE NORTH CAROLINA BOOKLET. 9 It is difficult to believe that they did not love and enjoy the wild flowers which grew so profusely about them. Did they not pause in the chase to exult in the fragrance of the pine and the myrtle, or linger to inhale the delicate perfume of the wild grape in blossom, or to be lifted up by the redo-lence of the jessamine ? Was there no ''impulse from the vernal woods," no swelling of the heart in the springtime — " When daisies pied and violets blue, And lady-smocks all silver-white, And cuckoo-buds of yellow hue Do paint the meadows with delight?" Thanks to the fertile pen and sharp-eyed observation of Harriot we know something of their plants and their uses. He says they dyed their hair and persons with the roots of Chappacor, of which I cannot conjecture the English equiva-lent unless it be the Sanguinaria or Bloodroot, still flourishing in our forests, but the secret is hidden down deep in the chalice of its corolla, its beautiful white petals are silent, and cannot be invoked. Kaishackpenauk was a root eaten as food, and resembled very much our Irish potato, while Ope-nauk was nothing more than the Apios Tuberosa, growing in our lowlands, it also served them as food. Coscushaw may be the Tuckaboe or Arrowhead, of which hogs are fond, and grows in muddy pools and bogs. Ascapo was the Myrtle, and the Sassafras they called Winauk. The Prince's Pine was Pipsissewa, and Habascon was the horse-radish. One of our beautiful wild trailers wears gracefully the name of Cherokee Rose, but I condemn the sentiment which named Lobelia, a very poisonous plant, Indian Tobacco, and the Indian Tur-nip is also most inappropriately nanted. The Squaw Vine still paints its berries red in autumn to honor tbe Indian maiden. They knew different poisons and did not hesitate to use them stealthily and without scruple upon their personal enemies. Prominent among their list of poisons was a white 10 THE NORTH CAROLINA BOOKLET. root which grew in fresh marshes, and may have been Cicely, or Fool's Parsley, belonging to the poisonous hemlock family. In Hyde County was the Mattermuskeet or Maramikeet of the Machapungo Indians, Lake Mattermuskeet was called by them Paquinip, or Paquipe. Upon the shores of this lake grows and flourishes as nowhere else an apple called the Mat-tennuskeet, maturing late but succulent and full of excel-lence. The tradition is that an early settler and hunter killed a wild goose upon the lake and upon opening its craw found an apple seed which he carefully preserved and planted, and which grew rapidly, and bore luscious fruit. The North Carolina grape called Scuppemong was origi-nally found on Scuppernong River, a tributary of Albemarle Sound, by an exploring party sent out by Amidas and Bar-low. One small vine, with roots, waiS transplanted to Roanoke Island in 1584, where it is still growing and bearing grapes every year. In 1855 it covered nearly one and one-half acres. Some contend that the proper spelling should be Noscupper-nong, but the late Rev. Wm. S. Pettigrew, who was deeply versed in Indian legend and lore always held that it should be Escappernong. Messrs. Garrett & Co. have named one of their excellent wines made from these grapes Escapper-nong. An old writer of jSTorth Carolina history says "there are no less than five varieties of grapes found about the Albe-marle Sound, all of which are called Scuppernongs, to-wit, black, green, purple, red and white." The darker varieties are generally conceded to be seedlings, as the original grape can at present be reproduced only by layering or by grafting upon the wild grape. The cause of the change in color of this grape is beautifully woven by Mrs. Cotten into the Legend of the White Doe or the Fate of Virginia Dare. The transposition into prose has been so graphically made that I give it verbatim. "Okisko, a brave warrior of the tribe that had given shelter to the unfortunate Lost Col- ""^"^^-Ssi-''^:^- I''. VIRGINIA DARE. From a fanciful sketch by Porte Crayon in 1857. THE NORTH CAROLINA BOOKLET. 11 ony of Sir Walter Raleigh, fell in love with the governor's granddaiighter, Virginia Dare, the first white child born on American soil. The jealous rage of Chico, the great magi-cian, changed her into a white doe which baffled all the hunters' attempts to capture it, for it had a charmed life and nothing but a silver arrow or an arrow dipped in the magic fountain of Eoanoke could slav the beautiful creature. Now Wanchese, the great hunter of Pomouik, has crossed the waters, and there had received as a present a silver arrow. Armed with this he lay in wait for the white doe. Near him also was Virginia Dare's faithful lover, Okisko, armed with an arrow that had been dipped in the magic fountain. The magician Wenaudon, rival of Chico, had explained to Okisko that only by piercing to the heart the white doe with this magic arrow could the fair Virginia be liberated and restored to him, thus unknown to each other the two warriors awaited the coming of the white doe, one armed with the silver arrow that meant death, the other armed with the magic arrow that meant restored life the Okisko's love. Suddenly out in the clearing jumped the startled doe ; twang went the bowstrings, both arrows fled straight to the mark. To the wonder of Wanchese he saw a beautiful white girl laying where he had seen the doe fall. To the horror of Okisko he saw the arrow piercing his loved one's heart. As if shocked by the awful tragedy the magic spring died away. In its place Okisko saw growing a tiny grapevine, it seemed a message from his lost love, he watched it grow and blossom and bear fruit. Lo ! the grapes were red ; he crushed one and lo ! the juice was red — red as his dear Virginia's blood. Lovingly he watched and tended the vine, and as he drank the pure red juice of the gTape he knew that at last he was united to his love—that her spirit was entering into his—that he was daily growing more like her, the being he loved and worshipped—^the joy he had lost, but now had found again in the magic seedling." It is 12 THE XOIITH CAKOLI]N"A BOOKLET. a fact that a species of white deer is still seen in the country around Pungo and Scuppernong Lakes, but the penetrating ball of the Winchester possesses a counter chann to the magi-cal spell of the Indian magician Chico, and the white doe often falls a victim before its unerring aim. The mother Scuppernong vine implanted upon the Island of Roanoke, as ancient as our civilization, has sent its branches like the English speaking race over our broad land, the excellence of its amber clusters dropping the honej-dew of knowledge and delight—spreading like a banyan, its broad arbor is a sacred aegis of Minerva, which will shield and hide for aye the mysterious secret of the Lost Colony. Who gave us Indian Corn the Agatowr, that beautiful tasseled staff of life whose waving fields are a symbol of our country's bounty and wealth—this maker of brawn and muscle and of the gray stroma of the brain ? I answer each red ear blushed with the red man's skin. It was cultivated and eaten here before the granaries of the Pharaohs were overflowing from the wheat fields of Egypt, or the Libyan threshing-floors were groaning under the fatness of the harvest. The Indian method of preparing it for food was by hollowing out the end of a large stump and pounding the grain by means of a log, suspended to an overhanging bough. Who gave us LTppowock, the divine tobacco? That com-panion of solitude and life of company ! The fabled Assidos of the middle ages, which drives away all evil spirits ! The nerve stimulant destined to supplant hashisch, opium, betel, kava-kava, and all others ! Emissaries from China and Japan are buying- American tobacco with the purpose of substituting it for the injurious opium habit of those countries. This is the herb which that rare old cynic philosopher so' beautifully praises and censures by antithesis in his wonderful Anatomy of Melancholy, the book Doctor Johnson missed his tea to read, as ''divine, rare, superexcellent tobacco, which goes far THE NORTH CAROLINA BOOKLET. 13 beyond all the panaceas, potable gold and philosophers' stones—a sovereign remedy to all diseases, a virtuous herb if it be well qualified, opportunely taken and medicinally used, but as it is commonly abused by most men 'tis a plague, a mischief, a violent purger of goods, lands and health—devil-ish and damned tobacco, the ruin and overthrow of body and soul." The Indians held Uppowock their tobacco in high esteem, attributed to it magical powers. It was the gift of the gods ; they often burnt it upon their sacred fires, and cast it upon the waters to allay the storm, they scattered it among their weirs to increase the catch of fish, and after an escape from great danger they would throw it high into the air as if to requite the gods themselves. Eastern N^orth Carolina is rich in literature based upon the history, the legends, the traditions of its Indians. The White Doe or Fate of Virginia Dare is as musical as Hia-watha, and tells the story of the change of Virginia Dare into the shape of a white doe to which I have alluded else-where. That erudite scholar, Col.R. B. Creecy,in his chef d'oeuvre, the Legend of Jesse Batz, tells delightfully the story of Jesse Batz, a hunter and trapper who dwelt upon an island in the Albemarle Sound, opposite the mouth of Yeopim River, now called Batz's Grave (the U. S. G-eog. Soc. gives the spelling Batts), but then called Kalola from the number of sea gulls congTegating there. Hunting, trapping, and frequently en-gaging in the chase with the Indians Batz became intimately associated with the Princess Kickawana, the beautiful daugh-ter of Kilkanoo, the king of the Chowanokes. Batz loved her at first sight, and she in turn loved the white man. When Pamunkey made war upon Kilkanoo Batz fought with the Chowanokes, and in a hand-to-hand encounter took Pamunkey prisoner and helped to drive the hostile tribe back 14 THE NORTH CAROLINA BOOKLET. into Virginia. For this act of bravery he was adopted into the Chowanoke tribe with the name of Secotan or Great White Eagle. The current of love between him and Kickawana ran along smoothly, and with an immunity from sorrow beyond the usual lot of mortals until one night when the Indian maiden was paddling in her canoe across from the mainland to the island, as she frequently did to visit her lover, a thund-erstorm swept the Albemarle like the besom of destruction: "The wind was high, and the clouds were dark, And the boat returned no more." Batz never more left his island home, and to this day it is called Batz's Grave. Its azure outline in dim perspective upon the glistening page of the Albemarle seems the far-off island of some half-forgotten dream. At one time it belonged to George Durant, Jr., and contained many acres ; the erosion of the tideSi has been so continuous and rapid that scarcely an acre now remains. This constant sloughing of its banks causes the magnificent timber to fall into the water in great windrows, like broad swaths of grain beneath the sturdy stroke of some giant reaper, but the ceaseless murmur of each receding wave upon its lonely beach will sigh out for-aye, in a throbbing tumultuous undertone, the story of those unfortunate lovers. One of the few landmarks left by the Chowan Indians is a part of the soundside road leading to Drummond's Point, which curves and re-curves upon itself at least a dozen times in a distance of two miles. The tradi-tion is that the road was made by the early settlers along the course of the old Indian trail ; over this road doubtless passed and repassed Kickawana on her visits to the island home of Jesse Batz, and it takes but a touch of fancy for the be-nighted traveler along this lonely road to see the lithe form of Kickawana just receding around the next. bend. THE ^TOKTH CAROLINA BOOKLET. 15 One of the most interesting chapters in our history is the account given bj Dr. John Brickell, of Edenton, in his history of North Carolina of a trip among the Indians. He was ap-pointed by Gov. Burrington to make an exploration into the interior, with a view of securing the friendship of the Chero-kee Indians. He left Edenton in 1730 with ten men and two Indians, and traveled fifteen days without having seen a human being. At the foot of the mountains they met the In-dians, who received them kindly and conducted them to their camp where they spent two days with the chief, who reluct-antly permitted them to return. They built large fires and cooked the game which the two Indians killed and served it upon ]>ine-bark dishes, at night they tethered their horses and slept upon the gray Spanish moss (Tillandsia Usneoides), which hung from the trees. They lived in truly Robin Hood style, and the tour seems to have been more for romance and adventure than for scientific search. It is a counterpart in our history of the adventures of the Knights of the Golden Horse Shoe to the Blue Ridge of Virginia under Gov. Spotts-wood. Dr. Brickell had a brother who settled in Hertford County in 1739, the Rev. Matthias Brickell, from whom is descended some of the best families of that county. The Indian Gallows, a poem by William H. Rhodes, pub-lished in 1846, deserves the highest place among the Indian classic literature of JSTorth Carolina. The Indian Gallows was located in the Indian woods of Bertie County, a tract of land formerly owned and occupied by the Tuscaroras. It was a remarkable freak of nature in that the branch of one oak grew so entirely and completely into another oak some twenty feet asunder that it was im-possible to discern from which tree the cross-branch grew. The cross-branch also had large limbs growing upward from it. This natural curiosity stood until 1880, when a severe 16 THE NORTH CAROLINA BOOKLET. storm uprooted one of the oaks, the other soon commenced to decay and was cut down in 1892 and made into relics. The story of it runneth thus : A band of pilgrims exiled by religious persecution from England were hurled tempest-tossed upon the shores of North Carolina, they made their way under all sorts of difficulties and contentions with ad-verse fates up the Albemarle Sound to the settlement now called Edenton. The parents of the heroine Elnora, invited by the friendly chief of the Tuscaroras, decided to make their homes in the wilds across the sound. Roanoke, the son of the old Tuscarora king, soon fell in love with Elnora, and at the planning of the Indian Massacree in 1711, set out on foot to warn his white friends of their danger, but arrived just in time to see their cabin in flames and a band of Tusca-roras cut down Elnora's aged parents. Elnora herself by a superhuman effort eluded the grasp of the murderous chief Cashie and hid in the Indian Woods, w^here she was after-wards found by the faithful Roanoke. Enduring all sorts of hardships they eventually found a boat, and steering safely down the Moriatock River, reached the sound. On and on they paddled through the darkness of the night under the midnight sky, not knowing whither they were going, each angry wave greedy to swallow up their little canoe. Elnora exhausted, and wnth hands all blistered, often despaired, and would have throwTi herself into the dark waters had she not been sustained and comforted by Roanoke. Just at the cru-cial moment of their despair Aurora with her dew-drop touch tJirew open the rosy chambers^ of the Elast, and the streaks of dawn went ploughing golden furrows in the wake of the morning star. Dawn is- the hour of resignation and peace, they were comforted and cheered as they sighted the headland at the entrance of Edenton Bay, they soon reached the shore where they told the story of their misfortunes to a crowd of eager listeners, among whom was Henry, Elnora's lover, just North Carolina State Library Raleigh THE ]SrORTH CAROLINA BOOKLET. 17 arrived on a ship from England. The Thscaroras, when they found out that Roanoke had fled to Edenton with Elnora, infuriated bj his action and the escape of the white maiden, set out at once with a flotilla of canoes to take the fort at Edenton^ and massacre the inhabitants, but they were driven hopelessly back by the well-prepared settlers, Henry and Roanoke fighting gallantly side by side. After the rout of the Indians Roanoke lingered sadly at Edenton. Elnora showed him every kindness and consideration, but her heart belonged unreservedly to Henry. "As time fled on Roanoke forgot to smile, And lonely walks his saddened weeks beguile: A secret grief sits gnawing at his soul, Deep are the sorrows that his mind engage. Kindness can soothe not—friends cannot assuage." Desperate and dejected at his disappointment in love he returned to his tribe in Bertie and met with resignation his fate. At the council of the chiefs he was condemned to be burned at the stake the next morning at dawn, when the sen-tence was pronounced the tragic Cashie exclaimed — "No—not the stake! He loves the paleface ; let him die The white man's death ! Come let us bend a tree And swing the traitor, as the Red-men see The palefaced villian hang. Give not the stake To him would the Red man's freedom take. Who from our fathers and our God would roam. A*nd st*rives t*o rob u*s of o*ur land*s and*home. They seize him now and drag him to the spot Where death awaits, and pangs are all forgot." 1 Opposite the old Hathaway lot, on Water Street, could be seen a few years ago the foundation of what is supposed to have been the old fort built to defend the town against the attacks of the Indians,'and this might have been the one in which Elnora and Roanoke took refuge. Watson, in his Journey to Edenton in 1777, says that It was then defended by two forts. 2 18 THE NORTH CAROLINA BOOKLET. There is a striking analogy between the motif of the Indian Gallows and Campbell's Gertrude of Wyoming. Koanoke and Outalisse, the Mohawk chief, were very similar char-acters. One of the largest and most remarkable Indian mounds in Eastern l^orth Carolina is located at Bandon on the Chowan, evidently the site of the ancient town of the Cho-wanokes wdiich Grenville's party visited in 1585, and. was called Mavaton." The map of James Wimble, made in 1729, also locates it at about this point. The mound extends along the river bank five or six hundred yards, is sixty yards wide and five feet deep, covered with about one foot of sand and soil. It is composed almost exclusively of mussel shells taken from the river, pieces of pottery, ashes, arrow heads and human bones, this may have been the dumping ground of the village. The finding of human bone» beneath the mound might suggest that it is the monument of their distingTiished chiefs, just as the ancient Egyptians built pyramids above their illustrious Pharaohs. Pottery and arrow heads are found in many places throughout this county, especially on hillsides, near streams, and indicate that they were left there by temporary hunting or fishing parties. Even the Indians of the present day are averse to carrying baggage of any kind, and the frail manner in wdiich some of their pottery was made sliows that it was for temporary purposes only. Certain decorations on their pottery occur sufficiently often among the Indian tribes of the different sections to be almost character-istic of them. A sort of corn-cob impression is found on a great deal of the Chow^an pottery and also in Bertie, there is however considerable variation in different localities, the corn-cob im-pression in some specimens being much coarser. There are also pieces with parallel striations, oblique patterns, small sThe station on the Suffolk and Carolina Railroad was named by the author for this town. THE NORTH CAKOLINA BOOKLET. 19 diamond patterns formed by transverse lines, evidenilj made bj a sharp stick. Some are decorated witln horizontal lines, while a few are perfectly plain. In the deposits on the Chowan River, at the site of the ancient Chowanoke town of Mavaton, the decorations on the potteiy are both varied and artistic, and I am inclined to believe that each clan or family had its own distinctive and individual pattern of decora-tion— it was their coat of arms. On this same mound I found the wild columbine growing, stragglers from Menotosr con's flower-garden, and at a nearby spring flourished the spear-mint, whose ancestors two hundred years ago doubtless seasoned Okisko's venison stew. I have never seen so many distinct patterns occurring in the same mound as at Avoca, left there by the Tuscaroras. The ancient Tuscarora town of Metackwem was located in Bertie County just above Black Walnut Point, and most probably at Avoca, from the exten-sive deposits there. The Tuscaroras showed a more ad-vanced civilization than any of the Eastern tribes, they were jealous and revengeful, had more numerical strength, more prowess an.d were more belligerent, and influenced the weaker tribes near them. They were originally descended from the Monacans, a powerful nation whose territory ex-tended from the domains of Powhattan down into Carolina, and who were well known to many of the early discoverers, they are believed by some to have been the aborigines of East-ern jSTorth Carolina. Although amalgamated with the Iroquois Confederation the Tuscaroras have even to this day pre^ sem'-ed, in a great measure, their individuality. The Cho-wanokes evidently worshipped the maize, and decorated their pottery freely with the corn-cob. We do not know the exact shape of their cooking utensils, but judging from the frag-ments of pottery they must have been shaped very much like the modern flower pot. Calculating the diameter and ca-pacity of the vessels from the segments found there was great 20 THE NORTH CAROLINA BOOKLET. unifomiity both of size and shape. The Indians knew the principle of the wedge, and applied its shape to their axes and tomahawks. There is a great similarity in them to the English axe, that implement and coat-of-arms of our civiliza-tion, this similarity of implements argue strongly the nni-versal brotherhood of mankind. In the great dismal surrounding Lake Scuppernong is a chain of small islands surrounded by pitfalls, which are be-lieved to have been dug by the Indians to entrap large game, along the shores of the lake a vessel of soapstone, almost in-tact, was exhumed some time ago, and at the spot where the best j)erch abound. To the east of Centre Hill, which forms the di^ade between Chowan and Perquimans Rivers, lies a vast tract of land called Bear Swamp, depressed fifteen or twenty feet below the surrounding country, and a number of years ago some parties in making an excavation just east of Centre Hill, where the land falls off into this great basin, discovered a boat of considerable dimensions, fairly well preserved, six or more feet below the surface : it is supposed to be of Indian origin, as there is an ancient tradition that it was centuries ago a great lake.^ The numerical strength of the Indians of Eastern ISTortli Carolina in 1710 was as follows: The Tuscaroras had fifteen towns ; Haruta, Waqui, Contahnah, Anna-Ooka, Con-auh- Tvare, Harooka, Ilna-I^rauhan, Kentanuska, Chunaneets, Kenta, Eno, I^aurheghne, Oonossoora, Tosneoc, Xonawhar-itse, [N^uhsoorooka and twelve hundred warriors ; the Wacons two towns, Yupwarereman and Tooptatmere, one hundred sin the branch of Pollock Swamp, which drains the southern extension of Bear Swamp, is a most remarliable natural formation in the shape of a salt deposit in the bottom of the swamp. It was tirst discovered by cattle going there to lick during long drouths when the bottom of the swamp was dry. During the Civil War. when salt was gold, some parties dug a well there, collected the water, and evaporated it In pans, making a very good quality of salt. When I visited this well several years ago, though the bottom of the swamp was entirely dry, the well was full of a sea-green water, which I examined and found strongly impregnated with salt. THE NORTH CAROLINA BOOKLET. 21 and twenty warriors; the Macliapiingas one town, Maramis-keet, thirty warriors ; the Bear River Indians one town, Ran daii-qiiaquank, fifty warriors ; the Meherrins one town on Meherrin River, fifty warriors ; the Chowans one town, Ben-net's Creek, fifteen warriors ; the Paspatanks one town on Paspatank River, ten warriors ; the Poesketones one town on ISTorth River, thirty warriors ; the jSTottaways one town, Winoak Creek, thirty warriors ; Hatteras Indians one town, Sand Banks, sixteen warriors ; Connamox Indians two towns, Coranine and Rarnta, twenty-five warriors ; the Jaupins (probably Yeopims), only six people; and the Pamtigough Indians one to^^T.i, an island, fifteen warriors. Upon a basis that three-fifths were old men, women and children there must have been at that time at least ten thousand Indians in Eastern jSTorth Carolina. September 22, 1711, marks the day of the bloody Indian massacre in Eastern ISTorth Carolina, when 112 settlers and 80 infants v/ere brutally murdered, and that day was kept with prayer and fasting throughout the colony for many years. With tomahawk and torch they swept like fiends in-carnate over Eastern Xorth Carolina, their bloody trail ex-tending even to the northeastern shores of Albemarle Sound and Chowan River. The desperate war which followed was finally brought to a successful close by a series of victories through Col. James Moore and his allied Indians ; Capt. Barnwell also contributed largely to the success of the war, killing more than five hundred Indians. The last of June, 1713, the Tuscaroras, wlio were occupying Fort Carunche, evacuated it and joined the rest of their nation on the Roan-oke, soon to abandon Xorth Carolina forever. They migrated to the southeastern end of Lake Oneida, ]^ew York, where they joined the Iroquois Confederation, which was composed of five nations, viz. : the Mohawks, Onondagas, Cayugas, Oneidas and the Senecas ; the Tusca- 22 THE NORTH CAROLINA BOOKLET. roras with their allies, the Chowans, the Saponas and some others, formed the Sixth iSTation of this Confederation : a part of the Canadian Indians are descended from the Iroquois. King Tom Blount* and a few of his faithful warriors re-mained in Bertie for awhile, but just before the Kevolution the few Tuscaroras who were left in that county then mi-grated to the ISTorth, and joined their brethren of the Six ISTations. Before leaving they sold all their vast domain (53,000 acres) except a tract in Bertie County about twelve miles square, called Indian Woods, which they were com-pelled to lease for a long term of one hundred and thirty-seven years. Succarusa, an old chief of this tribe, visited Bertie about 1830 to collect the rents due his people on that long lease, and while there he went to take a look at the Indian Gallows, this was the last footprint of the Indian upon the shores of the Albemarle. A part of the Tuscarora tribe still reside in Western ISTew York where they maintain a tribal government, divided into clans called Otter, Beaver, Wolf, Bear, etc. The title of Sachem Chief is still given to their governor. Thomas Wil-liams (Takeryerter), belonging to the Beaver Clan and rather a young man, was Chief Sachem in 1890, and Elias Johnson (Towernakee), was then the historian of the tribe. In 1901 there were three hundred and seventy-one Tuscaroras, all wearing citizen's clothes, entirely civilized, the majority of them could read and write, and about five-sixths of them could speak English. In 1768 they numbered 200 In 1779 they numbered 200 In 1822 they numbered 314 (Then residing at Lewiston, on Lake Ontario.) In 1825 they numbered 253 In 1867 they numbered 360 4The late King Kalakaua was a lineal descendant of King Tom Blount, one of his descendants having married into the royal family of the Sandwich Islands. THE XORTH CAROLINA BOOKLET. 23 In 1775 three departments of Indian Affairs were created bv CongTess, and Willie Jones was one of the commissioners of the Southern Department. The Tuscarora reservation in 'New York in 1771 (from an old map made by order of Gov. Tryon, the erstwhile notorious Governor of ISTorth Carolina), comprised 6249 acres. After their removal to 'New York they were loyal to us in the Revolution and in the War of 1812 ; during' the Civil War they furnished volunteers to the United States government. They are now peaceable and orderly, with very few laws, and fewer disturbances of the public peace ; their income is small and they are poor, though there are very few paupers. The Tuscaroras have substantial churches with Sunday schools fairly well attended, the most of them are Baptists and Presbyterians, while some are still pagans. They farm, raise stock, make maple-sugar, also baskets and bead-work ; hunt, trap and fish. The sewing machine has been introduced among the women. A part of the original Six ISTations are also living in Wisconsin and Indian Territory. As with other people without a history the Six [N^ations rely greatly upon their myths, their legends, and their traditions. They account for the presence of the Seven-Stars or Pleiades in the heavens by a most remarkable story. Many years ago seven little boys wanted to give a feast by themselves, which was denied them by their parents, in defiance they secretly secured and cooked a little white dog, and while dancing around him in great glee some unseen spirit translated them to the heavens, and changed them into a constellation ; and now when they watch the twinkling of the Seven Stars at night in the blue grotto of the skies they say it is the seven little boys dancing around the little white dog. The Yeopims were never very strong and were settled along the shores of Perquimans and Little Rivers. They granted to George Durant two tracts of land, one deed dated 24 THE NORTH CAROLINA BOOKLET. March 1, 1661, conveying a tract called Wecocomicke, now Durant's Neck, signed by Kilcocanen or Kistotanew, King of Yeopim, and recites "for a valuable consideration of satisfac-tion received with ye consent of my people" .... "adjoining the land I formerly sold to Samuel Pricklove." Another deed dated August 4, 1661, and signed by Cuscutenew as King of Yeopim. These deeds were both registered October 34, 1716, and are now in Book "A," Register of Deeds ofHce of Perquimans County. An exploring party sent out by Sir Richard Grenville in 1586 sailed up the Chowan as high as the confluence of the Meherrin and Xottoway Rivers, just below which they found an Jjidian town called Opanock (not very far from the pres-ent town of Winton). These Indians were very numerous then and had seven hundred warriors in the field : they were the Meherrins. Col. Byrd in his History of the Dividing Line, 1729, de-scribes in his own unique, original fashion his visit to the towTi of the Nottoway Indians near the line, then about about 200 strong, "The young men had painted themselves in a Hideous Manner, not so much for Ornament as terror. In that frightful Equipage they entertained us with Sundry War Dauces. wherein they endeavoured to look as fonnidable as possible. The Instrument they danced to was an Indian drum, that is a large Gourd with a skin bract tort over the Mouth of it. The Dancers all Sang to this Musick, keeping exact Time A\ith their feet, wliile their Heads and Arms were screwed into a thousand Menacing Postures. Upon this occasion the Ladies had arrayed themselves in all their finery. They were Wra]-)t in their Red and Blue Match-Coats thrown so Negli-gently about them that their Mehogany Skin appeared in Sev-eral Parts like the Lacedaemonian Damsels of Old." There is a body of distinct people, mostly white, now living in Robeson County, North Carolina, who are recognized by THE DAXCE OF THE CAEOLINA INDIANS AS REPRESENTED BY JOHN WHITE IN 1585. (Original in the British Museum.) The Roanoke Indians at their festivals and councils drank the Cassine, which served tnem as a sort of stimulant : it was a decoction made from the dried leaves of Ilex Yupon, now drank under the name of Yupon Tea. The reader is referred to ^Ir. Edward Eggleston's able discussion of the DeBry pictures in the Nation and Century magazines. THE NORTH CAROLINA BOOKLET. 25 the State as the Croatans and given separate schools, and who by their own traditions trace their genealogy directly from the Croatans associated with the lost Raleigh Colony. Prof. Alexander Brown, of the Royal Historical Society of Eng-land, has discovered some old maps dating back to 1608-1610 clearly confirming, it is stated, the traditions of these people in regard to their lineage, and the reader is respectfully re-ferred to those able pamphlets upon that subject by Mr. Ham-ilton McMillan and Dr. Stephen B. Weeks. After the Tuscarora War was over the Chowanokes, who had remained all the while the faithful friends of the whites and were residing at their ancient town on the Chowan, called Mavaton, were allotted about four thousand acres of land between Sarum" and Beimet's Creek, mostly poquosin, and ordered to move there. Of this once populous tribe only about fifteen warriors then remained. They had originally two good to^vns, Muscamunge and Chowanock—Muscamunge was not very far from the present to^vn of Edenton ; they had also at one time more than seven hundred warriors in the field. King Hoyter was the last of the Chowanoke Kings in this section. But restless and dissatisfied they finally requested permission to cast their lot with the Saponas, who migrated !N^orth to the Tuscaroras and helped to form the complement of the Sixth Nation. In their intermarriage with various tribes, their divisions, their numerous migrations and amal-gamations, they have become scattered all over the !N'orth and West, and it is impossible to trace them. So passed the pure blood of the Chowanokes, and has been lost and blended with the various tribes of our frontier—that fantastic caravan which is marching sadly to its own funeral 5 An old map of this section shows a chapel just south of Bennet's Creek, which must have been the Sarum Chapel of the early ministers of the S. P. G. A school . the first In North Carolina, was at one time located at Sarum for the religious and educational training of these Indians. Lawson says that in 1714 they were still resid-ing on Bennet's Creek. 26 THE NORTH CAROLINA BOOKLET. pyre across the golden West, but when the drea'my Indian summer spreads its blue hazj gauze over the landscape like a veiled prophet, and the autumn leaves are painted upon the easel of the first frost, and the grand amphitheater of the forest is carpeted with the richest patterns of Axminster, and the whole world is a wonderland spread upon a gigantic can-vass of earth, and sky, and water—when the glittering belt of Mazzaroth spans the heavens, and the jewels sparkle brightest in the dagger of Orion, it is then that the grim phantom of the red man returns to his old hunting ground, as erst he did : All feathered and with leather buskins, and bow put cross-wise on his breast, in his periagua he crosses the Great Divide of the Spirit Land, and from under the black zone of the shore-shadows he glides into- the moonlight—out upon the dimpled, polished mirror of the river—Hark! you can hear each stroke of his paddle, if the wind down the river is fair. GLIMPSES OF HISTORY IN THE NAMES OF OUR COUNTIES. BY KEMP P. BATTLE, LL.D. No people can have a proper self-respect who are not fa-miliar with the deeds of their ancestors. We ]^orth Caro-linians have been deficient in this regard. Men will tell you more of Bunker Hill and Brandywine than of the more im-portant, more decisive battles of King's Mountain and Guil-ford Court-House. They know fairly well the incidents of past times in other countries, often very minutely—that Caesar was bald and was subject to epileptic fits, that Cleo-patra did not have the color and thick lips of a negro, that Queen Elizabeth was red-haired and Queen Anne was fat and had seventeen children, all of whom died young—but when you ask them about the great men of l^orth Carolina whose valor gained our independence, whose statesmanship shaped our political destinies and whose teachings moulded our minds and morals, their answers are va^ie and unsatis-factory. The names of the counties of our State are especially in-structive, x^ssociations with every epoch of our history are wrapped up in or suggested by them. Only one seems to be what is called a "fancy name," and even that, Transylvania, in its sonorous beauty, recalls the fact of our kinship to the great conquering, law-giving race inhabiting the imperial city of the Old World on the banks of the Tiber, from whom we derived much of our blood and more of our speech through the ISTorman-Eoman-Celtic people, who followed William the Conqueror into England. We find it first in the ambi-tious but futile enterprise of Judge Richard Henderson and his associates, the Transylvania colony. Counties are created for the convenience of the people who 28 THE NOKTH CAROLHSTA BOOKLET. reside in them. In a State gradually filled up by immigration the times of their formation indicate quite accurately the flow of such immigration. The names given to them by the legislatures were as a rule intended to compliment persons or things then held in peculiar honor. As the statutes do not, except in two instances, mention those intended to be com-memorated, we are forced to study the history of the times, to look thro' the eyes of our ancestors and thus gather their intention. Combining the dates of formation with the names of the counties we gather many interesting and important facts connected with the past. I premise that the Spaniards once claimed our territory to be Florida. Queen Elizabeth in the Raleigh charter named it with other territory, Virginia. Charles I. (or Carolus), in the Heath charter named it Carolina, so when Charles II. in the grant to the Lords Proprietors retained the name Caro-lina, of course our State name comes from his father. It was not called from Charles IX., of France, as Bancroft and others say. North Carolina has, by the creation of the county of Co-lumbus, to the extent of her power, repaired the wrong done the learned and daring Genoese in allowing the name of Americus Vespucius to be affixed to the JSTew World. Our easternmost county, along which rolls the majestic ocean, which has within its limits stormy Hatteras and the lovel}^ island of Roanoke, its county seat named after the good Indian Manteo, records only an infant's wail, a dark mystery—a memory of pathos and of wonder. What was the fate of Virginia Dare, the first infant born to the impetuous, daring, energetic race, in a few short years to replace the forests of her day with all the grand works of eighty millions of civilized people ! Did the tomahawk crash into lier brain ? Did she become the squaw of an Indian war- THE NORTH CAROLINA BOOKLET. 29 rior, and did the governor's granddaughter end her days in the wigwam of a savage ? Recent writers, Hamilton McMil-lan and Stephen B. Weeks, have brought many plausible arguments to prove that the lost colony wandered to the swamps of Robeson, and the white man's desperate energy and the red man's treacherous guile created the cunning, cruel, ferocious, bloody Henry Berry Lowery and his gang. ISTorth Carolina was the victim of a gigantic monopoly. After restoration of Charles II., in the first flush of his gratitude, to eight of his great lords he granted of his royal prerogative a tract of land stretching across this continent from the Atlantic to the Pacific, from the parallel which divides l^orth Carolina from Virginia to that which passes through Florida by Cedar Keys. ]^o claim, however, was ever made west of the Mississippi river, and part of that east of it was given up. The names of these favored lords were: Edward Hyde, Earl of Clarendon, George Monk, Duke of Albemarle, Wil-liam, Lord Craven, John Lord Berkeley, Anthony, Lord Ash-ley, Sir George Carteret, Sir William Berkeley, Sir John Colleton. You find those names, besides in Albemarle Sound, in the counties of Craven and Carteret. The county of Colleton is in South Carolina. Only one of these ever resided in America, Sir Wm. Berke-ley, a member of a noble family which in the most dismal days of Charles I. and his son, were staunch adherents to the crown, suffering banishment and confiscation for its sake. He was the Governor Berkeley of Virginia who suppressed Bacon's rebellion in so bloody a way that Charles II. said : "That old fool has taken more lives without offence in that naked country than I in all England for the murder of my father," and who thanked his God that "there were no free schools or printing press here, and I hope I shall have none of them these hundred years." 30 THE NORTH CAROLINA BOOKLET. Among them you will notice conspicuous lights in English History. There was the Lord Chancellor, Hyde, Earl of Clarendon, the eminent historian, whose daughter, wife of James II., was the mother of two queens, Mary and Anne. There was Anthony Ashley Cooper, the brilliant and wicked Earl of Shaftesbury, who, notwithstanding his wickedness, was one of the chief authors of that monument of liberty, the Habeas Corpus Act. And there was General Monk, the Cromwellian general, by whose skill and prudence Charles II. was restored to the throne without bloodshed. His title you will recognize not only in our eastern sound but in the county seat of Stanly. Two of Shaftesbury's names may be seen in the two rivers, Ashley and Cooper, which surround Charleston, while a kinsman of Earl Clarendon became Gov-ernor Hyde, of iSTorth Carolina, and his name was given to an eastern county. The Lords Proprietors contemplated a county called Clar-endon, after Edward Hyde, the Earl of Clarendon, who took his title from a royal hunting seat in Wiltshire, England, but the settlers moved away and the county fell still-born. The first successful municipal corporation in the State was Albemarle, comprising all of the area around the Albemarle Sound. The plan was to have very large counties, composed of ''Precincts." Two only were created—Albemarle, composd of Currituck, Pasquotank, Perquimans, Chowan, Tyrrell and Bertie, and Bath, composed of Beaufort, Hyde, Craven, Carteret, ISTew Hanover, Tyrrell, Edgecombe, Bladen, Ons-low. These minor divisions were called Precincts. Albemarle perpetuates the ducal title of General Monk. In France it took the form of Aumale, and was the title of a famous duke of recent years, a member of the Orleans family. Until 1696 Albemarle was the only large political organiza-tion in our limits. In that year Bath County was created out of territorv bordering on Pamlico Sound and as far South THE ^'ORTH CAROLINA BOOKLET. 31 as Cape Fear River. It was named in honor of John Gran-ville, Earl of Bath, whose daughter Grace married Sir George Carteret, grandson of the Lord Proprietor of the same name. Sir George dying in 1695, the Earl of Bath represented his infant grandson, Sir John Carteret, afterwards Earl Gran-ville. In 1738 the great counties of Albemarle and Bath, with their Marshals and Deputy Marshals and separate courts were abolished and the Precincts became counties. For con-venience sake I will call these latter counties from the bci-ginning. In 1672 there were four, some say, others three, precincts, the eastern being Carteret, the western Shaftesbury, the mid-dle Berkeley (pronounced Barclay), and the other unknown. Twelve years afterwards the names were changed to Curri-tuck, Chowan, Pasquotank and Perquimans, the former name of Pasquotank being lost, if it ever existed. In 1729 the representatives of seven of the great lords find-ing in their possessions neither honor nor profit but only con-tinual torment, sold their rights to the crown for only $12,500 each, it being a wonderful illustration of the rapid growth of the country, that about 170 years ago lands through the heart of the continent were sold at the rate of 18,000 acres for $1.00. My father was a practicing lawyer at the time of this great sale, when the lands of I^^Torth Carolina, Tennessee, Arkansas and California were disposed of at the rate of 100 acres for one cent. Sixty-six years, as in other sublunary matters, make great changes in property and titles. Families die out, estates are sold, men pass away and others stand in their shoes, and so it came to pass that the Lords Proprietors of 1729, in the time of George II., were different men from the Lords Proprietors of 1663, in the reign of Charles II. 32 THE NORTH CAEOLINA BOOKLET, We find the names of some of these new owners affixed to counties in our State. There are Granville and Beaufort, county and town, from Henry, Duke of Beaufort, Bertie county from James and John Bertie, Tyrrell from Sir John Tyrrell. From 1729 the State was a colony under the government of England until the war of the Revolution. It was fashionable to compliment members of the royalty or nobilit} or statesmen, connected officially with the colonies, by giving their names to municipal organizations of the new country. Hence we have Orang'e, after a collateral descend-ant of the great King who banished the Stuarts, I^ew Han-over and Brunswick in compliment to the Georges, Cumber-land after the great duke who defeated Charles Edward at Culloden, Johnston after good old Governor Gabriel John-ston, Martin after Governor Josiah Martin. We had once Dobbs and Tryon, after provincial governors. We have Ons-low after Arthur Onslow, Edgecombe from Baron Richard Edgecombe, Bladen, after Martin Bladen, Duplin, after Lord Duplin, Baron Hay, Hertford, Halifax, Wilmington, Hillsboro, Bute, Richmond, jSTorthampton after the father of the Earl of Wilmington, after noblemen of those names, all of whom held places of trust in the mother country. I will tell particularly of others. Of all the statesmen of England the most brilliant was the first Wm. Pitt, fondly named by the people the Great Com-moner. He was eminent for fiery and impetuous eloquence. In a venal ag;e the purity of his morals were unquestioned. He made Great Britain the first nation of the world. He wrested Canada from the French. He founded the British Empire in India. As Lamartine says, "He was a public man in all the greatness of the phrase—the soul of a nation per-sonified in an individual—the inspiration of a people in the heart of a patrician." THE NORTH CAROLINA BOOKLET. 33 In 1760, in tlie plentitnde of his fame, the year after Wolfe fell victorious on the heights of Quebec, by the influ-ence of the Royal Governor Dobbs, a new county formed from Craven was called after the great English minister. Lord Carteret, afterwards Earl Granville, refused to part with his one-eighth share, and to him in 1744 was allotted a territory 3,000 miles long and about 70 miles broad, between the parallel near the centre of jSTorth Carolina, 35 degrees 34 minutes, and that which forms the Virginia line. The coun-ties created while his land office was open for purchasers de-rived their rectangular shape from being made conformable to his boundaries, just as the counties of our new States are not defined by running streams and mountain ridges and the curved limits of swamps, but by the surveyor's chain and the theodolite. The straight line north of Moore, Montgomery, Stanly, Cabarrus, Mecklenburg, and south of Chatham, Ran-dolph, Davidson, Rowan and Iredell shows on the map the southern limit of Granville's great property. In the beginning of this century there occurred at Raleigh a battle of giants. The scene of the conflict was the Circuit Court of the United States. The arbiter of the fray was Judge Henry Potter. On the side of the plaintiffs the leader was William Gaston. On the side of the defendant the most eminent was Duncan Cameron. It was the heirs of Earl Granville struggling to get back from the people of l^orth Carolina the magnificent estate which they had won by the sword. When the fight was ended all that remained to the heirs of the noble Earl was the honor of naming one of our counties Granville. They carried their futile quest to the Supreme Court of the United States, but the war of 1812 was coming on and the plaintiff retired from the pursuit, somewhat placated by a large indemnity from the British Treasurv. 34 THE NORTH CAROLUSTA BOOKLET. Lord Carteret took possession of his Xorth Carolina terri-tory in 1744. He sent forth his agents, Childs, Frohock and others, and opened his land offices and made his sales. His practice was to require reservations of quit-rents to be paid yearly. The settlers had the double burden of paying rents on their lands to Granville and poll taxes to the royal gov-ernor at i^ewbern. The money raised from these exactions was carried to England or to iSTewbern, and no expenditure w^as made of appreciable benefit to taxpayers. A few officials about Hillsboro gathered large fees, and grew fat, and a grand Grov-ernor's Palace was built in a far-oif town. So rage grew fierce and tempers waxed fiery hot, and the old flint and steel rifles were rubbed up and oiled and bullets were moulded, and rusty scythe blades were sharpened for swords, and from the hills of Granville to the secluded gorges of the Brushy Mountains the Regulators banded together, and the struggle against oppression had its beginning. It was a duty that we the inlieritors of the liberty won in part by their ^-alor, should show our appreciation of their efforts, by giving to one of the most thriving counties in the State the name of Alamance, from the name of the battle which crushed them. Let us proceed with our story. There were four counties created by Governor Tryon a year before the battle of Ala-mance, in 1770, Guilford, Surry, Chatham and Wake. Whence these names ? It is difficult for the present generation to understand the feelings of our ancestors towards Lord Xorth. afterwards Earl of Guilford. He was not a bad nor a cruel man. He was in England personally wonderfully popular. He combined, like our Vance, genius and power with multiform wit and unfading o-ook] huuior. But he was in favor of tax-ing America, aud we hated luui. THE NORTH CAROLINA BOOKLET. ' 35 Previous to 1770 the county of Rowan covered nearly aU Granville's territory west of the Yadkin, and much east of that river. Orange, then of extensive area, joined it on the east. To prevent combination among the Regulators, Gover-nor Tryon procured the incorporation of four new counties, and wishing to please all parties he called one after the Earl-dom of Guilford, of which Lord North was heir apparent, another Surry, in honor of Lord Surrey, afterwards Duke of Norfolk, a follower of Chatham; a third Chatham, after the great opponent of Lord North, with its county-seat at Pitts-borough, and the fourth after the maiden name of his wife. The difference between the new and the old country grew and became more angry and wide. Again was the sound of cannon heard among our hills. With consummate general-ship Greene baffled the trained soldiers of Comwallis, and at Guilford Court House, though not technically a victor, pre-pared the way for Yorktown. The obstinate King and his minister were forced to yield and a new ministry^ headed by one of the warmest friends of the colonies, Charles Watson Wentworth, Marquis of Rock-ingham, paved the way for the acknowledgement of our inde-pendence. And, as if with a grim irony, our ancestors carved from the territory of Guilford, as a punishment for its name-sake's misconduct, its northern half, and gave to it and its county-seat the names of his conquering rival. To the great General who had snatched victory from defeat, and rescued from British thraldom the Southern province, they expressed their gratitude not only by a gift of 25,000 acres of land, but kept his memory ever honored and his name ever green, by assigning it to a rich county and county seat in the east, and to the county seat of Guilford, destined to become a prosperous inland city. The gi-atitude of our ancestors for the services of those abroad and at home, in legislative halls and in the conflicts of 36 THE NORTH CAROLINA BOOKLET. war, who had fought for our liberties, did not end here. By the neighbor of old Guilford on the south they commemorated the labors and virtues of the first Pl-esident of the Conti-nental Congress, Peyton Randolph, whose kinsmen, Edmund Randolph and John Randolph, of Roanoke, afterwards be-came so conspicuoais. Different sections of old Surry bear the names of John "Wilkes, the champion of liberty, the victorious foe of arbi-trarv arrests, an ardent supporter of the Marquis of Rock-ingham, and John Stokes, covered with honorable scars of bat-tle, the first Judge of the District Court of jSTorth Carolina. And dotted over the State are many other evidences of the gratitude of our people for the sufferings and success of the old heroes, not in brass and marble, but in the more enduring forms of counties and town of fairest lands and noblest men and women—such as Washington and Montgomery, Warren and Gates, Lincoln and Wayne, Franklin and Madison, from other States, and from our own limits, Ashe, Lenoir and Har-nett, Buncombe and Caswell, Cleveland and McDowell, Dav-idson and Davie, Nash and Person, Robeson and Sampson, Rutherford and Stokes, Alexander and Iredell, Jones, Moore and Burke. Their friends in England, the leaders of the peace party which, after a long struggle, forced the obstinate King to grant independence to the colonies, not only the Mar-j quis of Rockingham and John Wilkes and Lord Surrey, j whom I have named, but Chief Justice Camden and the Duke of Richmond were honored in this land so far from '< the scene of their labors. Governor Gabriel Johnston, the able Scotchma?!, who was j by far the best Governor our State had prior to the Revolu- j tion, died in 1752, a year memorable for the change of Old Style into Xew Style Calendar. Shortly before his death the county of Anson was created, including all the western ; THE NORTH CAROLINA BOOKLET. 37 part of the State and Tennessee south of Granville's line. After the death of Johnston, for a short while IS^athaniel Rice, and on his death Matthew Rowan, an estimable man, as President of the Council, acted as Governor until super-seded by the Scotch-Irishman, Governor Dobbs. It was found best to erect a new county, comprising all the lands of Lord Granville west of Orange. The new county was called Rowan, in honor of the acting Governor. I^ine years afterwards, in 1762, Mecklenburg was cut off from Anson and its county seat was called Charlotte. In 1761, the Admiral George, Lord Anson, with all the pomp and splendor which the British navy could supply, was bringing from Germany a blooming bride to the young King George III. Her name was Charlotte. She was a princess of Mecklenburg-Strelitz. Few men stand out in English history more distingTiished for romantic daring as a navigator, for the strong, sturdy qualities of English sailors, descendants of the old ISTorth-men who issued from their frozen fiords in Denmark, 'Nor-way and Sweden, like an irresistible torrent to conquer the nations, than George Lord Anson. He led a squadron around Cape Horn in the perils of winter, and after many captures of Spanish ships and towTis, circumnavigated the globe. He was the pioneer of the great victories of the English navy. George Lord Anson was the teacher of kelson. He it was who gave the daring order which has led to so many victories over overwhelming odds, by English over French and Span-iards : "Close vvith the enemy, gun to gim, hand to hand, cut-lass to cutlass, no matter what odds against you." In early life he purchased lands on the waters of the Peedee, but his dreams of forest happiness were broken by the alarm of war. In 1749, when at the zenith of his popularity, his name was given to the vast country which extended from the limits of Bladen to the far waters of the mighty Mississippi. 38 THE NORTH CAROLINA BOOKLET. George the Third began his reign in 1760, for a few skort years, one of the most popular kings who ever sat on a throne, both, at home and in the colonies. "When his bride, the homely but sensible and pious Charlotte, came from the north of Germany to England, she was the favorite of tlie day. It was the fashion to admire everything Prussian from, the stern Frederick, then striking some of the most terrific blows of the seven-year war, to the blooming maiden, whether princess or ganzemadchen. The bride was received in Lon-don with enthusiastic ovations. Her manner, conversation and dress were heralded as if she were a goddess. Her man-ners were pronounced by no less a judge than Horace Wal-pole as "decidedly genteel." Her dress was of white satin, brocaded with gold, distended by enormous hoops. She had a stomacher of diamonds. On her head wa& a cap of finest lace, stiffened so as to resemble a butterfly, fastened to tke front of the head by jewels. I quote one of her speeches. When she arrived in front of St. James' Palace, where she was to meet the groom, the bride turned pale. The Duchess of Hamilton rallied her. The princess replied: ''Yes, my dear Duchess, you may laugh, you are not going to be mar-ried, but it is no joke to me." It was a tremendously ex-citing time. Horace Walpole writes, "Royal marriages, coronations and victories come tumbling over one another from distant parts of the globe like the words of a lady romance wi-iter— I don't know where I am—I had scarce found Mecklenburg- Strelitz with a magnifying glass on the map before I was whisked to Pondicherrv. Then thunder 2:0 the Tower snms ; behold the French are totally defeated by Duke Ferdinand of Brunswick, at the battle of Minden." The joy of this period and the satisfaction over this marriage extended to the wilds of North Carolina, and tlie good queen's name, Charlotte of Mecklenburg, was afiised, as soon as the news THE NORTH CAROLINA BOOKLET, 39 came, to a coimtv and its capital. She was a model of do-mestic virtue, and the court, through her influence, was pure in the midst of a corrupt society. And when our ancestors, in the angry passions of war in 1779, expunged from the map the hated name of Tryon, when the inhabitants of this section were the fiercest fighters against her husband, their swords as sharp as hornet stings, they allowed the name of the good queen to remain as a perpetual tribute to all womanly virtues. Note the coincidence, that just as Admiral Anson intro-duced Charlotte of Mecklenburg into England as its queen, so in the distant colony the county of Anson in ISTorth Caro-lina political history, went before and was usher to the county of Mecklenburg. It should be a warning lesson to all rulers that only 13 years after this ebullition of loyal affection the most defiant resolutions and the most spirited action against England's king came from those enlightened men whose county and town bore the name of England's queen. The chords of sen-timental devotion snapped when strained by hard and real assaults on inherited liberties. With many a sigh over the sweet past, now turned into bitterness, our ancestors ad-dressed themselves to the stern task before them. Some of our counties bear the names of Indian tribes which once roamed over these hills and dales. There are Cherokee and Currituck, Catawba and Chowan, Watauga and Pasquotank, Alleghany and Perquimans, Yadkin* and Pamlicoi, A miserable remnant of the Cherokees still live under the shadow of the Smokies. As these people passed away toward the setting sun they left here and there their musical names, well nigh the sole relic of tlieir language, their sepulchral mounds and mouldering skeletons and tawdy *It is conteuded by some that Yadkin is a corrupt pronunciation of Adkin, the name of an old settler on this liver. 40 THE NORTH CAROLINA BOOKLET. ornaments within, almost the sole reminders of their stal-wart warriors and graceful maidens; their arrows and toma-hawk heads, the harmless mementos of their once dreaded weapons of war. CORNWALLIS VS. MORGAN AND GREENE. Two of the Piedmont counties, Catawba and Yadkin, have rivers flowing by and through them, bearing their names, which bring to mind most thrilling incidents of the Revolu-tionary war. The gallant Morgan, fighting in defiance of the prudential maxims of war, had humbled Tarleton at Cow-pens and captured many prisoners, guns and ammunition. Cornv\'allis, only 25 miles distant, with his trained army of veterans, hastened to avenge the disgrace. It was in the dead of winter. The roads were softened by continued rains. For twelve days the pursuit continued. ISTearer and nearer rushed on the pursuing foe. Success seemed almost in Corn-wallis' grasp. From the summit of every hill could be seen only a fev\" miles off the retreating columns, foot-store and weary, in front the luckless prisoners, in the rear the daunt-less rear-guards. Softly and pleasantly flowed the river over the pebbles of its Island Ford. Swiftly and easily through the v/aters the flying cohunn passed. Up the steep hills they toiled and then rested for the night, while the vengeful British, only two hours behind, waited .until the morning light should direct their steps to sure and easy victory, MAN PROPOSES, GOD DISPOSES. The race is not always to the swift nor the battle to the strong. As the Red Sea waves saved the trembling Israelites from boasting Pharaoh's liordes, as Old Father Tiber drove back Lars Porsena of Clusium from the gates of Rome, where Horatius kept the bridge, so the mighty Catawba roused himself in his fury to thwart the exulting Briton. From the THE NORTH CAROLINA BOOKLET. 41 slopes of the Brushy, and South and Linville and the distant Bine Ridge ^lonntains poured the angTy torrents, and when the gray light of morning broke a yellow flood, swift and deep and strong, raged in his front. The Greeks or the Ro-mans A\-ould have deified the protecting river, and in a lofty teirii^le, with splendid architectural adornments, would have been a noble statue carved with wonderful art dedicated to Catawba Salvator, the protecting river god. After a short rest, Cornwallis, who was an active and able officer, in later years distinguished as Viceroy of Ireland and Governor-General of India, burnt the superfluous baggage of his troo])s and hurried to overtake and destroy Greene's army, then being gptliered out of the fragments of the forces of Gates scattered at Camden. Small bodies of militia guarded the fords of t!ie Catawba, now become passable. At Cowan's ford was, a young officer, who bad gained promotion under the eye of the great Washington at Brandywine, Germanto"wn and Moumonth. He was in the place of Rutherford, cap-tured at Camden, Brigadier-General of the militia of the sec-tion. He was an active and able commander who had in-fused his fiery energy and pluck into the people. Making a pretended attack at Beattie's ford, Cornwallis directed all the force of his army at Cowan's ford. A spirited resist-ance was made against the overwhelming odds and the young general was left dead on the bloody field. The Continental Congress, in grateful recognition of his services, voted that a monument be erected to his memory, but a hundred years have not witnessed the inception of this worthy undertaking. jSTorth Carolina has erected a far more enduring cenotaph by giving the name of William Davidson to one of her most prosperous counties. Forward in rapid retreat push the thin columns of Greene, forward press the strong forces of Cornwallis. The fortunes 42 THE NORTH CAROLINA BOOKLET. of the entire Southern country tremble in the balance. If Greene's army shall be saved, he will rally around him the scattered patriots and soon confront his adversary, ready on more equal terms to contend for the mastery. If it shall be overtaken nothing- can save it from destruction, and from the James river to the Chattahooche the standard of King George will be raised over a conquered people. The eyes of all friends of liberty are turned with alarmed anxiety toward the unequal contest. Again does the god of battle interpose to thwart the well-laid scheme. Again do the descending floods dash their angry waters against the baffled Britons. Again does the flushed and furious foe stand powerless. The noble Yadkin emulates her sister, Catawba, and interposes her swollen stream, fierce and deep, between him and the object of his vengeance. DAVIE AND THE UNIVERSITY. Davie was the Father of the University. Joseph Cald-w^ ell was its first President, cared for it in its early years, while Swain carried on his work. Alfred Moore, and John Haywood, an able Attorney-General and Judge of the Su-preme Court of the United States, assisted as Trustees in selecting its site, while Mitchell lost his life in her service. After all these were counties named. One of the most active co-fighters \\'ith Davidson in checking the enemy and gaining time for gathering strength to meet him in the field was William Richardson Davie, at first a cavalry officer and then in the more arduous but more useful position of Commissary General. He was a strong staff on which General Greene had leaned. He was conspicuous in civil pursuits ; an able lawyer, an orator of wide influence. He was afterwards Governor of the State ; one of the Envoys of the United States to the Court of France, who averted a threatened wax. 1 THE NOKTH CAROLINA BOOKLET. 43 Unci him styled in the Journal of the University in 1810, "the Father of the University," and he well deserves the title. We have his portrait at the University. His face shows his character, elegant, refined, noble, intellectual, firm. It was most fitting that Davidson and Davie should be side-by- side on the banks of the rivers which witnessed their patriotism, and in the country whose liberties they gained. The county of Wayne brings to our minds the great sol-dier, the military genius of whom electrified the well-nigh despairing colonists by the brilliant capture of Stony Point. James Grlasgow was one of the most trusted men of the Revolution. In conjunction with Alexander Gaston, the father of Judge Gaston, and Richard Cogdell, grandfather of George E. Badger, he was one of the Committee of Safety of Newbern District. He was Major of the Regiment of the county of Dobbs. When North Carolina, on the 18th of December, 1776, adopted its constitution and took its place among the free States of the earth, Richard Caswell was its first Governor and James Glasgow its first Secretary of State. A grateful Legislature gave to a county formed out of old Orange, mother of counties of great men, the appellation of Caswell. And when it expunged from our map the odious remem-brance of Dobbs, no name was found more worthy to desig-nate one of the counties carved out of its territory than Glasgow. Behold the reward of dishonesty and crime : The name of Greene has supplanted on the map that of the obliterated Glasgow, and on the records of the Free and Accepted Ma-sons the black, dismal lines of disgrace are drawn around the signature of the poor wretch, who was weighed in the balance and found wanting. Among the heroic men who poured out their life-blood on distant battlefields—on the far-away hills of Canada—there 44 THE NORTH CAROLINA BOOKLET. was none more gallant than Benjamin Forsyth, whose name survives in one of the most flourishing counties in our State. The war of 1812 does not seem to have stirred the hearts of our people to great extent, as I find no county names from its heroes except Forsyth. I feel sure that Jackson was hon-ored for his Presidential and Creek Indian services as much as for the victory of iNew Orleans and Clay for his popu-larity with his party, long after his service as War Speaker of the Hoirse of Representatives. EASTERN AND WESTERN CONTROVERSY. The constitution of 1776 was formed at a time when hatred and fear of executive power and of kingly government were at the utmost. Hence resulted an instrument under which nearly all the powers were in the hands of the General As-sembly. This body appointed the Governor, and chief State officers, the Attorney-General and Solicitors, the Judges and all the militia officers, and likewise controlled their salaries. Then, as now, it elected the Justices of the Peace, and these officers elected the Sheriffs and other county officers. The Assembly thus controlled the executive and judicial branches. It had unlimited power of taxation and could incur unlimited public debt. It could, and did, tax one kind of property, and exempt others. Th.e powers of the Legislature of 1776 being so great it was important that the different sections of the State should have in the elections of the members equivalent voice. But this was very far from being the case. The Senate consisted of one member froni each county. The House of two from each county and six, afterwards seven, Borough members. In 1776 there were 25 Eastern and 8 Western counties. In both branches the West was outnumbered 3 to 1. The wonderful invention which is effecting greater changes in behalf of mankind than all the inventions the world ever THE NORTH CAROLINA BOOKLET. 45 saw before, the railroad, inflamed to fever heat, the hostility of the Western people to the old constitution, which had been quickened a dozen years before when canal digging everywhere had been inaugurated by the finishing of the Erie Canal, of j^ew York. An agitation ensued which shook the State from the Smoky Mountains to Chickamicomico — the West demanding in thunder tones the correction of the abominable inequality and injustice of representation by counties. One of the most prominent leaders in this movement so im-portant to the West was Wm. Julius Alexander, in 1828 Speaker of the House of Commons, afterwards Solicitor of the Western District, in his prime one of the most popular and able men of this section. He was, young people will be interested in learning, likewise distinguished for having won the hand of a most beautiful and admired belle, Catharine Wilson, whose charms attracted visitors from distant regions. Some of the other prominent actors in this struggle, such as Cabarrus, Macon, Gaston, Yancey, Stanly, Swain, Hen-derson, Graham, are represented in your list of counties. The deep valleys which separate the hills of Devonshire in England are called ^^coombes," or as w^e spell it, "combes." On the margin of the Tamar, which with the Plym, forms tlie noble harbour of Plymouth, rises a hill noted for its picturesque loveliness. It is called Mount Edgecombe (the edge or margin of the valley). It is the territorial title of an English Earl. In 1733 Sir Richard, Baron Edgecombe, was a lord of the Treasury, and it was in his honor that the new-born county in jSTorth Carolina was called. The emi-nent Admiral, George, Earl of Edgecombe, w^as his son. The name Wilson brings to our minds one of the best types of Xorth Carolina statesmen. He was long the trusted rep-resentative in the State Senate of a people who required of their public men, prudence, economy, and strictest integrity. y 46 THE NORTH CAEOLINA BOOKLET. It was when he might have been seeking the repose of an honorable old age that Louis D. Wilson offered his services as a volunteer in the war with Mexico. It was a grateful act on the part of the General Assembly, on the motion of the people who loved him and whom he loved, and to whose poor he bequeathed the bulk of his fortune, to name the county cut off mostly from his native Edgecombe in his perpetual honor. The county of I^ash is, like Wilson, the danghter of Edge-combe. In one of the darkest hours of the Revolution, after famine and freezing cold had reduced our troops almost to despair, fell General Francis Nash, brother of Governor Abner IsTash, at Germantown. The General Assembly in the year of the battle' created this county as his monument. All who knew his nephew, the late Chief Justice Frederick Nash, so distinguished for Christian virtues and the natural courtesy of the perfect gentleman, could trace in him the features of the chivalric military hero. It was reserved for a large-hearted citizen of Pennsylvania, Mr. John F. Wat-son, with the aid of his townsmen of Germantown, to erect a marble' shaft over his dust at Kulpsville^ where his shattered body was interred in the presence of Washington and his gallant army in 1777, amid the falling of the October leaves. In a distant part of the State, among the peaks and ra-vines of the Blue Ridge, is the memorial county, as is stated in the charter, of another Revolutionary hero, who was wounded when Nash was killed, who fought also at Brandy-wine, Camden, Guilford Court House and Eutaw, and was a leading citizen for half a century after the achievement of our independence. Lieutenant-Colonel William Polk, one of our earliest and wisest friends of higher education. Another epoch in onr history I will mention and my paper will be finished. It is the great Civil War, in which North Carolina struggled for the victorv mth all the con- THE NORTH CAEOLINA BOOKLET. 47 scioiTsness of rectitude, with all the devotion of patriotism and the desperate energy of a high-spirited race unused to defeat and fighting for what thej thought their rights. She threw without grudging the sacrifice into the tremendous vor-tex the most valued of her treasures and the noblest of her sons. Although defeated and for a season crushed, she could not forget those who at her bidding served so faithfully and strove so manfully, albeit vainly, mth muscle and brain to carry out her orders. She bows obediently to the decision of the God of Battles, yet in her gTeat warm heart she cherishes the fame and the sufferings of her sons, and hence we find on the map of the State the name of one of Lee's best gen-erals, the gallant Pender, whose blood stained the heights of Gettysburg, and of him who after a short, faithful service at the front, became the best War Governor of the South, who in the direst needs of the Confederacy fed and clothed our Xorth Carolina soldiers and re-animated their drooping spirits ^vitli fervid eloquence, our beloved Senator, Zebulon Baird Vance. Illustrating this and other periods in legisla-tive halls is, in the front ranlv of our statesmen, William A. Graham. It is most fitting that the extraordinary advancement in in-dustrial enterprise, first inaugurated in the town of Durham, slioukl be recognized by our law-making power in the creation of the county of the same name. May it be an incitement to and prognostication of the develop^ment of our resources and the increase of wealth in our borders. The name is all the more fitting because to the Lords Proprietors were given the almost royal powers of the Bishop of Durham. In conclusion, the county last created transfers to our map the name of the land so full of associations of beauty and of grandeur, from which, partly by direct immigration, partly by way of JS^orth Ireland, so many of our ablest and best people came—Scotland. 48 THE NORTH CAROLINA BOOKLET. And now let us point the moral of these glimpses of past history. When you hear the names of our counties, do not stand with vacant eyes. Let them bring to mind the teach-ings associated with their names, the various epochs of our history, Indian traditions, hereditary aristocracy, colonial systems, the horrors of war, the upward march toward consti-tutional liberty, the triumphs of industry, the advance of civilization and of Christianty. In remembering the lead-ers do not forget the humble followers, "the unnamed demi-gods of history," as Kossuth calls them, who gained so much for their descendants and for mankind generally, and lie in forgotten graves. From the exterminated Indians learn a great political les-son. If their warring tribes could have united and opposed their combined strength against the European invaders, they might for many years have held their homes, and in the end amalgamated with their conquerors. Let us all discard past differences and cherish the union of the States, for in that Union, the States "distinct as the billows, yet one as the sea," in the words of the poet, or in the language of the Supreme Court, an "undissoluble union of indestructible States," lies our strength. Let the hatreds of our great Civil War be buried forever. The God of Battles has decided against the idea of secession. On the w^alls of the Atheneum in Boston are two swords crossed, their deadly mission ended. Under them is an inscription showing that they belonged to tlie an-cestors of the historian, Prescott, who fought on opposite sides on Bunker Hill. The old warfare of A^Tiigs and Tories has long since ceased, and in like manner let the descendants of those who followed the Stars and Stripes, shoulder to shoulder with those above whom waved the Stars and Bars, strive to gain all moral excellence and all material prosperity for the great Eepublic of the World. ADMIRAL SIR THOMAS FRANKLAND. A COLONIAL ADMIRAL OF THE CAPE FEAR. BY JAMES SPRUNT, BRITISH VICE-CONSUL AT WILMINGTON, N. C. Tlie Colonial plantations on the lower Cape Fear River have long yielded to the patient and persevering student of local literature a generous contribution of interesting history pertaining to the eventful years which marked the destiny of a brave and generous people. Throughout the Colonial pe-riod these important estates were held by men of eminence and of action, and from that time to the present day their owners have been gentlemen to the manner born, fitted by birth and education for the highest social and civic stations. Read, for example, the line of "Orton" proprietors who have lived upon this land for nearly two hundred years. Originally obtained by patent from the Lords Proprietors under Charles II. in 1725, to Col. Maurice Moore, then "King" Roger Moore, William Moore 2nd, Governor Arthur Dobbs, Governor Wm. Tryon, Richard Quince 1st, Richard Quince 2nd, Richard Quince 3rd, Governor Benjamin Smith, Dr. Fred J. Hill, Richard Currer Roundell (a nephew of Lord Selboume, Lord Chancellor of England), and, lastly, to the late Col. K. M. Murchison. The lordly residence of the Chief Justice Eleazer Allen, upon the adjacent plantation of Lilliput, which was distin-guished in his day by a large and liberal hospitality, has long since disappeared, but the grand old oaks which lifted their majestic branches to the soft south breezes in Colonial times, still sing their murmured requiem above a "boundless conti-guity of shade." Here, upon the banks of our historic river, which stretches two miles to the eastern shore, is heard the booming of the broad Atlantic as it sweeps in its might and majesty 50 THE NORTH CAROLINA BOOKLET. from Greenland to the Gulf. Along the shining beach, from I'isher to Fort Caswell, its foaming breakers run and roar, tlie racing steeds of Neptune, with their white crested manes, charging and reforming for the never ending fraj. The adjacent larger plantation of Kendal, originally owned by "King" RogerMoore, from whom it passed to others of his descendants, was later the property of James Smith, a brother of Governor Benjamin Smith's, and it was here, near the banks of Orton creek, which di^ades this estate from the splendid domain of Orton, with its 10,000 acres, that the quarrel between the Smith brothers ended by the departure of James to South Carolina, where he assumed his mother's name, Rhett, leaving his intolerant and choleric brother Benjamin to a succession of misfortunes, disappointments and distresses, which brought him at last to a pauper's grave. Aide de camp to Washington, a General of the State Militia, a Governor of the State, a benefactor of the University, a melancholy example of public ingratitude. Behind Kendal is McKenzie's Mill Dam, the scene of a battle between the British troops and the minute men from Brunswick and from Wilmington. We linger at Orton, the most attractive of all the old Eng-lish estates on the Cape Fear. For a hundred and eighty-one years it has survived the vicissitudes of war, pestilence and famine, and until the recent death of its last proprietor has maintained its reputation of Colonial days for a refined and generous hospitality. Here in the exhilaration of the hunter, the restful seclusion of the angler, the quiet quest of the naturalist, the peaceful contemjjlation of the student, is found surcease from the vanities and vexations of urban life. For nearly two centuries it has been a haven of rest and recre-ation to its favoured guests. The house, or Hall, built by ^"King" Roger Moore in 1735, with its stately white pillars THE NORTH CAROLINA BOOKLET. 51 gleaming in the sunshine through the surrounding forest, is a most pleasing vista to the passing mariner. The river view stretches for ten miles southward and eastward, includ-ing "Big Sugar Loaf," Fort Anderson, Fort Buchanan and Fort Fisher. We love its traditions and its memories, for no sorrow came to us there. The primeval forest with its dense undergrowth of dogwood blossoms which shine with the brightness of the falling snow; the thickets of Cherokee roses, which surpass the most beautiful of other regions; the brilliant carpet of wild azaleas, the golden splendour of the yellow jessamine, the modest drosera, the marvellous dionea mucipula, and the trumpet saracenias ; the river drive to the white beach, from which are seen the distant breakers ; the secluded spot in the wilderness commanding a wide view of an exquisite land-scape where, safe from intrusion, we sat upon a sheltered seat beneath the giant pines and heard the faint "yo ho" of the sailor, outward bound ; a place apart for holy contempla-tion when the day is far spent, where the overhanging branches cast the shadow of a cross and where later, through the interlacing foliage, the star of hope is shining; the joy-ful reception at the big house, the spacious hall with its ample hearth and blazing oak logs; around it, after the bountiful evening meal, the old songs were sung and the old tales were told, and fun and frolic kept dull care beyond the threshold. Through the quiet lanes of Orton to the ruins of the Pro-vincial Grovernor Tryon's palace, is half a mile. Here is the cradle of American independence, for upon this spot, now hidden by a dense undergrowth of timber, occurred, between six and seven o'clock on the evening of the 19th of February, 1766, the first open resistance to the British Stamp Act in the American colonies, by 150 armed men, who surrounded the palace and demanded the surrender of the custodians of the obnoxious symbols of the King's authority. 52 THE NORTH CAROLINA BOOKLET. Ten miimtes walk farther down brings us to the ruins of the Colonial Parish Church of St. Philip, the scene of many notable incidents and the resting place of the early pioneers. It was built by the citizens of Brunswick and principally by the landed gentry about the year 1740. In the year 1751, Mr. Lewis Henry deRosset, a member of Governor Gabriel Johnston's council, and subsequently an expatriated Royalist, introduced a bill appropriating to the Church of St. Philip at Brunswick and to St. James' Church at Wilmington, equally, a fund that was realized by the capture and destruc-tion of a pirate vessel, which, in a squadron of Spanish buccaneers, had entered the river and plundered the planta-tions. A picture, "Ecce Homo," captured from this pirate, is still preserved in the vestry room of St. James' Church in Wilmington. The walls of St. Phillip's Church are nearly three feet thick, and are solid and almost intact still; the roof and floor have disappeared. It must have possessed much architectural beauty and massive grandeur with its high-pitched roof, its lofty doors and beautiful chancel windows. A little to the west, surrounded by a forest of pines, lies Liberty Pond, a beautiful lake of clear spring water, once stained with the blood of friend and foe in a deadly conflict, hence its traditional name. It is now a most restful, tran-quil spot—the profound stillness, the beach of snow-wliite sand, the unbroken surface of the lake, which reflects the foliage and the changing sky line. Turning to the southeast, we leave the woodland and reach a bluff upon the river bank, still known as Howe's Point, where the Revolutionary patriot and soldier, General Robert Howe, was born and reared. His residence, long since a ruin, was a large frame building on a stone or brick foundation, still remembered as such by several aged citizens of Brunswick. THE NORTH CAROLINA BOOKLET. 53 A short distance from the Howe place, the writer found some years ago, in the woods and upon a commanding site near the river, under many layers of pine straw, the clearly defined ruins of an ancient fort, which Avas undoubtedly of Colonial origin. Mr. Reynolds, who lives at his place near-by, says that his great-grandfather informed him forty years ago that this fort was erected long before the war of the Revo-lution by the Colonial Government for the protection of the colonists against buccaneers and pirates, and that he remem-bers having heard of an engagement in 1776 beirween the Americans who occupied this fort and the British troops who landed from their ships in the river, in which battle the British drove the Americans from the fort to McKenzie's Mill Dam. Hence to the staid old county seat is a journey of an hour ; it was originally known as Fort Johnston, a fortification named for the Colonial Governor, Gabriel Johnston. It was established about the year 1745 for the protection of the colony against pirates which infested the Cape Fear River. The name was subsequently changed to Smithville in honour of Benjamin Smith, to whom reference has been made, who had behaved with conspicuous gallantry under Moultrie when he drove the British from Port Royal ; he was subse-quently elected fifteen times to the Senate and became Gover-nor of the Commonwealth in 1810. By recent authority of the State Legislature the name was again changed to South-port. In the old Court-house, which is its principal build-ing, may be seen the evidence that on the death of Mr. Allen, 17th January, 1749, aged 57 years, at Lilliput, where he was buried, this plantation became the property (and it is said the residence for a brief period) of the great-grandson of Oliver Cromwell, Sir Thomas Frankland, Admiral of the White in the British navy, a position of great distinction, which he attained at the early age of 28 years, and of his 54 THE NORTH CAROLINA BOOKLET. wife, who was Sarah Rhett, the daughter of Colonel Rhett, of South Carolina, and a niece of Chief Justice Allen. It appears also from the Colonial Records, in a letter from Rev. John McDowell, who served the twin parishes of St. Philip's at Brunswick and St. James' at Wilmington, ad-dressed to the Secretary of the Honourable Society which supported him, in London, and written from Brunswick April 16, 1761, and also by subsequent letters with particu-lar reference to the long delayed completion of the Parish Church of St. Philips, that Admiral Frankland and Lady Prankland contributed substantial sums of money for its support. The records of these two interesting personages in the early history of our settlement are too obscure for a connected narrative. All of my endeavors to obtain sufficient material for a sketch of this Colonial Cape Fear Admiral, in Charles-ton, in Boston, in the IsTational Library at Washington and in London, were in vain until I obtained an introduction to the present head of the house, the great-grandson of Admiral Frankland, Sir Ralph Payne Gallway, of Thirkleby Park, Thirsk, Yorkshire, one of the most beautiful county seats in England, who has been good enough to compile for me the following notes with reference to Sir Charles Frankland, the Colonial Collector of the port of Boston, and his romantic marriage with Agnes Surriage, and, to his successor. Sir Thomas Frankland, the youthful Admiral and rover of the seas, of whose life upon the Carolina station and in Charles-ton and on the Cape Fear River at Lilliput, there is unfor-tunately but fragmentary and unsatisfying evidence. Sir Charles Frankland was born in 1716 in Bengal, India ; he died at Bath in 1768. He was the eldest son of Henry Frankland, Governor of Bengal, who died in 1728, who was a brother of Sir Thomas Frankland, third Baronet of Thirk- THE NORTH CAROLINA BOOKLET. 55 leby, the latter being a descendant of Cromwell and also of Charles I. Sir Charles was on a visit to Lisbon during the great earthquake of 1755. He returned to Lisbon as Consul General of Portugal in 1757. In 1763 Sir Charles re-turned to Boston, where he resumed his duties as "Collector of the Customs of the Port," though he at the same time held his office as Consul General of Portugal till 1767, in which year he returned to Thirkleby and died the following one. Sir Charles Frankland's romantic marriage with Agnes Surriage at Lisbon, where she rescued him from the ruins of the earthquake, has been the subject of several books and ro-mances, even plays, as well as the beautiful ballad of "Agnes,' by Oliver Wendell Holmes." The history of Sir Charle-s and Agnes Surriage, or "Boston in Colonial Times," is to be found in a book by thei Rev. Elias Mason. A more recent work on the same subject is called "Agnes Surriage." It is by Edwin Lasetter Bynner, 1886. Agnes Surriage was the daughter of a poor fisherman at Marblehead, near Boston. Sir Charles was buried for several hours in the remains of a church that was thrown down. Agnes Surriage searched for him until she heard the sound of his voice, and then, by large offers of money, and all the jewelry she wore at the time, she persuaded some terrified people near, who chanced to be uninjured, to excavate her lover. On his recovery from his wounds Sir Charles at once married his rescuer as a proof of gratitude. The person who was buried alive with Sir Charles at Lisbon, under the fallen stones of the church, in her mad-ness and pain tore a piece out of his coat with her teeth. This coat, with the rent in it, was preserved at Thirkleby as a memento of an awful experience 'till it, at length, fell to pieces from age. In 1751 Sir Charles built a good house and purchased a fair estate at Hopkinston, near Boston. This house was de-stroyed by fire January 23d, 1758, but on the same site a 56 THE NORTPI CAROLINA BOOKLET. new house was ere long erected, which was built to resemble the old one. In 1747 Sir Charles succeeded his uncle, the third Baronet, but, owing to a disputed will, did not for some years inherit the estates at Thirkleby and elsewhere. His uncle, whom he succeeded in the title, was 11.P for Thirsk, 1711-1747, and a Lord of the Admirality ; he died in 1747. He, Sir Thomas Frankland, third Baronet, made three wills. In the first, dated 1741, he left Thirkleby and his other estates to his nephew, afterwards Sir Charles. In 1744, he altered all this and left Thirkleby to his widow for her life. In his last and third will he left Thirkleby and all his estates to his wido^v absolutely. It was contended by Sir Charles, his successor, that the last will was made when Sir Tliomas was of unsound mind, and under undue influ-ence. A lawsuit was, therefore, entered on by Sir Charles to set aside Sir Thomas's last will, and in this he was suc-cessful, and hence gained Thirkleby and the other family estates. Sir Charles died in 1768 at Bath, and in Weston Church, in the suburbs of Bath, there is a long inscription to him. He was twice in residence at Lisbon as Consul General of Portugal. Lady Frankland (Agues Surriage) returned to Hopkinton, near Boston, after her liusband's death, near where she was born, and lived until Sir Charles took her away. She re-sided at Hopkinton 'till the declaration of war, and for a short, time after. She witnessed from her house the battle of Bunker's Hill, a bullet breaking the glass of the window she was looking through. Being a Loyalist, she returned to England, and paid a long visit to Thirkleby. She then moved, in 1782, to Chichester, where she married Mr. John Drew, a banker. She died the following year and is buried at Chichester ; aged 57 years. THE Js^ORTH CAROLINA BOOKLET. 57 Admiral Sir- Thomas FranMand succeeded, as fifth. Baro-net, his elder brother, Sir Charles, in the family estates and title. He was born in 1718, and died at Bath, 1784, aged 66. Member of Parliament for the Borough of Thirsk 1747- 1784. Successively Admiral of the Red and then of the White in the King's navy. Buried at Thirkleby. Married Sarah, the daughter of Colonel William Rhett, of South Carolina, May, 1743 ; she died April, 1808, aged 84. Sir Thomas, the Admiral, was the great grandson of Oliver Cromwell and the great grandfather of the writer of these notes. The inscription to the Admiral in Thirkleby Church is as follow^s : ''Sir Thomas Frankland, second son of Henry Frankland, Governor of Fort William in Bengal. Admiral of theWhite, who represented the Borough of Thirsk in six Parliaments. He died at Bath on the 21st of j^ovember, 1784, aged 66. He married Sarah, daughter of William Rhett, Esq., of South Carolina, by whom he left seven sons and three daughters." When in Boston, in 1742, Captain Thomas Frankland, as he then was, paid a -^dsit to his elder brother. Sir Charles, whom ho eventually succeeded in title and Thirkleby estates. Whilst at Charlestovni he fell in love with. Sarah Rhett, and on his su.bsequent visit there he married her. He was at that time Captain of H. M. Frigate Rose, though only 25 years of age. Some very effusively complimentary verses were printed in the Boston Evening Post on the occasion of Captain Frankland's visit to Boston in 1742. A few of these lines I quote, but the poem is too long to give in full here : "From peaceful solitude and calm retreat I now and then look out upon the great. Praise where 'tis due I'll give, no servile tool Of honorable knave, or reverend fool ; Surplice or red-coat, both alike to me. Let him that wears them great and worth v be." 58 THE NORTH CAKOLINA BOOKLET. "We see thee Frankland dreadful o'er the main Not terrible to children, but to Spain. Then let me lisp thy name; thy praise rehearse Though in weak numbers and in feeble verse. Though faint the whisper when the thunder roars, And speak thee great through all Hispanios shores! " I have had a photograph purposely done of Admiral Sir Thomas Frankland's picture here tO' accompany these notes. I have also had one done at the same time of his ship pre-served in model form in the hall here. Though this model is six feet long and most minutely made, and also, no doubt, most faithfully copied from the original vessel at great ex-pense ; yet we do not know her name. My brother, lately a Post Captain in the navy, did all he could to ascertain from the Admiralty, and from other sources her name, but with-out success. I should be very glad if the name could be dis-covered. On the sides of the model G. R. (George Rex) is painted in several parts. That the model is an exact copy of the original there can be do doubt, and it could not be built now at less than £300, at least so an expert in marine model building assures me. From the figure-head of the model she should be "Ajax," "Achilles," "Centurion," "Warrior," and the most likely of all, "Perseus," as on the shield borne by the figure on the prow is carved the head of "Medusa." ^one of the foregoing names belonged, as far as I can discover, to any ship which Admiral Frankland was connected with. Family tradition declares that the model is of the ship which Admiral Franldand was aboard when he captured a Spanish galleon. The galleon is said to have had so much treasure on board that from his share of the prize-money the Admiral settled five thousand pounds on each of his eight daughters, though only three of these survived him. However, I con-sider the very rich Spanish (so-called) ship that Frankland captured is the one described in the following extract from "A New Naval History, by John Entick, M.A., 1757": THE NORTH CAROLINA BOOKLET. 59 "Tlie Rose, man of war, 20 guns, commanded by Captain Frankland, being cruising on the Carolina station on Jan-uary 12th, 1744, fell in with the Conception, a French ship with a Spanish register of 400 tons, 20 guns and 326 men, bound from Carthagena to- Havana. After a smart engage-ment of eleven glasses, in which the Conception had 110 men killed, the Rose, with the loss of only 5 men, took the prize into Charleston, in South Carolina, where she proved a very valuable acquisition. Her cargo consisted of 800 serons of cocoa, in each of which was deposited a bar of gold, of the total value of 310,000 pieces of eight; wrought plate of equivalent value ; a complete set of church plate ; a large quantity of pearls, diamonds, and other precious stones, and gold buckles and snuff boxes; a curious silver chaise, the wheels, axles and other parts of it being all of silver. There was, besides, 600 pounds weight of gold, the whole of which was worth £200,000." From this account it will be seen that the Rose, of only 20 guns, cannot be the three-decker, the model of which is now at Thirkleby. The model is of a man of war that has as many as 74 guns in three tiers, including deck guns, and she must have been a large line of battleship such as an Ad-miral might hoist his pennant on when in command of a fleet. Perhaps from the photograph of the figure-head of the model some information may be obtained regarding its name, which I have always been so anxious to obtain. There is no doubt that— 1. The model is a copy of a ship commanded by Cap-tain (or Admiral) Frankland at one time of his naval career. 2. Or, that the model is a copy of a ship captured from the enemy by Captain (or Admiral) Frankland, and afterwards converted into a British man of war. We know that the model has been here at Thirkleby for some 150 years. 60 THE NORTH CAROLINA BOOKLET. You desire to know about Sir Thomas Frankland's resi-dence at Lilliput Plantation on the Cape Fear River in IsTorth Carolina, and particularly in regard to his life in K"orth Carolina, and his estates on the Cape Fear River. It occurs to me that the Admiral was too busy chasing French and Spanish ships of the enemy to have retired to an estate in Carolina, and to have had a house on a plantation there, especially as he was so active and constant in his ser-vices in the King's l^avy. The only suggestion I can find that the Admiral (at that time Captain) did retire from ac-tive service for a short time is hinted in the first two lines of the poem I have quoted, and which run — "From peaceful solitude and calm retreat, I now and then look out upon the great." The old early Elizabethan Hall at Thirkleby was pulled down in 1793, when the present house was completed. The old house, of which we have a picture, was the home of Ad-miral Frankland. Many flowers of the old gardens still force their heads above the soil every summer. As a boy of about twelve years of age I very well recollect an old family game-keeper who lived at Thirkleby, who at that time of my life was just 90 years of age. His name was W. Hudson. He often pointed out to me the walnut tree in the park here, up which, when he was a boy of ten or twelve, the Admiral used to order him to climb to gather the walnuts; and which the Admiral used to throw his big crook-handled stick up among its boughs to try and knock the walnuts down himself. As Hudson was born in 1770 and the Admiral died in 1784, the reminiscences of the old keeper were no doubt correct, and enables me to say that I knew a man who knew Admiral Sir Thomas Frankland, who was born in 1718, and it is quite probable that the Admiral knew a man, who, as a child, saw Charles the First's head cut off at Whitehall. THE NORTH CAROLINA BOOKLET. 61 On the subject of reminiscences, though rather out of place here, as it has nothing to do with the Frankland fam-ily, I may relate that an old friend of mine, now alive and well and but 72 years of age, perfectly recollects his grand-father, who lived to a great age. The grandfather in ques-tion took a purse of gold concealed in a basket of strawber-ries to Prince Charlie (the Young Pretender) when he was keeping court at Hobgood Palace in 1745. The messenger with the strawberries was, of course, a child at the time, and was, as such, selected, by partisans of the Stewarts, to allay suspicion as to the real object of his visit to Hobgood, which was to aid the Prince with money to establish his rights to his throne in Scotland. This incident, (with many others of a similar kind, I found here in the muniment room among the papers of my great uncle. Lord Lavington, who was Governor of some of the West Indies Islands and was buried there), I had printed and sent to the late Queen Victoria of blessed memory. Her Majesty was greatly interested in the book I compiled and sent her, the only thing she took exception to was my allusion to Prince Charlie as "A Pretender." The young pretender was tall and handsome, and the beau ideal of a gallant cavalier, but he died, alas, at Florence, as a dissi-pated and drunken wreck, morally and physically. On the following page I have attached a photograph I have had specially taken tO' illustrate these notes. (iST. B.—The g'entleman who for many years has con-ducted in the most able manner, at very moderate cost, in British Museum, a great deal of research for me, historical, documentary and otherwise, and who is also a most excellent copyist of old illustrations, is William Woodrow, E'sq. The Reading Room, British Museum, Bloomsbury, London.) 62 THE NORTH CAROLINA BOOKLET. THE BADGE OF ULSTER. Given to Sir William FranMand, first Baronet of Thirkle-bj, by Charles II. in 1660 as a credential of bis title. The only Ulster badge in existence, excepting one tbat is supposed to be a copy of it. It was worn as a proof of his rank and person by Sir Thomas Frankland, third Baronet, when on a mission abroad at the service of his King. (Illustration is full size. The Red Hand, or Bloody Hand, is on white porcelain oval set round with stones. The date of confer and name of Baronet and his creation on reverse side.) The tradition is that the King of Ulster and another disputed the ownership of an estate. They agreed to race to it from a certain distance, and the one who first touched the land with his hand was to possess it. Ulster, finding himself a few yards behind at the finish, cut off his left hand and threw it in front of him over the boundary fence, and thus won the estate. A characteristic letter from Admiral Frankland, in which he refers tO' the death of a gardener who has been inadvert-ently stifled in his master's hot-house. ^'Bond Street (where the Admiral owned a house) 1760. A. P. G. "Mr. ISTugent, they say, spoke an hour against opening the distillery, and when they divided, voted for it, so the joke goes that he acted in the character of his country. Surely money never was so scarce, we can hardly get enough to carry on common house expenses. We shall have no peace this year its believed, and I think another year makes us stop payment, as our enemies have done, and what must we do who have our all in the stocks. "^'Have you read Tristam Shandy? The ladies say (my wife and daughters read it not) its very clever ; now pray is it indelicate or not fit? Upon my word I am abused and called a Prude for saying its scandalous for a Clergyman to write such (I was going to say Bawdy), a rapsody of hard words. THE NORTH CAROLINA BOOKLET. 63 "I hear yoii are in low spirits about the death of your gardener. Good God, what wretches we sailors must be. I order 40 men aloft and ye mast goes and they are drowned. Their deaths are not at my door. I order the ship to be smoked to prevent sickness, and some fools stay below in the smoke and dye ; Sir, am I to charge myself with their deaths ? "We have expeditions fitting out now, where bound a secret. (Signed) Thos. Franklajstd. (1) There is a long article on Admiral Frankland, his life and adventures, to be found in Gharnock's Biographic Vavalis, Vol. V—1797—page 19. (2) Also see Schomberg's ISTaval Chronology, Vol. I, page 220—1745. In this latter book the following curious inci-dent is related : "Another fortunate circumstance was the discovery caused thro' a little French boy that Capt. Frankland had taken into his service. This boy made a complaint against one of the sailors for having taken from him a stick in appearance of no value. Captain Frankland recovered it for the boy, and on returning it to him gave him a playful tap on the shoulder. The head of the stick fell off then and diamonds were found inside it worth 20,000 pistoles. When the enemy surren-dered, the Captain gave the stick to the boy in the hopes of saving it, not imagining that such a trifle would ever be noticed." In Charnocks Chronicles a graphic account is given of Cap-tain Frankland's fight with (1742) three of the enemies ships, all of which he captured and took into Carolina. One of these ships tried very hard to escape, the reason being that its captain was the notorious "Fandino," who some years before had cut off the ears of Jenkins, an English Captain. Frankland sent this man at once to Hyland to be tried for his life. 64 THE NORTH CAROLINA BOOKLET. I see Captain Frankland married Miss Rhett (1743), daughter of Chief Justice of Carolina, by whom he had six sons and eight daughters. (He had nineteen cliildren in all; several died infants.) June, 1756, made Rear Admiral of the Blue; retained the command of the Pvose 'till October, 1746, when he was pro-moted to the Dragon. In 1755 appointed Commodore on the Antigua Station and hoisted his broad pennant on board the Winchester, 50 guns, at Spithead, 10th August, and sailed very soon after for the West Indies. On his arrival there he at once quarrelled with the retiring Commodore, Pye, be-cause this sailor had condemned his ship, the Advice. Ad-miral Frankland reported Commodore Pye for doing so, and to prove he was wrong, actually fitted up the Advice for him-self and started on a cruise in her to show she was seaworthy, with the result that Admiral Frankland and ship nearly went to the bottom of the sea together. This quarrel and Admiral Frankland's career is to be found in a story that appeared in the London Magazine of 1774-1775, under the title of "Edward & Maria," by Capt. Ed. Thompson, R. :N'. In this story Admiral Freeland is "Frankland," and Commodore Pye is "Sir Richard Spry," as he afterwards became. British Museum, Add. MS. 32, 935, p. 447. Sir:—The Barons of the Exchequer, having ordered me immediately to Lay before the Hon'ble and Rev'd. Mr. Chol-mondeley, Auditor General of his Maj'ts Revenues in America, the Amount of the French Ships and Cargoes de-tained bv me at the Leeward Islands before the Declaration of War. The Charge attending the Dieting the Crews of those being refused to be allowed me in those i\.ccounts, and as it cannot be imagined that I can bear those Expenses, Lett me entreat your assistance to get a Dispensing Order to the Sick and Hurt Office that the Account there may be paid me. As they THE NORTH CAROLINA BOOKLET. 65 require Vonchers Bj their Establishment which the Nature of Those Captures could not produce. The Governors of the Three Islands absolutely refused to give any Receipts for the French men Landed, or written Orders for their Discharges. Their Constant Answers were they never had received the least Orders about their Detention. ]^o Cartel was settled or Commissarys appointed. There-fore how could I produce Vouchers from the Latter. The account for the subsistance of those men, which I have now Laying before the Sick and Hurt Office is such, as I am ready to make any affimiation to. It has passed thro the Kavy Office, in regard to the names, and Entrys and Dis-charges of the Particular Crews. The Men sent into Hallifax and Jamacia have been paid By the Publick. But as where I commanded there was neither Hospital of the Kings to send them to, or Contract subsisting for me to have ordered them Agents to have vic-tualled them or had I ships sufficient to have keep them on board and victualled them afloat, I had no other method to follow. As this is the only obstacle that hinders my finally closing these Accounts let me again beg your aid, and I am, sir. Your most obedient and very humble servant, Old Bond Street Thos. Franklanb. 18th March, 1762. (Endorsed) Ad^l. Frankland. Public Becoro Office—Frankland Letters. (Adm. Sec. M. Letters.) There are two series letters—one covering the period when stationed at the Bahamas as Captain of the Rose (about 40). Another series when stationed at the Leeward Islands as Admiral, (about 80 to lOO) (l755-'59), Pye incident. These letters are of varying interest and would suggest a selection of which specimen given re-taking the Conception. 66 THE NOHTII CAROLIXA BOOKLET. (Ad. Sec. M. Letters, ^^o. 1782.) •Captain Thomas Frankland to Secretary of the Admiralty : His Majesty's Ship "Rose," Cooper Riveb, South Carolina, Jan. ye 23rd, 1744-5. My last was dated 'Rov. 14th acquainting you of my de-livering the letters as I Avas directed by Sir Chaloner Ogle. I proceeded afterwards off St. Jago de Cuba, and so between the south side of Cuba and the IsT. side of Jamaica down to the Grand Comanon, where I watered, wooded and heel'd, for I was hurryed out of Jamaica without time to get or do either there. I then intended to go and cruize between the Rogiies Cape Florida and the Pan of Matanzas (on the IST. side of Cuba), but on my way on (about 35 leagues to the w'ward of the Havanna) the first day of December just be-fore daylight I found myself almost on board a large ship. We were to windward and astern withall ; I kept my wind until the day broke, then finding she had but one tier of guns but full of men by her working, for before I showed my colors, she run her courses up, bunted her mainsails, and I observed everything ready to engage and her decks crowded with people. About seven in the morning we began our en-gagement, which lasted until half after noon ; we had a fresh gale and a great sea, and yet we were alongside of one another three or four times, for he would, as I observed, fought till night at a distance; he at last struck, for he had near a hundred men killed outright and four of his guns on one side disabled. The ship is called the Conception of St. Male, Mons. Adrien Mercan, Master from Cartagena bound to C
Object Description
Description
Title | North Carolina booklet: great events in North Carolina history |
Contributor | North Carolina Society of the Daughters of the Revolution. |
Date | 1906-07 |
Release Date | 1906 |
Subjects | North Carolina--History--Periodicals |
Place | North Carolina, United States |
Time Period | (1900-1929) North Carolina's industrial revolution and World War One |
Description | Each no. has also a distinctive title; No more published? |
Publisher | [Raleigh :North Carolina Society of the Daughters of the Revolution,1901- |
Rights | Public Domain see http://digital.ncdcr.gov/u?/p249901coll22,63753 |
Physical Characteristics | v. :ill. ;13-18 cm. |
Collection |
General Collection. State Library of North Carolina |
Type | text |
Language | English |
Format | Periodicals |
Digital Characteristics-A | 6790 KB; 104 p. |
Digital Collection | General Collection |
Digital Format | application/pdf |
Audience | All |
Pres File Name-M | gen_bm_serial_northcarolinabooklet1906.pdf |
Full Text | ^ ^ 5<^ ^ m Vol. VI. JULY, 1906 No. i "UAe NortK Carolina Booklel: GREAT EVENTS IN NORTH CAROLINA HISTORY PUBLISHED QUARTERLY BY THE NORTH CAROLINA SOCIETY DAUGHTERS ofthe REVOLUTION CONTENTS The Indian Tribes of Eastern Carolina - - - By Richard Dillard/M. D. Glimpses of History in the Names of Our Counties By Kemp. P. Battle, LL. D. A Colonial Admiral of the Cape Fear - - . By James Sprunt, British Vice-Gjnsul at Wilmington, N. C. (ILLUSTRATED) Page 3 26 48 SINGLE NUMBERS 30 CENTS $1.00 THE YEAR ^•^••X-Jfe-X'-X"X"^^1g^gW^-Jg5g-^^^J^-^-Sg-^"X"^"X"^:^g^^^^gtg^^^^ ENTERED IN THE POST-OFFICE AT RALEIGH, N. C, AS SECOHD-CLASS MATTER. The North Carolina Booklet. Great Events in North Carolina History. VOLUME VI. Glimpses of History in the Names of our Counties, Kemp. P. Battle, LL. D. A Colonial Admiral of the Cape Fear (Admiral Sir Thomas Frank-land), , Mr. James Sprunt. The Indian Tribes of Eastern North Carolina, Richard Dillard, M. D. Gov. Thomas Burke, . . . Mr. J. G. de Roulhac Hamilton. Some North Carolina Histories and their Authors, Professor Edward P. Moses. The Borough Towns of North Carolina, . . Mr. Francis Nash. The John White Pictures, Mr. W. J. Peele. Gov. Jesse Franklin, .... Professor J. T. Alderman. Industrial Life in Early North Carolina, . . Mr. T. M. Pittman. Colonial and Revolutionary Costumes in North Carolina, Miss Mary Hilliard Hinton. «North Carolina's Attitude to the Revolution, Mr. Robert C. Strong. The Fundamental Constitutions and the Effects on the Colony, Mr. Junitis Davis. The BooKi^ET will contain short biographical sketches of the writers who have contributed to this publication, by Mrs. E. E. MoflStt. The Booklet will print abstracts of wills prior to 1760, as sources of biography, history and genealogy. The BooKi^ET will be issued quarteri,y by the North Carolina Society of the Daughters op the Revolution, beginning July, X906. Each Booklet will contain three articles and will be published in July, October, January and April. Price, |i.oo per year, 30 cents for single copy. Parties who wish to renew their subscription to the Booklet for Vol. VI, are requested to notify at once. MISS MARY HILLIARD HINTON, "Midway Plantation," Editors: ' Raleigh, North Carolina. Miss Mary Hilliard Hinton, Mrs. E. E. Moffitt. VH \ ..'^\ >K a North Carolina State Librafy Raieigh Vol. VI. JULY, 1906. No. 1 15he flORTH CflROiilj^il BoOKIiET ^^ Carolina! Carolina! Heaven'' s blessings attend her ! While we live zve will cherish, protect and defend her.'' Published by THE NORTH CAROLINA SOCIETY DAUGHTERS OF THE REVOLUTION The object of the Booklet is to aid in developing and preserving North Carolina History. Tlie proceeds arising from its publication will be devoted to patriotic purposes. Editors. i ADVISORY BOARD OF THE NORTH CAROLINA BOOKLET. Mrs. Spier Whitakek. Mr. R. D. W. Connor. Professor D. H. Hill. Dr. E. W. Sikes. Mr. W. J. Peele. Dr. PiIchard Dillard. Professor E. P. Moses. Mr. James Sprtjnt. Dr. Kemp P. Battle. Judge Walter Clark. Mr. Marshall DeLancey Haywood. OFFICERS OF THE NORTH CAROLINA SOCIETY DAUGHTERS OF THE REVOLUTION, 1906-1908. regent : Mrs. E. E. MOFFITT. vice-regent : Mrs. WALTER CLARK. honorary regent: Mrs. spier WHITAKER. (Nee Hooper.) RECORDING SECRETARY: Mrs. J. W. THACKSTON. CORRESPONDING SECRETARY : Mrs. W. H. PACE. TREASURER: Mrs. frank SHERWOOD. REGISTRAR : Mrs. ED. CHAMBERS SMITH. GENEALOGIST : Mrs. HELEN De BERNIERE WILLS. Founder of the North Carolina Society and Regent 1890-1902; Mrs. spier WHITAKER. REGENT 1902: Mrs. D. H. HILL, Sr.'' REGENT 1902-1906: Mrs. THOIMAS K. BRUNER. *Died December 12, 1904. THE NORTH CAROLINA BOOKLET. Vol. VI JULY, 1906 No. 1 THE FOREWORD. The sources of information regarding our Indians are both meagre and unsatisfactory, history lends but little aid, tradi-tion is silent, you must seek elsewhere than in books. There is a way we may study—even see them if we will—let me tell you the secret; I came upon it one evening just after sunset when I was hunting wild forget-me-nots along an idle brook away off in Pleasant Valley. If you wander alone through the deep everglade of a southern dismal you will sometimes stop suddenly to examine what you know is the faded footprint of a moccasined foot, or, if the hour is pro-pitious, you will listen and listen -again as you catch the sound of a warwhoop echoing and re-echoing through the deepening twilight of the forest. Or it may be that you will find an arrowhead or a broken tomahawk in a ramble through a summer field. One night when the moon was full, and I sat under a tree by the deep mirror of a certain silver stream, the air grew suddenly heavy with the drowsy sweetness of the lotus in blossom, there was a troubling of the waters as by the angel's touch upon the Pool of Bethesda, the leaves clapped fitfully together like elfin cymbals at a fairy dance, a few, twisting from their stems, came fluttering down upon the river, and went sailing off like a phantom squadron ; the sedges rustled violently at the water's hem—it was an enchanted spot, and I saw as in a dream two painted warriors drag a bound vic-tim hurriedly into a canoe, and push off into the stream, but as I turned to obser^^e them closely they blended into the dreamland of the other shore—the trick then lies in the imagination—in the embroidered fantacy of a midsummer-night's dream. THE NORTH CAKOLINA BOOKLET, HE INDIAN TRIBES OF EASTERN NORTH CAROLINA. BY RICHARD DILLARD, M.D. "Ye whose hearts are fresh and simple, Who have faith in God and nature, Who believe that in all ages Every human heart is human. That in even savage bosoms There are longings, yearnings, strivings For the good they comprehend not, That the feeble hands and helpless, Groping blindly in the darkness. Touch God's right hand in that darkness And are lifted up and strengthened; Listen to this simple story." The first Indian tableau upon wliicli the curtain of our history rises isi the royal reception of Aniidas and Barlow by Granganameo "in the delicate garden abounding in all kinds of odoriferous flowers" on the Island of Wocokon. The last is when, chagrined by the defeat and failure of the Tuscarora War, they are driven forever from the shores of the Albe-marle. The scenes between are interspersed with acts of kindness and of cruelty, bloody massacres and the torch, with long interludes, in which the curtain is so closely hauled down that not a ray of light reaches us, so that the path-finders of history can scarcely discern a single blazed tree to guide them through that untrodden solitude. The mural frescoes by Alexander in the Congressional Li-brary most beautifully tell the story of the evolution of learn-ing in five allegorical paintings; the first is a picture of a cairn built by a prehistoric man to coaumenorate some im-portant event; the second is oral tradition, an ancient story-teller surrounded by a group of attentive listeners ; the third THE NORTH CAROLINA BOOKLET. & is represented by hieroglyphics carved upon an Egyptian obelisk ; the fourth is the primitive American Indian painting upon his buffalo skin the crude story of the chase, the con-flict, or the war-dance, while the last is the beautiful consum-mation of them all—the printing press. Our own alphabet, tlirough a long series of elaboration covering many cen-turies, originally came from picture-writing. All knowledge began with units, and the compounding of those units in dif-ferent ways like the grouping of atoms to form various chemi-cal substances produced classified knowledge, or science in all of its labyrinthine detail. The language of the Indian is metaphorical, and essentially picture-writing, not only picture-words representing material objects, but sound-pictures, that is the formation of words in imitation of the sounds they are intended to represent. He speaks mostly with his eyes, using gestures, grimmaces and grunts where his language is inade-quate, and emphasis is required. The Iroquois, which were composed partly of Eastern J^orth Carolina Indians after the Tuscarora War, are especially metaphorical, and of course in studying their language we study the language of the dif-ferent tribes which compose them. When the weather is very cold they say "it is a nose-cutting morning." They use the hemlock boughs to protect them from the snow, and when one says "1 have hemlock boughs" he means that he has warm and comfortable quarters. It is said that twelve letters an-swer for all Iroquois sounds, viz. lAEFHIKISrOIlST W. The Algonquins, the Iroquois and the Mobilians are con-sidered the three primitive stocks, and the dialects now spoken throughout the country are traced by ethnologists di-rectly to them. Thoreau says in his Walden that the Puri Indians had but one word for the present, the past, and the future, expressing its variations of meaning by pointing backward for yester-day— forward for tomorrow—and overhead for to-day. 6 THE NOETH CAEOLINA BOOKLET. The beautiful eup'honeous Indian names are so inter-mingled with our own names and history that time cannot erase them. Let us analyze a few of their words and our application of them. I suggest the following derivation of the word Roanoke as applied to both Roanoke river and Roan-oke Island. Wampum, the Indian money, their current medium of exchange and equivalent of gold, was of two kinds — Wampum Peak, and Wampum Roanoke: It was made of a species of conch-shell (Buccinum Undatum), and shaped like beads, the darker colors being the most valuable. This was usually strung and worn around the waist as a belt, and served the double purpose of ornament and money. These belts were passed from one nation to another in making treaties and in other important transactions, e. g., "By my wampum belt I pledge thee." l^ow when Menotoscon, king of the Chowanokes, found that the English were principally in quest of gold, he beguiled them with all kinds of rococo stories about a great river, evidently our Roanoke, which rose in a western country, and abounded in mussels filled with pearls, and that the sands of this river were of gold, hence the English named it Roanoke, and as Roanoke meant money or gold, by metonomy Roanoke river means river of gold, a name not inappropriate at this day, considering the wealth of its fields and the richness and vastness of the forests which girt its shores. By the same fanciful analysis Roanoke Island may mean island of money or gold, from the great quantity of wampum shells abounding in that vicinity. The suffix peak appears in the words Chesapeake, Dessamonpeak, Corapeak and others, and also gives them a significance of profusion or wealth. Mattercomock or Machicomock Creek, to the west of Edenton, means Temple of God, doubtless from the exquisite beauty of the stream and the tall cypress trees along its banks, which stand like huge elaborately carved Corinthian columns supporting the dome of the sky. THE NORTH CAROLINA BOOKLET. 7 The name of the section of country along the Chowan above Edenton now called Rockyhock was derived from the Indian word Rakioch, meaning cypress tree, which by metathesis and the corruptions of successive generations is now spelled Rockyhock, meaning literally the Land of Cypress Trees. Chowan means paint or color—hence the county is the land of rich colors, from the variety and magnificence of its flora, and the myriad hues of its emerald forests, or it might have been that the Indians obtained their dyes and paints there. To the beautiful reflection of trees and sky upon a placid stream they gave the name of glimmerglass, shimmering mir-ror. The proximity of the Chowanokes to the Tuscaroras brought them into frequent communication, and there was in consequence some similarity of dialect, a great many of their words had in common the suflix ocli, e. g., Uppowock, Mattercomock, Rakiock, Moriatock and Ohanock. The origi-nal spelling of Currituck was Coratuc, Tar River was Tau, meaning river of health, and Hatteras was Hattorask. Little River was Kototine, Perquimans River was Ona, Albemarle Sound was called Weapomeiock, Yeopim was originally Jau-pin. Durant's l^eck was Wecocomicke. The Chowan River was called ]*^omopana. Captain John Smith, in his map of Virginia made in 1606, changes the vowels and spells Cho-wan Chawon, and gives tO' that tribe a large portion of the territory southeast of the Powhattan River, now the James. Theodore de Bry's map, 1590, gives the Chowans the vast ter-ritory along the upper Albemarle and Chowan River. Pas-quotank at one time was spelled Passo-Tank, and was derived from the Indian PassaquenoJce, meaning the woman's town. Resting upon the very bosom of nature, amid the most picturesque and beautiful surroundings they possessed neither music nor poetry. Grave, imperturbable and mute, their souls did not burn with the glowing tints of the autumn forest, or thrill at the echo from the hills, or at the grandeur 8 THE NORTH CAROLINA BOOKLET. and mystery of the great solitudes, fresh with the virginity of nature, or the long light upon the rivers. They hearkened not the song of the summer bird whose flight of ecstasy drew bars of golden music across the sky, nor the soft reed notes of Dio Pan's flute, nor the arpeggios swept from Apollo's lyre^ — the star-embroidered peace of the midnight heavens they heeded not, but without any of the embellishments of civiliza-tion they had a picturesqueness and beauty of costume en-tirely in harmony with the wild state of nature. We are well assured that the early Indians had a good idea of botany, knew the uses of the different plants, and gave them names descriptive of their qualities and physical ap-pearances, though they knew nothing of classification. A great deal of the flora which existed here then is now en-tirely extinct, the law of the survival of the fittest applying more strongly to the vegetable kingdom than to any other ; during my own observation one species of ground-pine in this country has entirely disappeared. Many of the wild flowers we know and see every day are really adventives from Europe, or plants which have escaped from cultivation in gardens, and are literally tramping it over the country. The botanical characteristics of our forests reveal the fact that some parts of them were in cultivation very many years ago, for pine is the original growth, and in successive rota-tion come gum, oak, etc: I^ature does not falter, she has her own ways—her owm days for doing her work, man can meddle, but cannot hinder her. Remove the earth from a piece of land, deep enough to destroy all remains of the pre-viously existing vegetation, and when the soil reforms upon it again she will persistently repeat the law by first produc-ing pine, and then on in regular rotation again. !N"ow the occurrence of oak thickets in most unexpected places argues strongly that the Indians had small clearings or assarts where thev grew their tobacco and maize. THE NORTH CAROLINA BOOKLET. 9 It is difficult to believe that they did not love and enjoy the wild flowers which grew so profusely about them. Did they not pause in the chase to exult in the fragrance of the pine and the myrtle, or linger to inhale the delicate perfume of the wild grape in blossom, or to be lifted up by the redo-lence of the jessamine ? Was there no ''impulse from the vernal woods," no swelling of the heart in the springtime — " When daisies pied and violets blue, And lady-smocks all silver-white, And cuckoo-buds of yellow hue Do paint the meadows with delight?" Thanks to the fertile pen and sharp-eyed observation of Harriot we know something of their plants and their uses. He says they dyed their hair and persons with the roots of Chappacor, of which I cannot conjecture the English equiva-lent unless it be the Sanguinaria or Bloodroot, still flourishing in our forests, but the secret is hidden down deep in the chalice of its corolla, its beautiful white petals are silent, and cannot be invoked. Kaishackpenauk was a root eaten as food, and resembled very much our Irish potato, while Ope-nauk was nothing more than the Apios Tuberosa, growing in our lowlands, it also served them as food. Coscushaw may be the Tuckaboe or Arrowhead, of which hogs are fond, and grows in muddy pools and bogs. Ascapo was the Myrtle, and the Sassafras they called Winauk. The Prince's Pine was Pipsissewa, and Habascon was the horse-radish. One of our beautiful wild trailers wears gracefully the name of Cherokee Rose, but I condemn the sentiment which named Lobelia, a very poisonous plant, Indian Tobacco, and the Indian Tur-nip is also most inappropriately nanted. The Squaw Vine still paints its berries red in autumn to honor tbe Indian maiden. They knew different poisons and did not hesitate to use them stealthily and without scruple upon their personal enemies. Prominent among their list of poisons was a white 10 THE NORTH CAROLINA BOOKLET. root which grew in fresh marshes, and may have been Cicely, or Fool's Parsley, belonging to the poisonous hemlock family. In Hyde County was the Mattermuskeet or Maramikeet of the Machapungo Indians, Lake Mattermuskeet was called by them Paquinip, or Paquipe. Upon the shores of this lake grows and flourishes as nowhere else an apple called the Mat-tennuskeet, maturing late but succulent and full of excel-lence. The tradition is that an early settler and hunter killed a wild goose upon the lake and upon opening its craw found an apple seed which he carefully preserved and planted, and which grew rapidly, and bore luscious fruit. The North Carolina grape called Scuppemong was origi-nally found on Scuppernong River, a tributary of Albemarle Sound, by an exploring party sent out by Amidas and Bar-low. One small vine, with roots, waiS transplanted to Roanoke Island in 1584, where it is still growing and bearing grapes every year. In 1855 it covered nearly one and one-half acres. Some contend that the proper spelling should be Noscupper-nong, but the late Rev. Wm. S. Pettigrew, who was deeply versed in Indian legend and lore always held that it should be Escappernong. Messrs. Garrett & Co. have named one of their excellent wines made from these grapes Escapper-nong. An old writer of jSTorth Carolina history says "there are no less than five varieties of grapes found about the Albe-marle Sound, all of which are called Scuppernongs, to-wit, black, green, purple, red and white." The darker varieties are generally conceded to be seedlings, as the original grape can at present be reproduced only by layering or by grafting upon the wild grape. The cause of the change in color of this grape is beautifully woven by Mrs. Cotten into the Legend of the White Doe or the Fate of Virginia Dare. The transposition into prose has been so graphically made that I give it verbatim. "Okisko, a brave warrior of the tribe that had given shelter to the unfortunate Lost Col- ""^"^^-Ssi-''^:^- I''. VIRGINIA DARE. From a fanciful sketch by Porte Crayon in 1857. THE NORTH CAROLINA BOOKLET. 11 ony of Sir Walter Raleigh, fell in love with the governor's granddaiighter, Virginia Dare, the first white child born on American soil. The jealous rage of Chico, the great magi-cian, changed her into a white doe which baffled all the hunters' attempts to capture it, for it had a charmed life and nothing but a silver arrow or an arrow dipped in the magic fountain of Eoanoke could slav the beautiful creature. Now Wanchese, the great hunter of Pomouik, has crossed the waters, and there had received as a present a silver arrow. Armed with this he lay in wait for the white doe. Near him also was Virginia Dare's faithful lover, Okisko, armed with an arrow that had been dipped in the magic fountain. The magician Wenaudon, rival of Chico, had explained to Okisko that only by piercing to the heart the white doe with this magic arrow could the fair Virginia be liberated and restored to him, thus unknown to each other the two warriors awaited the coming of the white doe, one armed with the silver arrow that meant death, the other armed with the magic arrow that meant restored life the Okisko's love. Suddenly out in the clearing jumped the startled doe ; twang went the bowstrings, both arrows fled straight to the mark. To the wonder of Wanchese he saw a beautiful white girl laying where he had seen the doe fall. To the horror of Okisko he saw the arrow piercing his loved one's heart. As if shocked by the awful tragedy the magic spring died away. In its place Okisko saw growing a tiny grapevine, it seemed a message from his lost love, he watched it grow and blossom and bear fruit. Lo ! the grapes were red ; he crushed one and lo ! the juice was red — red as his dear Virginia's blood. Lovingly he watched and tended the vine, and as he drank the pure red juice of the gTape he knew that at last he was united to his love—that her spirit was entering into his—that he was daily growing more like her, the being he loved and worshipped—^the joy he had lost, but now had found again in the magic seedling." It is 12 THE XOIITH CAKOLI]N"A BOOKLET. a fact that a species of white deer is still seen in the country around Pungo and Scuppernong Lakes, but the penetrating ball of the Winchester possesses a counter chann to the magi-cal spell of the Indian magician Chico, and the white doe often falls a victim before its unerring aim. The mother Scuppernong vine implanted upon the Island of Roanoke, as ancient as our civilization, has sent its branches like the English speaking race over our broad land, the excellence of its amber clusters dropping the honej-dew of knowledge and delight—spreading like a banyan, its broad arbor is a sacred aegis of Minerva, which will shield and hide for aye the mysterious secret of the Lost Colony. Who gave us Indian Corn the Agatowr, that beautiful tasseled staff of life whose waving fields are a symbol of our country's bounty and wealth—this maker of brawn and muscle and of the gray stroma of the brain ? I answer each red ear blushed with the red man's skin. It was cultivated and eaten here before the granaries of the Pharaohs were overflowing from the wheat fields of Egypt, or the Libyan threshing-floors were groaning under the fatness of the harvest. The Indian method of preparing it for food was by hollowing out the end of a large stump and pounding the grain by means of a log, suspended to an overhanging bough. Who gave us LTppowock, the divine tobacco? That com-panion of solitude and life of company ! The fabled Assidos of the middle ages, which drives away all evil spirits ! The nerve stimulant destined to supplant hashisch, opium, betel, kava-kava, and all others ! Emissaries from China and Japan are buying- American tobacco with the purpose of substituting it for the injurious opium habit of those countries. This is the herb which that rare old cynic philosopher so' beautifully praises and censures by antithesis in his wonderful Anatomy of Melancholy, the book Doctor Johnson missed his tea to read, as ''divine, rare, superexcellent tobacco, which goes far THE NORTH CAROLINA BOOKLET. 13 beyond all the panaceas, potable gold and philosophers' stones—a sovereign remedy to all diseases, a virtuous herb if it be well qualified, opportunely taken and medicinally used, but as it is commonly abused by most men 'tis a plague, a mischief, a violent purger of goods, lands and health—devil-ish and damned tobacco, the ruin and overthrow of body and soul." The Indians held Uppowock their tobacco in high esteem, attributed to it magical powers. It was the gift of the gods ; they often burnt it upon their sacred fires, and cast it upon the waters to allay the storm, they scattered it among their weirs to increase the catch of fish, and after an escape from great danger they would throw it high into the air as if to requite the gods themselves. Eastern N^orth Carolina is rich in literature based upon the history, the legends, the traditions of its Indians. The White Doe or Fate of Virginia Dare is as musical as Hia-watha, and tells the story of the change of Virginia Dare into the shape of a white doe to which I have alluded else-where. That erudite scholar, Col.R. B. Creecy,in his chef d'oeuvre, the Legend of Jesse Batz, tells delightfully the story of Jesse Batz, a hunter and trapper who dwelt upon an island in the Albemarle Sound, opposite the mouth of Yeopim River, now called Batz's Grave (the U. S. G-eog. Soc. gives the spelling Batts), but then called Kalola from the number of sea gulls congTegating there. Hunting, trapping, and frequently en-gaging in the chase with the Indians Batz became intimately associated with the Princess Kickawana, the beautiful daugh-ter of Kilkanoo, the king of the Chowanokes. Batz loved her at first sight, and she in turn loved the white man. When Pamunkey made war upon Kilkanoo Batz fought with the Chowanokes, and in a hand-to-hand encounter took Pamunkey prisoner and helped to drive the hostile tribe back 14 THE NORTH CAROLINA BOOKLET. into Virginia. For this act of bravery he was adopted into the Chowanoke tribe with the name of Secotan or Great White Eagle. The current of love between him and Kickawana ran along smoothly, and with an immunity from sorrow beyond the usual lot of mortals until one night when the Indian maiden was paddling in her canoe across from the mainland to the island, as she frequently did to visit her lover, a thund-erstorm swept the Albemarle like the besom of destruction: "The wind was high, and the clouds were dark, And the boat returned no more." Batz never more left his island home, and to this day it is called Batz's Grave. Its azure outline in dim perspective upon the glistening page of the Albemarle seems the far-off island of some half-forgotten dream. At one time it belonged to George Durant, Jr., and contained many acres ; the erosion of the tideSi has been so continuous and rapid that scarcely an acre now remains. This constant sloughing of its banks causes the magnificent timber to fall into the water in great windrows, like broad swaths of grain beneath the sturdy stroke of some giant reaper, but the ceaseless murmur of each receding wave upon its lonely beach will sigh out for-aye, in a throbbing tumultuous undertone, the story of those unfortunate lovers. One of the few landmarks left by the Chowan Indians is a part of the soundside road leading to Drummond's Point, which curves and re-curves upon itself at least a dozen times in a distance of two miles. The tradi-tion is that the road was made by the early settlers along the course of the old Indian trail ; over this road doubtless passed and repassed Kickawana on her visits to the island home of Jesse Batz, and it takes but a touch of fancy for the be-nighted traveler along this lonely road to see the lithe form of Kickawana just receding around the next. bend. THE ^TOKTH CAROLINA BOOKLET. 15 One of the most interesting chapters in our history is the account given bj Dr. John Brickell, of Edenton, in his history of North Carolina of a trip among the Indians. He was ap-pointed by Gov. Burrington to make an exploration into the interior, with a view of securing the friendship of the Chero-kee Indians. He left Edenton in 1730 with ten men and two Indians, and traveled fifteen days without having seen a human being. At the foot of the mountains they met the In-dians, who received them kindly and conducted them to their camp where they spent two days with the chief, who reluct-antly permitted them to return. They built large fires and cooked the game which the two Indians killed and served it upon ]>ine-bark dishes, at night they tethered their horses and slept upon the gray Spanish moss (Tillandsia Usneoides), which hung from the trees. They lived in truly Robin Hood style, and the tour seems to have been more for romance and adventure than for scientific search. It is a counterpart in our history of the adventures of the Knights of the Golden Horse Shoe to the Blue Ridge of Virginia under Gov. Spotts-wood. Dr. Brickell had a brother who settled in Hertford County in 1739, the Rev. Matthias Brickell, from whom is descended some of the best families of that county. The Indian Gallows, a poem by William H. Rhodes, pub-lished in 1846, deserves the highest place among the Indian classic literature of JSTorth Carolina. The Indian Gallows was located in the Indian woods of Bertie County, a tract of land formerly owned and occupied by the Tuscaroras. It was a remarkable freak of nature in that the branch of one oak grew so entirely and completely into another oak some twenty feet asunder that it was im-possible to discern from which tree the cross-branch grew. The cross-branch also had large limbs growing upward from it. This natural curiosity stood until 1880, when a severe 16 THE NORTH CAROLINA BOOKLET. storm uprooted one of the oaks, the other soon commenced to decay and was cut down in 1892 and made into relics. The story of it runneth thus : A band of pilgrims exiled by religious persecution from England were hurled tempest-tossed upon the shores of North Carolina, they made their way under all sorts of difficulties and contentions with ad-verse fates up the Albemarle Sound to the settlement now called Edenton. The parents of the heroine Elnora, invited by the friendly chief of the Tuscaroras, decided to make their homes in the wilds across the sound. Roanoke, the son of the old Tuscarora king, soon fell in love with Elnora, and at the planning of the Indian Massacree in 1711, set out on foot to warn his white friends of their danger, but arrived just in time to see their cabin in flames and a band of Tusca-roras cut down Elnora's aged parents. Elnora herself by a superhuman effort eluded the grasp of the murderous chief Cashie and hid in the Indian Woods, w^here she was after-wards found by the faithful Roanoke. Enduring all sorts of hardships they eventually found a boat, and steering safely down the Moriatock River, reached the sound. On and on they paddled through the darkness of the night under the midnight sky, not knowing whither they were going, each angry wave greedy to swallow up their little canoe. Elnora exhausted, and wnth hands all blistered, often despaired, and would have throwTi herself into the dark waters had she not been sustained and comforted by Roanoke. Just at the cru-cial moment of their despair Aurora with her dew-drop touch tJirew open the rosy chambers^ of the Elast, and the streaks of dawn went ploughing golden furrows in the wake of the morning star. Dawn is- the hour of resignation and peace, they were comforted and cheered as they sighted the headland at the entrance of Edenton Bay, they soon reached the shore where they told the story of their misfortunes to a crowd of eager listeners, among whom was Henry, Elnora's lover, just North Carolina State Library Raleigh THE ]SrORTH CAROLINA BOOKLET. 17 arrived on a ship from England. The Thscaroras, when they found out that Roanoke had fled to Edenton with Elnora, infuriated bj his action and the escape of the white maiden, set out at once with a flotilla of canoes to take the fort at Edenton^ and massacre the inhabitants, but they were driven hopelessly back by the well-prepared settlers, Henry and Roanoke fighting gallantly side by side. After the rout of the Indians Roanoke lingered sadly at Edenton. Elnora showed him every kindness and consideration, but her heart belonged unreservedly to Henry. "As time fled on Roanoke forgot to smile, And lonely walks his saddened weeks beguile: A secret grief sits gnawing at his soul, Deep are the sorrows that his mind engage. Kindness can soothe not—friends cannot assuage." Desperate and dejected at his disappointment in love he returned to his tribe in Bertie and met with resignation his fate. At the council of the chiefs he was condemned to be burned at the stake the next morning at dawn, when the sen-tence was pronounced the tragic Cashie exclaimed — "No—not the stake! He loves the paleface ; let him die The white man's death ! Come let us bend a tree And swing the traitor, as the Red-men see The palefaced villian hang. Give not the stake To him would the Red man's freedom take. Who from our fathers and our God would roam. A*nd st*rives t*o rob u*s of o*ur land*s and*home. They seize him now and drag him to the spot Where death awaits, and pangs are all forgot." 1 Opposite the old Hathaway lot, on Water Street, could be seen a few years ago the foundation of what is supposed to have been the old fort built to defend the town against the attacks of the Indians,'and this might have been the one in which Elnora and Roanoke took refuge. Watson, in his Journey to Edenton in 1777, says that It was then defended by two forts. 2 18 THE NORTH CAROLINA BOOKLET. There is a striking analogy between the motif of the Indian Gallows and Campbell's Gertrude of Wyoming. Koanoke and Outalisse, the Mohawk chief, were very similar char-acters. One of the largest and most remarkable Indian mounds in Eastern l^orth Carolina is located at Bandon on the Chowan, evidently the site of the ancient town of the Cho-wanokes wdiich Grenville's party visited in 1585, and. was called Mavaton." The map of James Wimble, made in 1729, also locates it at about this point. The mound extends along the river bank five or six hundred yards, is sixty yards wide and five feet deep, covered with about one foot of sand and soil. It is composed almost exclusively of mussel shells taken from the river, pieces of pottery, ashes, arrow heads and human bones, this may have been the dumping ground of the village. The finding of human bone» beneath the mound might suggest that it is the monument of their distingTiished chiefs, just as the ancient Egyptians built pyramids above their illustrious Pharaohs. Pottery and arrow heads are found in many places throughout this county, especially on hillsides, near streams, and indicate that they were left there by temporary hunting or fishing parties. Even the Indians of the present day are averse to carrying baggage of any kind, and the frail manner in wdiich some of their pottery was made sliows that it was for temporary purposes only. Certain decorations on their pottery occur sufficiently often among the Indian tribes of the different sections to be almost character-istic of them. A sort of corn-cob impression is found on a great deal of the Chow^an pottery and also in Bertie, there is however considerable variation in different localities, the corn-cob im-pression in some specimens being much coarser. There are also pieces with parallel striations, oblique patterns, small sThe station on the Suffolk and Carolina Railroad was named by the author for this town. THE NORTH CAKOLINA BOOKLET. 19 diamond patterns formed by transverse lines, evidenilj made bj a sharp stick. Some are decorated witln horizontal lines, while a few are perfectly plain. In the deposits on the Chowan River, at the site of the ancient Chowanoke town of Mavaton, the decorations on the potteiy are both varied and artistic, and I am inclined to believe that each clan or family had its own distinctive and individual pattern of decora-tion— it was their coat of arms. On this same mound I found the wild columbine growing, stragglers from Menotosr con's flower-garden, and at a nearby spring flourished the spear-mint, whose ancestors two hundred years ago doubtless seasoned Okisko's venison stew. I have never seen so many distinct patterns occurring in the same mound as at Avoca, left there by the Tuscaroras. The ancient Tuscarora town of Metackwem was located in Bertie County just above Black Walnut Point, and most probably at Avoca, from the exten-sive deposits there. The Tuscaroras showed a more ad-vanced civilization than any of the Eastern tribes, they were jealous and revengeful, had more numerical strength, more prowess an.d were more belligerent, and influenced the weaker tribes near them. They were originally descended from the Monacans, a powerful nation whose territory ex-tended from the domains of Powhattan down into Carolina, and who were well known to many of the early discoverers, they are believed by some to have been the aborigines of East-ern jSTorth Carolina. Although amalgamated with the Iroquois Confederation the Tuscaroras have even to this day pre^ sem'-ed, in a great measure, their individuality. The Cho-wanokes evidently worshipped the maize, and decorated their pottery freely with the corn-cob. We do not know the exact shape of their cooking utensils, but judging from the frag-ments of pottery they must have been shaped very much like the modern flower pot. Calculating the diameter and ca-pacity of the vessels from the segments found there was great 20 THE NORTH CAROLINA BOOKLET. unifomiity both of size and shape. The Indians knew the principle of the wedge, and applied its shape to their axes and tomahawks. There is a great similarity in them to the English axe, that implement and coat-of-arms of our civiliza-tion, this similarity of implements argue strongly the nni-versal brotherhood of mankind. In the great dismal surrounding Lake Scuppernong is a chain of small islands surrounded by pitfalls, which are be-lieved to have been dug by the Indians to entrap large game, along the shores of the lake a vessel of soapstone, almost in-tact, was exhumed some time ago, and at the spot where the best j)erch abound. To the east of Centre Hill, which forms the di^ade between Chowan and Perquimans Rivers, lies a vast tract of land called Bear Swamp, depressed fifteen or twenty feet below the surrounding country, and a number of years ago some parties in making an excavation just east of Centre Hill, where the land falls off into this great basin, discovered a boat of considerable dimensions, fairly well preserved, six or more feet below the surface : it is supposed to be of Indian origin, as there is an ancient tradition that it was centuries ago a great lake.^ The numerical strength of the Indians of Eastern ISTortli Carolina in 1710 was as follows: The Tuscaroras had fifteen towns ; Haruta, Waqui, Contahnah, Anna-Ooka, Con-auh- Tvare, Harooka, Ilna-I^rauhan, Kentanuska, Chunaneets, Kenta, Eno, I^aurheghne, Oonossoora, Tosneoc, Xonawhar-itse, [N^uhsoorooka and twelve hundred warriors ; the Wacons two towns, Yupwarereman and Tooptatmere, one hundred sin the branch of Pollock Swamp, which drains the southern extension of Bear Swamp, is a most remarliable natural formation in the shape of a salt deposit in the bottom of the swamp. It was tirst discovered by cattle going there to lick during long drouths when the bottom of the swamp was dry. During the Civil War. when salt was gold, some parties dug a well there, collected the water, and evaporated it In pans, making a very good quality of salt. When I visited this well several years ago, though the bottom of the swamp was entirely dry, the well was full of a sea-green water, which I examined and found strongly impregnated with salt. THE NORTH CAROLINA BOOKLET. 21 and twenty warriors; the Macliapiingas one town, Maramis-keet, thirty warriors ; the Bear River Indians one town, Ran daii-qiiaquank, fifty warriors ; the Meherrins one town on Meherrin River, fifty warriors ; the Chowans one town, Ben-net's Creek, fifteen warriors ; the Paspatanks one town on Paspatank River, ten warriors ; the Poesketones one town on ISTorth River, thirty warriors ; the jSTottaways one town, Winoak Creek, thirty warriors ; Hatteras Indians one town, Sand Banks, sixteen warriors ; Connamox Indians two towns, Coranine and Rarnta, twenty-five warriors ; the Jaupins (probably Yeopims), only six people; and the Pamtigough Indians one to^^T.i, an island, fifteen warriors. Upon a basis that three-fifths were old men, women and children there must have been at that time at least ten thousand Indians in Eastern jSTorth Carolina. September 22, 1711, marks the day of the bloody Indian massacre in Eastern ISTorth Carolina, when 112 settlers and 80 infants v/ere brutally murdered, and that day was kept with prayer and fasting throughout the colony for many years. With tomahawk and torch they swept like fiends in-carnate over Eastern Xorth Carolina, their bloody trail ex-tending even to the northeastern shores of Albemarle Sound and Chowan River. The desperate war which followed was finally brought to a successful close by a series of victories through Col. James Moore and his allied Indians ; Capt. Barnwell also contributed largely to the success of the war, killing more than five hundred Indians. The last of June, 1713, the Tuscaroras, wlio were occupying Fort Carunche, evacuated it and joined the rest of their nation on the Roan-oke, soon to abandon Xorth Carolina forever. They migrated to the southeastern end of Lake Oneida, ]^ew York, where they joined the Iroquois Confederation, which was composed of five nations, viz. : the Mohawks, Onondagas, Cayugas, Oneidas and the Senecas ; the Tusca- 22 THE NORTH CAROLINA BOOKLET. roras with their allies, the Chowans, the Saponas and some others, formed the Sixth iSTation of this Confederation : a part of the Canadian Indians are descended from the Iroquois. King Tom Blount* and a few of his faithful warriors re-mained in Bertie for awhile, but just before the Kevolution the few Tuscaroras who were left in that county then mi-grated to the ISTorth, and joined their brethren of the Six ISTations. Before leaving they sold all their vast domain (53,000 acres) except a tract in Bertie County about twelve miles square, called Indian Woods, which they were com-pelled to lease for a long term of one hundred and thirty-seven years. Succarusa, an old chief of this tribe, visited Bertie about 1830 to collect the rents due his people on that long lease, and while there he went to take a look at the Indian Gallows, this was the last footprint of the Indian upon the shores of the Albemarle. A part of the Tuscarora tribe still reside in Western ISTew York where they maintain a tribal government, divided into clans called Otter, Beaver, Wolf, Bear, etc. The title of Sachem Chief is still given to their governor. Thomas Wil-liams (Takeryerter), belonging to the Beaver Clan and rather a young man, was Chief Sachem in 1890, and Elias Johnson (Towernakee), was then the historian of the tribe. In 1901 there were three hundred and seventy-one Tuscaroras, all wearing citizen's clothes, entirely civilized, the majority of them could read and write, and about five-sixths of them could speak English. In 1768 they numbered 200 In 1779 they numbered 200 In 1822 they numbered 314 (Then residing at Lewiston, on Lake Ontario.) In 1825 they numbered 253 In 1867 they numbered 360 4The late King Kalakaua was a lineal descendant of King Tom Blount, one of his descendants having married into the royal family of the Sandwich Islands. THE XORTH CAROLINA BOOKLET. 23 In 1775 three departments of Indian Affairs were created bv CongTess, and Willie Jones was one of the commissioners of the Southern Department. The Tuscarora reservation in 'New York in 1771 (from an old map made by order of Gov. Tryon, the erstwhile notorious Governor of ISTorth Carolina), comprised 6249 acres. After their removal to 'New York they were loyal to us in the Revolution and in the War of 1812 ; during' the Civil War they furnished volunteers to the United States government. They are now peaceable and orderly, with very few laws, and fewer disturbances of the public peace ; their income is small and they are poor, though there are very few paupers. The Tuscaroras have substantial churches with Sunday schools fairly well attended, the most of them are Baptists and Presbyterians, while some are still pagans. They farm, raise stock, make maple-sugar, also baskets and bead-work ; hunt, trap and fish. The sewing machine has been introduced among the women. A part of the original Six ISTations are also living in Wisconsin and Indian Territory. As with other people without a history the Six [N^ations rely greatly upon their myths, their legends, and their traditions. They account for the presence of the Seven-Stars or Pleiades in the heavens by a most remarkable story. Many years ago seven little boys wanted to give a feast by themselves, which was denied them by their parents, in defiance they secretly secured and cooked a little white dog, and while dancing around him in great glee some unseen spirit translated them to the heavens, and changed them into a constellation ; and now when they watch the twinkling of the Seven Stars at night in the blue grotto of the skies they say it is the seven little boys dancing around the little white dog. The Yeopims were never very strong and were settled along the shores of Perquimans and Little Rivers. They granted to George Durant two tracts of land, one deed dated 24 THE NORTH CAROLINA BOOKLET. March 1, 1661, conveying a tract called Wecocomicke, now Durant's Neck, signed by Kilcocanen or Kistotanew, King of Yeopim, and recites "for a valuable consideration of satisfac-tion received with ye consent of my people" .... "adjoining the land I formerly sold to Samuel Pricklove." Another deed dated August 4, 1661, and signed by Cuscutenew as King of Yeopim. These deeds were both registered October 34, 1716, and are now in Book "A," Register of Deeds ofHce of Perquimans County. An exploring party sent out by Sir Richard Grenville in 1586 sailed up the Chowan as high as the confluence of the Meherrin and Xottoway Rivers, just below which they found an Jjidian town called Opanock (not very far from the pres-ent town of Winton). These Indians were very numerous then and had seven hundred warriors in the field : they were the Meherrins. Col. Byrd in his History of the Dividing Line, 1729, de-scribes in his own unique, original fashion his visit to the towTi of the Nottoway Indians near the line, then about about 200 strong, "The young men had painted themselves in a Hideous Manner, not so much for Ornament as terror. In that frightful Equipage they entertained us with Sundry War Dauces. wherein they endeavoured to look as fonnidable as possible. The Instrument they danced to was an Indian drum, that is a large Gourd with a skin bract tort over the Mouth of it. The Dancers all Sang to this Musick, keeping exact Time A\ith their feet, wliile their Heads and Arms were screwed into a thousand Menacing Postures. Upon this occasion the Ladies had arrayed themselves in all their finery. They were Wra]-)t in their Red and Blue Match-Coats thrown so Negli-gently about them that their Mehogany Skin appeared in Sev-eral Parts like the Lacedaemonian Damsels of Old." There is a body of distinct people, mostly white, now living in Robeson County, North Carolina, who are recognized by THE DAXCE OF THE CAEOLINA INDIANS AS REPRESENTED BY JOHN WHITE IN 1585. (Original in the British Museum.) The Roanoke Indians at their festivals and councils drank the Cassine, which served tnem as a sort of stimulant : it was a decoction made from the dried leaves of Ilex Yupon, now drank under the name of Yupon Tea. The reader is referred to ^Ir. Edward Eggleston's able discussion of the DeBry pictures in the Nation and Century magazines. THE NORTH CAROLINA BOOKLET. 25 the State as the Croatans and given separate schools, and who by their own traditions trace their genealogy directly from the Croatans associated with the lost Raleigh Colony. Prof. Alexander Brown, of the Royal Historical Society of Eng-land, has discovered some old maps dating back to 1608-1610 clearly confirming, it is stated, the traditions of these people in regard to their lineage, and the reader is respectfully re-ferred to those able pamphlets upon that subject by Mr. Ham-ilton McMillan and Dr. Stephen B. Weeks. After the Tuscarora War was over the Chowanokes, who had remained all the while the faithful friends of the whites and were residing at their ancient town on the Chowan, called Mavaton, were allotted about four thousand acres of land between Sarum" and Beimet's Creek, mostly poquosin, and ordered to move there. Of this once populous tribe only about fifteen warriors then remained. They had originally two good to^vns, Muscamunge and Chowanock—Muscamunge was not very far from the present to^vn of Edenton ; they had also at one time more than seven hundred warriors in the field. King Hoyter was the last of the Chowanoke Kings in this section. But restless and dissatisfied they finally requested permission to cast their lot with the Saponas, who migrated !N^orth to the Tuscaroras and helped to form the complement of the Sixth Nation. In their intermarriage with various tribes, their divisions, their numerous migrations and amal-gamations, they have become scattered all over the !N'orth and West, and it is impossible to trace them. So passed the pure blood of the Chowanokes, and has been lost and blended with the various tribes of our frontier—that fantastic caravan which is marching sadly to its own funeral 5 An old map of this section shows a chapel just south of Bennet's Creek, which must have been the Sarum Chapel of the early ministers of the S. P. G. A school . the first In North Carolina, was at one time located at Sarum for the religious and educational training of these Indians. Lawson says that in 1714 they were still resid-ing on Bennet's Creek. 26 THE NORTH CAROLINA BOOKLET. pyre across the golden West, but when the drea'my Indian summer spreads its blue hazj gauze over the landscape like a veiled prophet, and the autumn leaves are painted upon the easel of the first frost, and the grand amphitheater of the forest is carpeted with the richest patterns of Axminster, and the whole world is a wonderland spread upon a gigantic can-vass of earth, and sky, and water—when the glittering belt of Mazzaroth spans the heavens, and the jewels sparkle brightest in the dagger of Orion, it is then that the grim phantom of the red man returns to his old hunting ground, as erst he did : All feathered and with leather buskins, and bow put cross-wise on his breast, in his periagua he crosses the Great Divide of the Spirit Land, and from under the black zone of the shore-shadows he glides into- the moonlight—out upon the dimpled, polished mirror of the river—Hark! you can hear each stroke of his paddle, if the wind down the river is fair. GLIMPSES OF HISTORY IN THE NAMES OF OUR COUNTIES. BY KEMP P. BATTLE, LL.D. No people can have a proper self-respect who are not fa-miliar with the deeds of their ancestors. We ]^orth Caro-linians have been deficient in this regard. Men will tell you more of Bunker Hill and Brandywine than of the more im-portant, more decisive battles of King's Mountain and Guil-ford Court-House. They know fairly well the incidents of past times in other countries, often very minutely—that Caesar was bald and was subject to epileptic fits, that Cleo-patra did not have the color and thick lips of a negro, that Queen Elizabeth was red-haired and Queen Anne was fat and had seventeen children, all of whom died young—but when you ask them about the great men of l^orth Carolina whose valor gained our independence, whose statesmanship shaped our political destinies and whose teachings moulded our minds and morals, their answers are va^ie and unsatis-factory. The names of the counties of our State are especially in-structive, x^ssociations with every epoch of our history are wrapped up in or suggested by them. Only one seems to be what is called a "fancy name," and even that, Transylvania, in its sonorous beauty, recalls the fact of our kinship to the great conquering, law-giving race inhabiting the imperial city of the Old World on the banks of the Tiber, from whom we derived much of our blood and more of our speech through the ISTorman-Eoman-Celtic people, who followed William the Conqueror into England. We find it first in the ambi-tious but futile enterprise of Judge Richard Henderson and his associates, the Transylvania colony. Counties are created for the convenience of the people who 28 THE NOKTH CAROLHSTA BOOKLET. reside in them. In a State gradually filled up by immigration the times of their formation indicate quite accurately the flow of such immigration. The names given to them by the legislatures were as a rule intended to compliment persons or things then held in peculiar honor. As the statutes do not, except in two instances, mention those intended to be com-memorated, we are forced to study the history of the times, to look thro' the eyes of our ancestors and thus gather their intention. Combining the dates of formation with the names of the counties we gather many interesting and important facts connected with the past. I premise that the Spaniards once claimed our territory to be Florida. Queen Elizabeth in the Raleigh charter named it with other territory, Virginia. Charles I. (or Carolus), in the Heath charter named it Carolina, so when Charles II. in the grant to the Lords Proprietors retained the name Caro-lina, of course our State name comes from his father. It was not called from Charles IX., of France, as Bancroft and others say. North Carolina has, by the creation of the county of Co-lumbus, to the extent of her power, repaired the wrong done the learned and daring Genoese in allowing the name of Americus Vespucius to be affixed to the JSTew World. Our easternmost county, along which rolls the majestic ocean, which has within its limits stormy Hatteras and the lovel}^ island of Roanoke, its county seat named after the good Indian Manteo, records only an infant's wail, a dark mystery—a memory of pathos and of wonder. What was the fate of Virginia Dare, the first infant born to the impetuous, daring, energetic race, in a few short years to replace the forests of her day with all the grand works of eighty millions of civilized people ! Did the tomahawk crash into lier brain ? Did she become the squaw of an Indian war- THE NORTH CAROLINA BOOKLET. 29 rior, and did the governor's granddaughter end her days in the wigwam of a savage ? Recent writers, Hamilton McMil-lan and Stephen B. Weeks, have brought many plausible arguments to prove that the lost colony wandered to the swamps of Robeson, and the white man's desperate energy and the red man's treacherous guile created the cunning, cruel, ferocious, bloody Henry Berry Lowery and his gang. ISTorth Carolina was the victim of a gigantic monopoly. After restoration of Charles II., in the first flush of his gratitude, to eight of his great lords he granted of his royal prerogative a tract of land stretching across this continent from the Atlantic to the Pacific, from the parallel which divides l^orth Carolina from Virginia to that which passes through Florida by Cedar Keys. ]^o claim, however, was ever made west of the Mississippi river, and part of that east of it was given up. The names of these favored lords were: Edward Hyde, Earl of Clarendon, George Monk, Duke of Albemarle, Wil-liam, Lord Craven, John Lord Berkeley, Anthony, Lord Ash-ley, Sir George Carteret, Sir William Berkeley, Sir John Colleton. You find those names, besides in Albemarle Sound, in the counties of Craven and Carteret. The county of Colleton is in South Carolina. Only one of these ever resided in America, Sir Wm. Berke-ley, a member of a noble family which in the most dismal days of Charles I. and his son, were staunch adherents to the crown, suffering banishment and confiscation for its sake. He was the Governor Berkeley of Virginia who suppressed Bacon's rebellion in so bloody a way that Charles II. said : "That old fool has taken more lives without offence in that naked country than I in all England for the murder of my father," and who thanked his God that "there were no free schools or printing press here, and I hope I shall have none of them these hundred years." 30 THE NORTH CAROLINA BOOKLET. Among them you will notice conspicuous lights in English History. There was the Lord Chancellor, Hyde, Earl of Clarendon, the eminent historian, whose daughter, wife of James II., was the mother of two queens, Mary and Anne. There was Anthony Ashley Cooper, the brilliant and wicked Earl of Shaftesbury, who, notwithstanding his wickedness, was one of the chief authors of that monument of liberty, the Habeas Corpus Act. And there was General Monk, the Cromwellian general, by whose skill and prudence Charles II. was restored to the throne without bloodshed. His title you will recognize not only in our eastern sound but in the county seat of Stanly. Two of Shaftesbury's names may be seen in the two rivers, Ashley and Cooper, which surround Charleston, while a kinsman of Earl Clarendon became Gov-ernor Hyde, of iSTorth Carolina, and his name was given to an eastern county. The Lords Proprietors contemplated a county called Clar-endon, after Edward Hyde, the Earl of Clarendon, who took his title from a royal hunting seat in Wiltshire, England, but the settlers moved away and the county fell still-born. The first successful municipal corporation in the State was Albemarle, comprising all of the area around the Albemarle Sound. The plan was to have very large counties, composed of ''Precincts." Two only were created—Albemarle, composd of Currituck, Pasquotank, Perquimans, Chowan, Tyrrell and Bertie, and Bath, composed of Beaufort, Hyde, Craven, Carteret, ISTew Hanover, Tyrrell, Edgecombe, Bladen, Ons-low. These minor divisions were called Precincts. Albemarle perpetuates the ducal title of General Monk. In France it took the form of Aumale, and was the title of a famous duke of recent years, a member of the Orleans family. Until 1696 Albemarle was the only large political organiza-tion in our limits. In that year Bath County was created out of territorv bordering on Pamlico Sound and as far South THE ^'ORTH CAROLINA BOOKLET. 31 as Cape Fear River. It was named in honor of John Gran-ville, Earl of Bath, whose daughter Grace married Sir George Carteret, grandson of the Lord Proprietor of the same name. Sir George dying in 1695, the Earl of Bath represented his infant grandson, Sir John Carteret, afterwards Earl Gran-ville. In 1738 the great counties of Albemarle and Bath, with their Marshals and Deputy Marshals and separate courts were abolished and the Precincts became counties. For con-venience sake I will call these latter counties from the bci-ginning. In 1672 there were four, some say, others three, precincts, the eastern being Carteret, the western Shaftesbury, the mid-dle Berkeley (pronounced Barclay), and the other unknown. Twelve years afterwards the names were changed to Curri-tuck, Chowan, Pasquotank and Perquimans, the former name of Pasquotank being lost, if it ever existed. In 1729 the representatives of seven of the great lords find-ing in their possessions neither honor nor profit but only con-tinual torment, sold their rights to the crown for only $12,500 each, it being a wonderful illustration of the rapid growth of the country, that about 170 years ago lands through the heart of the continent were sold at the rate of 18,000 acres for $1.00. My father was a practicing lawyer at the time of this great sale, when the lands of I^^Torth Carolina, Tennessee, Arkansas and California were disposed of at the rate of 100 acres for one cent. Sixty-six years, as in other sublunary matters, make great changes in property and titles. Families die out, estates are sold, men pass away and others stand in their shoes, and so it came to pass that the Lords Proprietors of 1729, in the time of George II., were different men from the Lords Proprietors of 1663, in the reign of Charles II. 32 THE NORTH CAEOLINA BOOKLET, We find the names of some of these new owners affixed to counties in our State. There are Granville and Beaufort, county and town, from Henry, Duke of Beaufort, Bertie county from James and John Bertie, Tyrrell from Sir John Tyrrell. From 1729 the State was a colony under the government of England until the war of the Revolution. It was fashionable to compliment members of the royalty or nobilit} or statesmen, connected officially with the colonies, by giving their names to municipal organizations of the new country. Hence we have Orang'e, after a collateral descend-ant of the great King who banished the Stuarts, I^ew Han-over and Brunswick in compliment to the Georges, Cumber-land after the great duke who defeated Charles Edward at Culloden, Johnston after good old Governor Gabriel John-ston, Martin after Governor Josiah Martin. We had once Dobbs and Tryon, after provincial governors. We have Ons-low after Arthur Onslow, Edgecombe from Baron Richard Edgecombe, Bladen, after Martin Bladen, Duplin, after Lord Duplin, Baron Hay, Hertford, Halifax, Wilmington, Hillsboro, Bute, Richmond, jSTorthampton after the father of the Earl of Wilmington, after noblemen of those names, all of whom held places of trust in the mother country. I will tell particularly of others. Of all the statesmen of England the most brilliant was the first Wm. Pitt, fondly named by the people the Great Com-moner. He was eminent for fiery and impetuous eloquence. In a venal ag;e the purity of his morals were unquestioned. He made Great Britain the first nation of the world. He wrested Canada from the French. He founded the British Empire in India. As Lamartine says, "He was a public man in all the greatness of the phrase—the soul of a nation per-sonified in an individual—the inspiration of a people in the heart of a patrician." THE NORTH CAROLINA BOOKLET. 33 In 1760, in tlie plentitnde of his fame, the year after Wolfe fell victorious on the heights of Quebec, by the influ-ence of the Royal Governor Dobbs, a new county formed from Craven was called after the great English minister. Lord Carteret, afterwards Earl Granville, refused to part with his one-eighth share, and to him in 1744 was allotted a territory 3,000 miles long and about 70 miles broad, between the parallel near the centre of jSTorth Carolina, 35 degrees 34 minutes, and that which forms the Virginia line. The coun-ties created while his land office was open for purchasers de-rived their rectangular shape from being made conformable to his boundaries, just as the counties of our new States are not defined by running streams and mountain ridges and the curved limits of swamps, but by the surveyor's chain and the theodolite. The straight line north of Moore, Montgomery, Stanly, Cabarrus, Mecklenburg, and south of Chatham, Ran-dolph, Davidson, Rowan and Iredell shows on the map the southern limit of Granville's great property. In the beginning of this century there occurred at Raleigh a battle of giants. The scene of the conflict was the Circuit Court of the United States. The arbiter of the fray was Judge Henry Potter. On the side of the plaintiffs the leader was William Gaston. On the side of the defendant the most eminent was Duncan Cameron. It was the heirs of Earl Granville struggling to get back from the people of l^orth Carolina the magnificent estate which they had won by the sword. When the fight was ended all that remained to the heirs of the noble Earl was the honor of naming one of our counties Granville. They carried their futile quest to the Supreme Court of the United States, but the war of 1812 was coming on and the plaintiff retired from the pursuit, somewhat placated by a large indemnity from the British Treasurv. 34 THE NORTH CAROLUSTA BOOKLET. Lord Carteret took possession of his Xorth Carolina terri-tory in 1744. He sent forth his agents, Childs, Frohock and others, and opened his land offices and made his sales. His practice was to require reservations of quit-rents to be paid yearly. The settlers had the double burden of paying rents on their lands to Granville and poll taxes to the royal gov-ernor at i^ewbern. The money raised from these exactions was carried to England or to iSTewbern, and no expenditure w^as made of appreciable benefit to taxpayers. A few officials about Hillsboro gathered large fees, and grew fat, and a grand Grov-ernor's Palace was built in a far-oif town. So rage grew fierce and tempers waxed fiery hot, and the old flint and steel rifles were rubbed up and oiled and bullets were moulded, and rusty scythe blades were sharpened for swords, and from the hills of Granville to the secluded gorges of the Brushy Mountains the Regulators banded together, and the struggle against oppression had its beginning. It was a duty that we the inlieritors of the liberty won in part by their ^-alor, should show our appreciation of their efforts, by giving to one of the most thriving counties in the State the name of Alamance, from the name of the battle which crushed them. Let us proceed with our story. There were four counties created by Governor Tryon a year before the battle of Ala-mance, in 1770, Guilford, Surry, Chatham and Wake. Whence these names ? It is difficult for the present generation to understand the feelings of our ancestors towards Lord Xorth. afterwards Earl of Guilford. He was not a bad nor a cruel man. He was in England personally wonderfully popular. He combined, like our Vance, genius and power with multiform wit and unfading o-ook] huuior. But he was in favor of tax-ing America, aud we hated luui. THE NORTH CAROLINA BOOKLET. ' 35 Previous to 1770 the county of Rowan covered nearly aU Granville's territory west of the Yadkin, and much east of that river. Orange, then of extensive area, joined it on the east. To prevent combination among the Regulators, Gover-nor Tryon procured the incorporation of four new counties, and wishing to please all parties he called one after the Earl-dom of Guilford, of which Lord North was heir apparent, another Surry, in honor of Lord Surrey, afterwards Duke of Norfolk, a follower of Chatham; a third Chatham, after the great opponent of Lord North, with its county-seat at Pitts-borough, and the fourth after the maiden name of his wife. The difference between the new and the old country grew and became more angry and wide. Again was the sound of cannon heard among our hills. With consummate general-ship Greene baffled the trained soldiers of Comwallis, and at Guilford Court House, though not technically a victor, pre-pared the way for Yorktown. The obstinate King and his minister were forced to yield and a new ministry^ headed by one of the warmest friends of the colonies, Charles Watson Wentworth, Marquis of Rock-ingham, paved the way for the acknowledgement of our inde-pendence. And, as if with a grim irony, our ancestors carved from the territory of Guilford, as a punishment for its name-sake's misconduct, its northern half, and gave to it and its county-seat the names of his conquering rival. To the great General who had snatched victory from defeat, and rescued from British thraldom the Southern province, they expressed their gratitude not only by a gift of 25,000 acres of land, but kept his memory ever honored and his name ever green, by assigning it to a rich county and county seat in the east, and to the county seat of Guilford, destined to become a prosperous inland city. The gi-atitude of our ancestors for the services of those abroad and at home, in legislative halls and in the conflicts of 36 THE NORTH CAROLINA BOOKLET. war, who had fought for our liberties, did not end here. By the neighbor of old Guilford on the south they commemorated the labors and virtues of the first Pl-esident of the Conti-nental Congress, Peyton Randolph, whose kinsmen, Edmund Randolph and John Randolph, of Roanoke, afterwards be-came so conspicuoais. Different sections of old Surry bear the names of John "Wilkes, the champion of liberty, the victorious foe of arbi-trarv arrests, an ardent supporter of the Marquis of Rock-ingham, and John Stokes, covered with honorable scars of bat-tle, the first Judge of the District Court of jSTorth Carolina. And dotted over the State are many other evidences of the gratitude of our people for the sufferings and success of the old heroes, not in brass and marble, but in the more enduring forms of counties and town of fairest lands and noblest men and women—such as Washington and Montgomery, Warren and Gates, Lincoln and Wayne, Franklin and Madison, from other States, and from our own limits, Ashe, Lenoir and Har-nett, Buncombe and Caswell, Cleveland and McDowell, Dav-idson and Davie, Nash and Person, Robeson and Sampson, Rutherford and Stokes, Alexander and Iredell, Jones, Moore and Burke. Their friends in England, the leaders of the peace party which, after a long struggle, forced the obstinate King to grant independence to the colonies, not only the Mar-j quis of Rockingham and John Wilkes and Lord Surrey, j whom I have named, but Chief Justice Camden and the Duke of Richmond were honored in this land so far from '< the scene of their labors. Governor Gabriel Johnston, the able Scotchma?!, who was j by far the best Governor our State had prior to the Revolu- j tion, died in 1752, a year memorable for the change of Old Style into Xew Style Calendar. Shortly before his death the county of Anson was created, including all the western ; THE NORTH CAROLINA BOOKLET. 37 part of the State and Tennessee south of Granville's line. After the death of Johnston, for a short while IS^athaniel Rice, and on his death Matthew Rowan, an estimable man, as President of the Council, acted as Governor until super-seded by the Scotch-Irishman, Governor Dobbs. It was found best to erect a new county, comprising all the lands of Lord Granville west of Orange. The new county was called Rowan, in honor of the acting Governor. I^ine years afterwards, in 1762, Mecklenburg was cut off from Anson and its county seat was called Charlotte. In 1761, the Admiral George, Lord Anson, with all the pomp and splendor which the British navy could supply, was bringing from Germany a blooming bride to the young King George III. Her name was Charlotte. She was a princess of Mecklenburg-Strelitz. Few men stand out in English history more distingTiished for romantic daring as a navigator, for the strong, sturdy qualities of English sailors, descendants of the old ISTorth-men who issued from their frozen fiords in Denmark, 'Nor-way and Sweden, like an irresistible torrent to conquer the nations, than George Lord Anson. He led a squadron around Cape Horn in the perils of winter, and after many captures of Spanish ships and towTis, circumnavigated the globe. He was the pioneer of the great victories of the English navy. George Lord Anson was the teacher of kelson. He it was who gave the daring order which has led to so many victories over overwhelming odds, by English over French and Span-iards : "Close vvith the enemy, gun to gim, hand to hand, cut-lass to cutlass, no matter what odds against you." In early life he purchased lands on the waters of the Peedee, but his dreams of forest happiness were broken by the alarm of war. In 1749, when at the zenith of his popularity, his name was given to the vast country which extended from the limits of Bladen to the far waters of the mighty Mississippi. 38 THE NORTH CAROLINA BOOKLET. George the Third began his reign in 1760, for a few skort years, one of the most popular kings who ever sat on a throne, both, at home and in the colonies. "When his bride, the homely but sensible and pious Charlotte, came from the north of Germany to England, she was the favorite of tlie day. It was the fashion to admire everything Prussian from, the stern Frederick, then striking some of the most terrific blows of the seven-year war, to the blooming maiden, whether princess or ganzemadchen. The bride was received in Lon-don with enthusiastic ovations. Her manner, conversation and dress were heralded as if she were a goddess. Her man-ners were pronounced by no less a judge than Horace Wal-pole as "decidedly genteel." Her dress was of white satin, brocaded with gold, distended by enormous hoops. She had a stomacher of diamonds. On her head wa& a cap of finest lace, stiffened so as to resemble a butterfly, fastened to tke front of the head by jewels. I quote one of her speeches. When she arrived in front of St. James' Palace, where she was to meet the groom, the bride turned pale. The Duchess of Hamilton rallied her. The princess replied: ''Yes, my dear Duchess, you may laugh, you are not going to be mar-ried, but it is no joke to me." It was a tremendously ex-citing time. Horace Walpole writes, "Royal marriages, coronations and victories come tumbling over one another from distant parts of the globe like the words of a lady romance wi-iter— I don't know where I am—I had scarce found Mecklenburg- Strelitz with a magnifying glass on the map before I was whisked to Pondicherrv. Then thunder 2:0 the Tower snms ; behold the French are totally defeated by Duke Ferdinand of Brunswick, at the battle of Minden." The joy of this period and the satisfaction over this marriage extended to the wilds of North Carolina, and tlie good queen's name, Charlotte of Mecklenburg, was afiised, as soon as the news THE NORTH CAROLINA BOOKLET, 39 came, to a coimtv and its capital. She was a model of do-mestic virtue, and the court, through her influence, was pure in the midst of a corrupt society. And when our ancestors, in the angry passions of war in 1779, expunged from the map the hated name of Tryon, when the inhabitants of this section were the fiercest fighters against her husband, their swords as sharp as hornet stings, they allowed the name of the good queen to remain as a perpetual tribute to all womanly virtues. Note the coincidence, that just as Admiral Anson intro-duced Charlotte of Mecklenburg into England as its queen, so in the distant colony the county of Anson in ISTorth Caro-lina political history, went before and was usher to the county of Mecklenburg. It should be a warning lesson to all rulers that only 13 years after this ebullition of loyal affection the most defiant resolutions and the most spirited action against England's king came from those enlightened men whose county and town bore the name of England's queen. The chords of sen-timental devotion snapped when strained by hard and real assaults on inherited liberties. With many a sigh over the sweet past, now turned into bitterness, our ancestors ad-dressed themselves to the stern task before them. Some of our counties bear the names of Indian tribes which once roamed over these hills and dales. There are Cherokee and Currituck, Catawba and Chowan, Watauga and Pasquotank, Alleghany and Perquimans, Yadkin* and Pamlicoi, A miserable remnant of the Cherokees still live under the shadow of the Smokies. As these people passed away toward the setting sun they left here and there their musical names, well nigh the sole relic of tlieir language, their sepulchral mounds and mouldering skeletons and tawdy *It is conteuded by some that Yadkin is a corrupt pronunciation of Adkin, the name of an old settler on this liver. 40 THE NORTH CAROLINA BOOKLET. ornaments within, almost the sole reminders of their stal-wart warriors and graceful maidens; their arrows and toma-hawk heads, the harmless mementos of their once dreaded weapons of war. CORNWALLIS VS. MORGAN AND GREENE. Two of the Piedmont counties, Catawba and Yadkin, have rivers flowing by and through them, bearing their names, which bring to mind most thrilling incidents of the Revolu-tionary war. The gallant Morgan, fighting in defiance of the prudential maxims of war, had humbled Tarleton at Cow-pens and captured many prisoners, guns and ammunition. Cornv\'allis, only 25 miles distant, with his trained army of veterans, hastened to avenge the disgrace. It was in the dead of winter. The roads were softened by continued rains. For twelve days the pursuit continued. ISTearer and nearer rushed on the pursuing foe. Success seemed almost in Corn-wallis' grasp. From the summit of every hill could be seen only a fev\" miles off the retreating columns, foot-store and weary, in front the luckless prisoners, in the rear the daunt-less rear-guards. Softly and pleasantly flowed the river over the pebbles of its Island Ford. Swiftly and easily through the v/aters the flying cohunn passed. Up the steep hills they toiled and then rested for the night, while the vengeful British, only two hours behind, waited .until the morning light should direct their steps to sure and easy victory, MAN PROPOSES, GOD DISPOSES. The race is not always to the swift nor the battle to the strong. As the Red Sea waves saved the trembling Israelites from boasting Pharaoh's liordes, as Old Father Tiber drove back Lars Porsena of Clusium from the gates of Rome, where Horatius kept the bridge, so the mighty Catawba roused himself in his fury to thwart the exulting Briton. From the THE NORTH CAROLINA BOOKLET. 41 slopes of the Brushy, and South and Linville and the distant Bine Ridge ^lonntains poured the angTy torrents, and when the gray light of morning broke a yellow flood, swift and deep and strong, raged in his front. The Greeks or the Ro-mans A\-ould have deified the protecting river, and in a lofty teirii^le, with splendid architectural adornments, would have been a noble statue carved with wonderful art dedicated to Catawba Salvator, the protecting river god. After a short rest, Cornwallis, who was an active and able officer, in later years distinguished as Viceroy of Ireland and Governor-General of India, burnt the superfluous baggage of his troo])s and hurried to overtake and destroy Greene's army, then being gptliered out of the fragments of the forces of Gates scattered at Camden. Small bodies of militia guarded the fords of t!ie Catawba, now become passable. At Cowan's ford was, a young officer, who bad gained promotion under the eye of the great Washington at Brandywine, Germanto"wn and Moumonth. He was in the place of Rutherford, cap-tured at Camden, Brigadier-General of the militia of the sec-tion. He was an active and able commander who had in-fused his fiery energy and pluck into the people. Making a pretended attack at Beattie's ford, Cornwallis directed all the force of his army at Cowan's ford. A spirited resist-ance was made against the overwhelming odds and the young general was left dead on the bloody field. The Continental Congress, in grateful recognition of his services, voted that a monument be erected to his memory, but a hundred years have not witnessed the inception of this worthy undertaking. jSTorth Carolina has erected a far more enduring cenotaph by giving the name of William Davidson to one of her most prosperous counties. Forward in rapid retreat push the thin columns of Greene, forward press the strong forces of Cornwallis. The fortunes 42 THE NORTH CAROLINA BOOKLET. of the entire Southern country tremble in the balance. If Greene's army shall be saved, he will rally around him the scattered patriots and soon confront his adversary, ready on more equal terms to contend for the mastery. If it shall be overtaken nothing- can save it from destruction, and from the James river to the Chattahooche the standard of King George will be raised over a conquered people. The eyes of all friends of liberty are turned with alarmed anxiety toward the unequal contest. Again does the god of battle interpose to thwart the well-laid scheme. Again do the descending floods dash their angry waters against the baffled Britons. Again does the flushed and furious foe stand powerless. The noble Yadkin emulates her sister, Catawba, and interposes her swollen stream, fierce and deep, between him and the object of his vengeance. DAVIE AND THE UNIVERSITY. Davie was the Father of the University. Joseph Cald-w^ ell was its first President, cared for it in its early years, while Swain carried on his work. Alfred Moore, and John Haywood, an able Attorney-General and Judge of the Su-preme Court of the United States, assisted as Trustees in selecting its site, while Mitchell lost his life in her service. After all these were counties named. One of the most active co-fighters \\'ith Davidson in checking the enemy and gaining time for gathering strength to meet him in the field was William Richardson Davie, at first a cavalry officer and then in the more arduous but more useful position of Commissary General. He was a strong staff on which General Greene had leaned. He was conspicuous in civil pursuits ; an able lawyer, an orator of wide influence. He was afterwards Governor of the State ; one of the Envoys of the United States to the Court of France, who averted a threatened wax. 1 THE NOKTH CAROLINA BOOKLET. 43 Unci him styled in the Journal of the University in 1810, "the Father of the University," and he well deserves the title. We have his portrait at the University. His face shows his character, elegant, refined, noble, intellectual, firm. It was most fitting that Davidson and Davie should be side-by- side on the banks of the rivers which witnessed their patriotism, and in the country whose liberties they gained. The county of Wayne brings to our minds the great sol-dier, the military genius of whom electrified the well-nigh despairing colonists by the brilliant capture of Stony Point. James Grlasgow was one of the most trusted men of the Revolution. In conjunction with Alexander Gaston, the father of Judge Gaston, and Richard Cogdell, grandfather of George E. Badger, he was one of the Committee of Safety of Newbern District. He was Major of the Regiment of the county of Dobbs. When North Carolina, on the 18th of December, 1776, adopted its constitution and took its place among the free States of the earth, Richard Caswell was its first Governor and James Glasgow its first Secretary of State. A grateful Legislature gave to a county formed out of old Orange, mother of counties of great men, the appellation of Caswell. And when it expunged from our map the odious remem-brance of Dobbs, no name was found more worthy to desig-nate one of the counties carved out of its territory than Glasgow. Behold the reward of dishonesty and crime : The name of Greene has supplanted on the map that of the obliterated Glasgow, and on the records of the Free and Accepted Ma-sons the black, dismal lines of disgrace are drawn around the signature of the poor wretch, who was weighed in the balance and found wanting. Among the heroic men who poured out their life-blood on distant battlefields—on the far-away hills of Canada—there 44 THE NORTH CAROLINA BOOKLET. was none more gallant than Benjamin Forsyth, whose name survives in one of the most flourishing counties in our State. The war of 1812 does not seem to have stirred the hearts of our people to great extent, as I find no county names from its heroes except Forsyth. I feel sure that Jackson was hon-ored for his Presidential and Creek Indian services as much as for the victory of iNew Orleans and Clay for his popu-larity with his party, long after his service as War Speaker of the Hoirse of Representatives. EASTERN AND WESTERN CONTROVERSY. The constitution of 1776 was formed at a time when hatred and fear of executive power and of kingly government were at the utmost. Hence resulted an instrument under which nearly all the powers were in the hands of the General As-sembly. This body appointed the Governor, and chief State officers, the Attorney-General and Solicitors, the Judges and all the militia officers, and likewise controlled their salaries. Then, as now, it elected the Justices of the Peace, and these officers elected the Sheriffs and other county officers. The Assembly thus controlled the executive and judicial branches. It had unlimited power of taxation and could incur unlimited public debt. It could, and did, tax one kind of property, and exempt others. Th.e powers of the Legislature of 1776 being so great it was important that the different sections of the State should have in the elections of the members equivalent voice. But this was very far from being the case. The Senate consisted of one member froni each county. The House of two from each county and six, afterwards seven, Borough members. In 1776 there were 25 Eastern and 8 Western counties. In both branches the West was outnumbered 3 to 1. The wonderful invention which is effecting greater changes in behalf of mankind than all the inventions the world ever THE NORTH CAROLINA BOOKLET. 45 saw before, the railroad, inflamed to fever heat, the hostility of the Western people to the old constitution, which had been quickened a dozen years before when canal digging everywhere had been inaugurated by the finishing of the Erie Canal, of j^ew York. An agitation ensued which shook the State from the Smoky Mountains to Chickamicomico — the West demanding in thunder tones the correction of the abominable inequality and injustice of representation by counties. One of the most prominent leaders in this movement so im-portant to the West was Wm. Julius Alexander, in 1828 Speaker of the House of Commons, afterwards Solicitor of the Western District, in his prime one of the most popular and able men of this section. He was, young people will be interested in learning, likewise distinguished for having won the hand of a most beautiful and admired belle, Catharine Wilson, whose charms attracted visitors from distant regions. Some of the other prominent actors in this struggle, such as Cabarrus, Macon, Gaston, Yancey, Stanly, Swain, Hen-derson, Graham, are represented in your list of counties. The deep valleys which separate the hills of Devonshire in England are called ^^coombes," or as w^e spell it, "combes." On the margin of the Tamar, which with the Plym, forms tlie noble harbour of Plymouth, rises a hill noted for its picturesque loveliness. It is called Mount Edgecombe (the edge or margin of the valley). It is the territorial title of an English Earl. In 1733 Sir Richard, Baron Edgecombe, was a lord of the Treasury, and it was in his honor that the new-born county in jSTorth Carolina was called. The emi-nent Admiral, George, Earl of Edgecombe, w^as his son. The name Wilson brings to our minds one of the best types of Xorth Carolina statesmen. He was long the trusted rep-resentative in the State Senate of a people who required of their public men, prudence, economy, and strictest integrity. y 46 THE NORTH CAEOLINA BOOKLET. It was when he might have been seeking the repose of an honorable old age that Louis D. Wilson offered his services as a volunteer in the war with Mexico. It was a grateful act on the part of the General Assembly, on the motion of the people who loved him and whom he loved, and to whose poor he bequeathed the bulk of his fortune, to name the county cut off mostly from his native Edgecombe in his perpetual honor. The county of I^ash is, like Wilson, the danghter of Edge-combe. In one of the darkest hours of the Revolution, after famine and freezing cold had reduced our troops almost to despair, fell General Francis Nash, brother of Governor Abner IsTash, at Germantown. The General Assembly in the year of the battle' created this county as his monument. All who knew his nephew, the late Chief Justice Frederick Nash, so distinguished for Christian virtues and the natural courtesy of the perfect gentleman, could trace in him the features of the chivalric military hero. It was reserved for a large-hearted citizen of Pennsylvania, Mr. John F. Wat-son, with the aid of his townsmen of Germantown, to erect a marble' shaft over his dust at Kulpsville^ where his shattered body was interred in the presence of Washington and his gallant army in 1777, amid the falling of the October leaves. In a distant part of the State, among the peaks and ra-vines of the Blue Ridge, is the memorial county, as is stated in the charter, of another Revolutionary hero, who was wounded when Nash was killed, who fought also at Brandy-wine, Camden, Guilford Court House and Eutaw, and was a leading citizen for half a century after the achievement of our independence. Lieutenant-Colonel William Polk, one of our earliest and wisest friends of higher education. Another epoch in onr history I will mention and my paper will be finished. It is the great Civil War, in which North Carolina struggled for the victorv mth all the con- THE NORTH CAEOLINA BOOKLET. 47 scioiTsness of rectitude, with all the devotion of patriotism and the desperate energy of a high-spirited race unused to defeat and fighting for what thej thought their rights. She threw without grudging the sacrifice into the tremendous vor-tex the most valued of her treasures and the noblest of her sons. Although defeated and for a season crushed, she could not forget those who at her bidding served so faithfully and strove so manfully, albeit vainly, mth muscle and brain to carry out her orders. She bows obediently to the decision of the God of Battles, yet in her gTeat warm heart she cherishes the fame and the sufferings of her sons, and hence we find on the map of the State the name of one of Lee's best gen-erals, the gallant Pender, whose blood stained the heights of Gettysburg, and of him who after a short, faithful service at the front, became the best War Governor of the South, who in the direst needs of the Confederacy fed and clothed our Xorth Carolina soldiers and re-animated their drooping spirits ^vitli fervid eloquence, our beloved Senator, Zebulon Baird Vance. Illustrating this and other periods in legisla-tive halls is, in the front ranlv of our statesmen, William A. Graham. It is most fitting that the extraordinary advancement in in-dustrial enterprise, first inaugurated in the town of Durham, slioukl be recognized by our law-making power in the creation of the county of the same name. May it be an incitement to and prognostication of the develop^ment of our resources and the increase of wealth in our borders. The name is all the more fitting because to the Lords Proprietors were given the almost royal powers of the Bishop of Durham. In conclusion, the county last created transfers to our map the name of the land so full of associations of beauty and of grandeur, from which, partly by direct immigration, partly by way of JS^orth Ireland, so many of our ablest and best people came—Scotland. 48 THE NORTH CAROLINA BOOKLET. And now let us point the moral of these glimpses of past history. When you hear the names of our counties, do not stand with vacant eyes. Let them bring to mind the teach-ings associated with their names, the various epochs of our history, Indian traditions, hereditary aristocracy, colonial systems, the horrors of war, the upward march toward consti-tutional liberty, the triumphs of industry, the advance of civilization and of Christianty. In remembering the lead-ers do not forget the humble followers, "the unnamed demi-gods of history," as Kossuth calls them, who gained so much for their descendants and for mankind generally, and lie in forgotten graves. From the exterminated Indians learn a great political les-son. If their warring tribes could have united and opposed their combined strength against the European invaders, they might for many years have held their homes, and in the end amalgamated with their conquerors. Let us all discard past differences and cherish the union of the States, for in that Union, the States "distinct as the billows, yet one as the sea," in the words of the poet, or in the language of the Supreme Court, an "undissoluble union of indestructible States," lies our strength. Let the hatreds of our great Civil War be buried forever. The God of Battles has decided against the idea of secession. On the w^alls of the Atheneum in Boston are two swords crossed, their deadly mission ended. Under them is an inscription showing that they belonged to tlie an-cestors of the historian, Prescott, who fought on opposite sides on Bunker Hill. The old warfare of A^Tiigs and Tories has long since ceased, and in like manner let the descendants of those who followed the Stars and Stripes, shoulder to shoulder with those above whom waved the Stars and Bars, strive to gain all moral excellence and all material prosperity for the great Eepublic of the World. ADMIRAL SIR THOMAS FRANKLAND. A COLONIAL ADMIRAL OF THE CAPE FEAR. BY JAMES SPRUNT, BRITISH VICE-CONSUL AT WILMINGTON, N. C. Tlie Colonial plantations on the lower Cape Fear River have long yielded to the patient and persevering student of local literature a generous contribution of interesting history pertaining to the eventful years which marked the destiny of a brave and generous people. Throughout the Colonial pe-riod these important estates were held by men of eminence and of action, and from that time to the present day their owners have been gentlemen to the manner born, fitted by birth and education for the highest social and civic stations. Read, for example, the line of "Orton" proprietors who have lived upon this land for nearly two hundred years. Originally obtained by patent from the Lords Proprietors under Charles II. in 1725, to Col. Maurice Moore, then "King" Roger Moore, William Moore 2nd, Governor Arthur Dobbs, Governor Wm. Tryon, Richard Quince 1st, Richard Quince 2nd, Richard Quince 3rd, Governor Benjamin Smith, Dr. Fred J. Hill, Richard Currer Roundell (a nephew of Lord Selboume, Lord Chancellor of England), and, lastly, to the late Col. K. M. Murchison. The lordly residence of the Chief Justice Eleazer Allen, upon the adjacent plantation of Lilliput, which was distin-guished in his day by a large and liberal hospitality, has long since disappeared, but the grand old oaks which lifted their majestic branches to the soft south breezes in Colonial times, still sing their murmured requiem above a "boundless conti-guity of shade." Here, upon the banks of our historic river, which stretches two miles to the eastern shore, is heard the booming of the broad Atlantic as it sweeps in its might and majesty 50 THE NORTH CAROLINA BOOKLET. from Greenland to the Gulf. Along the shining beach, from I'isher to Fort Caswell, its foaming breakers run and roar, tlie racing steeds of Neptune, with their white crested manes, charging and reforming for the never ending fraj. The adjacent larger plantation of Kendal, originally owned by "King" RogerMoore, from whom it passed to others of his descendants, was later the property of James Smith, a brother of Governor Benjamin Smith's, and it was here, near the banks of Orton creek, which di^ades this estate from the splendid domain of Orton, with its 10,000 acres, that the quarrel between the Smith brothers ended by the departure of James to South Carolina, where he assumed his mother's name, Rhett, leaving his intolerant and choleric brother Benjamin to a succession of misfortunes, disappointments and distresses, which brought him at last to a pauper's grave. Aide de camp to Washington, a General of the State Militia, a Governor of the State, a benefactor of the University, a melancholy example of public ingratitude. Behind Kendal is McKenzie's Mill Dam, the scene of a battle between the British troops and the minute men from Brunswick and from Wilmington. We linger at Orton, the most attractive of all the old Eng-lish estates on the Cape Fear. For a hundred and eighty-one years it has survived the vicissitudes of war, pestilence and famine, and until the recent death of its last proprietor has maintained its reputation of Colonial days for a refined and generous hospitality. Here in the exhilaration of the hunter, the restful seclusion of the angler, the quiet quest of the naturalist, the peaceful contemjjlation of the student, is found surcease from the vanities and vexations of urban life. For nearly two centuries it has been a haven of rest and recre-ation to its favoured guests. The house, or Hall, built by ^"King" Roger Moore in 1735, with its stately white pillars THE NORTH CAROLINA BOOKLET. 51 gleaming in the sunshine through the surrounding forest, is a most pleasing vista to the passing mariner. The river view stretches for ten miles southward and eastward, includ-ing "Big Sugar Loaf," Fort Anderson, Fort Buchanan and Fort Fisher. We love its traditions and its memories, for no sorrow came to us there. The primeval forest with its dense undergrowth of dogwood blossoms which shine with the brightness of the falling snow; the thickets of Cherokee roses, which surpass the most beautiful of other regions; the brilliant carpet of wild azaleas, the golden splendour of the yellow jessamine, the modest drosera, the marvellous dionea mucipula, and the trumpet saracenias ; the river drive to the white beach, from which are seen the distant breakers ; the secluded spot in the wilderness commanding a wide view of an exquisite land-scape where, safe from intrusion, we sat upon a sheltered seat beneath the giant pines and heard the faint "yo ho" of the sailor, outward bound ; a place apart for holy contempla-tion when the day is far spent, where the overhanging branches cast the shadow of a cross and where later, through the interlacing foliage, the star of hope is shining; the joy-ful reception at the big house, the spacious hall with its ample hearth and blazing oak logs; around it, after the bountiful evening meal, the old songs were sung and the old tales were told, and fun and frolic kept dull care beyond the threshold. Through the quiet lanes of Orton to the ruins of the Pro-vincial Grovernor Tryon's palace, is half a mile. Here is the cradle of American independence, for upon this spot, now hidden by a dense undergrowth of timber, occurred, between six and seven o'clock on the evening of the 19th of February, 1766, the first open resistance to the British Stamp Act in the American colonies, by 150 armed men, who surrounded the palace and demanded the surrender of the custodians of the obnoxious symbols of the King's authority. 52 THE NORTH CAROLINA BOOKLET. Ten miimtes walk farther down brings us to the ruins of the Colonial Parish Church of St. Philip, the scene of many notable incidents and the resting place of the early pioneers. It was built by the citizens of Brunswick and principally by the landed gentry about the year 1740. In the year 1751, Mr. Lewis Henry deRosset, a member of Governor Gabriel Johnston's council, and subsequently an expatriated Royalist, introduced a bill appropriating to the Church of St. Philip at Brunswick and to St. James' Church at Wilmington, equally, a fund that was realized by the capture and destruc-tion of a pirate vessel, which, in a squadron of Spanish buccaneers, had entered the river and plundered the planta-tions. A picture, "Ecce Homo," captured from this pirate, is still preserved in the vestry room of St. James' Church in Wilmington. The walls of St. Phillip's Church are nearly three feet thick, and are solid and almost intact still; the roof and floor have disappeared. It must have possessed much architectural beauty and massive grandeur with its high-pitched roof, its lofty doors and beautiful chancel windows. A little to the west, surrounded by a forest of pines, lies Liberty Pond, a beautiful lake of clear spring water, once stained with the blood of friend and foe in a deadly conflict, hence its traditional name. It is now a most restful, tran-quil spot—the profound stillness, the beach of snow-wliite sand, the unbroken surface of the lake, which reflects the foliage and the changing sky line. Turning to the southeast, we leave the woodland and reach a bluff upon the river bank, still known as Howe's Point, where the Revolutionary patriot and soldier, General Robert Howe, was born and reared. His residence, long since a ruin, was a large frame building on a stone or brick foundation, still remembered as such by several aged citizens of Brunswick. THE NORTH CAROLINA BOOKLET. 53 A short distance from the Howe place, the writer found some years ago, in the woods and upon a commanding site near the river, under many layers of pine straw, the clearly defined ruins of an ancient fort, which Avas undoubtedly of Colonial origin. Mr. Reynolds, who lives at his place near-by, says that his great-grandfather informed him forty years ago that this fort was erected long before the war of the Revo-lution by the Colonial Government for the protection of the colonists against buccaneers and pirates, and that he remem-bers having heard of an engagement in 1776 beirween the Americans who occupied this fort and the British troops who landed from their ships in the river, in which battle the British drove the Americans from the fort to McKenzie's Mill Dam. Hence to the staid old county seat is a journey of an hour ; it was originally known as Fort Johnston, a fortification named for the Colonial Governor, Gabriel Johnston. It was established about the year 1745 for the protection of the colony against pirates which infested the Cape Fear River. The name was subsequently changed to Smithville in honour of Benjamin Smith, to whom reference has been made, who had behaved with conspicuous gallantry under Moultrie when he drove the British from Port Royal ; he was subse-quently elected fifteen times to the Senate and became Gover-nor of the Commonwealth in 1810. By recent authority of the State Legislature the name was again changed to South-port. In the old Court-house, which is its principal build-ing, may be seen the evidence that on the death of Mr. Allen, 17th January, 1749, aged 57 years, at Lilliput, where he was buried, this plantation became the property (and it is said the residence for a brief period) of the great-grandson of Oliver Cromwell, Sir Thomas Frankland, Admiral of the White in the British navy, a position of great distinction, which he attained at the early age of 28 years, and of his 54 THE NORTH CAROLINA BOOKLET. wife, who was Sarah Rhett, the daughter of Colonel Rhett, of South Carolina, and a niece of Chief Justice Allen. It appears also from the Colonial Records, in a letter from Rev. John McDowell, who served the twin parishes of St. Philip's at Brunswick and St. James' at Wilmington, ad-dressed to the Secretary of the Honourable Society which supported him, in London, and written from Brunswick April 16, 1761, and also by subsequent letters with particu-lar reference to the long delayed completion of the Parish Church of St. Philips, that Admiral Frankland and Lady Prankland contributed substantial sums of money for its support. The records of these two interesting personages in the early history of our settlement are too obscure for a connected narrative. All of my endeavors to obtain sufficient material for a sketch of this Colonial Cape Fear Admiral, in Charles-ton, in Boston, in the IsTational Library at Washington and in London, were in vain until I obtained an introduction to the present head of the house, the great-grandson of Admiral Frankland, Sir Ralph Payne Gallway, of Thirkleby Park, Thirsk, Yorkshire, one of the most beautiful county seats in England, who has been good enough to compile for me the following notes with reference to Sir Charles Frankland, the Colonial Collector of the port of Boston, and his romantic marriage with Agnes Surriage, and, to his successor. Sir Thomas Frankland, the youthful Admiral and rover of the seas, of whose life upon the Carolina station and in Charles-ton and on the Cape Fear River at Lilliput, there is unfor-tunately but fragmentary and unsatisfying evidence. Sir Charles Frankland was born in 1716 in Bengal, India ; he died at Bath in 1768. He was the eldest son of Henry Frankland, Governor of Bengal, who died in 1728, who was a brother of Sir Thomas Frankland, third Baronet of Thirk- THE NORTH CAROLINA BOOKLET. 55 leby, the latter being a descendant of Cromwell and also of Charles I. Sir Charles was on a visit to Lisbon during the great earthquake of 1755. He returned to Lisbon as Consul General of Portugal in 1757. In 1763 Sir Charles re-turned to Boston, where he resumed his duties as "Collector of the Customs of the Port," though he at the same time held his office as Consul General of Portugal till 1767, in which year he returned to Thirkleby and died the following one. Sir Charles Frankland's romantic marriage with Agnes Surriage at Lisbon, where she rescued him from the ruins of the earthquake, has been the subject of several books and ro-mances, even plays, as well as the beautiful ballad of "Agnes,' by Oliver Wendell Holmes." The history of Sir Charle-s and Agnes Surriage, or "Boston in Colonial Times," is to be found in a book by thei Rev. Elias Mason. A more recent work on the same subject is called "Agnes Surriage." It is by Edwin Lasetter Bynner, 1886. Agnes Surriage was the daughter of a poor fisherman at Marblehead, near Boston. Sir Charles was buried for several hours in the remains of a church that was thrown down. Agnes Surriage searched for him until she heard the sound of his voice, and then, by large offers of money, and all the jewelry she wore at the time, she persuaded some terrified people near, who chanced to be uninjured, to excavate her lover. On his recovery from his wounds Sir Charles at once married his rescuer as a proof of gratitude. The person who was buried alive with Sir Charles at Lisbon, under the fallen stones of the church, in her mad-ness and pain tore a piece out of his coat with her teeth. This coat, with the rent in it, was preserved at Thirkleby as a memento of an awful experience 'till it, at length, fell to pieces from age. In 1751 Sir Charles built a good house and purchased a fair estate at Hopkinston, near Boston. This house was de-stroyed by fire January 23d, 1758, but on the same site a 56 THE NORTPI CAROLINA BOOKLET. new house was ere long erected, which was built to resemble the old one. In 1747 Sir Charles succeeded his uncle, the third Baronet, but, owing to a disputed will, did not for some years inherit the estates at Thirkleby and elsewhere. His uncle, whom he succeeded in the title, was 11.P for Thirsk, 1711-1747, and a Lord of the Admirality ; he died in 1747. He, Sir Thomas Frankland, third Baronet, made three wills. In the first, dated 1741, he left Thirkleby and his other estates to his nephew, afterwards Sir Charles. In 1744, he altered all this and left Thirkleby to his widow for her life. In his last and third will he left Thirkleby and all his estates to his wido^v absolutely. It was contended by Sir Charles, his successor, that the last will was made when Sir Tliomas was of unsound mind, and under undue influ-ence. A lawsuit was, therefore, entered on by Sir Charles to set aside Sir Thomas's last will, and in this he was suc-cessful, and hence gained Thirkleby and the other family estates. Sir Charles died in 1768 at Bath, and in Weston Church, in the suburbs of Bath, there is a long inscription to him. He was twice in residence at Lisbon as Consul General of Portugal. Lady Frankland (Agues Surriage) returned to Hopkinton, near Boston, after her liusband's death, near where she was born, and lived until Sir Charles took her away. She re-sided at Hopkinton 'till the declaration of war, and for a short, time after. She witnessed from her house the battle of Bunker's Hill, a bullet breaking the glass of the window she was looking through. Being a Loyalist, she returned to England, and paid a long visit to Thirkleby. She then moved, in 1782, to Chichester, where she married Mr. John Drew, a banker. She died the following year and is buried at Chichester ; aged 57 years. THE Js^ORTH CAROLINA BOOKLET. 57 Admiral Sir- Thomas FranMand succeeded, as fifth. Baro-net, his elder brother, Sir Charles, in the family estates and title. He was born in 1718, and died at Bath, 1784, aged 66. Member of Parliament for the Borough of Thirsk 1747- 1784. Successively Admiral of the Red and then of the White in the King's navy. Buried at Thirkleby. Married Sarah, the daughter of Colonel William Rhett, of South Carolina, May, 1743 ; she died April, 1808, aged 84. Sir Thomas, the Admiral, was the great grandson of Oliver Cromwell and the great grandfather of the writer of these notes. The inscription to the Admiral in Thirkleby Church is as follow^s : ''Sir Thomas Frankland, second son of Henry Frankland, Governor of Fort William in Bengal. Admiral of theWhite, who represented the Borough of Thirsk in six Parliaments. He died at Bath on the 21st of j^ovember, 1784, aged 66. He married Sarah, daughter of William Rhett, Esq., of South Carolina, by whom he left seven sons and three daughters." When in Boston, in 1742, Captain Thomas Frankland, as he then was, paid a -^dsit to his elder brother. Sir Charles, whom ho eventually succeeded in title and Thirkleby estates. Whilst at Charlestovni he fell in love with. Sarah Rhett, and on his su.bsequent visit there he married her. He was at that time Captain of H. M. Frigate Rose, though only 25 years of age. Some very effusively complimentary verses were printed in the Boston Evening Post on the occasion of Captain Frankland's visit to Boston in 1742. A few of these lines I quote, but the poem is too long to give in full here : "From peaceful solitude and calm retreat I now and then look out upon the great. Praise where 'tis due I'll give, no servile tool Of honorable knave, or reverend fool ; Surplice or red-coat, both alike to me. Let him that wears them great and worth v be." 58 THE NORTH CAKOLINA BOOKLET. "We see thee Frankland dreadful o'er the main Not terrible to children, but to Spain. Then let me lisp thy name; thy praise rehearse Though in weak numbers and in feeble verse. Though faint the whisper when the thunder roars, And speak thee great through all Hispanios shores! " I have had a photograph purposely done of Admiral Sir Thomas Frankland's picture here tO' accompany these notes. I have also had one done at the same time of his ship pre-served in model form in the hall here. Though this model is six feet long and most minutely made, and also, no doubt, most faithfully copied from the original vessel at great ex-pense ; yet we do not know her name. My brother, lately a Post Captain in the navy, did all he could to ascertain from the Admiralty, and from other sources her name, but with-out success. I should be very glad if the name could be dis-covered. On the sides of the model G. R. (George Rex) is painted in several parts. That the model is an exact copy of the original there can be do doubt, and it could not be built now at less than £300, at least so an expert in marine model building assures me. From the figure-head of the model she should be "Ajax," "Achilles," "Centurion," "Warrior," and the most likely of all, "Perseus," as on the shield borne by the figure on the prow is carved the head of "Medusa." ^one of the foregoing names belonged, as far as I can discover, to any ship which Admiral Frankland was connected with. Family tradition declares that the model is of the ship which Admiral Franldand was aboard when he captured a Spanish galleon. The galleon is said to have had so much treasure on board that from his share of the prize-money the Admiral settled five thousand pounds on each of his eight daughters, though only three of these survived him. However, I con-sider the very rich Spanish (so-called) ship that Frankland captured is the one described in the following extract from "A New Naval History, by John Entick, M.A., 1757": THE NORTH CAROLINA BOOKLET. 59 "Tlie Rose, man of war, 20 guns, commanded by Captain Frankland, being cruising on the Carolina station on Jan-uary 12th, 1744, fell in with the Conception, a French ship with a Spanish register of 400 tons, 20 guns and 326 men, bound from Carthagena to- Havana. After a smart engage-ment of eleven glasses, in which the Conception had 110 men killed, the Rose, with the loss of only 5 men, took the prize into Charleston, in South Carolina, where she proved a very valuable acquisition. Her cargo consisted of 800 serons of cocoa, in each of which was deposited a bar of gold, of the total value of 310,000 pieces of eight; wrought plate of equivalent value ; a complete set of church plate ; a large quantity of pearls, diamonds, and other precious stones, and gold buckles and snuff boxes; a curious silver chaise, the wheels, axles and other parts of it being all of silver. There was, besides, 600 pounds weight of gold, the whole of which was worth £200,000." From this account it will be seen that the Rose, of only 20 guns, cannot be the three-decker, the model of which is now at Thirkleby. The model is of a man of war that has as many as 74 guns in three tiers, including deck guns, and she must have been a large line of battleship such as an Ad-miral might hoist his pennant on when in command of a fleet. Perhaps from the photograph of the figure-head of the model some information may be obtained regarding its name, which I have always been so anxious to obtain. There is no doubt that— 1. The model is a copy of a ship commanded by Cap-tain (or Admiral) Frankland at one time of his naval career. 2. Or, that the model is a copy of a ship captured from the enemy by Captain (or Admiral) Frankland, and afterwards converted into a British man of war. We know that the model has been here at Thirkleby for some 150 years. 60 THE NORTH CAROLINA BOOKLET. You desire to know about Sir Thomas Frankland's resi-dence at Lilliput Plantation on the Cape Fear River in IsTorth Carolina, and particularly in regard to his life in K"orth Carolina, and his estates on the Cape Fear River. It occurs to me that the Admiral was too busy chasing French and Spanish ships of the enemy to have retired to an estate in Carolina, and to have had a house on a plantation there, especially as he was so active and constant in his ser-vices in the King's l^avy. The only suggestion I can find that the Admiral (at that time Captain) did retire from ac-tive service for a short time is hinted in the first two lines of the poem I have quoted, and which run — "From peaceful solitude and calm retreat, I now and then look out upon the great." The old early Elizabethan Hall at Thirkleby was pulled down in 1793, when the present house was completed. The old house, of which we have a picture, was the home of Ad-miral Frankland. Many flowers of the old gardens still force their heads above the soil every summer. As a boy of about twelve years of age I very well recollect an old family game-keeper who lived at Thirkleby, who at that time of my life was just 90 years of age. His name was W. Hudson. He often pointed out to me the walnut tree in the park here, up which, when he was a boy of ten or twelve, the Admiral used to order him to climb to gather the walnuts; and which the Admiral used to throw his big crook-handled stick up among its boughs to try and knock the walnuts down himself. As Hudson was born in 1770 and the Admiral died in 1784, the reminiscences of the old keeper were no doubt correct, and enables me to say that I knew a man who knew Admiral Sir Thomas Frankland, who was born in 1718, and it is quite probable that the Admiral knew a man, who, as a child, saw Charles the First's head cut off at Whitehall. THE NORTH CAROLINA BOOKLET. 61 On the subject of reminiscences, though rather out of place here, as it has nothing to do with the Frankland fam-ily, I may relate that an old friend of mine, now alive and well and but 72 years of age, perfectly recollects his grand-father, who lived to a great age. The grandfather in ques-tion took a purse of gold concealed in a basket of strawber-ries to Prince Charlie (the Young Pretender) when he was keeping court at Hobgood Palace in 1745. The messenger with the strawberries was, of course, a child at the time, and was, as such, selected, by partisans of the Stewarts, to allay suspicion as to the real object of his visit to Hobgood, which was to aid the Prince with money to establish his rights to his throne in Scotland. This incident, (with many others of a similar kind, I found here in the muniment room among the papers of my great uncle. Lord Lavington, who was Governor of some of the West Indies Islands and was buried there), I had printed and sent to the late Queen Victoria of blessed memory. Her Majesty was greatly interested in the book I compiled and sent her, the only thing she took exception to was my allusion to Prince Charlie as "A Pretender." The young pretender was tall and handsome, and the beau ideal of a gallant cavalier, but he died, alas, at Florence, as a dissi-pated and drunken wreck, morally and physically. On the following page I have attached a photograph I have had specially taken tO' illustrate these notes. (iST. B.—The g'entleman who for many years has con-ducted in the most able manner, at very moderate cost, in British Museum, a great deal of research for me, historical, documentary and otherwise, and who is also a most excellent copyist of old illustrations, is William Woodrow, E'sq. The Reading Room, British Museum, Bloomsbury, London.) 62 THE NORTH CAROLINA BOOKLET. THE BADGE OF ULSTER. Given to Sir William FranMand, first Baronet of Thirkle-bj, by Charles II. in 1660 as a credential of bis title. The only Ulster badge in existence, excepting one tbat is supposed to be a copy of it. It was worn as a proof of his rank and person by Sir Thomas Frankland, third Baronet, when on a mission abroad at the service of his King. (Illustration is full size. The Red Hand, or Bloody Hand, is on white porcelain oval set round with stones. The date of confer and name of Baronet and his creation on reverse side.) The tradition is that the King of Ulster and another disputed the ownership of an estate. They agreed to race to it from a certain distance, and the one who first touched the land with his hand was to possess it. Ulster, finding himself a few yards behind at the finish, cut off his left hand and threw it in front of him over the boundary fence, and thus won the estate. A characteristic letter from Admiral Frankland, in which he refers tO' the death of a gardener who has been inadvert-ently stifled in his master's hot-house. ^'Bond Street (where the Admiral owned a house) 1760. A. P. G. "Mr. ISTugent, they say, spoke an hour against opening the distillery, and when they divided, voted for it, so the joke goes that he acted in the character of his country. Surely money never was so scarce, we can hardly get enough to carry on common house expenses. We shall have no peace this year its believed, and I think another year makes us stop payment, as our enemies have done, and what must we do who have our all in the stocks. "^'Have you read Tristam Shandy? The ladies say (my wife and daughters read it not) its very clever ; now pray is it indelicate or not fit? Upon my word I am abused and called a Prude for saying its scandalous for a Clergyman to write such (I was going to say Bawdy), a rapsody of hard words. THE NORTH CAROLINA BOOKLET. 63 "I hear yoii are in low spirits about the death of your gardener. Good God, what wretches we sailors must be. I order 40 men aloft and ye mast goes and they are drowned. Their deaths are not at my door. I order the ship to be smoked to prevent sickness, and some fools stay below in the smoke and dye ; Sir, am I to charge myself with their deaths ? "We have expeditions fitting out now, where bound a secret. (Signed) Thos. Franklajstd. (1) There is a long article on Admiral Frankland, his life and adventures, to be found in Gharnock's Biographic Vavalis, Vol. V—1797—page 19. (2) Also see Schomberg's ISTaval Chronology, Vol. I, page 220—1745. In this latter book the following curious inci-dent is related : "Another fortunate circumstance was the discovery caused thro' a little French boy that Capt. Frankland had taken into his service. This boy made a complaint against one of the sailors for having taken from him a stick in appearance of no value. Captain Frankland recovered it for the boy, and on returning it to him gave him a playful tap on the shoulder. The head of the stick fell off then and diamonds were found inside it worth 20,000 pistoles. When the enemy surren-dered, the Captain gave the stick to the boy in the hopes of saving it, not imagining that such a trifle would ever be noticed." In Charnocks Chronicles a graphic account is given of Cap-tain Frankland's fight with (1742) three of the enemies ships, all of which he captured and took into Carolina. One of these ships tried very hard to escape, the reason being that its captain was the notorious "Fandino," who some years before had cut off the ears of Jenkins, an English Captain. Frankland sent this man at once to Hyland to be tried for his life. 64 THE NORTH CAROLINA BOOKLET. I see Captain Frankland married Miss Rhett (1743), daughter of Chief Justice of Carolina, by whom he had six sons and eight daughters. (He had nineteen cliildren in all; several died infants.) June, 1756, made Rear Admiral of the Blue; retained the command of the Pvose 'till October, 1746, when he was pro-moted to the Dragon. In 1755 appointed Commodore on the Antigua Station and hoisted his broad pennant on board the Winchester, 50 guns, at Spithead, 10th August, and sailed very soon after for the West Indies. On his arrival there he at once quarrelled with the retiring Commodore, Pye, be-cause this sailor had condemned his ship, the Advice. Ad-miral Frankland reported Commodore Pye for doing so, and to prove he was wrong, actually fitted up the Advice for him-self and started on a cruise in her to show she was seaworthy, with the result that Admiral Frankland and ship nearly went to the bottom of the sea together. This quarrel and Admiral Frankland's career is to be found in a story that appeared in the London Magazine of 1774-1775, under the title of "Edward & Maria," by Capt. Ed. Thompson, R. :N'. In this story Admiral Freeland is "Frankland," and Commodore Pye is "Sir Richard Spry," as he afterwards became. British Museum, Add. MS. 32, 935, p. 447. Sir:—The Barons of the Exchequer, having ordered me immediately to Lay before the Hon'ble and Rev'd. Mr. Chol-mondeley, Auditor General of his Maj'ts Revenues in America, the Amount of the French Ships and Cargoes de-tained bv me at the Leeward Islands before the Declaration of War. The Charge attending the Dieting the Crews of those being refused to be allowed me in those i\.ccounts, and as it cannot be imagined that I can bear those Expenses, Lett me entreat your assistance to get a Dispensing Order to the Sick and Hurt Office that the Account there may be paid me. As they THE NORTH CAROLINA BOOKLET. 65 require Vonchers Bj their Establishment which the Nature of Those Captures could not produce. The Governors of the Three Islands absolutely refused to give any Receipts for the French men Landed, or written Orders for their Discharges. Their Constant Answers were they never had received the least Orders about their Detention. ]^o Cartel was settled or Commissarys appointed. There-fore how could I produce Vouchers from the Latter. The account for the subsistance of those men, which I have now Laying before the Sick and Hurt Office is such, as I am ready to make any affimiation to. It has passed thro the Kavy Office, in regard to the names, and Entrys and Dis-charges of the Particular Crews. The Men sent into Hallifax and Jamacia have been paid By the Publick. But as where I commanded there was neither Hospital of the Kings to send them to, or Contract subsisting for me to have ordered them Agents to have vic-tualled them or had I ships sufficient to have keep them on board and victualled them afloat, I had no other method to follow. As this is the only obstacle that hinders my finally closing these Accounts let me again beg your aid, and I am, sir. Your most obedient and very humble servant, Old Bond Street Thos. Franklanb. 18th March, 1762. (Endorsed) Ad^l. Frankland. Public Becoro Office—Frankland Letters. (Adm. Sec. M. Letters.) There are two series letters—one covering the period when stationed at the Bahamas as Captain of the Rose (about 40). Another series when stationed at the Leeward Islands as Admiral, (about 80 to lOO) (l755-'59), Pye incident. These letters are of varying interest and would suggest a selection of which specimen given re-taking the Conception. 66 THE NOHTII CAROLIXA BOOKLET. (Ad. Sec. M. Letters, ^^o. 1782.) •Captain Thomas Frankland to Secretary of the Admiralty : His Majesty's Ship "Rose," Cooper Riveb, South Carolina, Jan. ye 23rd, 1744-5. My last was dated 'Rov. 14th acquainting you of my de-livering the letters as I Avas directed by Sir Chaloner Ogle. I proceeded afterwards off St. Jago de Cuba, and so between the south side of Cuba and the IsT. side of Jamaica down to the Grand Comanon, where I watered, wooded and heel'd, for I was hurryed out of Jamaica without time to get or do either there. I then intended to go and cruize between the Rogiies Cape Florida and the Pan of Matanzas (on the IST. side of Cuba), but on my way on (about 35 leagues to the w'ward of the Havanna) the first day of December just be-fore daylight I found myself almost on board a large ship. We were to windward and astern withall ; I kept my wind until the day broke, then finding she had but one tier of guns but full of men by her working, for before I showed my colors, she run her courses up, bunted her mainsails, and I observed everything ready to engage and her decks crowded with people. About seven in the morning we began our en-gagement, which lasted until half after noon ; we had a fresh gale and a great sea, and yet we were alongside of one another three or four times, for he would, as I observed, fought till night at a distance; he at last struck, for he had near a hundred men killed outright and four of his guns on one side disabled. The ship is called the Conception of St. Male, Mons. Adrien Mercan, Master from Cartagena bound to C |
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