North Carolina booklet : great events in North Carolina history

              Vol. XI OCTOBER, 1911 No. 2
"Bhe
floRTH CflROIilNfl BoOKliET
*'' Carolina! Carolina! Heaven^ s blessings attend her
!
Wliile we live we will cJierisJi, protect and defend her.''
Published by
THE NORTH CAROLINA SOCIETY
DAUGHTERS OF THE REVOLUTION
The object of the Booklet is to aid in developing and preserving
North Carolina History. The proceeds arising from its publication
will be devoted to patriotic purposes. .Editob.
ADVISORY BOARD OF THE NORTH CAROLINA BOOKLET
Mrs. Hubert Haywood. Miss Martha Helen Haywood.
Mrs. E. E. Moffitt. Dr. Richard Dillard.
Mrs. Spier Whitaker. Dr. Kemp P. Battle.
Mr. R. D. W. Connor. Mr. James Sprunt.
Dr. D. H. Hill. Mr. Marshall DeLancey Haywood.
Dr. E. W. Sikes. Chief Justice Walter Clark.
Mr. W. J. Peele. Major W. A. Graham.
Miss Adelaide L. Fries. Dr. Charles Lee Smith.
EDITOR:
Miss Mary Hilliard Hinton.
OFFICERS OF THE NORTH CAROLINA SOCIETY
DAUGHTERS OF THE REVOLUTION 1910-1912
regent :
Miss MARY HILLIARD HINTON.
VICE-REGENT:
Miss DUNCAN CAMERON WINSTON.
HONORARY REGENTS:
Mrs. SPIER WHITAKER.
Mrs. E. E. MOFFITT.
recording SECRETARY:
Mrs. CLARENCE JOHNSON.
corresponding SECRETARY:
Mrs. PAUL H. LEE.
TREASURER
:
Mrs. FRANK SHERWOOD.
REGISTRAR:
Mrs. JOSEPH CHESHIRE WEBB, Jr.
custodian of RELICS:
Mrs. JOHN E. RAY.
CHAPTER REGENTS
Bloomsbury Chapter Mrs. Hubert Haywood, Regent.
Penelope Barker Chapter Mrs. Patrick Matthew, Regent.
Sir Walter Raleigh Chapter,
Miss Catherine F. Seyton Albertson, Regent.
DeGraffenried Chapter Mrs. Charles Slover Hollister, Regent,
Founder of the North Carolina Society and Regent I896-I902:
Mrs. SPIER WHITAKER.
Regent 1902:
Mrs. D. H. HILL, Sr.*
Regent 1902-1906:
Mrs. THOMAS K. BRUNER.
Regent 1906-1910:
Mrs. E. E. MOFFITT,
•Died December 12, 1904.
Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of North Carolina:
THE NORTH CAROLINA BOOKLET
Vol. XI OCTOBER, 1911 No. 2
ROANOKE ISLAND^
Standing on the Aventine hill, by the banks of the Tiber,
we can still behold the cradle of the great Roman people, the
beginning of that imperial race which for centuries held in
its control the entire civilized world of their day and whose
laws, whose feat of arms, whose thought, have profoundly im-pressed
all succeeding ages.
HERE BEGAN THE GREATEST MOVEMENT OF THE AGES.
Standing here we see the spot where first began on this con-tinent
the great race which in the ISTew World in three hun-dred
years has far surpassed in extent of dominion, in
population and power the greatest race known to the Old.
Farther than the imperial eagles ever flew, over more men
than its dominion ever swayed, with wealth which dwarfs its
boasted treasures, and intelligence and capacity unknown to
its rulers, this new race in three centuries has covered a con-tinent,
crossed great rivers, built great cities, tunneled moun-tains,
traversed great plains, scaled mountain ranges and
halting but for a moment on the shores of a vaster ocean, has
already annexed a thousand islands and faces the shores of a
Western continent so distant that we call it the East.
We do well to come here to visit the spot where this gi'eat
movement began. It was one of the great epochs of all his-tory.
Here, 36 years before the landing of the Pilgrims at
Plymouth Pock; here, 23 years before John Smith and
Jamestown, in the year 1584, the first English keel grated
•Address of Judge Walter Clark at meeting inaugurated by the State Literary and
Historical Association, Manteo, N. C. , 24 July, 1902.
74 THE NOETH CAROLINA BOOKLET.
on the shores of what is now the United States. Here the
greatest movement of the ages began, which has completed
the circuit of the globe. For thousands of years, God in
His wisdom had hidden this land behind the billows till
His appointed time, and in Europe and Asia millions had
fought and perished for the possession of narrow lands. The
human intellect had been dwarfed with the dimensions of
its prison house. In due season Copernicus gauged the
heavens, revealing countless worlds beyond our grasp, and
Columbus almost at the same time unveiled this tangible
world beyond the Atlantic. Stunned, dazed, the mind of
man slowly realized the broadened vision unrolled before it.
Since then the energies of the human intellect have steadily
ex]3anded, and thought has widened with the process of every
sun.
Here broke the spray of the first wave of Saxon popul,a-tion
and now westward across the continent to the utmost
verge and beyond it, there rolls a human sea. Three cen-turies
have done this.
About this very date Amidas and Barlowe landed here, for
on July 4, a day doubly memorable on these shores, they
descried land and sailing up the coast 120 miles they en-tered
with their two small vessels through an inlet, probably
now closed. Proceeding further they came abreast of this
island, where they landed and were hospitably received.
WHAT WONDEOUS CHANGES.
ISTature remains unaltered. As on that July day, of the
long ago, earth, air and sky and sea remain the same. The
same blue arch bends above us. The same restless ocean
rolls. The same sun shines brightly down. The same balmy
breezes breathe soft and low. The same headlands jut out to
meet the waves. The same bays lie open to shelter the com-ing
vessels. The trees, the foliage, the landmarks, would all
KOANOKE ISLAND. 75
be recognized by the sea-worn wanderers of that memorable
day. But as to what is due to man, how altered
!
To the westward, where the Indian paddled his light canoe
on great rivers, innumerable vessels, moved by the energies
of steam, plow the waters, freighted with the product of
every industry and the produce of every clime. Where the
smoke of the lonely wigwam rose, now the roar of great
cities fills the ear and the blaze of electric lights reddens the
sky. Where then amid vast solitudes the war-whoop re-sounded,
boding death and torture, now rise a thousand
steeples and anthems to the Prince of Peace float upon the
air. Where the plumed and painted warrior stealthily trod
the narrow war path, mighty engines rush. Where a few
thousand naked savages miserably starved and fought and
perished, near one hundred millions of the foremost people
of all the world live and j)rosper. Three short centuries have
seen this done.
OUK CONTRIBUTION TO EUROPE.
Looking eastward the ocean rolls unchanged, but not as
then to be crossed only after two or three months of voyage.
Already a week sufiices for its passage and across its waves
even now messages flash without the medium of wires. Be-yond
its shores is also a new world. When the first expedi-tion
landed here, the Turk was threatening Vienna, and the
Spaniard was asserting his right to bum and pillage in Hol-land.
The fires of the Inquisition burned in Spain and Bel-gium.
France, sunk to a second-class power, grovelled be-neath
the rule of one of the most worthless of its many
worthless kings, the third Henry—while England, the Eng-land
of Drake and Ealeigh, of Shakespeare and Bacon, and
of Elizabeth, already lay beneath the gTOwing shadow of the'
Armada, whose success threatened the extinction of English
liberty and of the Protestant religion, Russia was then a
76 THE ]SrOKTH CAROLINA BOOKLET.
small collection of barbarous tribes, and Germany and Italy,
not yet nations, were mere geographical expressions. Con-trast
that with the Europe of today. The change is barely
less startling there than on this side of the water.
The change has been greatly due to the reflex action from
this side. Civilization has been and is on the steady increase
in the betterment of the masses. The leaders of thought,
Shakespeare, Bacon, Michael Angelo, Dante, Petrarch, the
painters, the sculptors, the statesmen, were as great then as
since. The difi^erence is in the masses. Then they were de-graded,
disregarded, beaten with many stripes, dying like
animals after living like brutes ; today they have a voice in
every government and are beginning more fully to perceive
that they have unlimited power which they can use for their
own advancement and the betterment of their material sur-roundings.
The change started here when a new race began, without
feudal burdens and amid the breadth and freedom of un-trammeled
nature. With new paths to tread, new roads to
make, new rivers to travel, new cities to build, men began to
think new thoughts and to add to the freedom of nature the
liberty of speech and of action.
WHERE THE SHACKLES OF THE AGES WERE BROKElSr.
Well do we come here to visit the spot where the shackles
of the ages were broken, precedents forgotten and where
man first began to stand upright in the likeness in which
God had made him.
ISTaught tells more forcibly the depression in which the
minds of the men of that day were held than the fact that
the hardy English mariners, the descendants of the Vikings
of old, delayed nearly a century after Columbus had dis-covered
the ISTew World before the foot of an Anglo-Saxon
had trod the shores of North America. From the discovery
ROANOKE ISLAND. 77
in 1492 to the first landing here in 1584 and the first per-manent
but feeble settlement at Jamestown in 1607 was a
long time. Could another new continent such as this be dis-covered
in 3,000 miles of London today, not as many hours
would elapse as our ancestors of three centuries ago per-mitted
years to pass, before the English race would land on
its shores. In 1520 Cortez led the Spaniards to the Plateau
of Mexico and subverted an empire. Yet 65 years more
passed before Amidas and Barlowe led the first English ex-pedition
to land on this continent.
ISTot only were men's minds enthralled by governments
which existed solely for the benefit of the few, but the condi-tion
of the upper classes was only in degree better than that
of the poorer. Coffee, sugar, tobacco, potatoes and other
articles of common use by the poorest today were unknown.
Queen Elizabeth herself lived on beer and beef, and forks
being unknown that haughty lady ate with her fingers, as did
Shakespeare, Raleigh and Bacon. Articles of the commonest
use and necessity in the dwellings of the poorest now, were
then not to be obtained in the palaces of kings. Carpets
were absent in the proudest palaces and on the fresh strewn
rushes beneath their tables princes and kings threw the bones
and broken meats from their feasts. Religion was to most
a gross superstition, law was a jargon and barbarous, and
medicine the vilest quackery. Just in proportion as the
masses have been educated, as freedom has been won by
them, as their rights have been considered, the world has
advanced in civilization and in material well being.
Unlike the founding of Rome, where the seat of Empire
abode by its cradle, no great cities arose here at Roanoke
Island, at Jamestown nor at Plymouth. The new move-ment
begun here was not for empire but for the people, and
it has advanced and spread in all directions.
YS THE NORTH CAEOLINA BOOKLET.
THE GREAT DANGER TODAY.
In 1820 Daniel Webster delivered a memorable oration
at the anniversary of the landing at Plymouth Rock. In
that speech he prophesied that our free government could
stand only so long as there was a tolerable equality in the
division of property. What would he say could he stand
here today and count over the names of those possessed of
$20,000,000, of $50,000,000, of $100,000,000, even of more
than $200,000,000 and name over the great trusts and cor-porations
who levy taxes and contributions at their own will,
greater than those exacted for all the jDurposes of govern-ment?
He instances that when the great monasteries and
other church corporations under the Tudors threatened Eng-lish
prosperity the eighth Henry confiscated their property
(as has been done in our day by Mexico and other Latin
countries) and redistributed their accumulations. He might
have added that when the new commercial monopolies under
his daughter Elizabeth bade fair to take the place of the
suppressed ecclesiastical foundations in recreating inequal-ity,
the Commons called on her to pause and that haughty,
unbending sovereign had the common sense to save her
throne by yielding.
Mr. Webster also utilized the occasion to point to the fact
that in France by her exemption of nobles and priests from
taxation, property had gravitated into their hands till the
wild orgy of revolution had retransferred it to the people
and he prophesied that the new law in that country which
by restricting the right to will property had prevented its
accumulation into a few hands would inevitably destroy the
restored monarchy and rebuild the republic. His prophecy
has come true.
The great expounder of the constitution was right. Power
goes with those who own the property of the country. When
^IH WALTER RALEIGH
EOANOKE ISLAND. 79
property is widely distributed and a fair share of the com-forts
of life are equally in the reach of all, a country will re-main
a republic. When property, by whatever agency, be-comes
concentrated in a few hands, a change is impending.
Either the few holders will bring in, as he stated, an army
that will change the government to a monarchy, or revolu-tion
will force a redistribution as in England and France.
That has been the lesson of history.
In this day, of wider intelligence and general education,
let us hope and believe that there is a third way, hitherto un-known
in practice, and that by the operation of just and
wiser laws enacted by the sovereignty of the people, a more
just and equal distribution of wealth will follow and the
enjoyment of material Avell being will be more generally dif-fused
among the masses. All power is derived from and be-longs
to the people and should be used solely for their good.
This is the fundamental teaching of the institutions which
begin their record from the landing of the Anglo-Saxon race
on these shores, a landing which was first made at this spot.
Had I the ability of Mr. Webster, could I speak with his
authority, I might point out as he did the great danger of
the accumulation of wealth in a few hands, and might fore-see
and foretell the remedies which a great, a wise and an
all-powerful people will apply. But I shall not follow in the
path which he has trod, liaud passihus equis.
Let us not forget on this occasion that to this island be-longs
the disting-uished honor of being the birthplace of the
first American girl. It is the Eden from which she sprung.
She had no predecessor and remains without a model and
without a rival. In that first Eden man was the first ar-rival
and the garden was a failure. Here the girl was the
first arrival and the boys have followed her ever since. Ap-propriately
she bore the name of Dare, and daring, delight-ful,
her successors have been ever since. We do well, were
80 THE NORTH CAROLINA BOOKLET.
we to come here solely to do honor to the memory of the first
American girl, this finished, superlative product of her sex
and of these later ages.
NORTH Carolina's future.
When the first expedition landed here there were, it is
estimated, in the bounds of the present State of ISTorth Caro-lina,
20,000 Indians, earning a precarious living by fishing
and hunting and spending their miserable lives in slaying
and torturing one another. Today we have near 2,000,000
of the foremost race of all the world, living in peace and
order. Could I, like Mr. Webster in his Plymouth Rock
oration, prophesy as to the future—100 years hence—
I
should predict a still gTeater change. I should say that with
the same rate of increase N^orth Carolina will then have
6,000,000 of people and that cities of 100,000 inhabitants
will be numbered by the score ; that every village will be
connected with its neighbor by electric roads, for steam will
have ceased to be a motive power; that education will be
universal and poverty unknown ; that every swamp will have
been drained to become the seat of happy homes ; that every
river will be deepened and straightened ; that public works
operated for the benefit of the people and not for the enrich-ment
of a few, will bring comforts and conveniences, now
unknown, to the most distant fireside ; that the hours of
labor will be shortened ; that the toil of agriculture will be
done by machinery and that irrigation will have banished
droughts ; that the advance of medicine, already the most
progressive science among us, will have practically abolished
all diseases save that of old age ; that simpler laws and an
elevated and all powerful public opinion will have minim-ized
crime and reduced the volume of litigation ; that re-ligion
less sectarian and disputatious about creeds and forms
will be a practical exemplification of that love of fellow man
KOANOKE ISLAND. 81
which was typified by its divine founder; that every toiler
with brains or with hand will prosper and that under juster
laws the only inequality in wealth or condition will be that
due to the difference in the energy, efforts and natural gifts
of each possessor.
This is but the first of many successive celebrations of the
landing here and if these feeble, fugitive words shall be pre-served
to that distant day the speaker who shall read them
to a vast audience gathered here will either justify the
prophecy or at least he will say, ''In the interest of the hap-piness
of the human race, they ought to have come true."
82 THE NOETH CAROLINA BOOKLET.
HOW CAN INTEREST BE AROUSED IN THE
STUDY OF THE HISTORY OF
NORTH CAROLINA?*
Those of you who at dawn have rocked on the restless
deep know that when the great sun lifts himself upon the
horizon a hreeze always springs up and with the new light a
new breath from heaven walks upon the face of the waters.
So in N^orth Carolina as the doors swing wide open to the
coming Twentieth Century, we feel that a new spirit is mov-ing
upon the face of the land. A new epoch is at hand. Uni-versal
education must soon come and with it will come the un-told
development of our resources and of the energies of our
peojDle. We feel that farther west than the fabled island
of Atlantis, this land of North Carolina is rising into the
sunlight of a grander and a more perfect day.
To no other agency is so much credit due for this great
movement as to this Association. Though I believe this is
only the eighteenth annual meeting of your body, you have
in these seventeen years completely revolutionized public
sentiment in this State upon the subject of public schools.
The beautiful words of Barry Yelverton, Lord Avonmore, on
another subject, can with justice be applied to you in connec-tion
with the public school system of this State : ^'You
found it a skeleton and you have clothed it with life, color
and complexion ; you have embraced the cold statue and at
your touch it has grown into youth, beauty and vigor." In-stead
of being barely tolerated, our public schools are now
deemed of the first necessity and no public man and no re-spectable
section of society dare oppose them. They are be-coming
our pride and the only real question is so to readjust
taxation that a sum adequate to their just and proper sup-port
shall be laid upon those best able to bear it.
*Acldress by Judge Walter Clark, President of N. C. Literary and Historical Society,
before the Teachers' Assembly, Wrightsville, N. C, 12 June, 1901.
HOW CAN INTEREST BE AROUSED « 85
Yon are to be congratulated upon the $200,000 appro-priated
from the general fund, which is due to your efforts.
Though inadequate, it is an installment upon the pledges
made for the education of the children. It is also significant
of the growth in public sentiment that every election this
spring upon the subject of graded schools has been favorable
and indeed in some places unanimous.
The jSTorth Carolina Literary and Historical Association,
though organized only last fall, has been, I am proud to say,
as I have the honor to be its president, of some assistance
to you in this great work. It was in one of our meetings
that the j^lan of public school libraries was formulated.
The draft of the bill as originally suggested by Professor
Grimsley was with some amendments adopted by the Gen-eral
Assembly, having been ably and eloquently championed
by Senator TL S. Ward and other progressive and public
spirited members.
Though now limited to six school districts in each county
with a library of $30 each, this is a good beginning. It will
not be long before the library will be extended to every school
district in the State, and the appropriation for each library
will be increased.
The subject you have assigned me, "How to Encourage
the Study of the History of ITorth Carolina," struck me with
surprise. It is related of the great Hannibal that a certain
philosopher undertook to point out to him the defects in his
system of strategy, with possibly some criticism of his lin-gering
so long around Capua. The old warrior listened with
such interest that some one ventured to ask him afterwards
what he thought of the philosopher. "Why," he said, "he
had such cheek I was bound to listen to see what he would
say next." I do not understand why I have been selected to
talk of war in the presence of so many Hannibals^-if some
one present who is skilled in the Punic tongue will tell me
84 THE NORTH CAEOLIA'A BOOKLET.
the feminine for Hannibal—I will add in the presence of so
many Hannibals and lady Hannibals. I can only account
for it upon the popular superstition, wbich is entirely un-founded,
that a lawyer's cheek is equal to anything. It is so
hard for a superstition to die out
!
The first requisite for the encouragement of the study of
history is a sufficient school term and suitable school houses
in which it may be taught. First '^catch your rabbit" pre-cedes
all directions as to how to cook him. With the present
school term of little over three months there is not much time
for more than the ''three R's." All declamation and ora-tory
in favor of longer terms, and all pledges of "education
for all the children," are worse than idle unless there is suffi-cient
revenue for the support of the schools.
Your Association has created and directed the public sen-timent
which is now almost unanimously in favor of an effi-cient
system of public schools. What is needed now is the
financial ability which shall draft and enact a modem up-to-date
system of taxation which shall raise the necessary funds
by the readjustment of the burdens in accordance with
modern conditions. It is idle to talk about a nine months'
term with the appropriations now available. More money
must be had, and a great deal more. It can not be raised
by increasing the tax upon land and merchandise, the crude
medieeval system which is still so largely in vogue among us.
The farmer's business is not prosperous. You can not add
to his burdens. Nor can the merchant, who now pays not
only a double tax but a threefold or fourfold tax, bear a
heavier burden. In the classic language of the day, "the
proposition is up to you,"
Your able secretary, who for four years has been the effi-cient
superintendent of public schools, has in two reports
called the attention of the Legislature to a new source of rev-enue,
hitherto untouched, which he thought could most easily
HOW CAN INTEREST BE AROUSED ? 85
contribute to the support of the public schools. The rail-roads
of this State collect as North Carolina's proportion of
their earnings annually over $16,000,000 of which more
than $6,000,00 is net profit. jSTot one dollar of this im-mense
revenue pays one cent of tribute to God nor C?esar.
As they are owned almost entirely by nonresidents, these
great net revenues are carried out of the State, never to re-turn,
and thus to our permanent impoverishment.
!N^ot in a spirit of hostility to them but in justice to all
other taxpayers, Mr. Mebane has called attention to the fact
that many other States were raising a large share of their
revenue from a tax on the gross earnings of corporations.
Illinois lays a tax of eight per cent upon the gross earnings
of the Illinois Central, and Governor Odell, of ISTew York,
has recommended that all the revenues of that State should
be derived from that source alone, leaving the tax upon real
and personal property for county purposes. It has been sug-gested
that a tax of five per cent levied upon the $16,000,-
000 of railroad earnings in this State would raise $800,000
from that source alone which should be a sacred fund de-voted
solely to school purposes. The tax on the earnings of
other great corporations would raise this additional revenue
for school purposes to more than $1,000,000 annually.
It would not be seriously felt by the subjects of it, for while
a tax of five per cent on the $16,000,000 of gross earnings
is $800,000 yet as the net earnings of the railroads in ISForth
Carolina are over $6,000,000 there would still be left them
$5,200,000 net revenue, which is thirteen per cent, net in-terest
upon the $40,000,000 on which they are assessed as
the fair value of all their real and personal property in this
State. It would seem that they can well afford to pay $800,-
000 tax on gross earnings when after such payment there
will still be left them thirteen per cent net earnings upon
the actual value of their property. Every dollar of this sum
86 THE NORTH CAROLINA BOOKLET.
will be needed before you can bave an adequate scbool fund.
As Mr. Mebane said, wbere else can you get it from parties
wbo can so easily and justly pay it ? If tbere is any better
source let us find it. Tbe scbools must be supported by taxa-tion.
In making tbis recommendation Mr. Mebane was but
following tbe examples set us by so many otber States.
Tbink wbat $1,000,000 added to your scbool fund annually
in Nortb Carolina can do ! Wbat a real impetus it would
give to tbe cause of education
!
Mr. Mebane's recommendation was eminently just, even
if it bad required a constitutional amendment, but as long
as tbe francbise of tbe railroads was practically untaxed bis
recommendation was not open to tbe objection tbat "no in-come
can be taxed wben tbe property from wbicb tbe income
is derived is taxed." Anotber provision to wbicb lobbyists
favoring tbe exemption of tbe most profitable business in tbe
State did not call attention is in tbe same clause of tbe Con-stitution
and requires ''all real and personal property to be
taxed according to its true value in money." Tbis did not,
bowever, escape tbe General Assembly of 1901, wbicb bas
now provided (Cb. Y, Sees. 50 and 43) tbat tbe intangible
property, tbe francbise, sball be assessed by taking tbe aggre-gate
of tbe market value of tbe bonds and stocks of any rail-road
as its true value (wbicb is necessarily so) and tbat de-ducting
tberefrom tbe valuation of its assessed tangible prop-erty,
tbe difference is the value of the franchise. Tbis is as
simple and unanswerable as a proposition in Euclid, and is
tbe metbod recognized by courts, financiers and "tbe public"
(as tbe statute says). As the market value of tbe bonds
and stocks of tbe portion of tbe railroads lying in tbis State
is known to be considerably over $150,000,000 and tbe as-sessment
of tbeir otber property to tbis time is only $42,-
000,000, it follows tbat over $108,000,000 is now added
HOW CAN INTEREST BE AROUSED ? 87
from this hitherto untaxed source, which, on the ad valorem
basis, provided in the same statute, will add $720,000 an-nual
revenue. The act provides that it shall be in force from
its ratification. If the operation of the act had been post-poned,
it would have been an exemption of this vast value
from taxation which the Legislature could not grant.
The same statute applies to other corporations and thus
the franchise tax will appropriate $800,000, the very sum
which Mr. Mebane proposed to raise by his tax on gross
earnings, but which is now to be raised in a method which
is beyond constitutional objection. The requirements of this
law are too plain to be misunderstood and we can not pre-sume
that there will be any failure to execute it,
ISTow, it is for you to procure the General Assembly to ap-jjropriate
this tax on franchises (in lieu of the proposed tax
on gross earnings) to the public schools. The watchfulness
of those interested in public education will thus be a check
upon the influences which by every device and subtlety will
endeavor to repeal or evade this tax.
Declamation is cheap. Words butter no parsnips. If
this people is to become an educated people it must be done
by levying an adequate tax which shall raise a school fund
sufficient for the purpose. Your assembly having started
the public sentiment which is now so overwhelmingly in
favor of public schools, you must now find the means—you
must indicate the source from which can be most justly and
easily raised by taxation a sum sufiicient to educate all the
children of this State. If you mean to build up a really
efficient school system and not merely declaim about it; if,
in short, you mean business, you can not rest till an all
powerful public sentiment shall be aroused which shall send
to Ealeigh a Legislature to vote the money, without which an
adequate school system is impossible.
2
88 THE NOETH CAROLINA BOOKLET.
The suggestion that the already underpaid public school
teachers shall each contribute two months', or one month's,
additional instruction without charge is unjust and unprece-dented.
They have no greater interest than others in public
instruction and have already done far more for it by work-ing
at inadequate wages. Suppose the suggestion were made
equitable and democratic, that all others should contribute
two months' work to the schools, that farmers, merchants,
doctors, preachers, lawyers, office-holders and gTcat corpora-tions
should contribute each their earnings for two months'
work ! If the teachers are to be called on let all others con-tribute
in the same proportion.
Instruction in history can of course be had in the Uni-versity,
in Trinity College, Wake Forest, Davidson, Elon,
Whitsett, Oak Ridge, Guilford College, and many another
whose equipment would do honor to larger and wealthier
States. The shortage is not there, but with those less fortun-ate
whose opj^ortunities in life are to be found in the public
schools alone.
You must first catch your rabbit^—you must first get suffi-cient
school terms and school houses and school teachers
whereby something more than the "three R's" can be taught
—then we reach the secondary stage—how to encourage the
study of the history of jSTorth Carolina.
The first consideration when you have the schools and the
leisure to teach history is, you must make it interesting to
the pujnls. Articles, brief and striking, should be written
upon the most salient points of our history—cameos of his-tory,
so to speak. Something in that line has been done by
Mr. Creecy and Mr. W. C. Allen and some others. Such
gems well set will attract the boy or girl when grave com-pilations
like those of Dr. Hawks, Colonel "Wheeler and
others will repel.
Then, if possible, the eye should be appealed to by paint-
HOW CAN INTEREST BE AROUSED ? 89
ings and engravings. In every Massachusetts school book,
in every Massachusetts library and public building, you will
find engravings of the notable events in her history and of
the great men who have led her people on all great occa-sions.
There you will find placed before the eye of childhood the
representation of the landing from the Mayflower upon that
rock bound coast in the depth of winter, the flight of the
British from Lexington, the death of Warren, the scenes in
her Indian wars, the pictures of Adams, of Hancock, and
Webster. What Massachusetts child ever forgets the native
land which produced such men or the spots where such events
occurred ?
They have the landing of the Pilgrims in 1520. What
ISTorth Carolina school room or public building impresses
upon the mind of childhood that other scene thirty-six years
earlier, when the first English settlement on this continent
was made upon our own shores at Roanoke Island ? ISTot
amid the snows on a barren coast, as at Plymouth Rock, but
in the middle of a semi-tropical summer, with the great cy-presses,
hung with moss, as sentinels of the historic scene,
and the odors of Araby the blest wafted to the sea-worn
wanderers from the shores of this new land of hope and of
plenty.
In Massachusetts' books every striking scene in King Phil-lip's
war and in the Pequot war is not only recorded by the
pens of facile writers, but the painter's brush and the en-graver's
tool have faithfully preserved the features of each
locality and imagination has restored the features, the arms
and the dress of the actors in each stirring scene.
What pen or pencil or engTaving or brush brings to the
plastic mind of our children the scenes of our own Indian
wars ? There is that expedition by Governor Lane up the
Roanoke in search of the gold supposed to lie at its source.
90 THE NORTH CAROLINA BOOKLET.
Between Hamilton and Williamston he was suddenly as-sailed
by flights of arrows and driven back. Had that hap-pened
on the headwaters of the Connecticut what vivid re-productions
we should have both by pen and engraving.
From above Hamilton to the mouth of the river the aspect
of the Eoanoke flowing through an almost unbroken forest
is nearly the same today as it was on the day of the defeat
of that hardy expedition. The writer or painter who wishes
to portray that scene has today but to visit some stretches of
the lordly river as it flows amid eternal silence and through
unbroken forests to its mouth. He has but to draw true to
nature. There are the great trees, and the same solemn
silence unbroken save by the rippling of the river, the deer
on the banks, the startled water fowl, the wild flowers, the
same riotous magnificence of primeval nature. Let him
evoke from history and imagination the picture of the great
canoes filled with Englishmen slowly toiling up the stream,
their habits as they wore, their arms, their standards, the
savages half concealed on shore, the sudden flight of arrows.
This and more, faithfully written or sketched on the spot
and reproduced by printing press and the engraving stone,
would give the children of N^orth Carolina an interest in
that event in the history of their State and a conception of
the conditions then existing here which they have never had.
Then there are the terrible scenes of massacre of our own
great Indian war of 1711, the march of the South Carolina
troops hundreds of miles through the trackless forest to our
aid and the stonii and sack of the Indian fort at l^ahucke in
1713, which finally broke the Indian power. Could our
children ever forget such scenes or fail to feel an interest in
them if presented to their minds by a gi'aphic pen or appro-priate
engraving?
In ISTorthern school books, so largely used among us, are
stirring narratives of the expedition to Louisburg and to
HOW CAN INTEREST BE AROUSED ? 91
Canada, but where is the book which contains a reference,
much less a picturesque description or engraving, of the ear-lier
expedition of 1740 to South America, or the capture of
Havana in 1762, in both of which ISTorth Carolina had a
share ?
Massachusetts books and Massachusetts school rooms bear
many an engraving of the stirring times when Patriots, dis-guised
as Indians, threw the tea into Boston harbor in 1773.
But where are the engravers or the writers who have im'4
pressed upon the minds of our children that scene when the
brave men under Waddell and Ashe, unmasked and bravely
in broad daylight in a few miles of this spot, in 1765, eight
years before the Boston tea party, forbade Great Britain to
put her stamp act into execution in this Province or even to
land her stamps ?
In painting and in bronze Massachusetts has preserved the
memory of the Attucks riot in Boston on the eve of the Revo-lution.
On Boston Common the great memorial stands. But
where is our statuary, or our painting, or our engraving of
the battle of Alamance in 1771 ?
They have Paul Revere's midnight ride to fame. Why
leave unsung that other ride from Charlotte to Philadelphia ?
Where, indeed is our painting of that grand scene for
which Massachusetts has no parallel—the meeting which is-sued
the immortal declaration of independence at Mecklen-burg
on the 20th of May, 1775 ?
They have immortalized by pen and pencil the defeat of
the Americans at Bunker Hill. Where and how have we
placed before admiring eyes the first victory for the Ameri-can
arms, which was achieved at Moore's Creek in February,
1776, that striking scene when the planks of the bridge be-ing
taken up, brave men crossed on the stringers amid the
fires of battle, as the Moslems tell us souls pass to paradise
over Al Sirat's arch, spanning by a single hair the flames
of hell ?
92 THE NORTH CAROLINA BOOKLET.
Pencil and brush and pen love to linger on the grand
scene when, on the 4th of July, 1776, the thirteen colonies
declared that they ought to be and were sovereign and inde-pendent.
But has anyone ever seen a similar picture of that
meeting of the Provincial Congi'ess at Halifax on the 12th
of April, 1776, when the first resolution was passed by any
State instructing that other Congress at Philadelphia to do
what was done nearly three months later ? Had we im-pressed
that by story, by statue or by stipple plate upon the
minds of our own people would a scholar like Senator Lodge
have forgotten it or ignored it in his study of those times ?
Brave men lived before Agamemnon, and brave men and
great men have lived, at least they did live in those times,
south of the Virginia line, but what have we done to per-petuate
their memories ? In nearly every home in Massa-chusetts
hangs a portrait of John Hancock, or one of the
Adams ; where is our Cornelius Harnett or Richard Cas-well
? They have Warren, dying in defeat at Bunker Hill.
Where is our engraving of Nash, falling on the field of Ger-mantown
?
Like a silhouette the heroic figure of Hardy Murfree, lead-ing
his forlorn hope of ISTorth Carolinians to the capture of
Stony Point on the Hudson, stands out against the sky line
of all history. But who has preserved the names of those
brave followers ; what engraving presents their immortal ac-tion
to our children ; what graphic pen has made this scene
a living one to our people ? What ISTorth Carolinian can
claim that he is descended from those stormy petrels of vic-tory,
who piloted Anthony Wayne to eternal fame on the
summit of that ridge ?
What has been said or sung or engraved as to the l^orth
Carolina line, steady as the Old Guard of l^apoleon itself, at
Germantown, at Monmouth, at Eutaw Springs, and on many
other fields?
HOW CAN INTEREST BE AKOTJSED ? 93
What school room in North Carolina has an engraving of
that event, unprecedented in history, when the volunteers of
a day, springing, like the clansmen of Roderick Dhu, from
our mountain sides, self-organized, without muster rolls,
without impulse other than the defense of their little homes,
moved down like an avalanche upon the foe led by one of
the enemy's best officers and bursting over the fiery crest of
King's Mountain broke forever Cornwallis' hopes of suc-cess
?
And at a later date, where are our engravings of other
patriotic sons of North Carolina who would have been an
honor to any people ?
It was Themistoclcs who declared that the trophies of Mil-tiades
would not allow him to sleep. The Israelites, when
they had passed over Jordan built twelve pillars that their
children's children might ask, "What mean these stones ?"
that posterity being told the story of Israel's greatness in
war and the unity of the twelve tribes might bear it in re-membrance
for all ages. Where are our trophies, the proud
memorials of the great deeds of our ancestors, whose aspect
shall stir the hearts of aspiring youth to emulate them and
to repeat our Marathons on future fields 1 The tall shaft
on Bunker Hill still rises to greet the sun in his coming, and
on its summit the genius of Webster's grand oration will
linger as a halo forevermore. On every heroic spot in all
that land shaft, or sculpture, or inscribed tablet, records that
there man has died for man. But what of us ?
Of recent years, we have made a small beginning. A
crumbling monument to Governor Caswell, blasted by fire,
stands in the streets of Kinston ; a monument in the Capitol
square, facing the setting sun, recalls the already fading tra-dition
of the 125,000 soldiers who belted North Carolina
like a living wall in the grand days of 1861-'5 ; a bronze
statue of our great tribune of the people stands on the same
94 THE NORTH CAROLINA BOOKLET.
square, aj)propriately facing tlie East, for, ever hopeful of
the progress and prosperity of the people he loved so well
and served so faithfully, he ever stood praying and hoping
for the dawn of a brighter day.
You are arousing this people as they have never been
aroused before to the needs of education. You propose to
educate them to the last boy and girl.
You propose to give them the increased capacity for learn-ing,
for enjoyment, for usefulness, which comes from educa-tion.
But what then ? Shall you lay before them histories
wherein Massachusetts, with some aid from one or two great
Virginians, conquered the British lion—books which repre-sent
no North Carolina historical event, and the features of
no great ISTorth Carolinian, in which our revolutionary his-tory
is a desert, with, perhaps a mild reference to the militia
at Guilford Court House, and in which our ante-revolution-ary
stone is a mere table of names ? Can you excite an in-terest
in the study of Xorth Carolina's history by such books
as those ? Can you inspire any young Themistocles to emu-late
the deeds of Miltiades when the story of those deeds is
left untold ?
I will not touch upon the ground of the misrepresentations
of the events of 1861-'5. Public attention has been drawn
to that and probably a true story of those eventful years will
be laid before our children. But will it be interesting V
Shall you give them the bare facts and a barren list of
names ? Where can better subjects be found for painter, for
sculptor, for graphic writing ?
Take among so many a single incident. At l^ew Bern
the battle* had gone sore against us. Four hundred soldiers
are cut off, with a pursuing enemy in the rear and an un-fordable
stream in front, the men in despair throwing their
arms into the water to prevent the enemy from getting them.
A single canoe is found carrying only eighteen men, there
* 14 Mar., 1862.
HOW CAN INTEREST BE AROUSED? 95
is danger of its being swamped in the mad rush, two young
officers,* both fresh from college, neither yet 21 years of age,
instead of saving themselves and pushing off to safety, take
their stand and count off from time to time eighteen men
who pass beneath their crossed sabres, till boat load after
boat load is ferried across. With immediate peril of Yankee
bullets and Yankee prison, they resolutely keep their guard
till every man is over and those two, the last to enter, float
across to friends and to freedom. What a picture for a
painter, for poet, for instructor ! How it would have been
emblazoned if told in Eoman story by Livy, or by Macaulay
to match his stirring lines which tell
"How well Horatlus did keep the bridge
In the brave days of old."
But what audience in JSTorth Carolina this day can name
these two beardless boys who came of the race of heroes ?
And this incident is but one of hundreds showing that this
people of iSTorth Carolina is one which produces heroes and
men fit to command. If we do not sulficiently honor them
it is possibly because such deeds are not rare among us.
What pen or pencil can portray to the life the heroism
of the men whom Tyler Bennett, Frank Parker and George
B. Anderson were proud to stand beside in that "Bloody
Lane" at Sharpsburg ; of the men under Pettigrew, Low-rance
and Lane, who fell farthest in the front of the South-ern
line at Gettysburg; the men, many of them fresh from
the plow and without a thought of heroism or fame, who,
like an averaging flame, swept down the broken lines at the
Salient, retaking and holding it against fearful odds ; and
of those ISTorth Carolinians in the Seven Days' Fight Around
Richmond who left more than twice as many of their dead
and wounded upon the field as Virginia herself or any other
Southern State ; the heroism of those brave men, from our
*W. A. Graham and H. K. Burgwyn, at that time respectively, Capt. Co. K, 2 N. C.
Cavalry, and Lieut.-Col. 26 N. C. Reg't.
96 THE NORTH CAROLINA BOOKLET.
mountains to the sea, who, with no other motive than their
duty, were first at Bethel and last at Appomattox, and who
at all times during those four long eventful years proved
themselves the peers of any troops that came against them or
that fought by their side ?
If you wish to encourage the study of the history of our
State, can you do better than to tell the deeds of such men,
plainly and simply, as befits the men who did them ? Can
the story be more needed ; can the teaching come better than
in these days, when worship) of the dollar is growing and
when youths are taught that the greatest among men is not
he who sheds his life's blood for his fellow men at the call of
his country and duty, but rather he who gathers, by whatever
device, the greatest quantity of the product of the labor of
others into his own keeping?
"Ill fares the land to hastening ills a prey
Where wealth accumulates and men decay."
The State has a great history. Its people have shown
themselves equal to every call upon them and equal to every
occasion. But that history has not yet been presented as it
should be. To excite interest in its study we must make it
interesting. Tell it as it happened, its grand deeds, its he-roic
sufferings, its unvaunting performance of duty in the
face of every danger, its uncomplaining endurance of every
hardship. Paint its striking historical incidents by brush as
well as by pen ; engrave them, hang them on the walls of
your school rooms, your libraries and your public buildings,
put them in your school books. Painter and historian have
recorded for the admiration of future ages that Sir Philip
Sidney, when wounded at Zutphen, refused a cup of water
for which he was perishing till a wounded private soldier
who needed it more than he could be supplied. But that in-cident,
and even greater self-denial, can be related of many
HOW CAN INTEREST BE AROUSED? 97
an unlettered ISTorth Carolina soldier who had never heard
of Sir Philip or of Zutphen, but in whose veins ran the blood
of heroes and whose courage is an inheritance from cen-turies
of brave ancestors of the purest Anglo-Saxon stock
on the continent.
To sum up, ladies and gentlemen, JSTorth Carolina has a
history that is worth the telling and which, when truly told,
will interest. It is a brave story of a people who from the
first founding of the colony would brook no tyranny and who
intended from the first that no one should govern them but
themselves ; the story of a brave, self-relying, liberty loving
people.
Then tell the story in an interesting manner. Let the
pens of your best writers record it in their most entertaining
manner, but plainly and simply as accords with the charac-ter
of our people, whose unpretentious nature is summed up
in their proud motto : "Esse Qtimn Videri," for in very
truth no people can better say in the words of the great
Dictator to Sir Peter Lely, "Paint me as I am." Like a
beautiful woman, their story, when unadorned, is adorned
the most.
Then, with an interesting history interestingly told, what
more is needed ? You need a wider audience. Educate the
masses. Create in them an intelligent interest in their sur-roundings
and in their history. Make it attractive by short
stories attractively told. Appeal to the eye by paintings and
engravings. Let the State add, when it can, sculpture and
statuary.
This Eome, Greece, England, France have done. This
the States north of us have done, preeminently the great edu-cational
State of Massachusetts. The means by which other
States and countries have created an interest in their history
are the means to which we must resort for the like purpose.
98 THE NORTH CAROLINA BOOKLET.
And none of them have a better foundation upon which to
build.
In the language of the poet-priest of the South
:
"Give me the land that is blessed by the dust,
And bright with the deeds of the down-trodden just.
Yes, give me the land where the battle's red blast
Has flashed to the future the fame of the past;
Yes, give me the land that hath legends and lays
That tell of the memories of long vanished days;
Yes, give me the land that hath story and song!
Enshrine the strife of the right with the wrong!
Yes, give me the land with a grave in each spot,
And names in the graves that shall not be forgot."
KILL DEVIL HILL 99
KILL DEVIL HILL
BY JAQUES BUSBEE
At sunrise it floats in the mist like the diaphanous pink
ghost of a hill. To stand upon it in the blinding glare of
noon it is vastly more illusive—the luminous sands under
jour feet seeming more unreal than the remote edges cutting
sharp against the deep blue sky. Even on stillest days upon
the beach, the sand on the summit is ever blowing, blurring
the edges with a film like heat radiations—piling up the hill
in a great crescent with horns outstretched to leeward from
the prevailing northeast winds.
And this vast pile of sand, hard on the windward, soft on
the leeward side, is ever moving towards the southwest at the
rate of two or three feet a year.
From the summit the view thrills with its far-stretched
beauty. Three quarters of a mile to the east, across the
coarse beach grass, is the boundless Atlantic; north, on the
trembling distance is another great sand hill fifteen miles
away—Paul Gamel's Hill ; south, the view is splendid with
the gleaming expanse of the fresh pond (a scant mile from
the surf) hemmed in on its western shore by the dark mys-terious
I^agshead woods and the ISTagshead sand hills be-yond.
But to the west unfolds the view of views.
The north end of Eoanoke Island, on which stands Fort
Raleigh, stretches across the southwest. Roanoke Sound is
divided from Kitty Hawk Bay by Collington Island (named
for Lord Colleton, one of the Lords Proprietors), and
far to the northwest on the dim horizon is Powell's Point.
Between Powell's Point and Kitty Hawk is the entrance to
Currituck Sound.
Three hundred and twenty odd years ago this same view
100 THE NORTH CAROLINA BOOKLET
burst upon the astonished sight of Amidas and Barlowe.
For after anchoring in the inlet, which was Kitty Hawk
Bay extended through the banks to the ocean, afterwards
closed by the great storm of 1696, named Trinity Harbor by
these first English to set foot in North Carolina, they ran to
the toj) of the nearest sand hill on the south of the inlet to
view the country. They beheld the sea on both sides "finding
no end any of both ways." They shot off their harquebus
shots "and such a flock of cranes for the most part white"
arose under them "with such a cry redoubled by many echoes,
as if an army of men had shouted all together."
Standing on the top of Kill Devil Hill today, the same
view unfolds itself ; the green-blue Atlantic to the east ; the
violet-blue sounds to the west; the brilliant marsh grasses,
the golden sand hills, the dark dense woods, and flocks of
herons "for the most part white" ; the whole vast panorama
blue—vivid blue from sky and sea and the reflections of
myriad pools upon the beach.
Just where Amidas and Barlowe landed is an always dis-puted
point. Barlowe's narrative, with its quaint old Eng-lish
wording, leaves the inquirer in greater doubt than if
he took the word of any one of the many historians each of
whom chose for himself the inlet which suited him best. But
language, says Talleyrand, is a gloriously uncertain vehicle,
invented to conceal thought.
So turn to John White's map, or rather, bird's eye view of
this "coming of the English." Now a picture can mean only
one thing. This picture shows a boat with eight men in it,
sailing towards lioanoke Island from the northeast. The dis-tance
from the inlet where the two vessels were anchored
to Boanoke was recorded by them as seven leagues. Al-though
the distance by water from Kitty Hawk Bay to
Boanoke is not as much as seven leagues, old Currituck in-let
is much too far north and old Boanoke inlet is not far
KILL, DEVIL HILL 101
enough north—for who can believe those early explorers
were very accurate measures of distance? An inlet through
the banks at Kitty Hawk Bay comes much nearer fitting
both the account and picture than any other inlet indicated.
One thing, however, is certain and that is, an inlet once
pierced the banks nearly opposite the pressure of Albemarle
Sound waters. Along the shores of Kitty Hawk and the
opposite shores of Colling-ton Islands are undeniable evi-dences
that the present fresh waters of the bay were once
salt. Great mounds of oyster shells or "Indian Kitchens"
line the shores. Indian relics are scattered here and there
and are often "blowing out." Within the memory of living
men the ocean beach curved in at a point opposite the bay
to such an extent that small vessels could find in it a partial
haven.
The fresh pond, a mile to the southward, was once con-nected
with this inlet ; for old men remember their fathers'
statements that boats could be taken from the bay into this
land-locked harbor.
Kill Devil Hill stands a natural monument to mark this
old inlet of Trinity Harbor. Its sands have moved and
shifted and wasted away, but other sands have blowm and
made up in their stead. Is it too much to hazard the belief
that the first English feet to climb its yielding slope were
the sailors' from Sir Walter Raleigh's two little vessels an-chored
in the ofilng, and that upon its summit Amidas and
Barlowe unfurled the English flag?
Kill Devil Hill claims a present interest for two reasons
;
first, that from its crown (125 feet high) the Wright broth-ers
learned to fly ; and second on account of the legend of
its name.
Hidden from the world at Kill Devil Hill the Wright
brothers labored secretly at the most wonderful success that
man has yet achieved. Over at Kitty Hawk, Mrs. W. J.
102 THE NORTH CAROLINA BOOKLET
Tate shows with j)i'icle her sewing machine on which she
stitched up the sails for this biplane, and at the foot of Kill
Devil Hill stands the "flying shed" which sheltered that mys-terious
bird. How Nagshead and Kitty Hawk woods
swarmed with reporters and kodaks when the Wrights' ex-periments
had reached the point of success, is all too recent
in the newspapers to need repetition.
But the legend of the name "Kill Devil" is too character-istic
of the banks, as they were long ago, to be lost; and
apocryphal though it may be, it deserves preservation. "In
days of yore and in times long gone before" there dwelt
upon the banks in the thick tangled woods of Nagshead and
to the northward, a rude and primitive race of wreckers
and beach combers whose living came largely from the sea.
When God in His bounty was slow to drive vessels upon
the treacherous quicksands of the coast, the natives, in prom-ising,
stormy weather would hobble a bank pony, tie a lan-tern
about his neck and turn him out upon the beach.
The light bobbing up and down as the nag gTazed, closely
simulated the lights on a vessel at sea. Long before
the days of light houses or life saving stations, when ves-sels
cleared some port never to be heard from again, the
bankers along this coast could have given information in
many instances had they chosen. The mystery of Theodosia
Burr Alston and the portrait of an aristocratic lady which
hung for many years in a jSTagshead shanty, and which was
but recently identified, held a tragedy of the banks which
many writers have essayed.
But that is not the story of Kill Devil. Like most stories
of the banks, it begins with a wreck. A coastwise merchant-man,
laden with a valuable cargo, was driven upon the
reef and wrecked. The crew succeeded in reaching the
beach alive, and next day, the storm having much abated.
KILL DEVIL HILL 103
most of the cargo was gotten through the snrf and piled
upon the sand with a guard to watch it.
Towards midnight the guard sprang forward in wide
awake terror, to find the bale of goods upon which he was
sleeping detach itself from the pile and amble away across
the beach, to disappear in the woods beyond the big sand hill.
In a moment all hands were awake and regarding with
stupified horror the spot where a moment before the bale
had rested. ISTo power but the Devil was capable of such a
thing, they all declared, and they cursed the fate which had
cast them upon such a coast. Two men were ordered to
watch for the remainder of the night.
It was just before dawn. Both men saw it with wide
open eyes. A large bale of goods broke loose from the pile
and went bounding over the sand, to disappear in the direc-tion
of the big sand hill. This was no night ''head notion."
Daylight, however, restored quiet and these superstitious
sailors held a council. Of course it was the Devil. That
went without argument. But then, who could circumvent,
capture, or kill, the Devil ? Men were not inclined to watch
or even sleep near such a diabolical spot. At length one old
grizzly seadog offered to watch—alone if none had nerve
enough to watch with him. He feared not man, God, nor
Devil ; and if it was the Devil, he swore he'd kill him.
Until midnight this fearless one patrolled the beach alone,
keeping a close eye on the bales of goods so mysteriously!
diminished the night before. Finally he sat down for a
moment just to rest his legs. With a shock to consciousness,
he was startled to see a large bale of goods break loose from
the pile and start across the beach towards the big hill. In
an instant his gun was levelled on it, but what was there to
shoot ? So he ran after it as hard as he could, but it bounded
along just ahead with increasing speed. Then with a des-perate
effort he dashed forward between the fleeing bale and
3
104 THE NORTH CAROLINA BOOKLET
the sand hill, when he tripped and fell over a taut rope.
In an instant he was on his feet, and, taking aim along the
rope, he fired. The bale of goods stood still. Running along
by the rope, he saw, dimly silhouetted against the faintly
gleaming sand, a large black object with what he took to be
two horns and a tail.
While he was reloading his gun this devilish thing began
again to move. He pulled the trigger. Immediately the
night was filled with a fearful noise, as the black object sank
to the ground and began to kick up the sand. Rushing up
to the foot of the hill, there he saw lying—the Devil, welter-ing
in blood ?—an old beach pony with a rope tied to his
harness—the other end hooked to the bale of goods. But he
had in truth killed the Devil, for the pile of goods remained
untouched upon the beach till finally boated away. And so
that grandiose sand hill standing near the site of the old inlet
was ever after known as "Kill the Devil Hill."
I*^ow as Shahrazad, perceiving the dawn of day, would
remark, '^Whether this be true or only legend is past find-ing
out, but Allah is all-knowing."
GENERAL JAMES HOGUN. 105
CAREER OF GENERAL JAMES HOGUN, ONE
OF NORTH CAROLINA'S REVOLU=
TIONARY OFFICERS.
BY CHIEF JUSTICE WALTER CLARK.
North Carolina in the Revohition furnished ten regiments
to the regular service—the Continental line. Five of the
Colonels of these hecame general officers, the only Generals
North Carolina had in the regular service. They were Gen-eral
Robert Howe, who rose to be Major-General—our sole
Major-General—and four Brigadiers—General James
Moore, who died early in the war ; General Francis Nash,
killed at Germantown and buried near the field of battle
—
a brother of Governor Abner Nash ; General Jethro Sum-ner,
and General James Hogun.
The lives and careers of the first three named are well
known. For some reason the data as to the last two have
been neglected. The Hon. Kemp P. Battle, by diligent
search in many quarters, was able to restore to us much in-formation
as to General Jethro Sumner, of Warren County,
and, indeed, to rehabilitate his memory. As to General
James Hogun, of JIalifax County, the task was more diffi-cult.
Little has been known beyond the fact that he was
probably from Halifax County, and that he was a Brigadier-
General. The late Colonel William L. Saunders requested
the writer to investigate and preserve to posterity whatever
could now be rediscovered as to this brave officer.
It may be noted that North Carolina has not named a
county, or township, or village, in honor of either of the
four generals—Howe, Moore, Sumner, or Hogun. Moore
County was named in honor of Judge Alfred Moore, of the
United States Supreme Court. General Nash was the only
106 THE NORTH CAROLINA BOOKLET.
one of the five thus honored, the county of Nash having been
formed in 1777, the year of General ISTash's death at Ger-mantown.
General James Ilogun was born in Ireland, but the year
and place of his birth are unknown. The name is spelt
Hogun, though usually in Ireland, where the name is not
uncommon, it is written Hogan—^with an a. He removed
to Halifax County, in this State, and to the Scotland Neck
section of it. He married, October 3, 1751, Miss Euth ISTor-fleet,
of the well known family of that name. In the Pro-vincial
Congress, which met at Halifax, April 4, 1776, and
which framed our first State Constitution, James Hogun
was one of the delegates for Halifax County. He was ap-pointed
Paymaster in the Third Regiment (Sumner's), but
on 26 November, 1776, he was elected Colonel of the
Seventh North Carolina Regiment, and 6 December of that
year an election was ordered to fill the vacancy in Congress
caused thereby. Colonel Hogun marched northward with
the Seventh and Colonel Armstrong with the Eighth, and
both regiments arrived in time to take part in the battles of
Brandywine and Germantown. Colonel Sumner was ap-pointed
to fill the vacancy caused by the death of General
Francis Nash. For the vacancy caused by the promotion
of General Howe from Brigadier-General to Major-General,
our Legislature recommended Colonel Thomas Clark, of the
First Regiment ; but General Washington stated that, while
not undervaluing Colonel Clark's services, Colonel Hogun
by his distinguished gallantry at Germantown, had earned
the promotion, and he was therefore elected and commis-sioned
a Brigadier-General 9 January, 1779, and contin-ued
to serve with the army at the north. When Charleston
was threatened, all of the North Carolina line which had
not previously gone south with General Lincoln, under Sum-ner,
was ordered to that point. Owing to losses, the North
GENEEAL JAMES HOGTJN. 107
Carolina regiments then JSTorth were consolidated into four,
and General Hogun was placed in command. At the head of
his brigade he passed through Halifax and Wilmington in
February, 1780, and took part in the memorable defense of
Charleston, When General Lincoln surrendered that city
on 12 May 1780, though he surrendered five thousand men,
only one thousand eight hundred of them were regular
troops, and the larger part of these were General Hogun's
ISTorth Carolina brigade. General Sumner, our other Brig-adier,
who had commanded that part of the ISTorth Carolina
line which was at Charleston before General Hogun's ar-rival,
was home on furlough, as were many officers that had
lost employment by the consolidation of the depleted com-panies
and regiments. With that exception, ISTorth Caro-lina's
entire force was lost to her at this critical time. The
surrendered militia were paroled, but the regular troops,
headed by General Hogun, were conveyed to Hadrell's Point,
in rear of Sullivan's Island, near Charleston. There they
underwent the greatest privations of all kinds. They were
nearly starved, but even a petition to fish, in order to add
to their supply of food, was refused by the British. These
troops were also threatened with deportation to the West
Indies. General Hogun himself was offered leave to return
home on parole. Tempting as was the offer, he felt that his
departure would be unjust to his men, whose privations he
had promised to share. He also knew that his absence
would aid the efforts of the British, who were seeking re-cruits
among these half-starved prisoners. He fell a victim
to his sense of duty 4 January, 1781, and fills the unmarked
grave of a hero. History affords no more striking incident
of devotion to duty, and North Carolina should erect a tablet
to his memory, and that of those who perished there with him.
Of the one thousand eight hundred regulars who went into
captivity on Sullivan's Island with him, only seven hundred
survived when they were paroled.
108 THE NOETH CAROLINA BOOKLET.
We do not know Greneral Hogun's age, but as he had mar-ried
in 1751 he was probably beyond middle life. In this
short recital is found all that careful research has so far dis-closed
of a life whose outline proves it worthy of fuller com-memoration.
Could his last resting place be found, the
tablet might well bear the Lacedaemonian inscription, "Siste
viator. Heroa calcas/'*
General Hognn left only one child, Lemuel Hogun, who
married Mary Smith, of Halifax County. To Lemuel Ho-gun,
March 14, 1786, ISTorth Carolina issued a grant for
twelve thousand acres of land in Davidson County, Ten-nessee,
near Kashville, as ''the heir of Brigadier-General
Hogun." In October, 1792, the United States paid him
five thousand two hundred and fifty dollars, being the seven
years' half pay voted by Congress to the heirs of Brigadier-
Generals who liad died in service. In 1814 Lemuel Hogun
died, and is probably buried at the family burial ground.
General Hogun resided in Halifax County, North Carolina,
about one mile from the present village of Hobgood. In
1818 the widow of Lemuel Hogun, with her children, moved
to Tuscumbia, Alabama. jSFumerous descendants are to be
found in that State, and in Tennessee and Mississippi. In
the late war General Hogun's papers, which might have
furnished materials for history, were seized by the Federal
troops and presumably destroyed, though it is barely possi-ble
they may be yet preserved in some ISTorthern historical
collection. It is known that among these papers was at least
one letter from Washing-ton to General Hogun.
These five heroes—Howe, Moore, ]S^ash, Sumner, and
Hogim—were, as has been said, the only Generals from this
State in the regular service.
We had several Generals who commanded militia, ordered
out on three months' tour or on special service, at sundry
times, such as General Griffith Rutherford and General Dav-
* "Pause, traveler. A hero's dust sleeps below."
GENEBAL JAMES HOGUN. 109
idson, for whom those counties have been named ; Generals
Butler and Eaton, and others. General Davidson had been
a Major in the Continental line, but was a Brigadier-General
of militia when killed, 1 October, 1780, at Cowan's Ford.
There were others, as Colonel Davie, Major Joseph Graham
(who commanded the brigade sent to Jackson's aid against
the Creeks in 1812), and several who acquired the rank of
General after the Eevolution,
The militia figured more prominently in that day than
since. The important victories of King's Mountain and
Ramsour's Mills were won solely by militia, and Cowpens
and Moore's Creek by their aid. Rutherford and Gregory
commanded militia brigades at Camden, as Butler and Eaton
did at Guilford Court House, and as General John Ashe did
at Brier Creek.
It may be of interest to name here the Colonels of the ten
iN^orth Carolina regiments of the Continental line
:
First Regiment^ James Moore. On his promotion to
Brigadier-General, Francis ISTash. After his promotion,
Thomas Clark. Alfred Moore, afterwards Judge of the
United States Supreme Court, was one of the Captains.
Second Regiment^ Robert Howe. After his promotion
to Major-General, Alexander Martin. He being elected
Governor, John Patton became Colonel. In this regiment
Hardy Murfree, from whom Murfreesboro, in North Caro-lina
and Tennessee, are named, rose from Captain to Lieu-tenant-
Colonel ; and Benjamin Williams, afterwards Gov-ernor,
was one of the Captains. David Vance, grandfather
of Governor Vance, was a Lieutenant.
Third Regiment^ Jethro Sumner. After his promotion it
was consolidated with the First Regiment. In this regiment
Hal Dixon was Lieutenant-Colonel and Pinketham Eaton
was Major, both distinguished soldiers ; and William Blount,
afterwards United States Senator, was Paymaster.
110 THE NOETH CAROLINA BOOKLET.
Fourth Regiment, Thomas Polk, General William David-son,
killed at Cowan's Ford, was Major of this regiment, and
William Williams, afterwards prominent, was Adjutant.
Fifth Regiment, Edward Buncombe, who died of wounds
received at G-ermantown, and for whom Buncombe County is
named.
Sixth Regiment, Alexander Lillington, afterwards Gideon
Lamb. John Baptista Ashe, of Halifax, who was elected
Governor in 1802 but died before qualifying, was Lieuten-ant-
Colonel of this regiment.
Seventh Regiment^ James Hogun. After his promotion,
Robert Mebane. In this regiment, Nathaniel Macon, after-wards
Speaker of Congress and United States Senator, and
James Turner, afterwards Governor, served together as pri-vates
in the same company.
Eighth Regiment, James Armstrong.
Ninth Regiment, John P. Williams. Of this regiment
William Polk was Major.
Tenth Regiment, Abraham Shephard.
The State had in the Continental line a battery of artil-lery
commanded by John Kingsbury, and three companies
of cavalry, led, respectively, by Samuel Ashe, Martin Phifer,
and Cosmo de Medici.
My object in writing has been to give the few details
which, after laborious research, I have been able to exhume
as to General Hogun, his origin, his services, and his de-scendants.
I trust others may be able to bring to light fur-ther
information, so that an adequate memoir may be pre-pared
of so distinguished an officer.
A FORGOTTEN LAW. Ill
A FORGOTTEN LAW
BY CHIEF JUSTICE WALTER CLARK.
PETIT TREASON DEATH BY BURNING.
Blackstone tells us (4 Com., 75 and 203) that for a serv-ant
to kill his master, a woman her husband, or an eccle-siastical
person his superior was petit treason, and that this
offence was punished more severely than murder, a man
being drawn as well as hanged, and a woman being drawn
and burnt. It is said that the records of Iredell County show
that this barbarous punishment was inflicted upon a woman
in that county for the murder of her husband. This law has
since been changed in England.
It has doubtless been forgotten by most that the offence
of petit treason continued in this State after the adoption
of our republican form of government, as to slaves at least,
and that the punishment usually inflicted was to be burnt
at the stake. ''History," said a very wise man, "is philos-ophy
teaching by example." It is well to consider closely
the doings of our ancestors. When those acts were wise
and just, honest and patriotic they should serve as examples
to excite our emulation and shame us against departing
therefrom. When the deeds of our forebears are not such
as to be cause of pride and imitation, we should rejoice that
we live in happier times, in the noonday splendor of greater
enlightenment, and measure the progi*ess we have made by
our distance from the evil precedent.
Your magazine has been a depository of much curious
as well as useful historical data, which but for it would
long since have passed beyond proof and beyond recall. I
therefore send you a copy of one of the few remaining
records of the judicial executions by burning at the stake
112 THE NOKTH CAROLIjSTA BOOKLET.
which have taken place since the adoption of the Constitu-tion
of 17Y6.
The Act of 1741, which continued in force till 1793,
provided that if any negroes or other slaves (and there were
other slaves in those days), should conspire to make an in-surrection
or to murder any one they should suffer death.
It was further provided that any slave committing such
offence or any other crime or misdemeanor should be tried
by two or more Justices of the Peace and by four freeholders
(who should also be owners of slaves), ^'without the solem-nity
of a jury; and if the offender shall be found guilty
they shall pass such judgment upon him, according to their
discretion, as the nature of the crime or offence shall require,
and on such judgment to award execution." It further
provided that this commission should assess the value of
any slave executed by them and report to the next Legis-lature,
who should award the owner of such slave the com-pensation
assessed.
The following is a verbatim copy of one of the certificates
made to the Legislature to procure pay for a slave executed
under said act:
State of No. Cakolina: Brunswick County. March 5th, 1778.
At a Court held for the tryal of a negro man slave for the murder
of Henry Williams, said fellow being the property of Mrs. Sarah
Dupree.
Justices of the Peace present. Freeholders:
William Paine John Stanton
John Bell James Ludlow
Thomas Sessions Needham Cause
Aaron Roberts.
According to law valued said negro James at eighty pounds
Procklamation Money.
The Court proceeded on said tryall and the said fellow James
confessed himself to be One that had a hand in the murdering of
said Henry Williams in concurrence with the evidence of four other
mallefactors that were Executed for Being Concerned in said murder
on the 18th. day of March 1777.
A FORGOTTEN LAW. 113
Ordered that the Sheriff take the said Jimmy from hence to the
Place of execution where he shall be tyed to a stake and Burnt Alive,
Given under our hands this 5th. day of March 1778.
Justice of the Peace: Freeholders:
William Gause Aaron Roberts
John Bell John Stanton
Thos. Sessions Needham Gause
Jas. X Ludlow
his mark
State of No. Carolina—Brunswick County.
We, the undernamed persons being summoned as Justices of the
Peace and freeholders of the County aforesaid to hold a court for
the Tryall of a negro man slave named James the property of Mrs.
Sarah Dupre for the murder of Mr. Henry Williams of Lockwood
Polly do value the said slave James at the sum of Eighty pounds
Procklamation Money. Given under our hands this 5th. day of
March 1778.
Justices of the Peace Freeholders:
William Gause Aaron Roberts
John Bell John Stanton
Thos. Sessions Needham Gause
his
Jas. Ludlow X
mark
The Journals of the Legislature show that the assessed
compensatioii, "^eighty pounds proclamation money," was
voted to Mrs. Sarah Dupree, the owner of said slave.
There is a similar record in Granville County, showing
^that on 21 October, 1773, Robert Harris, Jonathan Kit-trell
and Sherwood Harris, Justices ; and Thomas Critcher,
Christopher Harris, Samuel Walker and William Hunt,
freeholders, tried and convicted Sanders, a negro slave of
Joseph McDaniel, for the murder of William Bryant, and
he was sentenced to be burnt alive on the 23d—two days
thereafter.
Doubtless there are records of similar proceeding in other
counties, if not destroyed in the lapse of time, but these two
will serve as a curious reminder of a by-gone age.' After
1793, the slave charged with murder became entitled to a
114 THE NORTH CAROLINA BOOKLET.
trial bj a jury of freeholders, and one of the most splendid
efforts of the late Hon. B. F. Moore was in behalf of a
slave tried for murder. His brief in that case and the
opinon of the Court, delivered by Judge Gaston, will remain
enduring monuments of the claim of both to abiding fame.
The opinion and brief will be found reported in State v.
Will 18 K. C. 121-172.
While the circumstance I have attempted to rescue from
oblivion may not seem to the credit of the men of that day,
it is an historical, social and legal fact which will serve to
"show the age, its very fonn and pressure." It is to the
credit of the next generation that the statute was repealed
by a more humane and just one in 1793, and that the latter
act was afterwards illustrated by the learning and impartial
justice displayed by Court and counsel in State v. Will.
It is true of the generations of men as of individuals
that we "rise on stepping-stones of our dead selves to higher
things."
HISTORIC HOMES. 115
HISTORIC HOMES. PART V: WELCOME
BY ANNIE LANE DEVEREUX.
"Welcome," the summer home of Willie Jones, stood near
the eastern boundary of Raleigh on the spot where some of
the buildings of St. Augustine Institute, a college for ne-groes,
now stand. The tract adjoining was given by Col.
Joel Lane, to his friend, Willie Jones, of Halifax, to be
enclosed as a new park in the hope of inducing him to spend
the hot months near ''Bloomsbury," Col. Lane's residence.
At that time Wake County abounded in large game, as
the names of some of its localities prove. Mr. Jones prob-ably
enclosed his park. He certainly built a cottage at the
foot of a gentle hill, and near a spring of clear, cool water,
and in this cottage he spent part of every year.
He was a man of mark in his day, and besides filling
other important offices was Commissioner for the State at
large on the committee which chose the site of the new Capi-tol,
Raleigh. In spite of his splendid abilities he was very
eccentric, and some of his "fads,"—for the thing is as old
as human nature, though the word is modern—were dis-played
in the plan of his house. It was a one-story building,
but the rooms were in the form of cubes, twenty-two and a
half feet every way, it is believed ; the effect of the very
lofty ceiling in comparatively small rooms was bad. The
proportion being destroyed the windows seemed extremely
long and narrow, and the tallest furniture was dwarfed.
The manner of his burial was also most unusual. By his
own direction he was buried in the garden at "Welcome,"
the grave being dug northeast and southwest; as this was
supposed to be a practical expression of his disbelief in
the Resurrection, it excited much painful feeling, and the
116 THE ISrOKTH CAROLINA BOOKLET.
conviction became general that "Old ISTortheast and South-west"
could not rest in his grave, and that his uneasy spirit
visited the place formerly familiar to the body. Heavy steps
were heard in the hall, strange voices sounded through the
rooms, an old disused spinet in the cellar was played by un-seen
hands ; in short, for many years "Welcome" had the
eerie name of a haunted house.
After the death of Willie Jones the place was purchased
by Judge Henry Seawell, a nephew of Nathaniel Macon, who
had married a daughter of Maj. John Hinton, of "Clay
Hill" ; he enlarged the house, adding a second story, and mak-ing
other improvements, and here he lived for manj^ years in
peace and prosperity quite undisturbed by ghostly visitants.
While still a young man Judge Seawell deemed it wise to
select and enclose a spot as a burial place for his family,
and taking with him his favorite body servant, Brittain, he
went into the deep woods far from any human habitation,
chose a sjjot that seemed to him peculiarly retired, and had
built a heavy stone wall enclosing a space of the sixteenth of
an acre or less, hoping that he and his would here rest in the
silence of nature, hidden in the wild and lovely woods. But
by a strange irony of fate the woods have long since been
cleared away, the whole estate having passed into the hands
of strangers, and a public road now runs within a few feet of
the wall of the old burial place.
After the death of Judge Seawell his widow sold the place
and moved into town. It then changed hands rapidly, hav-ing
many owners, and standing for long periods shut up and
deserted. Its last possessor fled in terror at the approach of
Sherman's bummers in 1865, the empty house was occupied
by negroes, and later in the same year it was burned to the
ground.
ROWAN COUNTY WILLS AND MARRIAGE BONDS. 117
ROWAN COUNTY WILLS
COMPILED BY MRS. M. G. McCUBBINS.
Thomas Gillespie (Book G, page 3), November 15, 1796.
Wife: Kaomi. Sons: Thomas, David, Isaac, Eobert, Alex-ander
the home place, George, John and James. Daughters
Martha Allison (widow) and Lydia Knox. Grandsons
:
Thomas (James' son) Thomas (Isaacs' son), Thomas and
Jacob (George's sons). Others: Thomas Allison, Thomas
Knox. Ex : Sons Thomas and Eobert. Witnesses : Thomas
Irwin and Philip Patmer.
William Gilbert (Book G, page 46), August 12, 1787.
Son: Eleazer. Daughters: Huldah (or "Huldreth day"),
Mary. Granddaughter : Rachel Backer. Executor : Friend
John Gross. Witnesses : Thomas Piukston, John Cress and
Ediff (her X mark) Cress.
George (his X mark) Gentle (Book G, page 45), April 10,
1795. Wife: Firlender (or Felender). Sons: Thomas and
Joseph. "Other children" (not named). Executor: Wife,
Felender. Test: Xathan (his IST mark) Sap ( ?) and Ralph
Ford.
Christina (her D mark) Getchen (Book G, page 48),
March 8, 1790. Sons: John and Frederick. Daughter:
Elizabeth. Grandchildren: Christina and Elizabeth (chil-dren
of Jacob Filer), Elizabeth (daughter of Jacob Getchen)
and Christina (daughter of John Getchen). Executor:
Friend John Getohen ( ?). Test: Michael Brown, Jr., and
John Stranger.
John Graham, a planter (Book G, page 66), February 1,
1795 (of Third Creek). AVife : Sarah. Children: Sarah,
Mary, James, Richard, Moses, Margaret, William Arm-strong
Serah John and Samuel. Executors : Brothers Rich-
118 THE NORTH CAROLINA BOOKLET.
ard and James Graham. Test: Benjamin Brandon, Jolin
Dickey and John Graham.
James Graham, "old and infirm" (Book G, page 67), Sep-tember
2, 1788. Sons: Richard, John and James. Daugh-ter:
Jane Graham. Grandson: James (son of John). Exec-ntor:
Son, James. Test: John Lowrance, Jr., John Carri-gan
and Samuel Yonng.
Edward (his X mark) Gates (Book G, page 69), Septem-ber
28, 1799. Wife: Esther. Sons: Joseph. Daughters:
Mary (wife of Walter Odaniel), Elizabeth (wife of Lenerd
Jones) and Dorothea (wife of Samuel Smith), Rachel (the
wife of Richard Lanim, Others mentioned: Daniel Cos-grove.
Executors : Wife Esther and son Joseph. Test
:
George iSTiblock, John Hembree and Lyddy (her X mark)
Hembree.
James Gheen, a cabinet maker. Senior (Book G, page 71),
April 26, 1796. Wife: Elizabeth. Sons: James, Joseph
(the youngest son). Sons-in-law: John Roberts, Silas Dunn.
Daughters : Hannah, Elizabeth, Elenor and Rachel. Grand-son:
James (son of Thomas Gheen). Executors: Wife Eliz-abeth
and son-in-law Siles Dunn. Test : James Kincaid, Sr.,
James Kincaid, Jr., and George Dunn.
Ellonor (or Eleonor) Graham (Book G, page 75), May
10, 1782. Sisters: Else, Jane, Agnes. Mother: Agnes Gra-ham.
Cousin: Agnes ("daughter of my brother James"),
Maryi ("daughter of my* brother Richard"), Eleanor
("daughter of my brother Joseph"), Elizabeth Gilespey ("my
loving sister Janes' daughter"). Executors: Mother Agnes
Graham and "brother Richard." Xo witnesses.
John Gardiner, a miller (Book G, page 77), March 11,
1791, Sons: James, John, Robert and Francis. Daughter:
Martha Vikers. Grandson: David (son of Francis).
Granddaughter: Francis (daughter of my son Francis Gard-
KOWAN COUNTY WILLS AND MAREIAGE BONDS. 119
ner). Executor: Son John. Test: James McCullock, John
Brown and Peter Frieze.
John Garret (Book G, page 81), May 18, 1793. Wife:
Marj. Children : Elizabeth, Mary, John, Daniel, William,
Wiley and James. Executors : Wife Mary and Daniel
Wood. Test: John Baily, Jr., John Wood and Moses Daty.
Henry (his X mark) Gussey (Book G, page 83)^; August
18, 1794. Wife: Marget Guifey. Sons: John and Henry.
Daughters : Jean Luckey, Elizabeth Hughes, Mary Guifey.
Executors : Wife Marget and sons John and Henry Guffey.
Test : John Evans, Jr., and Samuel Hughes.
William (his X mark) Graham, a farmer (Book G, page
86), December 12, 1787. Wife: Is probably Jean (see Book
G, page 64, where this will is unfinished). Sons: John (the
home place), James, William (the youngest son). Execu-tors
: John Hall and Eichard Graham. Witnesses : Robert
Love, William Law and Mary Graham.
John Gill (Book G, page 91), April 1, 1796, a noncupa-tive
will proven by Mary Dowdy April 5, 1796 and in
Goochean County, May 16, 1796, by Molly Dowdy and Willy
GilL Wife: Agnes. Daughter : Witty Gill. Executor (?) :
Joseph Wattaus. Test : Wm. Miller, C. S. C.
EOWAN MAREIAGE BONDS.
Henry Bakor, James Bowers (both names used, but James
signs) to Barbara Bowers. May 10, 1758. James Bowers
and Thos. Fosne or Eorster ? (Both may be carpenters.)
William Best to Catharine Goodhart. January 19, 1762.
William (his WB mark) Best, William Williams and John
Johnston. William Carson (Will Eeed). This bond is
made in Anson County.
Robert Black to Elenor Russell. March 5, 1762. Robert
Black, Henry Horah and John Cussens. (Will Reed.)
Thomas Butner to Sarah Elrode. July 11, 1762 ( ?) 1764.
4
120 THE NORTH CAROLINA BOOKLET.
Thomas Biitner, Adam Retner( ?) and Adam (his X mark)
Biitner. (Thomas Frohock.)
John Bibby to Jane Ruth. July 28, 1762. John (his X
mark) Bibby, Mark Whiteaker and Joshua Whiteaker.
(John Frohock and Thos. Frohock.)
James Buntin to (no name). June 23 (or 28?), 1763,
James J. Buntin, Jos, Erwin and John Buntin. (John Fro-hock.)
James Bell to Margret (or Marget ?) Denny. March 25,
1764. James Bell, William Denny and John McKnight.
(Thos. Donnell.)
William Baley to Mary Jones. April 3, 1764. William
(his B mark) Baley, Wm. ISTapery (or Nassery) and Matt,
Lang. (Thomas Frohock and Will Ca en.)
A note enclosed "April ye 2th Day, 1764, mester John
frake Esquer Wee humly in tret yo to let ye berer William
Bile have a lisons of mereg we the per have Agred John
iany(?). Daved Bale his mark B."
Charles Bussey to (no name). March 28, 1765. Charle?
(his X mark) Bussey, James Whittier( ?), Francis (his E
mark) Taylor. (John Frohock.)
George Black to Rachal Wethrow. September 24, 1766.
George Black, John Carson and Samuel Withrow. (Thomas
Frohock.
)
Joseph Burk to Margret Granl (Grant?). December 29,
1766. Joseph (his B mark), Burk, John England and James
(his B mark) Burk. ( [ ?]idon Wright.)
AValter Bell (or Bill ?) to Margret Duncan. January 3,
1767. Walter Bell and Thomas hill. (John Frohock.)
John Buntin, Jr., to Mary McClun. January 16, 1767.
Johny Buntin, John Bonten, Sr., and George Senley.
(Thos. Frohock.)
Philip Byer to Mary Somison. February 9, 1767.
EOWAN COUNTY WILLS AND MARRIAGE BONDS. 121
Phillip (his X mark) Byer, Fredrick (his X mark) Somison
and Gaspar Smith. (Thos. Frohock.)
John Beeman to Margret Hnnler (Hunter [?]). May 19,
1767. John beeman, George Smiley, Oliver Wallis and
Junius (?) Quick. (Thos. Frohock.)
Hcnery Eessand Bussle to Sophiah Layle(?). June 10,
1767. Henery Eessand Bussle and Christopher Rindleman.
(These are written in Dutch( ?) and translated.) (Thos.
Frohock.
)
Rudome Bussell to Charity Smith. September 4, 1767.
Rudome (his R mark) Bussell, John Turner and ?
(in Dutch ?) . (John Frohock.
)
Richard Berry to Ribna( ?) Hawkins. September 24,
1767. Richard (his X mark) Berry and William Simpson.
(Thorn. Frohock.)
John Hawkins and wife send note of consent, September
22, 1767, for their daughter's marriage with Richard Berry.
William Brown to (no name). January 4, 1768. Wil-liam
Brown, Shadreck (his S mark) Williams and William
(his P mark) W^illiams. (Thomas Frohock.)
William Brown to Eliz. Huff. January 4, 1768. William
Brown, Jonathan huff and Andrew Endsvoorth. (Thomas
Frohock.)
David Butner to Mary Crane. April 9, 1768, David
(his D mark) Butner and Wm. Xassery (or Xapery?).
(Thos. Frohock.)
John Boone to Martha Quin. October ( ?) 19, 1768. John
(his X mark) Boone and Jas. Cooper. (Thos. Frohock.)
Jacob Bringer to Mary Prock. December 5, 1768. Jacob
(his i mark) Bringer, Mathias Prock and William Brown.
(John Frohock.)
''Thease( ?) are to sertify that I Marget apock( ?) Doe
122 THE NOETH CAROLINA BOOKLET.
Give my face conssent to this marriage of my Daughter Mary
to Jacob Brviiiger Given from under my hand
MarGert'ysock( ?)
this 5 Day of Dasember 1768
Wm. Charles Kiles."
"This is to Certify That Barringer
William Alexander"
Daniel Brown to Mary Miller. (No other date), 1768.
Daniel Brown and William Patton. (H. ? M. Goune.)
Abraham Brown to Mary Hardmon. January 27, 1769.
Abraham Brown, Joseph (his X mark) Hartmon and Mich-ael
Waller. (These men may be Dutch.) (Thos. Frohock.)
Thomas Bestow ( ?) to Elizabeth Murphy. June 7, 1769.
Thomas (his X mark) Bestow and Zac( ?) Craige.
("Clio ? be kind Enough To Let Thos. Betzer have Lisons
Jas. Craige will be Security He Be Over and pay you Ery-day
Pray Let him have thim and you will Greatly Oblige
Sir your Humble Servant
To Cllo(?) John Frohock. Geo. Magonne"
James Bell to Issabell S lorry ( ?). June 22, 1769. James
Bell, thomas Hill and John Frohock.
"Mr. Cornall frohack I desir the favour of you to Let
the Bearer James Bell have the Licence for it is By Concent
of all pertys and in so doing you will obledg your humble sir
William AVhite this given from under my hand this twen-teeth
day of June in the ye year of our Lord—1769 wit-ness
present Samuel Hughey
Margret (her X mark) Mcknight
Martin Beffell to Barbary Eoadlap( ?). June 28, 1769.
Martin (his X mark) Beffell, Paul (his X mark) Beffell and
Dan^ Little.
Joseph Biles to Ann Johnson. Xovember 16, 1769. Jos-eph
Biles, William Frohock and Moses (his M mark)
Pearse"(?). (Thomas Frohock.)
EOWAN COUNTY WILLS AND MARRIAGE BONDS. 123
George Bullon (Bullin ?) to Hester Stroser. January 28,
1772, George Bullon, Jacob Brown and Conrad Bullon.
(These may be in Dutch ?)
A letter to Frohock
:
"Sir this is to inform you that the Bearer ( ?) ?
has made shute to my Daughter Jean Brown in purpose of
niarig and these are to Certify that we are agread there with.
Sir I Remain your hu^ ser*^ Margret Brown,
December the 1, 1769."
There are few "ts" crossed in the above note.
William Brown to Dianna Davis, May 6, 1772. William
(his X mark) Brown, Jno. Blaloc (lry[?]) and Henry
Strange, (John Frohock,)
Benjamin Burgin to Lear Man (or Mar?). ISTovember 18,
1772. Benjamin Burgin and Dan' Little. (Ad. Osborn.)
A note to Mr. Osborn (Clerk) from George Davison ( ?)
IsTovember 18, 1772,
Joseph Bryan to Easther Hampton. ISTovember 30, 1772.
Joseph Bryan and John Bryan. (Ad: Osborn.)
William Bailey to Isbell Berson (or Benson?). August
10, 1774. William Bailey, Andrew Eeed. (Ad: Osborn.)
John Bryant to Eebenah Orten, August 26, 1774. John
Bryan and John orten. (Ad Osborn.)
Jacob Brown to Elizabeth Artmire. August 29, 1774.
Jacob (his X mark) Brown and Dan'. Little. (Ad Osborn.)
Thomas Blackmore to Anne Cornelison ("Spinster").
September 6, 1774. Thomas Blackemere and Garritt (his
X mark) Cornelison, (Ad Osborn.)
James Barr to Elizabeth McCorkle. December 18, 1774.
James Barre and Matt: Troy. (Ad Osborn.)
Eobert Buntain to Sarah Renshaw. January 18, 1775.
Robert Buntain and Elijah Renshaw. (James Robinson.)
Joshua Baldwin to Elizabeth Wells, January 28, 1775.
124 THE NORTH CAROLINA BOOKLET.
Joshua Baldwin and William (his X mark) Wells. (Jam^
Eobinson.)
Valentine Beard to Obedianee Giles. February 14, 1775.
Valentine Beard and John Lewis Beard. (Ad Osborn.)
Harmon Butner to Jemima Merrill. February 28 (20?),
1775. Hermon Butner and Jonathan Conger. (No name.)
Andrew Boston to Sarah Hunehparier. May 25, 1775.
Andrew Boston and George Savadge. (These above may be
Dutchmen.) (David Flowers.)
Peter Butner to Betty Bussell. August 3, 1775. Peter
butner and Pressley Bussell. (Ad Osborn.)
William Brandon to Hannah Erwin. September 6, 1775.
William Brandon and David Woodson. (D. Flowers.)
Daniel Biles to Jean Conger. December 30, 1775. Dan-iel
Biles and Jonathan Conger. (Ad: Osborn.)
Eulif!(?) Booe to Mary Bushellson. March 9, 1776.
Kuliff (his R mark) Booe and John Hunter ("huter.")
(Ad : Osborn.)
John Barr to Mary King. March 28, 1776. John Barr
and Thos. King. (Ad Osborn.)
William Bell to Margaret McNeely. April 1, 1776. Wil-liam
Bell and James Brandon. (Ad: Osborn.)
James Benson to Margret Kerr. December 1, 1777.
James Benson and Joseph Kerr. (Ad. Osborn.)
Samuel Brace to Dorothy Davis. February 4, 1778.
Samuel Brace and William Brandon.
Henry Bullinger to Mary Savits. December 20 (28?),
1778. Henry bollinger( ?) and George Savits( ?). (These
are in Dutch?) (William B. Davie.)
George Brown to Barbara Wasnbouoy( ?). January 2,
1779. George Brown and Jacob Brown. (William R.
Davie.)
John Barry to Susanna (?) Patterson ( ?). February 5,
ROWAN COUNTY WILLS AND MARRIAGE BONDS. 125
1779. John (his X mark) Barry and Caleb (his X mark)
Bedwel. (William E. Davie.)
John Brinneger to Lucretia Linville. February 9, 1779.
John Brinneger and Samuel Bryan. (William R. Davie.)
Harbert Blackburn to Martha Brandon ( ?). March 4,
1779. Harbert Blackburn and John Brandon. (William
R. Davie.)
Samuel Bryan to Rachael Jacks. March 10, 1779. Sam-uel
Bryan and Rudolf March. (Ad: Osborn.)
Samuel Burns ( ?) (Barns? or Busner?) to Rachel Tur-ner.
March 20 28(?), 1779. Samuel Burns (?) (Barns?
or Busner?) and James Turner. (Wm. R. Davie.)
George Brandon to Rebena or Rebecca ( ?) lS[eely( ?).
March 22, 1779. George Brandon and Wm. Temple Coles.
(Ad Osborn.)
Archibald Bready to Margret Ervin. May 28, 1779,
Archabil Breadey and Samuel Irwin. (Ad Osborn.)
A note of consent from Margret's father, George Irwin,
"May ye 27, 1779."
Samuel Bryson to Martha Bogle. June 14, 1776(?),
1779 (?). Samuel Bryson and Samuel Bogel. (Ad: Os-born.
)
Nathan Baddy to Anne Brice. September 9, 1779. ISTa-than
Baddy and John (his X mark) Baddy. (Ad: Osborn.)
James Ballendine (a carpenter) to Ann Burke. Decem-ber
4, 1779. James Ballantine and James (his i mark)
Townsley (a silversmith). (B. Booth Boote.)
Aquilla Barns to Hannah Lee. September 20, 1779.
Aquilla D. Barns and Shadrack Barnes. (Ad: Osborne.)
Benjamin Baker to Comfort Sewel. October 8, 1779.
Benjamin Baker( ?) and Samuel Sewell. (Jo. Brevard.)
ISTathan Briggs to Mary Scriviner. September 29, 1779.
l^athan Briggs and Thomas (his X mark) Briggs. (Jo.
Brevard.)
126 THE ]SrOETII CAROLINA BOOKLET.
Patrick Barr to Agness Killpatrick. ISTovember 17, 19 ( ?).
1779. Patrick Barr and John Kil]}Datrick. (Ad: Osborn.)
William Buham( ?) to Sarah Patterson (a spinster). Jan-nary
29, 17S0. William Batram( ?) and William Patter-son.
(B. Booth Boote.)
Elijah Bank to Ef!y Gordon. March 15, 1780. X
and Willian( ?) McKay. (B. Booth Boote.)
Benjamin Biggs and Abigail Trayer( ?). May 15, 1780.
Benjamin Bigs and Daniel Clary. (B. Booth Boote.)
Elias Baker to Sarah Holbrook (a "spinster"). May 20,
1780. Elias Baker and Beal Baker.
John Beard to Margret Wood. December 4, 1780. John
Beard and James McEwen. (Ad Osborn.)
Daniel Bentley to I^ancy Lewis. February 8, 1782. Dan-iel
Bentley and Peter (his X mark) Lewis. (Ad: Osborn.)
James Bunch to Hanna Walks. February 7, 1782. James
Bunch and Samuel Van Ellen.
Eobert Bell to Jane Miller. November 30, 1782. Eobert
Beel and John Miller. (William Crawford.)
Hugh Boyd to Jean Boyd. December 13, 1782. Hugh
Boyd and Thos. Anderson. (William Crawford.)
John Baldridge to Margaret Boston. July 29, 1782.
John Baldridge and Dorunton( ?) Boston. (J. H. C.
Caule.)
Obediah Baker to Patience Roberts, December 20, 1782.
Obediah (his X mark) Baker and David Woodson.
William Bone to Margret Lansden. February 25, 1783.
William Bone and Robert Lansden. (Ad: Osborn.)
Thomas Bolph to Mary Harison. January 20, 1783.
Thomas Boolph and Abener (his X mark) Schetor. (Wil-liam
Crawford.)
Benjamin Boone to Mary Wilson. February 25, 1783.
Benjamin Boone and Ebenezer frost.
EOWAW COUNTY WILLS AND MARRIAGE BONDS. 12Y
Thomas Biles to Tabithali Marburry. March 5, 1783.
Thomas Biles and Charles Biles.
Thomas Brotherton to Mary McLeland. March 17, 1783.
Thomas Brotherton and John Bons. (T. H. McCaule.)
John Braley to Mary Beatie. May 5, 1783. John Braley
(no other witness.)
Christopher Baker to Agnes Forster. May 13, 1783.
Christopher Baker and Conrad Brem.
George Burkehard to Mary Kipley. June 24, 1783.
George (his X mark) Burkehard and Ileni-y Winkler.
Isaiah Brown to Jean McKee. July 22, 1783. Isaiah
Brown and Alex McKee. (Ad: Osborn.)
William Brown to Eliz. Hughey. October 15, 1783. Wil-liam
Brown and James Houston.
William Beard to Elizabeth Brevard. ISTovember 17(?),
1783. William Beard and Zebulon Bravard. (Ad: Osborn.)
Andy Brison to Agness E'aill. Dec. 17, 1783. Andy Bry-son
and Pamall(?) I^ail? (Moses '^
? ylie.)
John Brevard, junior, to Hannah Thompson. December
22, 1783. John Brevard and Ad. Brevard. (T. H. Mc
Caule.)
Jacob Bullinger to Caty Savits. June 15, 1784. Jacob
Bollinger and George Savits. Hugh Magoune.
Samuel Berkley to Mary Davis. July 5( ?), 1784. Sam-uel
(his X mark) Barkley and Henry Davis. Hugh Ma-goune.
Daniel Beem to Mary Xeely. October 1784. Daniel
Beem and Elijah Renshaw. (H. Magoune.)
Abraham Brown to Cathrine Bonorher Borrorhey( ?).
October 18, 1784. Abraham (his X mark) Brown and
Charles Dunn. (H. Magoune.)
James Barr to Elizabeth McCaule. January 24', 1785.
James Barr and Harris. (ISTo name.)
128 THE NORTH CAROLINA BOOKLET.
Lewis Beard to Susan Dunu. January 27, 1785. Lewis
Beard. (No witnesses.)
Geo. H. Berger to Cathrine Casper. March 23, 1785.
Geo. H. Burger ( ?) and Ad: Osborn.
Martin Basinger to Mary Braun. June 11, 1785. Mar-tin
Basinger and Martin Beffle. (Hu. Magonne.)
James Brown to Fanny Johnston. August 29, 1785.
James Brown and Moses Linster.
John Bartly to Jean Knox. JSTovember 3, 1785. John
Bartly and Samuel Knox. (Margret Chambers.)
John Bowers to Mary Moore. December 23, 1785. John
Bowers and Val : Beard.
William Brown to Phoebee Gillom. January 12 ( ?), 1786.
William Brown and Philip Fishburn. (W. W. Erwin.)
Henry Bryan to Elizabeth Sparks. February 11, 1786.
henry Bryan and Thos. Enochs. (W. W. Erwin.)
Joseph Brown to Susannah Whitaker February 23,
1785 1786(?). George Davidson.
Samuel Bellah to Jean Morgan. July 15, 1786. Samuel
Bellah and Mo.' Bellah. (Jno. Macay.)
John Buckner to Lucretia Tatom. July 22, 1786. John
(his X mark) Buckner and henry Whiteaker.
Thomas Bailey to Jean Bailey. August 29, 1786.
Thomas Bailey and Jno. Bailey. (Jno. Macay.)
Jadock Bell to Nancy Begerly. September 16, 1786.
Jadock Beall and Evan Bealle. (Jno. Macay.)
Thomas Beatey to Margaret Harden. September 30,
1886. Thomas Beaty and William Harden. (Jno. Macay.)
Michael Beard to Margaret Zevelly. January 9, 1787.
Michael Beard and J. L. Beard.
Corbin Bevins to Katerine West. February 12, 1787.
Corbin (his X mark) Bevins and William (his X mark)
West. (Wm. Cupples.)
EOWAN COUNTY WILLS AND MAKRLIGE BONDS. 129'
James Barklej to Sarah Knox. April 14, 1787. Henry
(his O mark) and William knox. (Max Chambers.)
William Bowman to Elizabeth McFarson. May 14, 1785.
William Bowman and John Mcpherson. (Ad. Osborn.)
Charles Bealey to Mary Gibson. May 26, 1787. Charles
Beaty and John (his X mark) Albright. (Jno. Macay.)
John Bone to Kebecca Potts. October 24, 1787. John
Bone and Henry Potts. (D*^. Caldwell.)
James Bell to Ellinor McNeely. E'ovember 15, 1787.
James Bell and Alexander MclSTeely. (J. McEwen.)
John Ball to Agness Adams. January 5, 1788. John
Ball and Abraham Adams. (J. McEwen.)
Benjamin Brandon to Mary Knox. February 4, 1788.
Benjamin Brandon and James Wilson. (Dav Crawford.)
John Boyd to Hannah Boyd. February 16, 1788, John
Boyd and Thomas Thompson. (Ad. Osborn.)
William Braley to Honour Carson. February 21, 1788.
W. L. B. Y.( ?) and Hugh Carson( ?). (J. Mc-
Ewen.)
Humphrey Brooks to Lettice Boleware ? February 24,
1788. Humphrey Brooks and William (his X mark) Wam-mock.
(J. McEwen.)
Thomas Bracken to Mary Brenonger. March 21, 1788.
Thomas (his X mark) Bracken and William Button (or
Butter?) (J. McEwen.)
David Blaze to Elizabeth Wenkler. May 31, 1788.
David Blace ? Winkler (in Dutch ?) (Will-iam
Alexander.)
John Brown to Elizabeth Brown. July 21, 1788. John
Braun(?) and Hugh Gray. (Ad. Osborn.)
John Brown to Mary McCulloch. jSTovember 26, 1788.
John Brown and John Bowman. ( ? Yarbrough.)
Arron Varas to Eebecah Woods. August 7, 1788. Aaron
voh ? and William Donaldson. (Wm. Alexander.)
130 THE NOETII CAROLINA BOOKLET.
Philip Bariihezer to Dally Clover. January 25, 1789.
Philip (his b mark) Boruhizir and ( ? in Dutch?) (W. J.
S, Alexander.)
Abraham Buck to Elizabeth Waggoner (?). February
24, 1789, (They are so blotted, I can not make them out.)
(Will Alexander.)
John Brandon to Jane Knox. March 10, 1789. John
Brandon and Absalom Knox. P. Martin for (Ad. Osborn.)
Robert Bradshaw to Betsy Haden. April 3, 1790. Rob-ert
Bradshaw and Dugless Haden. C. Caldwell D C pro
(Ad. Osborn C C.)
Samuel Baley to Tomith Pearson. August 11, 1789.
Samuel (his X mark) Baley and Robert Foster. (Basil
Gaither.)
Christopher Brandon to Sarah ISJ'ewman. October 15,
1789. Christopher Brandon and John Brandon ( ?).
David Boston to Barbarra Lydehher. November 3, 1789.
David (his B mark) Boston and Peter Faust. (Evan Alex-ander.)
William Bateman to Ruth Pinston. November 23, 1789.
William batemans and J. G. Laumann. (Ed. Hains.)
Samuel Bracking to Ann Breneger. December 20, 1789.
Samuel (his X mark) Byacking( ?) and William Butler.
(Basil Gaither.)
KESOLUTIONS OF KESPECT. 131
RESOLUTIONS OF RESPECT TO THE MEMORY
OF MRS. HELEN DE BERNIERE HOOPER
WILLS, WHO DIED JUNE 24. 1911
IN MEMOEIAM.
Whereas, God in His all perfect love and wisdom has
seen it was well to remove from earth to a brighter, higher
life our faithful member and beloved Genealogist and His-torian,
Mrs. Helen De Berniere Hooper Wills
:
Theeefoke be it RESOLVED, That the North Carolina
Society, Daughters of the Revolution, deplores the great
loss sustained in her death.
That they are truly grateful for the noble example of her
well-spent life and fully realize that our Society has lost one
of its most loyal, useful and wisest members, who held the
esteem and love of all the other Daughters, whose devotion
to the organization was realized in the painstaking service
of the most valuable years of her life.
That they will ever feel the absence of her presence, and
lament the loss of her impartial guidance and wisdom in
council, of her usefulness in a special line that knew not
the bounds of any particular State.
That we tender to the afflicted family our heartfelt sym-pathy
in this great sorrow.
That these resolutions be spread upon the minutes of the
Society and a copy sent to the family.
Maky Hilliaed Hinton,
Mrs. E. E. Moffitt,
Mrs. Hubert Haywood,
Mes. James E. Shepherd,
Committee.
INFORMATION
Concerning the Patriotic Society
"Daughters of the Revolution*'
The General Society was founded October 11, ISnO,—and organized
August 20, 1891,—under the name of "Daughters of the American
Revolution"; was incorporated under the laws of the State of New \ ork
as an organization national in its work and purpose. Some of the mem-bers
of this organization becoming dissatisfied with the terms of en-trance,
withdrew from it and, in 1891, formed under the slightly differ-ing
name "Daughters of the Revolution," eligibility to which from the
moment of its existence has been lineal descent from an ancestor who
rendered patriotic service during the War of Independence.
'' *Pre North Carolina Society ''
a subdivision of the General Society, was organized in October, 1896,
and has continued to promote the purposes of its institution and to
observe the Constitution and By-Laws.
Membership and Qua!i'ications
Any woman shall be eligible who is above the age of eighteen years,
of good character, and a lineal descendant of an ancestor who (1) was
a signer of the Declaration of Independence, a member of the Conti-nental
Congress, Legislature or General Court, of any of the Colonies
or States; or (2) rendeied civil, military or naval service under the
authority of any of the thirteen Colonies, or of the Continental Con-gress;
or (3) by service rendered during the War of tlie Revolution
became liable to the penalty of treason against the government of Great
Britain: Provided, that such ancestor always remained loyal to the
cause of American Independence.
The cliief work of the North Carolina Society for the past eight years
has been the publication of the "North Carolina Booklet," a quarterly
publication on great events in North Carolina history—Colonial and
Revolutionary. $1.00 per year. It will continue to extend its work and
to spread the knowledge of its History and Biography in other States.
This Society has its headquarters in Raleigh, N. C, Room 411, Caro-lina
Trust Company Building, 232 Fayetteville Street.
1