The Bookplate of Goverxok Gabriel Johxstox.
Vol, XIV JULY. 1914 No. 1
15he
fioHTH CflRowfifl Booklet
** Carolina! Carolina! Heaven^ s blessings attend her
!
While we live we will cherish, protect and defend her.''
Published by
THE NORTH CAROLINA SOCIETY
DAUGHTERS OF THE REVOLUTION
The object of The Booklet is to aid in developing and preserving
North Carolina History. The proceeds arising from its publication
will be devoted to patriotic purposes. Editor.
ADVISORY BOARD OF THE NORTH CAROLINA BOOKLET
Mbs. Httbebt Haywood. Db. Richaed Dillaed.
Mbs. E. E. Moffitt. Db. Kemp P. Battle.
Me. R. D. W Connoe. Me. James Spbunt.
Db. D. H. Hill. Me. Marshall DeLancey Haywood.
Db. E. W. Sikes. Chief Justice Walter Claek.
Me. W. J. Peele. Majoe W. A. Geaham.
Miss Adelaide L. Fbies. Db. Chaeles Lee Smith.
Miss Maetha Helen Haywood.
editoe:
Miss Maby Hilliabd Hinton.
OFFICERS OF THE NORTH CAROLINA SOCIETY
DAUGHTERS OF THE REVOLUTION 1912-1914
eegent:
Miss MARY HILLIARD HINTON.
vice-eegent :
Mbs. CHARLES P. WALES.
HONOEAEY EEGENT:
mes. e. e. moffitt.
BECOBDING SECEETAEY:
Mes. clarence JOHNSON.
coeresponding secretary:
Mes. PAUL H. LEE.
teeasueeb:
Mes. FRANK SHERWOOD.
registrar:
Miss SARAH W. ASHE.
custodian of relics:
Mes. JOHN E. RAY.
CHAPTER REGENTS
Bloomsbury Chapter Mrs. Hubeet Haywood, Regent.
Penelope Barker Chapter Mbs. Patbick Matthew, Regent.
Sir Walter Raleigh Chapter,
Miss Catheeine P. Seyton Albebtson, Regent
General Francis Nash Chapter Miss Rebecca Cameeon, Regent
Roanoke Chapter Mrs. Chaeles J. Sawyeb, Regent
Foundee of the Nobth Cabolina Society and Regent 1896-1902:
Mbs. spier WHITAKER.
Regent 1902:
Mbs. D. H. HILL, SB.f
Regent 1902-1906:
Mes. THOMAS K. BRUNER.
Regent 1906-1910:
Mbs. E. E. MOFFITT.
•Died December 12, 1904.
tDied November 25, 1911.
THE NORTH CAROLINA BOOKLET
Vol. XIV lULY, t9t4 No. J
HERALDRY AND ITS USAGE IN THE COLONY
OF NORTH CAROLINA
By Maby Hilliabd Hinton
(Heraldic Artist, North Carolina Society Daughters of the Revolution; Historian-
General, Daughters of the Revolution, 1912-1914; Chairman Committee
on Historic Research, National Society Colonial Dames
of America, 1912-1914, etc.)
In this age of materialism, in a land thoroughly democratic,
it is a marvel that there shonld be a revival, so to speak,
of an important science of the mediaeval era, indissolubly
linked with the days of Chivalry. Its popnlarity has in-ci
eased to such an extent that persons attaining sudden emi-nence
have been known to order Arms to be designed at great
cost. Some later repose beneath tombs adorned with the
assmned badge of distinction. Others, without authority,
appropriate those that belong lawfully to persons of the same
surname, between whom there is no known connection.
Cases can be cited where people have displayed on their sta-tionery
certain crests because they were more pleasing to be-hold
than their own.
In preparing this paper it has been considered advisable to
first speak of the origin and history of Heraldry and its uses
and abuses before touching upon its relation to the Colony of
JSTorth Carolina.
THE ORIGIN AND HISTORY OF HEEALDEY.
Heraldry is a science. These notes relate only to the Eng-lish
acceptation of the fascinating study. The French and
Germans have different rules. They are more confusing and
far less rigid. The handsomest works bearing on this sci-
4 THE NORTH CAROLINA BOOKLET
©nee are prepared by the French—they are very costly and
the styles are so ornate with all their gorgeous embellishment
that one is reminded of the overcrowded interior of the
Italian palaces—too loaded down to be in good taste.
Most erroneous ideas prevail regarding this branch of Art.
The thought that one who uses armorial bearings, to which he
is rightfully entitled, is a snob is simply ridiculous. A
Coat of Arms is as much one's personal property as his name.
It comes in the same way—^by inheritance. To discard the
one would be as sensible as to reject the other. In mediaeval
times Coat Armor was the sole means of distinguishing a
knight. Consider the warrior armed cap-a-pie, mounted
on a charger similarly encased in armor; unless one beheld
the crest and Arms there was no means of recognition.
The origin of this very fascinating science is veiled in
obscurity. Some armorists allow fancy to play no small
part in their solutions and eagerness to claim a greater
antiquity for "this once cultivated study." One has as-serted
that Adam bore a red shield with a silver escutcheon
thereon, showing that Eve was an heiress. Others say that
laws regarding it came from heaven. Mr. Charles L. Camp,
the noted Connecticut armorist, claims a most ancient origin
for this science. Many of us are familiar wdth his beautiful
work shown in the Connecticut Building at Jamestown
Exposition and the decorations on some of the covers of the
Journal of American History.
Not granting that Heraldry's origin was divine, it must be
admitted that Moses ordered each of the twelve tribes and
their families to bear their own separate standard and en-sign,
in order that they might be distinguished in their wan-dering
through the wilderness. In the Book of Daniel we
find reference to symbols—when it is written that "the king
sealed it with his own sig-net and the signet of his Lords,"
while it is recorded in the Book of Kine-s that Jezebel
HERALDRY IN COLONY OP NORTH CAROLINA 5
"wrote letters in Ahab's name and sealed them with, his seaL"
Other allusions can be found therein, but it is to the signs of
ancients thej bear analogy, not the Heraldry of the present,
A similar instance can be found in a Greek tragedy of twenty-five
centuries ago, where a soldier bore a shield containing a
torch with the words, "I will fire the city," which evidently
related only to that occasion—nothing is said to prevent the
thought that he used other devices at other times and did not
hand it down to posterity. On the contrary Heraldry, as we
know full well, is permanent and hereditary.
We will consider a few later authorities on this subject.
Sir John Feme claims that we took Arms from the renowned
hieroglyphics of Egypt. Sir William Dugdale states that
Arms were first used by great commanders in war to distin-guish
different personages and their foUovdngs. Alexander
ISTisbet in writings on Heraldry declares that the genesis of
Arms extends to the primitive ages deriving its origin from
IsTature—that all people in all ages employed signs and
marks to distinguish the noble—the ignoble being conspicuous
by absence. The heroes of Homer, Ovid and Virgil bore
various signs on their shields as badges for recognition.
Alexander the G-reat bestowed badges on his ofiicers and sol-diers
for deeds of bravery and to aronse ambition in his army.
These were to be borne on banners, pennons and armor, at
the same time order was issued in his dominions that he
alone should take or bestow such emblems. The precedent
then established has held good throughout the succeeding
ages with sovereign princes in their possessions. Some ar-morists
trace the beginning of Heraldry to the Romans, some
of their customs resembling the later use of Arms. Their
civil and military laws will ever attract attention and those
familiar with their history clearly see their ardent patriot-ism
and excite their emulation, the desire to win laurels and
afterwards present them to the public gaze.
6 THE NORTH CAKOLINA BOOKLET
Mucli comment lias been given ttie descriptions of tlie
emblems borne by the various Roman families which show the
propensity of the human race for "decorative embellishment"
•—the Romans indulging in the inclination as means of per-petuating
any glorious action or attainment. As has been
said the genesis of Heraldry has been shrouded in mystery,
but of one thing we are positive. All nations in all ages
have used fignres of creatures, vegetables, and symbols to
express the bravery and prowess of their leaders or nations,
just as names are employed. We learn from the discourses
on science by C. Agrippa that various countries adopted em-blems
of distinction, for instance, an ox was the badge of the
Egyptians, the Romans bore the renowned eagle and the let-ters
S, P. Q. R. ; the Goths a bear ; the Athenians an owl
;
the Franks a lion; the Saxons a horse. This custom of
bearing a national emblem has been retained to our own
times.
Symbols, emblems and devices were used from earliest
times. Hieroglyphics expressed thoughts. The first ships
had signs on the foredeck, for instance, the vessel in which
St. Paul sailed bore the badge of Castor and Pollux. The
tribes of Israel used emblems that adorned the entrance to the
tents. The contentions that the Romans used the eagle on
their ensigns and the Egyptians the ox, was a branch of
Heraldry was without foundation. There is no connection
between this and the present science.
The last of the eleventh century seems to have been the
date upon which reliable heraldic authorities, such as Wil-liam
Cambden, Sir Henry Spelman and others have settled
as the time when families assumed hereditary iVrms. They
were so called from the fact that military men wore these
symbols of honor in martial engagements and at tournaments,
or jousts. On the helmets and shields, as well as other war-like
implements appeared the armorial bearings of the
HERALDRY IN COLONY OE NORTH CAROLINA 7
owner. The term '^Coat of Arms" was derived from tlie cus-tom
of embroidering the same on a coat worn above the coat
of mail, as Heralds have done to the present day. The Ger-mans
and French were the first to regard Heraldry as a
science. It was introduced into England about the twelfth
century and into Scotland at an earlier date. When the vast
armies of Christendom assembled on the plains of Palestine it
was essential to have some means of recognition for the
knights encased in armor, so at that early period it can be
stated the use of Coat Armor was established.
The tournaments of the Middle Ages greatly encouraged
Heraldry. These engagements were contests of strength and
skill and contestants were knights of patrician birth, no one
could become a candidate unless he could prove four lines of
gentle birth, including paternal and maternal sides of his
house. It was called a tournament when many engaged, a
joust when there were but two contestants. Both man and
horse were encased in armor. The lance was used till broken
or lost, then the sword, mace, or battle-ax was taken up.
If a man was unborsed, the play was resumed on foot—fair
play was the distinctive feature of these pastimes.
The candidates for the contest visited the lists some days
before, perfectly armed, displaying the armorial bearings
on the shield. The esquires of each respective knight pre-ceded
him on horseback, bearing the helmet and lance, to
which was attached a small flag with the armorial bearings
thereon. The sound of trumpet heralded the approach. The
presiding judges accepted or rejected the candidates. The
mode of challenge was thus : The admitted knight touched
the shield of his opponent with the reverse of his lance, or
the sharp point. The first required the arms of courtesy;
the spear had a ball attached to its point and blunt weapons
were used ; the latter demanded the same arms as those re-quired
in actual warfare. Often fatal wounds ended the
8 THE NOETH CAROLINA BOOKLET
jousts. Some noble ladj presented the prize, a chaplet, or
a similar ornament, to the victorious knight. As has been
shown, the Arms were the sole means of identifying the com-petitors.
The church approved of Heraldry. Banners were brought
by the Crusaders for the treasured blessing of the priests.
These, carrying additional honorable charges won in Pales-tine,
were hung in the churches, and the more permanent
means of preserving the same distinctions were preserved
in the glass of the windows, the frescoes of the walls, the
tombs, the tiles of the floor or the carved stone itself.
Heraldry attained the zenith of its popularity in the
fourteenth century and flourished till the passing of armor
when the armorial bearings were no longer essential to recog-nition.
The use of Arms has still been retained by the
leading nations of tlje world showing alliance and noble birth.
"The Iron Cross" of the present cannot be more prized than
the heraldic trophy bestow^ed upon the mediaeval warrior for
valiant service on the field of battle.
The devices used in the Middle Ages were so simple any
one^—ignorant or learned—could decipher the meaning. The
mansions, almost without exception, were ornamented with
the family Arms—these are still seen in foreigTi lands. The
window was a favorite point for decoration. The followers
each bore the master's badge on his sleeve. The inns hung
out the crests and badges, along with its name, of the
nobility, such as: "Bear and Eagged Staff," the "Eagle and
Child," the "Rose and Portcullis," the "Chequers." Inns
near abbeys assumed ecclesiastical devices, such as the Cross
Keys of St. Peter.
In "Looksley Hall Sixty Years After," we find this allu-sion:
"Here is Locksley Hall, my grandson, here the lion-guarded gate
There is one old Hostel left us where they swing the Locksley shield
Till the peasant cow shall butt the lion passant from the field."
.HEEALDRY IN COLONY OF NORTH CAROLINA 9
Reference is liere made to the Dymoke crest, a "lion pas-sant,"
which is above the quaint gateway of Scrivelsby
Court, while there is a "leaden cow" in these ancient grounds.
The arms assumed were frequently indicative of the profes-sion
of the armiger (bearer of arms) for example, the three
little round balls one sees on many places in Florence were
the devices of the haughty Dukes of Medici, so chosen because
they were originally apothecaries.
THE USES AND ABUSES OF HERALDRY.
Having given a brief outline of the origin and history, we
shall proceed to explain its sigTiificance as applied in mod-em
times.
The ignorant invariably ask, "ISTow do tell me the mean-ing
of this ship, or that snake, or ragged lion's head ?" To
understand the true meaning an armorist tnust be acquainted
with the history of a house.
The modem uses are given below. Heraldry is employed
in various ways. The chief one being engraving the armo-rial
bearings on silver, on seal rings and bookplates. They
can be cast in bronze, carved on wood, painted in oils or
water colors, sketched with pen and ink, or India ink, framed
and hung in the hall, library or dining-room. They can be
embroidered on the household, or personal linen, painted on
china and carriages, chased on cut glass, engTaved on rings,
and last, but by no, means least, adorn the stationery, visiting
cards, and wedding invitations. The late Empress of
Austria, simply had her name "Elizabeth" engraved on
her card beneath the imperial crown. In Colonial days
they were carved on tombs, which has greatly aided the
genealogist to-day. In the reigns of Henry VII and Henry
VIII it was customary in England to paint the Coat of
Arms in the upper right-hand corner of portraits. In
In some of the masterpieces of Holbein is shown this fashion.
10 THE NOETH CAEOLISTA BOOKLET
While only armigers can display these devices on their per-sonal
possessions, any one is allowed the right to hang paint-ings,
etc., of these ancient reminders of the age of Chivalry,
worn by any ancestor, whether of the same name ot not, in
their habitations. In Virginia the custom is universally
adopted, so it is in New England, but in ISTorth Carolina, one
rarely finds in sight these mementoes of by-gone days.
A slight knowledge of Heraldry is requisite to a thorough
understanding of the works of Scott, Shakespeare and Tenny-son.
An armorist must know something of French and a
little Latin and interpret Old French which is frequently
puzzling.
Abbotsford affords an illustration of the ideal baronial
hall. There in "the Great Hall," in the exquisite carving of
the woodwork, the delicately tinted stained glass of the win-dows,
in a border running around, are the Coats of Arms of
the ancestors of Sir Walter Scott, who were entitled to use
them. On the three beams overhead are car\^ed shields, each
bearing charges in the appropriate tinctures and metals. The
last three of the middle beam are plain. These the faithful
guide points out and announces that Scott said they would
have belonged to his ancestors, but had never been found.
Heraldry has been of great assistance in archaeological
pursuits; it can be called the "Handmaid of History," and
in genealogical research proves indispensable. The work
recently issued in the Bowles family was easily compiled
through the aid of tombs, brass tablets and armorial bearings
as found in old English churches.
To-day we see the Arms of extinct noble families adopted
by those of a similar name without authority. Herbert
Spencer, in one of his essays published in the "Westminster
Eeiview" in 1854, says: "Coats of arms which served to
distinguish men in battle, now figure on the carriage panels
of retired tradesmen. Once a badge of high military rank,
the shoulder-knot has become on the modem footman, a mark
HERALDRY IN COLONY OF NORTH CAROLINA 11
of servitude. The name Banneret, which once marked a
partially-created Baron—a Baron who had passed his mili-tary
"little go'—is now, under the modification of Baronet,
applicable to any one favored by wealth, or interest, or party
feeling. Knighthood has so far ceased to be an honor that
men honor themselves by declining it."
Mr. S. Gough ISTichols says : "In the early days of Her-aldry,
if a man adopted the arms belonging to another family
he was proceeded against by the rightful owner as a man
would be now were he to steal the property of another," and
he quotes the case of Sir Richard Scrope and Sir Robert
Grosvenor in August, 1385.
There has been in the past few years a marked revival of
this ancient custom of using Coats of Arms in this country.
It does not partake of a monarchical tendency, for a land
whose flag was designed from the Arms of her greatest hero,
and where orders are organized with a view to perpetuating
her history and instilling the duty of patriotism, which
encourage a regard for Heraldry, cannot claim citizens who
are not loyal to dearly-bought liberty, principles and stand-ards.
The fact that Tiffany employs regularly four armor-ists
in his Fifth Avenue establishment, shows the demand
for such delicate workmanship.
Mrs. Roger A. Pryor in her work, "The Mother of Wash-ington
and Her Times," writes of Heraldry in the Old
Dominion: "Virginia families used the Arms to which they
had a right with no thought of ostentation—simply as some-thing
belonging to them as a matter of course. They sealed
their deeds and contracts with their family crest and motto,
displayed their Arms on the panels of their coaches, carved
on their gate-posts and on the tombstones of their people ; for
such had been the custom in the old country which they
fondly called 'home.' "
There is but one dishonorable charge in Heraldry. This
12 THE NOKTH CAEOLINA BOOKLET
must be borne for all time. The noble, not the ignoble,
deeds are recorded.
Do you remember the scene in ^'The Monastery," where
soldiers are descending upon the village of Kennequahair, the
present town of Melrose, when the Abbot of St. Mary's as-cended
to the battlements of the lofty monastery, followed
by Edward Glendenning, for a sight of the approaching
army?
"Look at the banner," said the Abbott; "tell me what are
the blazonries ?"
"The arms of Scotland," said Edward, "the lion and its
treasure, quartered, as I think with three cushions—can it
be the royal standard ?"
"Alas! no," said the Abbott, "it is that of the Earl of Mur-ray.
He hath assumed with his new conquest the badge of
the valiant Randolph, and hath dropped from his hereditary
coat the bend which indicates his own base birth."
ITo one could read "Kenilworth" without remembering the
queer old character—Master Michael Mumblazon, who was a
stationary griest of Sir Hugh Robsart at his ancient seat. of
"Lidcote Hall." Scott thus describes him: "He was an
old bachelor of good family but small fortune, and distantly
related to tbe House of Robsart; in virtue of which connec-tion
Lidcote Hall had been honored with his presence for
the last twenty years. His company was agreeable to Sir
Hugh, chiefly on account of his profound learning, which
though it only related to heraldry and genealogy witb such
scraps of history as connected themselves with these subjects,
was precisely of a kind to captivate the good old knight;
besides he found in having a friend to appeal to when his
memory as frequently happened proved infirm, and played
him false concerning names and dates, which and all similar
differences Master Michael Mumblazon supplied with due
brevity and discretion. And indeed in matters concerning
HERALDRY IN COLONY OF NORTH CAROLINA 13
the modem world he often gave his enigmatical and heraldic
phrase, advice which was well worth attending to, or in Will
Badger's language, started the game while others beat the
hush."
When young Tressilian started on his second search for
the choice of his heart, the unfortunate Amy, the herald
addressed him thus : "You are going to court. Master Tres-silian,
you will please remember that your blazonry must be
argent and or—^no other tinctures will pass current."
"Mumblazon produced a bag of money containing three
hundred pounds in gold and silver of various coins, the sav-ings
of twenty years, which he now without speaking a sylla-ble
upon the subject dedicated to the ser^dce of the patron
VT'hose shelter and protection had given him the means of
making this little hoard."
Some families have their surnames handed down on their
shields—for instance, the Rye, Sparrow, Swann, Bullock,
Roosevelt families, as well as hosts of others, have Arms of
this kind. Occasionally the charges of the Arms are a pun
on the bearer's name, as in the case of Miles Standish, whose
shield was adorned with three standing dishes. Instead of
armorial bearings being taken from the surnames in some
cases the surnames trace derivation from the charges of the
shield, for example. Sir Simon Lockhard of Lee, accoan-panied
the Black Douglas with the heart of the Bruce on that
fatal journey to Palestine. After the death of that great
soldier in Spain he was appointed to take charge of the
sacred trust on the return homsward. On account of that
mission Sir Simon's name was changed from Lockhard to
Lockheart and a man's heart with a padlock was painted on
his shield. In memory of that ill-fated expedition the
Douglases added to their escutcheon a heart vnth a crown
upon it.
The colors have great significance and are connected with
14 THE NORTH CAROLINA BOOKLET
the family history, therefore unless familiar with the annals
of a house the armorist cannot decipher the full meaning.
The Draytons of "Drayton Hall," South Carolina, hear this
Coat of Arms, "Argent, a cross engrailed gules," while the
Warners of "Warner Hall," Virginia, bear the same Arms
with diiferent tincture and metal—"Vert, a cross engrailed
or." There is a vast difference of course in the meaning,
but one who is not conversant with the past g'lory of each
line could only interpret that each original Grantee made a
crusade as the cross ever indicates. No one could surmise
the significance of the Pollok crest, borne by Thomas Pollok,
Colonial Governor of JSTorth Carolina, unless familiar with
the incident in the life of his remote ancestor, Pollok of Bal-gray.
When one of the retinue of James IV of Scotland,
during one of those hunts in the Highlands, that that mon-arch
keenly enjoyed, the said Pollok of county Renfrew
beheld a furious wild boar bearing do^^ni upon the king, and,
realizing his danger, shot an arrow that killed the animal
instantly. For this delivery the king bestowed upon his pro-tector,
a crest consisting of a wild boar pierced with an
arrow and the motto, "aiidacter et strenue." Had this nar-row
escape occurred in France a, fleur-de-lis would have been
granted as a charge on the shield. When a deBemiere saved
the life of Louis XI of France recognition of the service
was the addition of a. fleur-de-lis in the center of his shield,
which charge has been retained ever since by the deBernieres.
A progenitor of the Lenoirs of "Fort Defiance," in the Happy
Valley, North Carolina, won the silver fleur-de-lis on a can-ton
gules, in the upper left-hand corner of their x\rms by
serving France or the French king.
The manner in which American women of prominence dis-play
the crest and motto on their personal belongings is
ludicrous. Some English women are not more careful. Crests
and mottoes, because they partake exclusively of a military
HEEALDET IN COLONY OF NOETH CAEOLINA 15
character can only he used hy men and never by luomen. A
woman cannot transmit Arms unless she is an heiress, or co-heiress,
a term which merely implies she was the represen-tative
of her father and does not indicate that she is the owner
of property. She may have had brothers who died without
issue and still be the heiress of her father at his death. The
husband of an heiress or co-heiress places her Arms over his
own in an escutcheon of pretense and their children inherit
the privilege of quartering their father's with their mother's
Arms. A notable example in history of quartering is the
Coat of Arms of the Dymokes, Hereditary Champions of the
kings of England, which displays fifteen quarterings, indicat-ing
fourteen marriages with heiresses. These alliances ren-dered
that house one of the wealthiest in Great Britain at one
time. A maid bears her father's Arms on a lozenge, after
marriage. If not an heiress, she uses her husband's Arms on
the bachelor's shield, and when a widow bears the same on a
lozenge.
In 1483 the College of Heralds was established in Eng-land
to verify and register Grants of Arms. Many abuses
were found which eventually demanded the Herald's Visi-tations
early in the following century. These were for the
purpose of revising and recording genealogies of families who
could claim Arms. All persons who can trace descent from
those progenitors whose Coat Armor was accepted at a Her-ald's
Visitation, inherit Arms.
With this guarantee it matters not whether the War of the
Revolution or the War between the States has swept over
our country, destroying innumerable proofs of such an inheri-tance,
the dearly bought heirloom belongs as much to the
American as to the English branch rejDresenting the knight
who in the long ago won a sovereign's favor with some
valiant deed.
The ruling of William Dugdale, Garter King of Arms,
16 THE NORTH CAROLINA BOOKLET
dated 18 June, 1668, is of such importance that it is here-with
given:
"It is incumbent that a man do look over his own evidences for
some seals of armes, for perhaps it appears in them, and if soe
and they have used it from the beginning of Queen Elizabeth's
reigne, or about that time, I shall then allowe thereof, for our
directions are limiting us soe to doe, and not a shorter prescrip-tion
of usage."
To-daj Ulster King of Anns observes this heraldic law and
accepts any Arms by Patent, borne continuously for three
generations, or for a century. The attempt by a certain his-torical
society to abolish the usage of Coat Armor in America
on the grounds that the connecting link between the British
and the American lines can seldom be authentically estab-lished
is unwarrantable, with the high authority in favor
thereof.
The Arms-bearing Americans are chiefly those who have
descended from the Knickerbocker families of New York,
the Cavaliers of the South, the Quakers of Pennsylvania, the
Puritans of 'New England and the Huguenots. These have
the same title to Arms as have their cousins over the sea.
The fact that such eminent Americans, builders of the nation,
as the Washingtons, Adamses, Livingstones, Van Rensselaers,
Lees, Jays and others established the precedent of using
armorial bearings, prove their descendants are heirs to the
same heritage, therefore no objection can be raised on the
grounds that it is an unsuitable proceeding for inhabitants of
a republic of the ISTew World.
As to the use of Heraldry in America Washington ex-pressed
himself thus on the subject and his opinion should
overrule all prejudice in the matter:
"It is far from my design to intimate any opinion that Heraldry,
Coat Armor, etc., might not be rendered conducive to public and
private use with us, or that they can have any tendency unfriendly
to the purest spirit of republicanism. On the contrary, a different
conclusion is deducible from the practice of Congress and the
HERALDRY IN COLONY OF NORTH CAROLINA 17
states, all of which have established some kind of Armorial devices
to authenticate their official instruments."
There lias probably never been an armorist in America
who possessed such a thorough knoiwledge of the science of
Heraldry as the late William H. Abbott. An Englishman
by birth he became identified with his adopted State of New
York and his death leaves an unfilled place. His workman-ship
was excellent and his "Heraldry Illustrated" is a vol-ume
that is indispensable to the student of this ancient
branch of Art. The recently published work on Heraldry
by Arthur Huntington Nason has been pronounced a remark-able
production and has won high praise from authorities
abroad.
At this present day genealogy is at the zenith of its popu-larity
in America. Statistics reveal the fact that there is
constantly a greater demand for books on this subject in the
Library of Congress than for any other. As this study
arouses and leads to a similar interest in Heraldry, it seems
an unwise omission that our public libraries are poorly
equipped in heraldic literature. Private libraries can be
cited that are better provided with such works. That of
Mr. Joseph J. Casey of jN^ew York is wonderful in this
special line. He probably owns the most extensive and com-plete
collection of volumes on Heraldry and genealogy in
this country. It has been the dream realized of a lifetime,
securing and preserving these choice tomes, many of which
are in French. Through, his wife the General Sociefty
Daughters of the Revolution has been enriched by these rare
treasures, Mrs. Casey having for more than twenty years
filled the responsible ofiice of Registrar-General of that
Society.
What is true of our great libraries, is more pronounced
in the public libraries of North Carolina. There is not one
of these that possesses a collection of this kind that can com-
2
18 THE NOKTH CAROLINA BOOKLET
pare with the heraldic library of Mrs. Charles Beall of
Arden, Buncomhe Coimtj, who is an armorist as well as
artist of great talent, having had the advantage of studying
for a long period under Bonguereau at Paris.
The popularity of Heraldry has awakened the enthusiasm
and talent of several daughters of the Old North State, who
today are accomplishing good results in armorial painting.
The late Mrs. Annie Iredell Robertson, whose recent death is
deeply lamented by a large circle of friends and acquain-tances,
and which is indeed a loss to the State, was an heraldic
artist of considerable note. Each year at the State Fair
there are exhibited samples of this line of Art.
SOME NOTES ON CAROLINA HERALDICA.
Some historians, of whom Fiske was one, assert that iSTorth
Carolina was settled by indentured servants, the undesirable
overflow of Virginia and other unenviable sources. That
may be true in part, as it was in other Colonies, but the entire
population was not of that class. Some who came hither
from Virginia in quest of grants of land were the younger
sons of prominent families, the elder sons falling heir to
landed estates and the ancestral seat while many, coming
directly from a foreign land, were of the best type. There
exist proofs to-day showing these founders of the Colonies
were armigers. On Colonial documents extant can be seen
their armorial seals, and again on the tombs of some of the
Colony's most distinguished statesmen are found engraven
Arms almost obliterated by time and vandalism, like that of
Governor Charles Eden, removed from its first resting place
to St. Paul's Churchyard, Edenton, ISTorth Carolina. Scat-tered
throughout the State are treasured silver heirlooms
that bear either the crest and motto, or the entire Coat of
Arms. Then there are those who came to this from other
Colonies who have never displayed any desire to continue
HERALDRY IN COLONY OF NORTH CAEOLINA 19
the use of an heritage that without doubt the founder of the
American branch of these families regarded as his very own.
Bookplates also adorned the libraries of soime of the most
prominent leaders of this Province. William Hooper's book-plate
appeared in the July, 1905, issue of The Booklet.
Col. Cadwallader Jones', also that of Major Cadwallader
Jones, is exhibited in the Hall of History at Raleigh, also
that of Governor Gabriel Johnston, which forms the
frontispiece of this number of The Booklet, a photograph
of which is in the Johnson collection in the same building.
There are many more in existence.
As the reader glances over CrOizier's General Armory he
finds only the five following families of the Old ISTorth Stat«,
viz. : Burg-win, Hunt, Morehead, Johnstone and McFarland,
who are included in the list of nearly two thousand Ameri-cans
entitled to bear Coat Armor. While Crozier did an
excellent work in Heraldic research, this volume can by no
means be regarded as exhaustive even though he does state it
is the most comprehensive work of the kind published. But
few volumes of this nature have been printed in America.
With the many famous names linked with the genesis of tbis
Colony it does seem strange that they should not have been
deemed worthy of enrollment with those of the other notable
Colonists. In another later work, ''Virginia Heraldica,"
published in 1908, in a limited edition, there appear the
names of two hundred and seventy-five families who settled
in the Old Dominion entitled to Armorial bearings, and
there are many more who can claim a similar distinction that
have been omitted.
Although North Carolina may not have possessed as long a
roll of armigers among her settlers, one who has made a
study of the subject has discovered that a goodly number
came from English antecedents who were granted Arms
scores of years ago, perhaps centuries since.
20 THE NOETH CAEOLINA BOOKLET
The list given in these brief notes by no means comprises
the names of all the families in the Old ISTorth State who have
inherited the right to bear Coat Armor. The following,
generations ago, in distant lands over the sea, for valiant
deeds of service to king or country were rewarded with Coats
o£ Arms, and their descendants of the same name, to-day can
rightfully use their inheritance:
Alston.
(Saxham Hall, Suffolk, and Odell, County Beds., England.)
Azure, ten etoiles or, four, three, two, one.
Crest—A crescent argent, charged with an etoile or.
Motto—Immotus.
Battle (Battayll, or Battaille.)
Purp. a griflBn segreant, with a bordure engrailed or.
Crest—Out of an antique crown or, a dexter arm ppr. holding a
cross crosslet fitchee in pale gules.
Ashe.
Blount.
Barry, nebuly of six, or and sable.
Crest—An armed foot in the sun.
Motto—Lux tua mea via.
Bryan.
(A photograph of the original Grant of this Coat of Arms is in
the possession of descendants in Florida, but the proper heraldic
description so far is unknown.)
Bryan. (Ireland.)
Argent, three piles gules.
Crest—A Saracen's head erased at the neck sable.
BoDDiE, or Body. (Nash County.)
(Essex, England.)
Argent on a fesse azure three pelicans, or, vulning their breasts
gules; on a canton argent, two staves raguly, in saltire of the
fourth, a ducal coronet, or.
Crest—On the middle of a staff raguly gules a ducal coronet, or.
Bullock.
(Arborfield County Berks., England; an ancient family in that
shire several members of which served the office of sheriff in
the 14th, 15th and 16th centuries.)
Gules, a chevron between three bulls' heads cabossed argent,
armed or.
Crest—Five Lochaber axes, handles or, blades ppr. bound with an
escarf gules, tassels or.
HEKALDEY IN" COLONY OF NORTH CAROLINA 21
BUEEINGTON.
BuKGWiN. (John Burgwin, New Hanover County, 1760.)
(Hereford, England.)
Per fesse indented or and gules, three escallops counterchanged.
Crest—A sword and key in saltire.
BuRWEUL. (Granville County.)
Cameron. (Orange County.)
Carb. (Edgecombe County.)
Azure, on a chevron argent three mullets of the first.
Crest—A lion's head erased, or.
Cobb.
(Adderbury, County Oxford, and Sindringham, County Norfolk,
England.)
Sable, a chevron, gules, between three dolphins embowed naiant
argent, a chief or.
Crest—An elephant, or.
Coffin.
Crawford.
(Scotland.)
Gules, a fesse ermine.
Crest—^An ermine argent.
Motto—Sine labora nota.
DeBerniere.
(Prance.)
Drake.
(Devon, England.)
Quarterly, 1st and 4th, Argent a wivern, wings displayed and tail
nowed, gules; 2nd and 3rd, Sable, a fesse wavy, between two
polar stars argent.
Crest—An eagle displayed, gules.
Eden.
(West Auckland, County Durham, England.)
Gules on a chevron argent between three garbs or banded vert, as
many escallops, sable.
Crest—A dexter arm in armour embowed, couped at the shoulder
ppr. the hand grasping a garb bendways, as in the arms.
Motto—Si sit prudentia.
Edwards.
Argent, a fesse ermines between three martlets or.
Crest—On a ducal coronet argent, a tiger passant or.
Everard.
(Much Waltham, Essex, England.)
22 THE ISrOETH CAROLINA BOOKLET
Gules on a fesse wavy between three etoiles, argent a mullet of
the field.
Crest—A Moor's head couped at the shoulders, sidefaced ppr.
wreath about the temples argent and azure.
FiNLEY.
Barry of six, sable and or.
Gilmer.
(Scotland.)
Azure, a chevron between two fleur-de-lis in chief or; and in base
a writing pen full feathered, argent, with the badge of Nova
Scotia as Baronet.
Crest—A garland of laurel ppr.
Motto—Perseveranti darbitur.
Hat.t,.
Argent on a chevron between three columbines azure stalked and
leaved vert, a mullet of six points or.
Crest—A talbot's head erased.
Motto—Turpiter desperatur.
Hay.
Haevet.
Haywood.
HiNTON. (Chowan Precinct.)
(Chilton Foliot and Earlscott, County Wilts, England.)
Per fesse indented, argent and sable, six fleur-de-lis counter-changed.
Crest—(An eagle's leg erased entwined by a serpent.
Hicks.
Gules a fesse wavy betweeen three fleur-de-lis, or.
Crest—A buck's head couped at the shoulders or, gorged with a
chaplet of roses gules.
Motto—Tout en bon heure.
HoiiiDAY, or HoLLADAY. (Chowan Precinct.)
(Bromley, Middlesex, England.)
Conferred upon Sir Walter Holladay by Edward IV in 1470, and
brought to America by Captain John Holladay in 1702.
Sable, three helmets, argent, garnished, or, a border of the last.
Crest—A demi-lion, ppr., rampant, resting his paws on an anchor,
azure.
Motto—Quarta salute.
Holt, or Holte.
(Lancashire and London, granted 18 June, 1582.)
Argent, on a bend engrailed sable three fleur-de-lis of the field.
HEEALDRY IN COLONY OF NORTH CAROLINA 23
Crest—A dexter arm embowed in armour ppr., garnished or, hold-ing
in the gauntlet a pheon sable.
HOSKINS.
HUBBAED.
(Durham, England.)
Sable, in chief a crescent, argent, and in base an etoile of eight
points (or) between two flanches ermine.
Crest—A wolf passant, or.
Motto—Vincit amor patriae.
Hunt. (Thomas Hunt, Pasquotank County, 1659.)
(Bucks., England.)
Azure, on h fesse argent between three cinquefoils or. a lion pas-sant
gules.
Crest—A boar's head couped and erect between two ostrich
feathers.
Johnston. (Gabriel Johnston, 1734.)
(Dumfries, Scotland.)
Argent on a saltire sable; on a chief gules three cushions or.
Crest—A winged spur or.
Motto—Nunquam non paratus.
Jones. (Willie Jones.)
Argent ermine, three lions rampant sable.
Crest.—Unicorn sejant, argent.
Keaeny.
(Ireland.)
Sable on a chief argent, three wheat sheaves, vert.
Crest—A ruined castle in flames, ppr.
Motto—Ich dien (I serve).
Lenoir. (Caldwell County.)
(France.)
Azure, three chevronels or.; on a canton gules a fleur-de-lis argent.
Motto—Le noir de Nantes.
Lewis. (Granville County.)
(Wales.)
Argent, a dragon's head and neck, erased vert, holding in the
mouth a bloody hand, ppr.
Crest—A dragon's head and neck erased vert.
Motto—Omne solum forti patria est,
LiNDSEY, or Lindsay.
(Scotland.)
Quartered. 1st and 4th: Gules, a fesse chequy, argent, and azure.
2d and 3d: Or., a lion rampant gules, the shield debruised of a
ribbon, in bend sable over all.
24 THE NORTH CAKOLINA BOOKLET
Crest—A cubit arm in armor, in pales, holding in the hand a
sword erect argent on the point a pair of balances of the last.
Motto—Recta sed ardua.
London.
(Norfolk, England.)
Argent, three crosses—crosslet in bend, cottised gules.
Crest—An armed arm holding a sword ppr., hilt and pommel or,
between two dragons wings, argent.
Motto—Fidelis et audax.
Love.
(Hampshire, England.)
This Coat of Arms is composed of the Arms of the Loves of Nuton
and the Arms of the Loves of Basing.
Loves of Nuton:
Vert, a lion rampant, or., charged on the shoulder with a cross
patee gules.
Crest—Out of a ducal coronet (or) a cross formee, gules, thereon
a bird argent.
Loves of Basing:
Argent, three bars 'gules, in chief three lions' heads erased gules.
Crest—A cross formee, fitchee, gules, thereon a bird, argent.
Motto—Amor ab amando.
Macon.
Azure, a bend between three etoiles, or.
Motto—Dadextram misero.
McFarland. (John McFarland, 1770.)
Argent, a saltire wavy between four roses gules.
Crest—A demi-savage grasping in his dexter hand a sheaf of
arrows, and pointing with the sinister to an imperial crown, or.
Motto—This I'll defend. In a compartment above the crest the
word "Lochsloy."
McCULLOH.
(Myrtaun, Scotland.)
Ermine a fret engrailed, gules.
Crest—A hand throwing a dart ppr.
Motto—Vi et animo.
MoBEHEAD. (Guilford County.)
(Scotland.)
Argent, on a bend azure three acorns, or., in chief a man's heart
ppr., within a fetterlock sable. The whole surrounded by an oak
wreath ppr., acorned or.
Crest—Two hands conjoined grasping a two-handed sword ppr.
Motto—Auxilio dei.
HERALDEY IN COLONY OF NORTH CAROLINA 25
MOSELEY.
Quarterly, 1st and 4tli, Sable a chevron between three battleaxes
displayed, argent. 2d and 3d: or., a fesse between three eagles
displayed, sable.
Crest—An eagle displayed sable.
Motto—Mos legem regit.
Nash.
Needham, 1625.
(Viscount Kilmorey, Ireland.)
Pearl, a bend, sapphire, between two buck's heads cabossed and
attired, diamond.
Crest—On a wreath a phoenix in flames ppr.
Motto—Nunc aut nunquam.
Supporters—The dexter, a horse pearl. The sinifler, a stag ppr.
Pescxjd.
(Hampshire, England.)
Ermines (black) on a chief or., three griffins sejant sable.
Crest—A griffin sejant d'or, the dexter claw raised beaked and
membered or.
PoiJiOK.
(Balgray, county Renfrew, Scotland.)
Vert, a saltire argent between a buglehorn in each flank and an-other
in base or, stringed gules; in chief a mullet of the second.
Crest—A boar passant quarterly, or. and vert, transpierced with an
arrow ppr.
Motto—Audacter et strenue.
PXTEEFOY.
(Misterton and Drayton, county Leicester, England; seated at
former place so early as 1277, and at the latter in the year 1397.
The derivative branches were the Purefoys of Caldecote, Bar-well,
Wolvershill, Shalleston, Wadley, etc.)
Azure, three stirrups, or.
Crest—A dexter gauntlet, or, the inside azure, fingers grasping a
broken tilting spear of the second.
Motto—Purefoy ma joy.
Richmond.
Rr;FFiisr.
Rose.
Or, three water bougets, azure.
Crest—A hawk ppr.
Motto—Audio.
SeaWELL.
(Warwickshire, England.)
Sable, a chevron between three bees argent.
Crest—A bee or.
26 THE ISrOETH CAEOLINA BOOKLET
M ; f
'
Skinneb.
SWANN.
(Southfleet and Denton Court, county Kent, England.
Azure, a chevron ermine, between three swans, argent.
Crest—A demi-talbot salient gules, collared or.
TUENEE.
(Thorveston, Devon, England.)
Sable, a chevron, ermine, between three fers-demoline or; on a
chief argent, a lion passant gules.
Crest—A lion passant gules, holding in the dexter paw a laurel
branch vert.
Washington.
(Northampton, England.)
Argent, two bars gules, in chief three mullets of the second.
Crest—(1) Out of a ducal coronet or, a raven wings endorsed ppr.
(2) Out of a ducal coronet or an eagle, wings endorsed sable.
Motto—Exitus acta probat.
Whitfield.
Argent, a bend plain between two cottises engrailed, sable.
Crest—A stag's head, or, coming out of a palisado coronet, argent.
Williams.
Sable, a lion rampant argent, armed and langued gules.
Crest—A fighting cock.
Mottoes—(1) Cognosce occasionem. (2) Yeynodwy fydd.
Willis.
Argent, three griffins passant sable; a bordure engrailed gules and
bezantee.
Crest—A griffin segreant holding a spear piercing a boar's head,
sable.
Motto—Defende rectum.
Winston.
As will be observed some of the surnames in this list
belonged to our Colonial governors who were in the Colony a
short while, others lived and died here but left no descend-ants.
Again some of the names were represented in the Col-ony
by the spindle side of the house, like Willis, Crawford,
etc.
In publishing these notes the writer has not endeavored to
delve into a science that has been handled by scholars who
have made it a study and about which they have given vol-umes
to the public. This has only been an effort to present
HEEALDRY IN COLONY OF NORTH CAROLINA 27
a brief outline of its history and usage, especially in our own
Province of JSTorth Carolina, with the ho:pe that some light
may be thrown on a topio about which, as a rule, we know
comparatively little and that it may interest the readers of
The Booklet. Heraldic research has produced in her mind
an ambition to gather material for a volume on "Carolina
Heraldica." All l^orth Carolinians who can aid in this
undertaking are requested to furnish what data they may
have in their possession, which will be gratefully received.
References: Abbott's "Heraldry Illustrated"; Boutell and Ave-ling's
"Heraldry Ancient and Modern"; Crozier's "General Armory";
Burke's "General Armory"; "A Royal Lineage"; "Genealogical Col-umn"
of Richmond Times-Dispatch; "A Corner in Ancestors" of
The Democrat, Nashville; various unpublished private papers of
North Carolina families, etc.
28 THE NOETH CAKOLINA BOOKLET
THE STATE OF FRANKLIN
By Captain S. A. Ashe.*
(Extracts from the 2d volume of Ashe's History of N. C. Mss.)
On August 21, 1776, the Council of Safety of ^N'orth Caro-lina,
whicli was invested with the functions of government
when the Provisional Congress was not in session, met at
the house of Mr. Joel Lane in Wake County. A petition
was received from the settlements on the Watauga and Hol-ston,
called by the inhabitants there "The Washington Dis-trict,"
setting forth that about six years earlier they had
begun to locate in that territory, and finding themselves out-side
of Virginia, had formed a court and adopted the Vir-ginia
laws, and had enlisted a company of riflemen under
Capt. James Robertson, stationing them on the frontier to
guard against an attack by the Indians. They asked that
they might be annexed to North Carolina, promising to be
governed, by the Council and to lack nothing in the glorious
cause of America. The petition was signed by John Carter,
John Sevier, William Bean, and others as a committee, and
to it were attached more than a hundred names of settlers on
the Watauga and ISTolachucky, among them being David
Crockett The Conncil directed that they should hold an
election on October 15th, and choose five delegates to repre-sent
Washington District in the Congress of the State to
meet at Halifax on ISTovember 10th.. This was the first
connection between the settlement beyond the mountains and
the Province or State of North Carolina. In 1767, under
instructions from the Crown, Governor Tryon had established
a line rimning along the crest of the Blue Ridge, beyond
which the whites were not to settle—but some adventurous
*A Biographical Sketch of Captain S. A. Ashe, by Mrs. E. E. MoflStt, appeared in the
Booklet, Vol. IX, No. 4.
THE STATE OF FRANKLIN 29
men had pressed down from Virginia to the waters of the
Watauga, and others from North Carolina had joined them,
and by 1776 the settlement had extended south of the line
dividing Virginia territory from that of !Rorth Carolina.
Those in Virginia were under the law of that Province ; those
south of the Virginia line established a local government
for themselves, and adopting Virginia laws, called their settlo-ment,
"Washington District." They followed the directions
of the ISTorth Carolina Coimcil, and in October, 1776, elected
delegates to the !North Carolina Convention, who took part
in framing the State Constitution. That fall treaties were
made with the Indians by which they surrendered their right
to the lands on the ISTolachucky, Watauga and New rivers, and
the dividing line between Virginia and North Carolina was
extended beyond the settlements ; and Washington District
became a county of North Carolina.
Further to the west, Kentucky had received many acces-sions,
and in 1779 James Robertson had established a camp
at a salt-lick on the Cumberland River, separated by impas-sable
mountains from the Watauga settlements. The next
year others followed in boats down the Tennessee to the
Ohio, and then ascended the Cumberland to Robertson's
cabins. Although much harassed by the Indians, they held
their ground, and so increased in numbers that in 1783 the
North Carolina Assembly incorporated that region into a
county, calling it Davidson, and naming the central settle-ment
Nashville. At the same session. North Carolina made
some provision for her soldiers now returning to their homes,
wearing the laurel leaves of victory. There was set aside as
a bounty for the veterans of the war an extensive domain
from the point where the Cumberland River crossed the
Virginia line, sonth fifty-five miles—then westward to the
Tennessee, and Martin Armstrong was appointed the sur-veyor
to locate their grants, and on the east of the Cumber-
30 THE NOETH CAROLINA BOOKLET
land Mountains, in the valley of the Powell River, in ex-tinguishment
of their claims for lands purchased from the
Indians, more than 200,000 acres were allotted to Richard
Henderson and his associates.
And now the soldiers crossed the mountains to take pos-session
of their bounty lands, and population flowed in with
a rush tO' occupy the fertile tracts along the Powell and the
Clinch, while others passed on to the distant Cumberland.
The old Washington District was subdivided into Washing-ton,
Sullivan and Greene counties.
The State was burdened with a heavy debt, while the Con-federacy
of the States was on the point of falling to pieces
because of its inability to pay its debts.
In its sore straits. Congress had urged the States to cede
their unsettled western territories for the benefit of the
Union.
The ISTorth Carolina Legislature, adopting the suggestion.
offered to cede her entire territory beyond the mountains,
although it was thought to contain one-tenth of her popula-tion.
The proceeds of the unoccupied lands thus ceded were
to be for the payment of the creditors of the United States.
This measure was deemed by some as unjust, weakening
the security of the creditors of the State and depriving the
inhabitants of a chief asset for the payment of their i:)ublic
indebtedness. William R. Da^de made vigorous opposition,
and under his leadership General Person and thirty-six other
members filed a strong protest against it. In particular it
met with the disfavor of the representatives of the interior
counties, and even some of those from beyond the mountains
strenuously objected. But the purpose to contribute to the
common fund of the Union was strong, and, besides, there
were both political and economical reasons for the cession.
The inhabitants of the territory were entirely segregated, and
the administration of public affairs, rendered difiicult as well
THE STATE OF FEANKLIN 31
as expensive by the remoteness of the region cut off by impas-sable
mountains, had been so unsatisfactory that many of the
people were discontented and desired separation. And so,
despite much earnest opposition, the bill was hastily passed
without the subject having been discussed at all among the
people of the State. There were, however, several condi-tions
attached to the donation. It was to be accepted by
Congress within twelve months. As a provision for orderly
government, the territory was to have the l^orth Carolina
Constitution, until the inhabitants themselves should change
it ; and there was to be no regulation made by Congress tend-ing
to the emancipation of slaves, other than should be di-rected
by the new State itself. This last condition was
inserted because Congress had already manifested a disposi-tion
to legislate against slavery. When an ordinance was
being framed for the government of the ITorthwest territory,
a provision prohibiting slavery in that region failed only by
the vote of Richard Dobbs Spaight, one of the I^orth Carolina
delegates, much to the irritation of Thomas Jefferson, who
ardently urged the provision. Three years later, in 1787,
when a second ordinance was passed, Jefferson was successful
and slavery was forever prohibited in that extensive region.
There was a further provision in the act of cession that
until Congress shoiuld accept the gift, the sovereignty and
jurisdiction of North Carolina, in and over the territory and
the inhabitants thereof, should remain in all respects as if the
act had not been passed. So with respect to government in
the territory, the existing government was not disturbed ; nor
was it to be disturbed until Congress should accept the
gift; and then it was provided that the Constitution under
which the people had lived should continue to be their funda-mental
law until changed by themselves.
Subject to the condition mentioned jSTorth Carolina in
June, 1784, made the tender of one^half of her territory.
32 THE NOETH CAKOLINA BOOKLET
already somewhat settled, and with population pouring into
it, for the benefit of the Union. Truly it bespoke a high
patriotism. ISTo other State had been so liberal in sustaining
the common government. If during the war ISTorth Caro-lina's
contributions foi* the cause had been unsurpassed, now
in time of peace she again set an example for her sisters to
follow.
Some unexpected events, however, quickly followed the
passage of the act. When the measure was being considered
some of the represemtatives from the counties embraced
favored its passage, while others stoutly opposed it. The
sentiment of the leaders was divided, but the people for the
most part hailed it with satisfaction. For some time courts
Ihad not been regularly held beyond the mountains, and the
laws were not fully enforced. Settlers were daily encroach-ing
on the lands of the Indians, who had become irritated be-cause
of prolonged delay in delivering tO; them goods, agree-ably
to a treaty stipulation, in compensation for territory
already relinquished. These circumstances aroused a spirit
of hostility and several of the encroaching settlers were
murdered. A feeling of unrest, perhaps of insecurity,
began to pervade the settlement. And, so, when the news
was received of the act of cession among the greater number
of people it fell on willing ears. It was urged that the
State had neither sufficiently enforced law nor given ade-quate
protection ; and soon the people numbering some thirty
thousand, hardy and self-reliant, moved forward with eager-ness
to assume the function of self government. Doubtless,
also, the vista of public honors in a separate and independent
commonwealth was pleasant and alluring to aspiring leaders
and quickened them to action. There was some objection;
but the voices of those who doubted were drowned in the gen-eral
commotion. Although not authorized under the act of
the legislature, a movement was made to hold a popular con-
THE STATE OF FEANKLIN 33
vention. Without delay tlie counties of Washington, Sulli-van
and Greene elected delegates, who assembled at Jones-boro
in August, 1Y84.
It is the first step that always costs. This irregular action,
not anticipated nor authorized by North Carolina, was the
beginning of events that led to grievous disappointments and
deplorable anarchy. The idea of independence had been
urged with great zeal and had taken strong hold on the public
mind. The proceedings of the Convention were opened by
reading the Declaration of Independence; the act of cession
was approved ; and initial steps were taken to establish a new
government; and an association was adopted and signed to
maintain independence. John Sevier presided over the Con-vention
and gave direction to affairs. One of the heroes of
Kings Mountain he had long been the most important per-sonage
in that region, and was esteemed for his capacity and
character, no less than for his bravery and vigorous action.
Under his direction it was determined to call a second con-vention
for the purpose of framing a constitution, and in the
interim it was resolved that the new State should establish
a government similar to that of ISTorth Carolina.
In August the election was held under the new law and in
October the ISTorth Carolina Assembly met at ISTew Bern. As
Governor Martin's term was to expire in the spring, a suc-cessor
was now to be chosen. Caswell and ]^ash were the
aspirants, the former becoming the victor by twenty votes.
Caswell was in full sympathy with Martin in regard to the
Union ; ISTash stood with Rutherford in regard to the Tories.
There were divergences, but as yet no well defined parties.
The people had not generally approved the act of cession.
Davie and his followers had been sustained at the election,
and the new Assembly was in sympathy with that faction.
Besides, a new cause of dissatisfaction was now brought to
the attention of the members.
3
34 THE NORTH CAROLINA BOOKLET
Virginia and New York had in December, 1783, agreed to
convey to Congress the unsettled territory beyond the Ohio;
but Massachusetts and Connecticut had set up a claim for a
part of that region for themselves ; and these and other States
were makings demands on Congress for the repayment to
them of bounties paid to their troops, and were presenting
claims for other military expenses incurred for local pur-poses.
These demands, so at variance with North Carolina's
liberality, excited disgust and aroused indignation. The
Assembly directed the Governor to make up ISTorth Carolina's
expenditures and to insist on payment; and, it appearing that
other States had not passed acts levying taxes for the Union
similar to those passed by jSTorth Carolina, money collected by
these acts was directed to be turned into the State treasury
;
and further, since Congress had not yet accepted the gift of
the western territory, the Assembly repealed the act of ces-sion,
the vote in the House being 37 to 22. So within six
months after the offer was made, it was withdrawn. Hav-ing
determined to retain the territory, the Assembly created
a new judicial district, called the District of Washingi:on,
'
covering the four western counties, and appointed John Hay-wood
to preside, and Da,vid Campbell an associate judge;
and John Sevier and was appointed brigadier general of the
district.
Sevier had been the central figure in the movement to
establish a new State, but on learning of this action of the
ISTorth Carolina Assembly he was satisfied with it and urged
that no further steps ought to be taken looking to separation.
A majority of the inhabitants, however, determined to per-sist,
and Sevier's advice was disregarded. Nevertheless he
exerted his influence to such good purpose as to prevent the
election of delegates to the approaching convention in two of
the counties. Elsewhere his opposition was ineffectual, and
finding the popular current for separation too strong to be
THE STATE OF FRANKLIN 35
stemmed, he at length yielded to it and became a member of
the new convention and presided over it. That body framed
a constitntion similar to that of jSTorth Carolina, which was
submitted to the peoiple for their consideration, to be rejected
or ratified by a convention to assemble thereafter; and it
ordered an election for members of Assembly. The Assembly
so elected convened in March, 1785. At its first session it
elected Sevier governor of the State for a term of three years,
and David Campbell presiding judge of its courts ; and also
appointed State and county officers. The old county ofiicers
who had been commissioned by E^orth Carolina were for the
most part retained in their respective offices. The county of
Greene was divided, and two new counties erected, one named
Se\der, and the other in compliment of General Caswell
;
while an academy was incorporated, called in honor of Gov-ernor
Martin, as the State itself had been called Franklin in
compliment of Dr. Franklin, then of great influence in the
Continental Congress. The salaries* of the officers were fixed
at moderate amounts ; and, there being a scarcity of currency,
it was enacted that the produce of the country should be
received at certain fixed values in payment of all taxes, public
debts aoid salaries. This was entirely similar to the early
practice of Albemarle and IsTorth Carolina ; and the same
custom had prevailed in some other States and communities.
Good flax linen was rated at 3s. and 6d. per yard, linsey at
3d., beaver and other skins at 6s., raccoon and fox skins Is.
3d., woolen cloth at 10s., bacon 6d. per lb., good distilled rye
whisky 2s. 6d. a gallon, peach or apple brandy at 3s. a gallon,
country made sugar at Is. per lb., deer skins 6s., good to-bacco
15s. the hundred, etc.
On learning that the people were taking steps to form a
separate State, Governor Martin in 1Y85 dispatched a special
messenger to General Sevier notifying him of the repeal of
*The word salary had its origin in the practice of paying the old Roman soldiers their
stipends in salt.
36 THE NORTH CAEOLINA BOOKLET
the act of cession and warning him and the people to desist
from their revolutionary proceedings and be obedient to the
laws of JSTorth Carolina. But the admonition was disre-garded.
The legislature of Franklin was then in session
and made a formal reply, as also did Governor Sevier, declar-ing
their purpose to proceed; and Colonel William Cocke
was directed to hasten to Philadelphia and solicit Congress to
admit the State of Franklin into the Union. Korth Carolina,
they said, had cast them off and they did not mean to return.
On receiving these replies Governor Martin convened his
council, and on April 25 published a manifesto requiring the
inhabitants beyond the mountains to abandon their purpose to
form a new State, and to return to their allegiance. He de-clared
that the people of l^orth Carolina were unwilling to
part with them—as indicated by the result of the recent elec-tion
for members 6f the Assembly ; that all their grievances
had been remedied ; that a military district had been created
for them, and a brigadier general appointed ; and also that a
resident associate judge had been appointed to hold their
courts. But both his entreaties and warnings were equally
unheeded. Undismayed by the Governor's proclamation,
Sevier and his associates, although denounced as being in
revolt, held fast to their new constitution and revelled in the
delights of independence. Evan Shelby, now appointed
brigadier in the place of Sevier, and John Tipton, the colonel
of his county, and Colonel James Martin, the Indian agent,
all men of great influence, exerted their utmost power to
arrest the progress of events, but without avail. Finding
that the western counties persisted in their course and defied
the authority of the State, Governor Martin issued a call for
tile Assembly to meet in ]^ew Bern on June 1.
In the meantime the people of Franklin were not inactive.
They proceeded to administer the affairs of the new State
with resolution and determination. Colonel Cocke, on reach-
THE STATE OF FRANKLIN 37
ing Philadelphia about the middle of May, met with much
favor at the hands of Congress, and that body, with scant
courtesy to the ISTorth Carolina delegates, manifested its
sympathy in his mission by urging ISToirth Carolina to retrace
her steps and annul the repealing act and execute a convey-ance
of the western territory to the Union. Thus matters
stood at the opening of June when Martin''s term expired
and Caswell entered on the administration. Although the
legislature had been called to meet with the new Governor,
a quorum did not attend, and Caswell was left to deal with
the novel situation without the aid of the Assembly.
And, indeed, conditions beyond the mountains became
more acute and claimed his anxious attention. Affairs there
were rapidly assuming an alarming aspect. To placate those
who were insisting on independence he wrote letters and ad-dresses
kindly in their tone, holding out the hope of an early
separation, when the people should be sufficiently strong to
maintain a government and protect themselves from the In-dians
; and as indicating his good will, he declared that he
himself expected to lay his bones on the western waters.
But at the same time he sent forward the civil and military
commissions ordered by the legislature and insisted on a
loyal obedience to the authority of the State. In some of the
counties these commissions were accepted ; in others they were
refused. The two factions, that sustaining the independent
government called Franks by themselves and rebels by the
others, were almost on the point of coming to blows. Each
represented and sustained the authority of a government
that the other opposed. Clashing between the two courts
and county officers was inevitable. To avert trouble, in
March General Evan Shelby, acting in behalf of those adher-ing
to Ilorth Carolina, and Governor Sevier entered into an
agTeement that while the respective courts might try criminal
cases they should not proceed to any civil business except to
38 THE NORTH CAEOLINA BOOKLET
prove wills and deeds, and that the inhabitants might pay
their taxes either to JS'orth Carolina or to the State of
Franklin as they might select; and further, that the sheriffs
and jailors under the Franklin government should receive
felons committed by the IsTorth Carolina courts. This agTee-ment,
tolerating JSTorth Carolina authority, was, however,
immediately repudiated by the Franklin Legislature, then in
session.
That body, rejecting every purpose of temporizing, acted
with vigOir and vehemence. It passed an act punishing, with
fine and imprisonment, any person who should act as a mag-istrate,
or in any other civil capacity, under the authority
of jSTorth Carolina, and it directed the Governor to raise the
militia and oppose by'force the operation of any Xorth Caro-lina
law, authorizing a bounty of 400 acres of land to those
who would enlist; and, to draw the wavering to their side,
a land office was opened where gTants were to be obtained on
very easy terms. Sevier's attitude, which had been moder-ate,
now was completely changed. He wrote to Caswell
:
^'We shall continue to act independent and would rather
suffer death, in all its various and frightful shapes, than con-form
to anything that is disgraceful." The purpose to main-taia
independence was fixed and strong, while those who ad-hered
to North Carolina were equally resolute and deter-mined.
The division between the two parties among the in-habitants
was clearly drawn, and the circumstances of every
day intensified the estrangement. Toleration gave way to
bitterness. In May the situation was so acute that General
Shelby notified Caswell that hostilities were about to begin,
and, unless the government interfered, bloodshed would at
once take place. It was no part of Caswell's policy to pre-cipitate
a situation where he would have to subjugate the
inhabitants, although in revolt. He hastened to urge the
officers holding North Carolina commissions to use the utmost
THE STATE OF FEANKLIN 39
moderation. To dampen their ardor and restrain their
action, he declared that he could not send them any assistance,
and he begged them not to engage in a civil war. His infor-mation
was conflicting. David Campbell assured him that
nineteen-twentieths of the inhabitants favored separation,
while Thomas Hutchins reported that, although the people of
Greene were much divided, in the other two counties two-thirds
were willing to return to their allegiance. In the
meantime the force, which the Assembly had directed to be
raised to cut the road to Davidson, was being recruited ; and
Colonel James Martin, the Indian agent, went among the
Indians to prevail on them to desist from hostilities. At
length towards the close of April, General Shelby called to-gether
Tipton, Maxwell and Hutchins, the Colonels of the
three coimties, and they united in urging that the only hope
of averting bloodshed was for IvTorth Carolina to send from
Burke a thousand men to uphold her authority. Intent on
the supremacy of their faction and on the suppression of
their opponents, they sought to strengthen their cause by a
display of force that would deter the Franks from persisting
in their defiance. But it must not be forgotten that they
held commissions from the State charging them with the duty
of upholding and maintaining her supremacy. Caswell,
however, relied on gentler means of persuasion and hoped
for the healing influence of time. In the meanwhile, further
in the interior the savages were murdering the settlers. The
Mississippi was claimed by the Spaniards, who, from their
strong-hold at Mobile, had free communication with the tribes
in the interior, while the Frenchmen on the upper Mississippi
had trade relations with the Indians, which bred a jealousy
of the encroaching pioneers. The savages were thus influ-enced
to continual warfare. In June, from the Cumberland
came a cry for immediate help. Anthony Bledsoe wrote:
"Xothing but the distress of a bleeding country could induce
40 THE NORTH CAROLINA BOOKLET
me to trouble you on so disagreeable a subject. * * *
Inclosed you have a list of the killed in this quarter since our
departure from this country to the Assembly. This, with
the numbers wounded, with the large numbers of horses
stolen from the inhabitants, has in a degree, flagged the
spirits of the people." And the next month, James Robert-son
advised Governor Caswell that there had been a hot war
with the Chicamauga Indians ; that he had raised 130 men
and gone to the front, where he found that the Indians had
been joined by Frenchmen from Detroit who were inflaming
them to hostility. In one of the encounters, three French-men
and a French woman had been killed. He urged the
Governor to hurry on the force the Assembly had ordered
for their protection. The commander of that detachment.
Major Thomas Evans, had met with such obstacles that the
middle of August found him still east of the Blue Ridge, and
Caswell indignantly ordered him to proceed, not delaying to
open the road to Nashville but pressing on to the relief of the
people. Evans, however, could not scale the Alleghany
Mountains. Diverted from the direct course, he passed
through Cumberland Gap and made his way into Kentucky,
his men cheerfully enduring their march through the wilder-derness
where no supplies could be obtained. In Kentucky
he coidd purchase no provisions either on public or private
credit, and was driven to furlough his men until by their
labor they could procure suiRcient food to last them to ISTash-ville.
At Icng-th, in the middle of October, he reached
Davidson County, after a toilsome journey of 400 miles.
There he found the inhabitants were being daily murdered,
and he hurried advices home that he himself was hourly
expecting attack.
While such was the critical condition on the Cumberland,
on the Watauga influences were silently at work, undermin-ing
the foundations of the new State. The moderation and
THE STATE OF FRANKLIN 41
firmness of the I^orth Carolina Assembly, its tender of
oblivion and remission of taxes, together with the hope held
Oiut of eventual consent to the separation, had a softening
influence on the public mind. But for a period there was
so much bitterness, and the current was so strong for sepa-ration,
that General Shelby himself yielded to it, resigned his
commission as brigadier, retired from the service of North
Carolina, and recommended to Governor Caswell that separa-tion
should be conceded. Yet notwithstanding his defection,
and despite the strenuous efforts of Sevier to sustain his gov-ernment,
the enthusiasm that had attended the first move-ments
for independence gradually disappeared. When the
August elections came on, only two counties failed to elect
representatives to the I^orth Carolina Assembly. In Greene,
David Campbell, the presiding judge of Franklin State, and
in Washington, where the Sevier party had been strong,
Colonel Tipton were elected to the Senate. Sullivan elected
General Joseph Martin and Hawkins sent to the House of
Commons Henderson and Marshall ; all of whom and their
coUeagnes had at one time been adherents of the new State.
Only Sevier and Caswell counties, well on the frontier
—
where land had been occupied contrary to the ISTorth Carolina
laws, stood faithful. The former lay between the Little Ten-nessee
and the French Broad within the Indian reservation,
where more than 1,000 families had located, and the latter
in the forks of the French Broad and Holston. Still there
were many Who yet adhered to Franklin ; and in all the coun-ties
confiicts were continually arising between the courts held
under the authority of the two different States. In Wash-ing-
ton County particularly these clashings reached a gTeat
height, being colored by personal enmity as well as political
antagonism. In that coimty resided both Governor Sevier
and Colonel John Tipton, neighbors and once friends ; but
when on the repeal of the Act of Sessions Colonel Tipton
42 THE NOETH CAEOLIIVA BOOKLET
abandoned the new government whicli he had aided to frame
and renewed his allegiance to North Carolina, withdrawing
his support from Governor Sevier, a bitter personal feud
sprang up between them. And this was intensified bj the
circumstance that, while Colonel Tipton was the clerk of the
North Carolina County Coiirt, James Sevier, a son of the
Governor, became clerk of the Franklin Court, and each
dominated the justices and officers of their respective courts.
In August, 1787, Colonel Tipton, at the head of some
fifty men, undertook to take the records of the Franklin
Court, and quickly two hundred of the Franks embodied
to oppose him. A rumor was then spread that the purpose
was to seize Governor Sevier, and fifteen hundred of his
followers rushed to protect him. The error, however, was
made known, and no blood was shed ; but there were personal
encounters between Tipton and the Seviers.
About that time Governor Sevier, seeing that the tide was
turning against the continuance of his government, deter-mined
on strengthening his cause with the people by prose-cuting
an Indian war. Far to the south the Creeks were
giving troiuble, and Governor Sevier entered into arrange-ments
with the Governor of Georgia for their conquest. In
September, with some difficulty, a quorum of the Franklin
Assembly met at Greeneville, but confidence in the new State
had ebbed so fast that Sevier was able to secure the passage
of an act providing the means for carrjnng on the projected
war only by a compromise. He agreed that two delegates
might be chosen to attend the North Carolina Assembly and
make sUch representations as they should thinli p)roper.
Judge Campbell and Landon Carter were elected delegates
for this purpose, the former having been already chosen to
represent Greene County in the State Assembly. This action
indicated that the last stage was being reached in the exist-ence
of the new State. Gradually the Commonwealth of
THE STATE OF FKANKLIN 43
Franklin was passing away. Hardly had the Assembly ad-jonmed,
and it was the last Assembly of Franklin that met,
before Governor Sevier began to prepare for his campaign.
In the great bend of the Tennessee, in the Creek country, lay
some very desirable land, and it was arranged that this should
be reserved for the Franklin volunteers. On ISTovember 28
Grovernor Sevier announced that every private should have
640 acres in the great bend, and officers in proportion ; and
the work of enlistment went briskly on.
The General Assembly met at Tarboro on November 19,
and both the representatives elected by the counties beyond
the mountains and the delegates chosen by the legislature of
Franklin, attended the session. The former were admitted to
seats, and the latter given a respectful hearing when they
urged the continued desire of the people for separation. The
Assembly, however, held steadfast to its purpose. James
Martin was appointed brigadier of the district, and a special
committee was directed to report measures to quiet the dis-order
in the western counties. They advised a further exten-sion
of the act of pardon, and that all suits for nonpajanent
of taxes should be discontinued ; and these measures were
adopted. The policy of mediation and conciliation was
bearing its fruits and JSTorth Carolina was supplanting the
State of Franklin, whose legislature had ceased to exist, whose
judicial officers were no longer acting, and whose Executive
after March would have no claim for the exercise of authority.
Governor Sevier's term was to end on March 3, and no suc-cessor
had been chosen ; and, there being no Assembly, none
co.uld be chosen. The State of Franklin was about to expire
by a natural dissolution, and without any great convulsion
or bloodshed. But now an incident occurred attended by
unfortunate consequences.
During the fall of 1787, a judgment having been obtained
against Governor Sevier in one of the local Carolina courts.
4A THE NORTH CAROLINA BOOKLET
an execution against his property was put in the hands of
the sheriff. The levy was made on some of his negroes on
his plantation, and for fear of interference, the sheriff re-moved
the negToes to the premises of Colonel Tipton for safe
keeping. It was a great error in judgment and an improper
exercise of power. Necessarily it inflamed Governor Sevier
and was a personal affront that he would not brook. Had
no such incident occurred the State of Franklin would prob-ably
have faded away, leaving, doubtless, a memory of dis-appointment
but without pangs of bitterness. At the mo-ment,
Sevier was in Greene County collecting volunteers for
the expedition against the Creeks. On learning of this seiz-ure
of his property and the removal of his negroes to the
premises of Colonel Tipton, he dispatched a messenger to
Caswell County, February 15, saying that the Tipton party
had got very insolent; and that he had ordered fifteen men
out of every company to turn out. He was "satisfied
that a small exertion will settle the matter to our satisfac-tion."
Tipton, on being informed of Sevier's action, wrote
on February 25, "The rebels are again rising. Sevier is
now making his last effort. * * * This day they are to
meet at Greene. To-morrow at Jonesboro, and Wednesday, if
not before, they push here." And he called for aid. A few
friends reached him in time. But soon the Governor with
150 men and a small cannon appeared on the scene and de-manded
an unconditional surrender. Tipton valiantly de-fied
him. Truly Sevier's situation was embarrassing. He
had no desire for bloodshed. His commission as Governor
was to expire within three days, and his State had virtually
ceased to exist. Stigmatized as a rebel by the Carolina
ofiicers, he doubtless comprehended that to use military force
against the Carolina authorities placed in jeopardy the lives
of himself and his followers. It was le\'ying war and high
treason. For nearly four years two conflicting governments
THE STATE OF FEANKLIN 45
had been carried on in that wilderness ; and despite personal
enmities, despite the clashing of the courts and the antagonis-tic
authority of the militia officers, there had been no serious
collision. This of itself is high evidence of the wisdom,
courage and moderation of Sevier, as well as of the forbear-ance
of the inhabitants generally. Now circumstances
springing from his personal affairs brought the Governor
face to face with an emergency threatening bloodshed. He
had probably hoped to redress his wrongs by a show of
superior strength; but a hard fate had brought him into; a
position from which he could not retreat with credit, nor
proceed without hazarding consequences for which he had
no heart. He became a prey to conflicting emotions—sad
and dejected. There was no assault made on the house; but
some firing took place, not in Sevier's presence. Those pass-ing
into Tipton's premises were fired on, and one or two killed
and wounded, but there was no engagement. At length, in
the early morning of February 29, Colonel Maxwell of Sulli-van
County, to whom Tipton had appealed for aid, ap-proached
with his militia. He had made a night march.
The weather was very cold, and there was a blinding snow
storm. As he neared the scene about sunrise, Maxwell saw
Sevier's men advancing, and a collision occurred. Maxwell's
militia discharged a volley and raised a gTeat shout, which
led Tipton to sally out, taking Sevier's party in the rear or
flank. As it probably had never been Sevier's purpose to
engage in battle, he and his men quickly dispersed, followed,
but not aggressively, by the militia. On March 3 Sevier
sent a verbal message that if his life was spared, he would
submit to I^orth Carolina. Tipton, in reply, offered to cease
hostilities, giving Sevier and his party until the 11th to sub-mit
to the laws. The Council of the Franklin State made
reply that they would be obedient to the laws of the Union,
and they wished a convention of the people called at once.
46 THE WOETH CAROLINA BOOKLET
As for Grovernor Sevier, they stipulated that he should be left
at liberty to act for himself; and he, with some anxiety, re-quired
a plain understanding- as to what he could depend on.
Ten days later General Joseph Martin, the brigadier of the
district, appealed to General Kennedy to bring about a
reconciliation. He declared that he would be sorry to imbrue
his hands in the blood of his countrymen, but "nothing t^II
do but a submission to the laws of ISTorth Carolina," This
is the only way, he urged, that would relieve Governor Sevier
from a very disagreeable situation. He offered Kennedy
a commission under ISTorth Carolina, and urged him to pre-pare
for action, as a general Indian war was expected. Mar-tin's
conciliatory steps and firm action had a very salutary
effect. All opposition ceased, every trace of the State of
Franklin disappeared.
In the meantime Sevier, no longer Governor, left Wash-ington
County and took shelter in the distant settlements. A
period of repose now set in ; but in June Sevier, having
gathered some forty bold and daring men, fell on the Indians
on the Hiwassee and killed twenty of them, following this
with another raid and bringing in fourteen scalps ; and then,
in July, he made a third invasion of the Indian country
which precipitated an Indian war.
Notwithstanding that the State of Franklin had fallen,
Sevier and his friends indulged a hope that the State Con-vention,
which was to meet at Hillsboiro in July to consider
the proposed Federal Constitution, might cede the western
territory, or otherwise provide for a separation, but that
body adjourned without action favorable to their desires.
On the other hand Governor Johnston, because of advices
from General Martin called his council to meet at Hills-boroi
in July, and on receiving information of Sevier's
battle with Maxwell while the Convention was still in ses-sion,
he wrote to Judge Campbell: "It has been repre-
THE STATE OF FRANKLIN 47
sented to the Executive tJbat John Sevier, who styles himself
Captain General of the State of Franklin, has been guilty
of high treason in levying troops to oppose the laws and gov-ernment
of this State, and has with an armed force put to
death several good citizens. If these facts shall appear to
yon by the affida^at of credible persons, you will issue your
warrant to apprehend him." Judge Compbell, however,
took no action. Later, Judge Samuel Spencer crossed the
mountains to hold court at Jonesboro, and he issued a war-rant
for the aiTest of Sevier. On the evening of October 9
Sevier with a number of men had a violent altercation with
one Deadricks in Washington County, and Colonel Tipton,
armed with the bench warrant and doubtless feeling that his
hour of triumph had arrived, hastened in pursuit with a
body of horsemen. At early dawn the posse surrounded the
premises of Widow Bro^wn, where Sevier lodged that night,
and at sunrise the arrest was made. Sevier was taken to
Jonesboiro, and then was conveyed to Morganton for trial. It
is said that he was treated with great discourtesy and malevo-lence,
and for a time was subjected to the indigTiity of being
handcuffed, but the details are obscure, and the circumstances
were such as to require unusual care on the part of those
charged with his safe keeping. In a letter to the General
Assembly he alleged that he 'Vas treated with wanton cruelty
and savage insult," and he complained of being ''borne off o,ut
of the district" for trial. Arrived at Morganton he was re-leased
on parole to visit a brother-in-law in the vicinity.
The court being convened, he attended agreeably to his
parole. In the meantime, two sons and other friends had
followed to rescue him. "At night, when the court broke,
and the people dispersed, they with the Governor, pushed
forward towards the mountains with the greatest rapidity
and, before morning, arrived at them, and were beyond the
reach of any who might think proper to pursue." Appa-
48 THE ]SrORTH CAROLINA BOOKLET
reiitly no further effort was made to capture him. At the
JSTovember session of the Assembly following, the act of par-don
and oblivion was again passed, but it was provided that
Sevier was so far excepted that he should not be entitled to
hold any office under the State. But the act operated to par-don
his alleged offense of high treason, and put a stop to the
proceedings in court against him.
Congress and the States of Georgia and ISTorth Carolina
had taken measures with the view of quieting the hostility of
the Indians ; and on a conference a firm peace was agreed to.
But shortly afterwards, Sevier with a considerable force
made his way to one of the Indian towns, and finding all the
braves absent on a hunt, he brought away twenty-nine women
and children, and again the people on the frontier realized
the necessity of taking measures for protection. On Janu-ary
12, 1789, some twenty of the prominent men of Greene
County met in convention and "resolved to petition North
Carolina to divide the State and cede the territory west of
the mountains to Congress, and that John Sevier keep the
command of the inhabitants." On being informed of these
proceedings Governor Johnston wrote to General Martin
that ^'Sevier appears to be incorrigible; and I fear we will
have no peace in your quarter till he is proceeded against to
the last extremity" ; but he directed Martin to act with
prudence and conciliation both in regard to the inhabitants
and the Indians. Before summer came, however, Sevier had
abandoned his opposition to the State of ]^orth Carolina.
At the August election he was chosen to represent his county
in the State Senate, and he appeared along with the other
members when, in November, the Assembly met at Fayette-ville.
His disabilities had not been removed ; but during
the session he presented a memorial to the body. On No-vember
30 a committee, drawing a veil over his particular
offense, reported that "when the people in the western coun-
THE STATE OF FKANKLIN 49
ties first attempted to subvert the government, Sevier op-posed
them and prevented elections from being held in two
of the counties ; and that he was not as highly reprehensible
as many others." A bill was therefore passed including
him in the general pardon; and he took his seat in the As-sembly,
and further, it was declared that he still held the
office of brigadier general under his original appointment in
1784. And thus the last vestige of the State of Franklin
was, by conciliation and moderation, buried out of sight,
without the punishment of any person for engaging in the
insurrection, and Sevier, who for years had been the central
figure in the revolt was, on his first submission to the laws
of the commonwealth, admitted to a seat in the Assembly
and restored to the honors and emoluments of military com-mander
in his district.
50 THE NOETH CAROLINA BOOKLET
SIR RICHARD EVERARD, BARONET, GOVERNOR
OF THE COLONY OF NORTH CAROLINA, 1725=
1731, AND HIS DESCENDANTS IN VIRGINIA.*
By Marshall DeLancet Haywood. f
Sir Richard Everard, Baronet, of Much Waltham, in the
county of Essex, England, was the last Governor of ISTorth
Carolina under proprietary rule. His administration was
brought to a close in 1731, two years after the sale of that
province to the Crown, by the Lords Proprietors, in 1729.
He came of ancient lineage in the land of his nativity.
From Betlianis Baronetage of England'^, we learn that the
family's earliest ancestor, of whom any record is preserved,
was Ralph Everard, who flourished in the thirteenth century,
during the reign of Henry III. His descendants lived at
Much Waltham—or Waltham Magna, as we first find it
written—and were among the landed gentry of the shire.
Sir Anthony Everard received the honor of knighthood in
1603, and was succeeded by his brother, Hugh, who held the
* From Publications of Southern History Association (Washington, D. C.) October,
1898, pp. 328—339.
t A Biographical Sketch of Mr. Marshall DeLancey Haywood, by Mrs. E . E. Mof-fitt,
appeared in The Booklet, Vol. VIII, No. 1.
t Vol. 1, 368, 369.
GOVBRNOK EVEEAE.D AND HIS DESCENDANTS 51
office of High Sheriff, in 1626. The latter's son, Sir Rich-ard,
was advanced to the dignity of Baronet, in 1628, and
beecame the father of another Eichard, who inherited his
title and estate. Sir Hugh Everard, a son of the last named,
"sigTialized himself" in the Flemish Wars, and was the
father of Governor Everard, fourth baronet.
Wright, in his History of Essex,^ says that Governor Ev-erard
sold the family's ancestral estate, Langleys, to dis-charge
debts with which it was encumbered, and afterwards
purchased a much smaller one at Broomfield.
To avoid confusing the similar surnames, it may be well
here to observe that there was likewise a family of Everard
(seated at Ballybay, county of Tipperary, Ireland), which
included a line of baronets whose title was created in 1622,
and finally became extinct, f Several of these also bore the
name Eichard, but no relationship seems traceable between
them and the Everards of Much Waltham, in Essex.
In 1725, Governor George Burrington, who had made
things a trifle too hot for his adversaries in ISTorth Carolina,
was removed from office by the Lords Proprietors. There^
upon a memorial was presented by Sir Eichard Everard, of
Essex, asking that he might be appointed to the vacancy.
This request being granted, he set out for America, and on
the 17th of July was swum in, before the Provincial Council
at Edenton, as governor, captain-general, admiral, and com-mander-
in-chief of the colony, "t
On the 1st of jSTovember, 1725, the Assembly of the Pro-vince
met at Edenton, and was prorogued by Governor Ev-ei
ard until April, in the following year. Upon inquiry from
the burgesses, as to his reason for such a course, Sir Eichard
refused to discuss the question ; and replied that, since they
had seen fit to dispute his authority, he v/ould stand by the
* Vol. I, 196.
t Burke's Extinct and Dormant Baronetage (1844 edition), p. 604.
t Colonial Records of North Carolina, II, 559, 556.
52 THE NORTH CAROLINA BOOKLET
decision. It was thereupon unanimously resolved, by the
memhers of the Assembly, that their pretended prorogation
was illegal, contrary to the laws of the jDrovince, and an in-fringement
upon the liberties of the people. It was further
resolved that, at its next meeting, the House would proceed
to no further business until the privileges, then withheld,
were restored and confirmed. The Assembly further pro-ceeded
to make itself pleasant by sending a memorial to the
Lords Proprietors, wherein the loss of Burrington was
greatly deplored and deep concern expressed at the prospect
of so vile an administration from the new Governor, who was
declared to be entirely influenced by a few irreligious persons
of immoral character.*
Soon after this Sir Richard became involved in a dispute
with the Eev. Thomas Bailey, on account of some praise be-stowed
by the latter upon the recent administration of Gov-ernor
Burrington and that gentleman's "vast character." A
riot resulted, led by the Burrington faction, which carried
Bailey in triumph to the court house, where he was pre-vailed
upon to favor his friends with a sermon. After this,
Everard had the pleasure of paying his respects to the Rev.
Thomas, in a letter to the Bishop of London, wherein he de-scribed
the missionary as a riotous individual, much given
to drunkenness, . whose vile actions had caused him to be run
out of Philadelphia into Virginia, v;hence he escaped to
North Carolina. But the vestries of Hyde and St. Thomas
soon came to the rescue of their parson's reputation, and de-clared
him to be a most pious and exemplary minister, well
deserving of encouragement.
f
The Assembly^ v/hich had been prorogiied to meet in
April, 1726, convened at the appointed time, and was ad-dressed
in a spirit of conciliation by the Governor, who
sought to impress upon it the necessity of harmonious ac-
* Colonial Records II, 576, 577, 578.
t Colonial Records II, 579, 580, 581, 604, 624.
GOVERNOR EVEEARD AND HIS DESCENDANTS 53
tion. The reply to this expressed pleasure at the good inten-tions
avowed, but declared that the most effectual method
of seeking redress would be to lay aside all formalities of
speech. Then followed a catalogue of grievances, entitled
"Exclamations of the Injured & Oppress'd." Shortly after
receiving these "exclamations" the Governor became ill and
again prorogued the Assembly, which was not much im-proved
in humor thereby.*
Governor Burrington had lingered in the province, after
his removal from office, and was an interested observer of
these occurrences. Before the Assembly met, he had made
himself rather disagreeable to Everard, by going to that gen-tleman's
house and calling for satisfaction, also indulging in
some questionable language, which the writer, having
quoted in two previous sketches, does not deem it necessary
here to repeat. Suffice it to say, that Sir Kichard's "damn*^
thick skull," as Burrington politely termed it, remained un-scalped,
contrary to the charitable intentions of his assailant,
who soon found it convenient to leave Edenton.f
A few months later, Edmond Porter was also taken with
a fit of belligerency and attacked Secretary Lovick, but fared
worse; for the latter was joined by Governor Everard, At-torney
General Little, Colonel Worley^ and a few more offi
cial digTiitaries, who soon gave the aggrieved Mr. Porter
more satisfaction than he knew what to do with.t
The next bellicose individual, who ran amuck of the Gov-ernor,
was Dr. George Allen (or Allynn, as he signed him-self),
a "Chyrurgeon" or "Practicer of Physick & Surgery."
This gentleman was generously donated to I^Torth Carolina
by the city of Williamsburg^ Virginia, where an indictment
had been found against him for cursing King George and
Governor Drysdale. After his arrival in Edenton, he was
* Colonial Records II, 609, 613, 622.
t Colonial Records II, 647 et seq.
t Colonial Records II, 659.
54 THE NORTH CAEOLINA BOOKLET
again brought before the courts for damning the King
"while a drinking of clarett." But, from the nature of an
undertaking he had in view, one might suppose it was some-thing
stronger than claret which Dr. Allynn drank; for he
wanted to go to Hanover and get King George's estate, as
that monarch owed him money ! Being offended by Gov-ernor
Everard, the worthy chirurgeon armed himself with
a sword and two pistols '^loaden with powder and baJl,"
wherewith he went in search of his adversary. Sir Eichard
disarmed him of his horse pistol, but he then resorted to a
pocket pistol "and did continue to raise sedition & mutiny"
till driven off by numbers. On being summoned to court,
he increased his arsenal by the acquisition of a gun, and it
was some time before the provost marshal could get him into
custody. When his trial came off, he plead guilty and was
released upon the payment of costs.*
Even this did not close the list of Everard's quarrels, for
he afterwards figTired in another altercation, with John
Lovick; and had to defend his house against a motley as-semblage
described by him as being composed of Major Jo-seph
Jenoure, Thomas Betterly, Peter Osborne, Tom y^
Tinker alias Cockram, Robert Robinson, Peter Young,
Charles Cornwall, James Roe, Richards Robbins, a carpen-ter,
two foreigners, a tall Irishman, and divers others, who,
when commanded to depart, refused to do so, and struck one
of the Governor's servants, breaking his head.f
In addition to his disputes within the colony. Governor
Everard had to contend with enemies in England, who repre-sented
him as too much given to intoxicants. J Thereupon,
the Provincial Council was requested to express itself as to
the truth of this allegation, and unanimously declared that
he had never come before the public "disguised in drink."
* Colonial Records II, 653, 710, 718, 824; III, 220, 223.
t Colonial Records II, 824.
t Colonial Records II, 724.
GOVERNOR EVERARD AND HIS DESCENDANTS 55
It is little to be wondered that, after a few years of ex-perience
with the civil discords of North Carolina, Sir
Richard was even melted into expressing some sympathy
for his old enemy^, Burrington, who had undergone a similar
ordeal. Such, indeed, is the tone of a letter written by him
in 1729, in which he deplores his hard lot in being sent to
rule so incorrigible a people, whose Sole occupation in life
seemed to be the abuse of their official superiors.*
The only event of importance, which marked Everard's
administration, was the settlement of the long disputed
boundary question with Virginia, by commissioners ap-pointed
from the two colonies for that purpose, f Colonel
Byrd's famous History of the Dividing Line gives a humor-ous
account of the party's experiences ; and a more modern
discourse, from North Carolina's standpoint, will be found in
the able address, delivered November 26, 1879, before the
Historical Society, in Wilmington, by the Honorable George
Davis, of that city.
When appointed Governor of North Carolina, in 1725, Sir
Richard was somewhat advanced in age. In December,
1705, he had married Susannah Kidder, a daughter and co-heiress
of the Right Rev. Richard Kidder, Lord Bishop of
Bath and Wells, who was killed in his Episcopal Palace at
Wells, by a falling chimney, during the gTeat hurricane, in
November, 1703. Governor Everard left four children. His
sons, Richaxd and Hugh, both succeeded him, in turn, and
died without issue, whereupon the baronetcy became extinct.
The younger Sir Richard, fifth baronet, was an attorney-at-
law, while in North Carolina, and remained there after in-heriting
his father's title. He was a representative in the
Provincial Assembly from Beaufort county, in 1739 ; and
* Colonial Records III, 19.
t Colonial Records II, 740.
56 THE NORTH CAROLINA BOOKLET
from Bladen, in 1T40.* His death occurred two years later,
on the 7th of March, 1742.
Sir Hugh, sixth baronet, succeeded his brother and re-sided
for a time in Georgia, where he married, but left no
issue, f
As to the Governor's two daughters: Susannah married
David Meade, an American gentleman who will be men-tioned
later; and Anne became the wife of George Lath-bury.
J Of Mr. Lathbury and his descendants—if he left any
—the writer knows nothing.
Governor Everard's family does not seem to have made
a very favorable impression on the people of j^orth Caro-lina,
and his ''pack of rude children who gave oifence daily"
were the objects of special complaint. The Provincial Coun-cil
declared that he had set up a sort of Inquisition, and
would order servants of the colonial gentry to appear at his
house, where they were questioned upon oath as to whether
any disrespectful remarks had ever been privately made, by
their masters, concerning the Governor's household. § In
addition to his immediate family, the name of James Everard
—possibly a relative—also appears in the records, as an at-torney-
at-law.^
One charge, more creditable than the average in its na-ture,
stated that Sir Richard was an ardent Jacobite, who
* Colonial Records IV, 346, 493.
t So says Burke's Extinct and Dormant Baronetage (1844 edition), p. 190. The
Secretary of State, however, writes from Atlanta, Georgia, as follows: "The name
'Everard' does not appear anywhere in the records of this office. If Sir Hugh ever
came to Georgia, he never owned any land or held any official position." Though
Burke gives 1745 as the date of Sir Hugh's death, it would seem that the title was
thought to be still extant by Betham (in 1801) and by Kimber (in 1771), when
those authors compiled their baronetages ; for the works here mentioned, do not
treat of extinct titles. Kimber speaks of Sir Hugh Everard as "the present baronet,
who now enjoys the title and estate." Vol. I. p, 348. All three of these works
refer to Sir Hugh as residing in Georgia, but neither Betham nor Kimber mention
Lis marriage.
t Betham's Baronetage I, 369.
§ Colonial Records II, 660.
^ Colonial Records III, 4. (As Richard, Jr., was an attorney, this name may
ave been erroneously entered for his.)
GOVERNOR EVERARD AND HIS DESCENDANTS 57
had figured in the Preston Rebellion of 1715, and desired to
celebrate the Old Pretender's birthday (June 10th) in North
Carolina.* When the death of George I. was announced, he
is said to have exclaimed, ^'Then adieu to the Hanover fam-ily,
we have done with them !"
As heretofore mentioned, Everard's administration was
brought to an end by the sale of ISTorth Carolina to the
Crown, by the Lords Proprietors, in 1729. During that
year, Burrington was again appointed Governor, but did not
qualify until the beginning of 1731, f and Sir Eichard con-tinued
in office for the space intervening.
After his removal. Governor Everard went to Nansemond,
Virginia, and thence to England. At Nansemond, his
daughter, Susannah, was married to David Meade, by whom
she became the mother of seven children. They were
:
I. David Meade, of Macox, in Prince George county, Vir-ginia,
who afterwards removed to Kentucky. He married
Sarah Waters, only child of Col. William Waters, of Wil-liamsburg,
Virginia.
II. Eichard Kidder Meade (an aide-de-camp, during the
Eevolution, to General Washington), who married, first,
Elizabeth Eandolph, daughter of Eichard Eandolph, the
elder of Curies; secondlj^, Mrs. Mary Eandolph, nee Grymes,
widow of William Eandolph, of Chattsworth, and daughter
of Benjamin Grymes.
III. Everard Meade (an aide-de-camp during the Eevo-lution,
to General Lincoln), who married, first, Mary Thorn-ton,
daughter of John Thornton, of ISTorth Carolina ; secondly,
Mrs. Mary Ward, nee Eggleston, widow of Benjamin Ward,
and daughter of Joseph Eggleston, of Egglestetton, in
Amelia county, Virginia. The distinguished Eevolutionary
officer, Major Joseph Eggleston, of Lee's Legion, was Mrs.
Meade's brother.
* Colonial Records III, 4.
t Colonial Records III, 211.
58 THE NORTH CAROLINA BOOKLET
IV. Andrew Meade, of Octagon, in Brunswick county,
Virginia, wlio married Susannah Stith, daughter of Captain
Buckner Stith, of Rockspriug, in the same county.
V. John Meade, who died young.
VI. Anne Meade, who married Richard Randolph_, the
younger, of Curies.
VII. Mary Meade, who married Colonel George Walker.
It is not within the scope of this brief biogTaphy to give an
account of Governor Everard's more remote offspring. From
his grandchildren, just named, many of the most noted fami-lies
in Virginia, Kentucky, and throughout the Southern
States in general, trace their descent.
The marriage of Susannah Everard to David Meade, of
Nansemond, is mentioned in Betham's Baronetage, and some
of the other works on heraldry that we have had occasion to
quote, and also in 'Campbell's History of Virginia/^ which
contains the following:
"Andrew Meade, first of the name in Virginia, born in County
Kerry, Ireland, educated a Romanist, came over to New Yorli, and
married Mary Latham, a Qualieress, of Flushing, on Long Island.
He afterwards settled in Nansemond, Virginia, and for many years
was burgess thereof; from which it appears that he must have re-nounced
the Romish religion. He was prosperous, affluent, and
hospitable. He is mentioned by Colonel Byrd in his Journal of the
Dividing Line run in 1728. His only son, David Meade, married,
under romantic circumstances, Susannah, daughter of Sir Richard
Everard, Baronet, Governor of North Carolina. Of the sons of David
Meade, Richard Kidder Meade was aide-de-camp to General Wash-ington;
Everard Meade aide to General Lincoln."
The same authority also says
:
"The name of Richard Kidder is said to be derived from a bishop
of Bath and Wells, who was from the same stock with the Meades of
Virginia."
This personage will easily be recognized hy the reader as
Sir Richard Everard's father-in-law^ Bishop Kidder, whose
* History of Virginia, by Charles Campbell (1860), p. 690.
GOVERlirOE EVEBARD AND HIS DESCENDANTS 59
death in the great cyclone lias already been mentioned. To
have called him an ancestor of the Meades would be more
explicit. As David Meade was an only son of the family's
progenitor in America, all members of the connection who
bear the name, as well as many other of his descendants, are
also descended from Governor Everard. But Andrew Meade
also left a daughter, Priscilla, who married Wilson Curie,
of HamptoiU, Virginia, and her descendants, of course, are
not of the Everard stock.
During the Revolution it was Colonel Richard Kidder
Meade's painful duty to superintend the execution of Major
Andre. In recounting that tragic event to Colonel Theo-dorick
Bland, junior, under date of October 3, 1780, he wrote:
"Poor Andre, the British adjutant-general, was executed yes-terday;
nor did it happen, my dear sir (though I would not
have saved him for the world), without a tear on my part.
You may think this declaration strange, as he was an enemy,
until I tell you that he was a rare character. From the time
of his capture to his last moment, his conduct was such as did
honor to the human race. I mean by these words to express
all that can be said favorable of man. The compassion of
every man of feeling and sentiment was excited for him be-yond
your conception."*
Both Colonel Richard Kidder Meade and Major Edward
Meade were original members of the Virginia Society of the
Cincinnati.
In his well-known work on Old Churches and Fa/milies
in Virginia,] the Right Rev. William Meade, late Bishop of
that State, who was a son by the second marriage of Colonel
Meade, t of Washington's staff, gives an account of the union
* Bland Papers II, 34.
t Vol. I, Article XXIV, p. 292 (edition of 1872).
J Col. R. K. Meade left no surviving children by his first marriage. For the issue
of his second marriage, see Memoir of Bishop Meade, by Bishop Johns, p. 10, note.
60 THE NORTH CAKOLUSTA BOOKLET
of his ancestor, David Meade with Susannah Everard, as
follows
:
"The God of Love was present at their first interview, and made
them feel the effects of his disposition at the same moment. But
there was a considerable lapse of time between their first meeting
and marriage. Her father was Governor Everard, of North Caro-lina,
then living with his family in Edenton, and was unwilling to
leave his daughter in the wilds of America when he should return
home. When about to sail—the ship in which they were to embark
lying in Hampton Roads, then called Nansemond River—there was
no other house at that time, convenient to the place of embarkation,
at which they could be well accommodated but Andrew Meade's. To
this they went; and, being detained some weeks by adverse winds,
or other causes, the earnest entreaties of a most affectionate father,
almost distracted with the thought of parting with his only son
(who was determined to follow her) at length prevailed, and they
were immediately married."
Here endeth the ''Story of Susannah," and, with it, we
close our account of the descendants of Governor Everard.
In returning to the old baronet's personal history, little re-mains
to be said. As his successor qualified on the 25th of
February, 1731, Sir Eichard probably left Virginia during
the following Summer, though history fails to give us the
exact date. His death occurred on the 17th of February,
1733, in London, two years after his retirement from office.
The Daily Journal, for Monday, February 19th, contains
the following obituary
:
"On Saturday morning at 6 o'clock, died at his house in Red Lyon
street, Holbourn, Sir Richard Everard of Much Waltham in Essex,
Bart: late Governor of North Carolina, descended from a very
ancient family in the county of Essex. Sir Richard married
Susanna, one of the daughters and co-heirs of Dr. Richard Kidder,
formerly Bishop of Bath & Wells, by whom he has left two sons
and two daughters, and is succeeded in his honours and estate by
his eldest son, now Sir Richard Everard."
In its issue of Wednesday, February 21st, the Daily
Courant says
:
"On Tuesday, the corpse of Sir Richard Everard was conveyed
from his late dwelling house in Red Lyon street, Holbourn, with
great solemnity to be interred at Much Waltham, Essex."
GOVERNOE EVEEARD AND HIS DESCENDANTS 61
At his old home in Essex, here mentioned as the burial
place of Sir Richard, many memorials of the family were
preserved, including recumbent effigies of Sir Anthony Ever-ard
and his lady, who lived in the sixteenth and seventeenth
centuries. Among other persons of note, there interred, are
also Sir Hugh Everard, Baronet—father of the Governor
—
who died in 1706, and Sir Richard Everard, Knight, who
died in 1611.
Again reverting to North Carolina, it must be confessed
that little good accrued to the province from Governor Ever-ard's
administration. He had been born and reared in the
upper class of English society and was too far advanced in
age to adapt himself to a change of situation. In a colony
which required more than ordinary activity to develop its
resources, he sought to preside with dignified ease ; and, when
aught unclean came '^betwixt the wind and his nobility,"
dignity and temper, alike, were too quickly cast aside. But,
before indulging in overmuch adverse criticism, we should
remember the difficulties with which he was forced to contend.
Though endowed with less patience than the average mortal,
his trials and vexations were indeed sufficient to test the for-bearance
of a saint.
"So may he rest; his faults lie gently on him!"
Some North Carolina Booklets for Sale
Address, EDITOR, Raleigh, N. C.
Vol. I
"Greene's Retreat," Dr. Daniel Harvey Hill.
Vol. II
"Our Own Pirates," Capt. S. A. Ashe.
"Indian Massacre and Tuscarora War," Judge Walter Clark.
"Moravian Settlement in North Carolina," Rev. J. E. Clewell.
"Whigs and Tories," Prof. W. C. Allen.
"The Revolutionary Congresses," Mr. T. M. Pittman.
"Raleigh and the Old Town of Bloomsbury," Dr. K. P. Battle.
"Historic Homes—Bath, Buncomb Hall, Hayes," Rodman, Blount,
Dillard.
"County of Clarendon," Prof. John S. Bassett.
"Signal and Secret Service," Dr. Charles E. Taylor.
"Last Days of the War," Dr. Henry T. Bahnson.
Vol. Ill
"Volunteer State Tennessee as a Seceder," Miss Susie Gentry
"Colony of Transylvania," Judge Walter Clark.
"Social Conditions in Colonial North Carolina," Col. Alexander Q.
Holladay, LL.D.
"Battle of Moore's Creek Bridge, 1776," Prof. M. C. S. Noble.
"North Carolina and Georgia Boundary," Mr. Daniel Goodloe.
Vol. IV
"Battle Ramsaur's Mill, 1780," Major Wm. A. Graham.
"Quaker Meadows," Judge A. C. Avery.
"Convention of 1788," Judge Henry Groves Connor.
"North Carolina Signers of Declaration of Independence, John Penn
and Joseph Hewes," by T. M. Pittman and Dr. E. Walter Sikes.
"North Carolina Troops in South Carolina," Judge Walter Clark.
"Rutherford's Expedition Against the Indians," Capt, S. A. Ashe.
"Changes in Carolina Coast Since 1585," Prof. Collier Cobb.
"Highland Scotch Settlement in N. C," Judge James C. MacRae.
"The Scotch-Irish Settlement," Rev. A. J. McKelway.
"Battle of Guilford Court-house and German Palatines in North Car-olina,"
Major J. M. Morehead, Judge O. H. Allen.