North Carolina journal of education

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NORTH CAROLINA
JournalofEducation.
Vol. II.] AUGUST, 1875. [No. 6.
PEACE INSTITUTE.
This Institution is located just outside the corporate limits of
the city of Raleigh, N. C, immediately north of the Capitol, and
about three-quarters of a mile from the same. It is now just en-tering
its fourth scholastic year.
The design of its founders v/as to furnish advan-tages to young
ladies for a first class education in every departm-ont Usually
taught in Female seminaries.
. While it is under the auspices of Presbyterians, and is control-led
by officers and insfructors of that denomination, it is in no
way sectarian, and no effort is made to instil into the minds of its
pupils the doctrines of any particular creed. It is under the
control of no Synod or Presbyteries ; the j)resent Principals being
lessees of the property and having entire control of its manage-ment.
About the year 1857 the plan of having a school of high grade
for young ladies at the State Capital engaged the attention of
many leading men in the Synod of North Carolina. The plan
finally assumed a definite shape, and in that year, through the
personal influence of Rev. Mr. Atkinson, Pastor of the Presbyte-rian
Church, at Raleigh, the late Wm. Peace, an esteemed and
prominent citizen of that place and an elder in the church, head-ed
the subscription list with the munificent sum of $10,000. it
was in acknowledgment of Mr. Peace's liberal contribution that
the institution took its present name. Other gentlemen in va-rious
parts of the State subscribed liberally and the amount ne-cessary
to put up the buildings was soon raised.
The building was commenced in 1858, and was nearly ready
for occupancy when the war broke out. This, of course, put a
1
2 North Carolina Journal oip Education.
stop to all operations, and the premises were taken possession of
and used by the Confederate Government for hospital purposes,,
and after the surrender the Federal Government assumed control
and devoted them ta the use of the Freedman's Bureau. Finally,
when the Directors obtained possession of the buildings and
grounds, they were found to be in such a condition as to render
the idea of completing and putting into operation the institu-tion
well nigh hopeless, all the funds belonging to the corporation
having either been expended or lost.
So hopeless seemed the enterprise that it was deemed best by
the Directors to effect a sale of tlie premises, and negotiations
were entered into vs^ith the Rev. Mr. Tupper, Principal of the
Shaw Institute, with a view to purchase for the use of a large
male and female school for the colored youth. The purchase was
within a few hours of being consummated, and it was only
through the efforts of some of the friends of the enterprise that
sufficient money was subscribed to relieve the embarrassments of
the Board of Directors and to resume work on the buildings.
After many dela3'S, in the Spring of 1872, sufficient progress-had
been made to justify the Directors in announcing that the
institution would be open for the reception of pupils the follow-ing
Autumn. Negotiations were entered into vi^ith the Messrs,
Burwell, then Principals of the Charlotte Female Institute, and
resulted in the Directors effecting a lease of the property to
the aforesaid gentlemen for a term of years.
The first annual session commenced the 23-d of September.
1872. An encouraging number of pupils entered the first term,
the number by the 1st of January reaching 70, and by the end
of the session iu June 104 pupils, had matriculated. The com-mencement
occurred on the 27th of June, and was largely atten-ded
by the friends of the institution in Raleigh and ..Iso from a
distance. The. Rev. H. G. Hill, of Fayetteville, delivered the an-nual
address. Four young ladies were graduated, three of whom
had been pupils for a number of 3'ears of the Principals in their
school at Charlotte.
The next session commenced on the 1st of September, 1873,
and was on the whole a prosperous one, but owing to the finan-cial
crisis was not as much so as was hoped and expected. The
number of pu'pils this year reached 103. The commencement
NoKTH Carolina Journal of Education. 3
look }>lacG on the .I7tli of June, Gen. Prince, of South Carolina,
delivering the annual address, and nine 3'oung ladies were grad-uated.
The Fall session of 1874 commenced the 23d of September.
Owing to the continued money depression of the country, the
iiumber of pupils was not as large as Avas hoped for, during the
first term, ending in February, but on the ;3pening of the Spring
term, a larger number entered than at ^ny previous time. The
catalogue of this year showed that 111 pupils had matriculated.
On the 26th of April of this scholastic year th-e institution sus-tained
a great and irreparable loss in the death of Professor S. J.
Stevens, instructor of Mathematics and .Natural Science. It is
impossible in the short space of this article to do justice to the
worth of this estimable gentleman. A sincere and devoted
Christian, an accomplished, enthusiastic and laborious teacher,
his whole life was spent in efforts to do good. In his death, not
•onl}^ Peace Institute, but the educational interests of the whole
State sustained a loss it will be impossible fully to repair.
The session closed on the 30th of June with the usual exercises,
and was an occasion of great interest to all. The Rev. M. D.
Hoge, D. D., the eloquent and popular pastor of the Second Pres-
'byterian Church of Richmond, Va., delivered the annual ad-
'dress. Complimentary notices of this address appeared in all the
papers of the city, and we have not time or space for an extended-notice.
It was exceedingly appropriate and interssting ; and the
•audience gathered to hear it were charmed by the eloquence and
grace of the speaker.
We have thus sketched the history of the Institution to the
present time, and it may be interesting to the readers of the Ed-ucational
Journal to know something of the internal arrange-
-
ment of the buildings.
In respect to provision for the health and comfort of the pu-pils,
and in its adaptibility in every respect to the purpose for
which it was erected, the Peace Institute has equal, if not supe-rior
claims to any institution devoted to female education in the
-South.
The building is of brick, four stories high, having a front of
124 feet and extending back 95 feet. It is situated in the midst
of a beautiful grove of eight acres.
4 North Carolina Journal of Edlx'Atio^t.
Upon the first or ground floor are the recitation rooms, music
rooms and dining hall.
The eight large furnaces by which the entire building is heat-ed
are also on tliis floor. No fire is allowed, or is necessar}- in
any of the apartments assigned to the pupils, and the immunity
from danger of fire is almost perfect. All the rooms, stalls and
passages of the entire building are kept at a uniform tempera-ture,
at or near 70°, during the winter season.
On the second floor are the parlors, office, private apartments
(of Principal and Chief Lady Teacher, and the Chapel. This last
:is a large room, 40x45 feet with 20 feet pitch, lighted and-venti-jlated
by two tiers of wdndows on its South, West and North sides —and furnished with patent Boston School Desks and Chairs,
and is capable of seating 140 pupils.
The third floor consists entirely of apartments for the young
ladies and their teachers. The east wing is divided into eight
rooms and to these are assigned 17 pupils and one teacher. A
passage 45x8 divides the tiers of rooms. The North wing of the
same floor is similarly divided into eight rooms and is assigned
to IS pupils and one teacher. The corresponding wings on the
4th floor are likewise divided into rooms, and are occupied by
same number of pupils—one teacher being assigned to the care
-of each passage. It will be seen that a very desirable feature of
this arrangement is that the number of occupants to a room is
never more than three—the most of the rooms being occupied by
only hvo. The rooms are provided with every comfort and con-venience,
and are visited twice a day by one of the Lady Assist-ant
Teachers.
Upon the fourth floor is the Drawing and Painting Room.
The same apartment is also used for the Calisthenic drill and ex-ercise.
It is located immediately above the Chapel and is 40x45
feet with 13 feet pitch. Besides being used as the studio for the
Drawing and Painting Class, this room, as we have said is the
drill and exercise hall. Under an experienced and accomplished
Lady Teacher, each pupil is required to take a lesson in Calisthe-nics
three times a week unless prevented by sickness or other
good and suflicient reason.
The department of music. Vocal and Instrumental, is under
the control and direction of Prof. A. Bauman, who has been con-
North Carolina Journal of Education. 5
iiccted with the Principals for nearly fourteen years, and has
|iroved himself a highly aceoraplished and successful teacher.
In conclusion the attention of parents, seeking a first-class
school for their daughters, is asked to tlie following advantages
claimed for Peace Institute.
1st. Its situation—Raleigh, the Capital of the State, a place ac-cessible
from ever}^ part of the State, and noted for health, having
a climate mild and salubrious.
2d. Its large and extensive grounds and its convenient and
well appointed building, so conducive to the health and comfort
of its pupils.
3d. A corps of 12 accomplished Instructors, who bring the ac-cumulated
experience of years of successful teaching to their du-ties
in the class room,
4th. The moral and religious influence exerted over the pupils
by daily and hourly int-ercourse with their Teachers, all of whom
with ono exception, reside in the Institution, and eat at the same
table with them.
The exercises of each school day commences witli reading a
portion of scripture, and singing, besides morning and evening
family worship.
On Sunday all the pupils attend the Presbyterian church with
the teachers, unless special request is made by parents for them
to attend another.
While the Institution is under the control of Presbyterians, no
ofFort ha.s been or wall be made to proselyte, and no instruction,
whatever, of a sectarian character will be allowed. During the
past session all the Protestant denominations of Raleigh were re-presented
among its pupils and the\^ attended the church of their
choice, when a desire to do so was expressed by their parents, and
proper provision could be made for their care and attendance.
In conclusion, Peace Inststute does not attempt to make capi-tal
for itself by detracting from other schools b}' casting reflec-tions
upon the modes of instruction or methods of management
seen fit to be adopted by them, but actuated by a sincere desire
'to promote the cause of female education in our State, and to this
end intending to spare neither labor nor expense to offer to
young ladies first class advantages for education, the Principals
present the claims of this Institution to thepublic; andask a con-
6 North Carolina Journal of Education.
tinuance of the patronage so. liberally bestowed upon it during-the
past sessions.
It enters upon its fourth scholastic j-ear better prepared and
equipped in every way to meet demands for instruction in any
branch of female education. B.,
AN ADDRESS
BES.I¥E11EE> I>EFOItE THE KEIVBEjUM ACA®EM¥ B¥
MOM. M. E. MAMEY,
In closing up the scholastic exercises of the year, the Trustees-wish
to address a few words to its patrons and to the public.
The institution has recently undero;one some change in its or-ganic
law, and a change also in the board of trustees charged
with its management. The objects nevertheless remain substan-tially
the same. They are:
1. The giving of gratuitous education to the white children of
the city and county.
2. The giving of the highest grade of education that our means
will afford.
3. The interweaving in daily instructions of habits of order,
neatness, good morals and good manners.
4. A supervision in hours of recreation as well as in hours of
study, which will secure the children as far as practicable from
temptations to vice and disorder,, rudeness and profanity.
In short our object and earnest desire is to rear up the genera-tion
of children that now surround us with such qualifications of
mind and body, as will enable them to maintain with honor and
success the strugglt of life in which they must soon engage. We-profess
ourselves earnestly devoted to this ejid and we most cor-dially
and pressingly invite the co-operation of our fellow-citi-zens
of every employment and denomination.
* :H= t- i)i =;- -X-Painfully
conscious as we have been all the while of the inad-equacy
of the means, we have been diiven forward by the con-sideration,
in view oi our surroundings, that no time was to be
North Carolina Journal of Education. 7
lost. Oar children, without other resource than their own brain
xind muscle, are now thrown upon the troubled sea of life, and
they should be prepared as atlileies are prepared to buffet with its
billows. It is our solemn duty to fit them for this by training,
moral and intellectual, to the full extent of our ability.
This is a, duty, allow me to say, which parents cannot shuffle off
and be held excused at the bar of public opinion, much less at
another bar in the great day of reckoning.
There are several topics connected with the prosperity of this
institution and the efficiency of the instruction to be given, upon
which we desire briefly to address its patrons.
1. In the first place there is a great want of regularity in at-tendance
upon school. This is wrong. Not a day should be lost,
nor an hour of a day, except from necessity. You must not be
surprised if your children make unsatisfactory progress as long
.as they are indulged in frequent absences from school—the one
is a necessary consecjuenceof the other.
The intelligent comprehension of each day's lesson is depend-ent
upon the thorough understanding of the one which preceded
it. No training in any department of human learning can be
deemed even respectable without thorough instruction in all its
first principles. In this thorough instruction consists the labor of
the intelligent educator—to ignore or disregard it would be not
less absurd than to attempt to teach a child the "rule of three,"
before he had been taught to add, substract, multiply, or divide.
The pupil tha,t loses a few lessons, and b}^ consequence loses the
principles imparted in them, soon finds himself in an intellectual
fog. His way is lost, and there is no remedy but to carry him
back and to start him afresh. This is humiliating to both pa-rent
and child. It is true there is an alternative often resorted to
which is not a remedy-—that is to drag the child through his
course uneducated, and to turn him out unprovided with the
means of taking his proper position among his fellows, a prey of
course to defeats and mortifications. We cannot consent to prac-tice
a shame of this sort if we can help it; and we ask you, our
friends, to aid us to correct it.
2. There is also an indifference manifested by man}^ in attend-ing
upon and submitting to the semi-annual examinations of the
institution^ and in taking part in such exercises as are prescribed
8. North Carolina Jourxal of EDUCATiO'isr.
from time to ''.rao for mental development and training, and as
tests of acqu.iic^r:c;f-nt. This is wrong. These examinations and
public exerciics ri-? designed, and have the effect of stimulating
industry, excitir;^; a laudable emulation, of imparting proper-self-
reliance, and Oi giving repose and confidence to- the intellec-tual
encounters of life. These are all important acquirements.
They constitute the armour of the man of business, the profes-sional
man, and the man oi the world ; without which they will
wage a most unequal and hopeless combat. The dispjosition to
avoid these occasions in school exerc'ses is generally based up-on
nervous timidity, or upon vanity, and in either case, is to be
subdued by a will that refuses tO' yield to it. Before such a will
it will soon disappear with the happiest results. Instead of the-vanity
or timidity which causes one to shrink from observation ,.
there will arise modesty, ingenuousness, candor, and that innocent
ease and freedom under scrutiny and unconsciousness of self
which is so attractive and loveable in the young. We trust yout
will give us your co-operation in effecting a reform- in this re-spect.
Such reform is not intended to touch the sheltered and guard-ed
education of girls most approved amongst us, bn,t will be sub-ordinated
to it. No intellectual furniture, in our judgment, will
do as a substitute or compensation for feminine modesty, which
decorates as a veil our dear young woman. It is their crowning
grace ; invests as with a halo the gentle and the true, and like an
angel guardian forbids the approach of rudeness. Preserve it by
all means ; it shall ever be our chief care as trustees of the insti-tution.
3. There is another trouble which we encounter in doing our
work in this matter of instructing the young, and that is, the de-sire
for rapid ad^vancement. Whether this be the fault of parents
or of children, or of both, we will not undertake to- decide. Nev-ertheless
it exists in such formidable shape that it cannot be fully
resisted by teachers. Results are that children pass through tlie
course of elementary studies with ver}^ imperfect attainments at
best ; often without knowledge, and without the mental training
and qualification for acquiring it.
If there be any one educational principle more important than
another—indeed, all-important—it is, in our judgment,, that chil-
North Carolina Journal of Education. 9
drcn should learn thorouglily whatever is undertaken—should go
to the bottom of ever}'thing and know all about it. Such a course
qualifies them to advance, and can alone do so, gives a habit of
thoroughness in everything which one does, sharpen? the intel-lect,
inspires a love of truth for its own sake, begets precision and
accuracy in all we say and do, and secures a well-poised dignity
and ease in intellectual rubs with the world. Let us say, there-fore,
to cliildren, and through them to parents, learn what you
learn well and thoroughly, go back again and again if need be ;
and witii a good will try it over. You will get it after a while,
and we tell you it will stay with you longer for having been
hardly come by, and will be always and certainly on call in time
of need.
This is the remedy for the shabby sciolism of the day.
I am here to-night as the representative of the trustees of the
academy (the oldest not the best) to hold this plain talk with you
in behalf of the education of our children—to assure you of the
interest we take in the subject, and of our eiTorts to make the in-stitution
worthy of your patronage. We invite your scrutiny
and invoke from you, fathers and mothers, a just and fair consid-eration
of us and of (ur work.
We are not vain enough to suppose we have perfected a system
of instruction and discipline, or made a near approach to it. We
are simply working in that direction, and doing all that is prac-ticable
with our means, and in the face of the many obstacles in-terposed.
*
We are offering gratuitous education to 300 children, under a
corps of competent and faithful instructors, in halls well venti-lated
and commodious, with healthful and agreeable, surround-ings
for play grounds. If the school is not efficient according to
our means ; if your children do not receive the best education
which is practicable under the circumstances, we respectfully
submit it is not our fault but yours. It you will subject your
children rigidly to the discipline of the school, not only in the
matters to which we have speciall}' referred, but in all others, you
will realize, assuredly, marked improvements.
In a little prosody of the Latin tongue, written by my venera-ble
and venerated master. Dr. William Hooper, he adopts as a
motto for his title page these words frona Horace—
10 North Carolina Journal op Education.
Si quid novide rectus estes, Candidas irapuii ; si non, his uiere mecinri.
—which may be paraphrazed thus—"If you see anything wrong-in
what we are doing, and know a better way, candidly show us
that better way ; but if you have none better to suggest, come
and use this with us."
Tliis sentiment in the mouth of that admirable classical scholar
and wit was an expression of modesty not demanded by him or
called for by the occasion. Adopting it as we do for our work,
it is eminentl}^ proper ; for we are conscious we have taken but
the first steps, and that much remains to be done. Yet we pre-sume
to think there is enough of merit about our work to excite
public interest, and to justify us in calling upon you for an ap-proving
judgment.
The Newbern Academy is the oldest institution in the State,
ante-dating the revolution of '"76. It has been identified with the
fortunes of Newbern thro' its long and illustrious history, having
been the nursing mother of some of the most remarkable men of
the ages thro' which it has passed. Located on this beautiful and
salubrious platform of land between two of the noblest rivers of
the State, the midland of Eastern North Carolina, endowed more
liberally than any other of our primary institutions, why is it
that a new destiny/ of honor and renown may not await her ? If
it do not, in my humble judgment, it will be tlirough our own
fault. It will not be creditable to the unity, force and efficiency
of our social affairs. It will hardl}'- consist with the degree of in-t'elligence
commonly imputed to us.
Come then, we invoke you, and let us with united effort make
this academy again a well spring of knowledge, a fountain in the
midst of a dry land, irrigating, fertilizing, adorning, and blessing
as its waters flow.
And now, dear children, allow me to turn and have a word
with you. You, too, have a part to perform in accomplishing de-sired
results. The success of a school depends not only upon the
teaching of diligent and competent instructors, but upon the in-genuous
and earnest co-operation of the pupils. Rules must be
established for the orderly conduct of exercises; and absolute, un-conditional
submission to these rules must be observed in order
to secure success. It is thro' subordination that the afl>\irs of the
world are made to harmonize—without it nothing but the strong-
North Caeolixa Journal of Education. 11
est would long subsist—schools would soon come to an end if all
should act as they pleased, and if any one why not all? In pa-rental
govcrnn:ient, and in government, which is a delegation of
parental, there can be no question allowed as to the expediency
of the rule in dealing with a case of violation. When it is said,
such is tJie rule, all is said that need be. Obedience to it must be
enforced until it is modified or abrogated by the proper authority.
The lesson of conforming one's conduct to the ^ will of another is
not an easy or agreeable lesson to learn, and yet it is indispensi-ble
in ever}^ condition of life. It is especially so in the condition
which you occvq')y. It is made more easy to perform, and is made
entirely consistent with the highest type of personal independ-ence,
by the reflection that all rightful authority, v>'hether in pa-rent
or school, teacher or civil ruler, is of God, and is exercised
in His name. Obedience, therefore, to those who are put over
you in His providence, is obedience to Him. Conformity to the
w'ill of your superiors is but a submission to the will of God, who
made yow—who made you to love and to servo Him in this world,
and who will reward you therefor in the world to come with joys
which it has not entered into your hearts to receive.
There is perhaps nothing more talked about and less under-stood
than liberty. In its application to affairs in the religious,
moral, social and political order, it seems condemned often to be
illy understood. A false philosophy has seized upon it and dar-kened
and perverted its true sense. Cicero, who was not only a
great oratoi- but a very wise man, gives an admirable definition
of liberty v^dren he says, "It consists in being the slave of the law."
In the same way it may be said that the liberty of the intellect
consists in being the slave of truth, and the liberty of the will in
being the slave of virtue. If you change this you destroy liberty,
if you take away the law you admit force, if 3'ou take away truth
your admit error, if you take away virtue you admit vice. If you
vrere to exempt the world from the observance of tiie external
law—from the law applicable to man in his social relations;—if a
libert}^ be sought for outside of the great circle of law—truth and
virtue—all will be lost. There will be no society, nothing but
the empire of brute force, and, in individual man, that of the pas-sions.
Obedience then, m}' dear children, to your superiors, is in con-
12 NosTii Carolina Journal of Education.
forinity with the will of God, and that is enough. It also con-sists
with true personal independence and dignity—with all the
liberty that is practicable in this life,—and, what is especially
germane to the subject before us, is indispensible to the success of
schools. By theforceand beauty of this virtue—hy order, decorum,
and progress, must your school commend itself to the public and
command patronage.
I have not dwelt upon these qualites of obedience and subor-dination
in consequence of any information or belief that the
lesson is particularly needed in this academy, but because of the
wide spread neglect, and, indeed, contempt, in which the}^ are
held by youth generally, and of the importance of guarding
against it if you wish to avoid the rocks upon which many are
being wrecked.
And now, dear children, I conclude what I have to say with a
fevr passages from the book of Divine wisdom which we all rever-ence
:
"Remember thj^ Creator in the days of thy youth before the
time of affliction come, and the years draw nigh of which you
shall say they please me not."
"Before the sun and the light and the moon and the stars be
darkened, and the clouds return after the rain."
"Before the silver cord be broken and the golden pellet shrink
back—and the pitcher be crashed at the fountain and the wheel
be broken upon the cistern."
"And the dust return into the earth from whence it was, and
the spirit return to God who gave it."
"Give ear my son and take wise counsel and cast not away my
advice "
"Put your feet into her (wisdom's) fetters and thy neck into her
chains."
"Bow down thy shoulder and hear her and be not grieved with
her bonds."
"Be not willing ever to make any manner of lie (falsehood), for
the custom thereof is not good."
Treasure these things in your heart, and form good resolutions
for the future. Keep them in mind in 3'our youth, and do not
forget them in your riper years ; draw strength from them in the
dusty and toilsome days and a zest in the more lightsome and
agreeable.
North Carolina Journal op Education. 13
Old Master Brown brought his ferule clown,
And his face looked angry and red.
"Go, seat you there, now, Anthony Blair,
Along with tlie girls," he said.
Then Anthony Bhiir, \vith a mortified air,
With his head down on his breast,
Took his penitent seat by the maiden sweet
That he loved, of all, the best.
And Anthony Blair seemed whimpering there,
But the rogue only made believe ;
For he peeped at the girls with the beautiful curls^
And oo'led them over his sleeve.
PiaiMAIS¥ STCBIES.
An Extract from the Eeport of the Bureau on Labor and Statistics.
Children must, when brought under instruction, be taught
those things which will benefit them in the common affairs of
life. But what are they ? Clearly these :
1. The use of language, that they may know how to think, and
give expression to thought. These they w411 attain by reading,
and by exercises in dictation, letter- writing and composition.
Spelling will come in here.
2. The use of the eye, the ear, and the hand, both as aids in
mental operations, and in ficilitating the business of life. This
use they will acquire by writing, drawing, and music, and most
industrial arts.
3. How to observe, to reflect, to reason upon a subject, and to
acquire great truths. Here will come in a large s^'stem of object-lessons,
and the great facts of earth and sky, as illustrated in top-ical
and physical geography, astronom}' and the elements of nat-ural
philosophy.
4. How to transact business. Here will come in mental and
written arithmetic, simple methods of keeping accurate accounts,
the science of forms, as taught by geometry in the simpler ele-ments.
14 North Carolina Journal op Education
5. llie discipline and formation of character. i\nd here comes
in the subject of morality, of duties to God and man, being the
great precept of Christian morals :—here the influence of the his-tory
of nations and of individuals, as instruction and warning
—
history in its true signification, civil, social, industrial, rather
tlian warlike and of the hero-worship.
6. The physical discipline of the body. And here comes in a
variety of exercises—gymnastics, military and other—aiding
physical development, and preparing for industrial, personal la-bor.
ei^EAISIM^KS OF TII©U€Sai^.
A GREAT nature reveals itself less by its escapes than by its re-coveries,
^s sickness shows the native vigor of the constitution.
W. T. Qarke.
Rabelais had written some sensible pieces which the world
did not regard at all. ''I will write something," said he, "that
they shall take notice of " And so he sat dovrn to writing non-sense.
Fine sensibilities are like woodbines—delightful luxuries of
beauty to twine around a solid, upright stem of understanding •
but very poor things if, unsustained by strength, they are left to
creep along the ground.
It is a high, solemn, almost awful thought for every individ-ual,
that his earthly influence, which has had a commencement
here, will never through all ages, were he the very meanest of us
all, have an end.
—
Carlyle.
It belongs to every nature when it is under the immediate
power of some strong unquestioning emotions, to suspect itself
and doubt the truth of its own impressions, conscious of possibil-ities
beyond its own horizon.
Never attempt to do anything that is not right. Just as sure-
KOETH CAROLINxi JoDUNAL OF EDUCATION. 15
ly as yoa do, you will get into trouble. Sin always brings sor-row
sooner or later. If you even suspect that anything is wick-ed,
do it not until you are sure that 3'our suspicions are ground-less.
The ruins of old friendship are a more melancholy spectacle to
me than desolated palaces. They exhibit the heart that was once
lighted up with joy all damp and deserted, and hunted by those
birds of ill-omen that only nestle in ruins.
—
Campbell
Man without religion is a creature of circumstances; religion is
above all circumstances, and will lift him up above them.
—
Julius
Hare.
The capacity of sorrow belongs to our grandeur, and the lof-tiest
of our race are those who have had the profoundest grief, be-cause
they have had the profoundest sympathy.
—
Henry Giles.
The harp holds in its udres the possibilities of noblest chords
;
yet, if they be not struck, they must hang dull and useless. So
the mind is vested with a hundred powers, that must be smitten
by a heavy hand to prove the offspring of Divinity,
If infidelity wishes to shake the Christian's faith in a person-al
God, it must account, not for the miracles of the first century
merely, but for those of the nineteenth.
—
Lyman Abbott.
Duty is a power which rises with us in the morning and goes
to rest with us at night. It is co-extensive with the action of our
intelligence. It is the shadow which cleaves to us, go where we
will, and which only leaves us when we leave the light of life.—
Gladstone.
The so-called science of the day is tainted with materialism,
and the philosophy of the day with pantheism, and both with fa-talism.
But that materialism which denies spirituality, and that
fatalism which denies human freedom, and that pantheism
which denies personality, is a trinity too much like the world,
the flesh and the devil to be mistaken for the good, the beautiful,
and the true.
16 North CaroliNx^ JoriiNAL op Editcation.
All regulation is limitation ; and regulation is only another
name for reasoned existence. And, as the regulations to which
men must submit are not always or generally those which they
have willingly laid dov/n for themselves, but rather the most
part those which have been laid down by others for the good of
society, it follows, that whosoever will be a good member of any
social sj^stem must learn, in the first place to obey. The law, the
army, the church, t]:ie state service, every field of life, and ever}^
sphere of action, are only the embodied illustrations of this prin-ciple.
Freedom, of course, is left to the individual in his own
individua,l sphere. To leave him no freedom, were to m ike him
a mere machine, and to annihilate his humanity; but, so far as
he act's in a social capacity, he cannot be free from the limitations
that bind the whole into a definite and consistent unity.
—
Proj,
Blackie.
'Consideiing how much pains people take, first, in exclud'
ding sunlight from their dwellings, and second, by clothing their
pale bodies from its influence, it can readily be seen how want of
sunlight on tlip person niay be a great cause of ill-health. "Re-iiKf\'
e the cause and the effect will cease," is the hygienic precept
:
and hence in all cases where want of sunlight has been the cause
of disease, sun-bathing must be a valuable hygienic curative
agency. In cases of debility, unaccompanied with fever, it is
nearly always valuable. Whenever the skin is pale and blood-less—
whenever a cold and clammy condition of it Is found— sun-baths
are indicated. Restlessness, excitability, and irritability
often succumb to this agency when they will to no other. Sun-baths
supply the place in some sense, and are worth a thousand
fold more than all the iron, opium, alcohol, etc., in Christendom.
They are not as a rul-^^, to be used in feverish conditions of the
system, but wherever there is torpidity, inanity, lifelessness or the
like.
—
Science of HeaUlu
North Carolina Journal q]? Edccation. 17
familiar ctuotatio^'s»
COMPILED BY T. B. KINGSBURY-.
5G. ''Yet gold all is not that cloth golden seeme.'' —Spenser''s Fains Queen.
KoTE.—Shakspeare in the MercJiant of Venice borrows this. He
says—''All that gliUers is not gold." It is now quoted generally —'-'All is not gold that glitters."
57. "The devil was sick, the devil a monk would be,
The devil was well, -a devil a monk was he."
—JRabelaiA.
•38. "Earl}^ to bed, and early to rise,
flakes a man healthy, wealthy, and wise." —Franlcli7i's Poor Richard's Almanac for 1758-.
•58. ''Out of mind as soon as out of sigdii". —Lord Brooke-.
Note.—Tliis is usually quoted, "Out of sight, out of mind."
GO. "The Knave of Diamonds tries his wily arts.
And wins (oh! shameful chance!) the Queen of Hearts."
Note.—Who will oblige us with the authorship of these lines'?
61. "Though lost to sight, to memory dear."
A correspondent,—F. S.—in the Charlotte Observer, says the
•above line was written by Ruthven Jenkyns, and appeared in the
Greeravkli Magazine of 1701.
62. "And h« gave it as his opinion, that whosoever would
make two years of corn or two blades of grass to grow upon a
spot of ground where only one grew before, would deserve better
of mankind, and do more essential service to his country than
the whole race of 2:)oliticians put together.
—
Dean Swift.
63. "Zeck's iron crown and Damiens' bed of steel."
—
Goldsmith's Ih^aveller.
Note.—The former had a red hot crown placed upon his head
for stirring up a Hungarian revolt in 1514, and Damiens was
put to torture for making an attempt upon the life of Louis XV,
of France.
64. "'Reckoning without one's host." — William Camden.
Note.—He was born in 1551, in England. He was very leai'-
2
18 North Carolixa Joukxal of Education.
ned, and the author of a famous work, The Brittania, published
in Latin in 1583. His exact language is this : "Reckoners with-out
their host must reckon twice." It refers to the custom of
landlords in his time to slip certain extras into the bills of guests,
65. "The conscious v/ater saw its God and blushed.'"
Tlie literary editor of the Charlotte Obs&-ver states that the biog-rapliers
of Dryden credit him with it, as does one of Pope's biog-raphers.
This is a mistake, continues the editor, according to a
note in Malone's edition of Boswell's Life of JoJinson. "It is bor-rowed
with slight change from an Epigram," says the note in
Boswell, "which was published in his Epigramnmta Sacra" in
1634. The note continues : "The original is much more elegant
than the cop}', the water being personified, and the word, on
which the point of the epigram turns, being reserved to the close
of the line :
"Joann 2.
Aquai^ in vinum versce,
Unde rubor vestris et non sua purpura lymphis ?
Quae rosa mirantes tarn nova mutat aquas?
Numen, convivse, prsesens agnoscite numen,
Nymplia 'pudica Deimi vidit, et erubuit." M,
QPj,. "Peace hath her victories,
No less renowned than war." —MiUon's Sonnet xvi.
67. "That old man eloquent."
—3Iilton.
Note.—It occurs in his Sonnet to Lad}' Margaret Leigh, and is
applied to Isocrates.
68. "All cry and no wool." —Hudibra.s.
Note.—Misqnoted—"All cry and little wool."
69. "Wise and masterly inactivity." —Sir James llackintosh.
Note.—Supposed like many other striking sayings to be of
American origin. It has been variously attributed to John Ran-dolph,
John C Calhoun and others. Mackintosh used it in
1791.
70. "The Almighty dollar." —Washington Innng.
North Carolina JorRNAL of Education. 19
E D I T O K I A L
1HE IIORAL lEAINIKG OF YOUTIL
We are all to a veiy great extent creatures -oi circumstances..
I'he views and opinions we cherish are to a considerable degree
those we have inherited. What we think and believe are mainly
tile result of education. If we were born in India we woukb
})robably believe as do the people of that section of the globe.
If we were a Jew we would probably reject the Saviour and the
New Testament. So it is of the greatest importance that our ed--
ucation should be of the right kind—that we should be taught'
what is true. Man is a moral being—but few will deny that,
[jroposition. He is then subject to a law, is responsible to a gov--
ernraent, has certain imperative obligations resting upon him.
.
must perform certain duties. Pie has a conscience, and by its
decisions his own acts must be approved or condemned. That:
conscience will be a poor judge of what is right or wrong, sinful;
•or righteous, unless educated or enlightened. x4s a member of
the family, as a citizen of the State, as an immortal, he will have
grave and numerous duties to perform throughout life. Alere
knowledge, unsanctified and unpurified, will not make a man a bet-ter
citizen. Knowledge is indeed a great factor, but it must be
properly used, must cause the possessor to conform his conduct
to the demands of an enlightened understanding, or it is mainly
valueless for good, and becomes an instrument often of positive
'evil. Knowledge itself has no direct reformatory power. Many
learned men are very bad, vicious, corrupt. Knowledge is an el-ement
of power. When well directed, it is an element to do
good. If you train a man's intellect never so highly, and leave
his moral nature uncared for, you will onl}^ create a sort of intel-lectual
Frankenstein who will destroy and corrupt. In mere in-tellectual
training there is no mysterious, direct, or real tendency:
20 North Carolina Journal of Education.
towards moral elevation. A virtuous man is not the product of
mere mental improvement. The highest specimens of mankind
are those in which the intellectual and moral natures are trained
and disciplined. The greatest learning without a moral basis is
more often hurtful to the possessor than beneficial.. It is a tink"
ling cymbal.
The history of civilization shows this fact; that education with-out
the knowledge of God and His revealed truth as made known
in the Bible, "served to corrupt the public morals and hasten the
decay of the State." Ancient and modern history is filled with
painful examples illustrative of this statement. We believe it is
far betfpr that a youth should receive no education than subject
•him to the manipulation of a teacher who is a moral leper, an
atheist, or a scoffer of the religion of Christ Jesus. No knowl-edge
ever yet gained in any of the schools is remotely compara-ble
to the performance of moral duties. No education is safe,
desirable, valuable, or thorough, that neglects the moral nature,
for all men are moral beings and subject to law. Hence the ne-cessity
of religious teaching—and religious teaching of the riglit
kind.
We would not knowingly place our son at a school under the
management of one who did not believe in God and Christiani-ty.
We would not consciously subject him to the cruel influence
of a teacher who was untruthful, dissimulating, unreliable. No
man is fit to teach who is not governed by high principles, and
who is not ever careful to educate the hearts as well as the minds
of his pupils. We would not give a baubee for all the so-called
science of the world that does not act as a hand-maid of true re-ligion,
and does not recognize Jehovah in all things. If man
then is a moral being responsible to a moral law or government,
does he not require religious training ? Is it possible to educate
him for tli'^ performance of moral duties without the element of
religious faith? Can he be what God intended him to be witli-out
religious culture? Is not morality sounding brass without
the sanctions of religion ? "Religion and morality can no more
be divorced than cause and effect ; for the religious principle is
the ground of all moral obligation, and it is an impossibility to
isustain a system of morals without a basis of religious faith." He
is indeed a nice teacher of morals who rejects the Bible, that
North Carolina Journal of Education. 21
great armory of truth and depository of the purest and highest
ethics! And yet the Bible must not bo taught in schools. But
so does wA hold the writer who is alone responsible for the above
views.
Since writing the above we have met with a passage that is so
wise, so weighty, so germane, that we gladly quote it, for in all
the ages there liave been few such thinkers as Lord Bacon. His
utterances have commanded the closest attention of the leading
minds since his day. The great philosopher well understands
liow paltry and unsubstantial is mere human learning, however
gilded and full of an unseemly and overweening pride, when not
resting upon the secure foundation of moral discipline and a firm
fnith in God and His truths. He thus admonishes us ;
''Seeing that knowledge is of those things which are to be ac-cepted
of with caution and distinction; being now to open a
fountain, such as it is not easy to discern where the issues and
streams thereof will take and fall ; I thought it necessary in the
first place, to make a strong and sound head or bank to rule
and guide the course of the waters ; by setting down this position
or firmament ; namely, that all knowledge is to be limited by re-ligion,
and to be referred to use and action. For if any man
shall think, by view and inquiry into these sensible and material
things to attain lo any light for the revealing of the nature and
will of God, he shall dangerously abuse himself. It is true that
the contemplation of the creatures of God hath for end, as to the
creatures themselves, knowledge ; but as to the nature of God, no
knowledge, but- wonder ; which is nothing else but contemplation
broken off or losing itself. Na}-, further,, as it was aptly said by
one of Plato's school, the sense of man resembles the sun, which
openeth and revealeth the terrestrial globe; but obscureth and
concealeth the stars and celestial globe : so doth the sense discov-er
natural things, but it darkeneth and shutteth up Divine. And
this appeareth sufficiently in that there is no proceeding in in-vention
of knowledge, but by similitude ; and God is only self-like,
having nothing in common with any creature otherwise as
in shape or trope. Therefore, attend his will as himself openeth
it, and give unto faith that which unto faith belongeth ; for more
vrorthy is it to believe than to think-or know", considering that in
knowledge, as we are now capable of it, the mind sutfereth by in-ferior
natures ; but in all belief it suffereth from a spirit which
it holdeth superior, and more authorized than itself.''
h e great living English poet speaks the same tremendous
22 North Carolina Journal of Education.
truth when he thus writes of knowledge, full of wild courage anti
unseemly boldness
:
"Fiery hot to bvirst
All barriers in her onward race
For power. Let lier Jcnow her place ;,
She is the second, not tlie first.
A higher hand must make her mild
If all be not in vain ; and guide
Her footsteps moving side by side
With wisdom, like the younger child.
For she is earthly of the mind,
But icisdom lieacenly of the souV
T. B. K,
PUBLISHER'S NOTICE—OUR FIRST MAGAZINE YEAR,
This number of Our Living and Our Dead completes the first
twelve months of its existence in Magazine form. At a time of
great and unusual monetary stringency and amid many difficul-ties,
editors and publishers have yirosecuted this work. The Ma-gazine
has steadil}^ improved with each number, until now we
have a hundred and forty-four page Monthly that kind friends
say is a credit to the State and to the South. North Carolina has
what none of the Southern sisterliood can boast of—a first-class
Magazinedevoted to all that concerns her—to her histor3^,to her lit-erature^
to her educational progress, to her moral and mental el
evation, to her industrial interests, to her character and renown.
In all hid patronage we may lay claim to a successful publication Our
people withhold their hands in this our day of trial and experi-ment.
We are testing the capabilities and willingness of oui'
people to sustain a publication of genuine merit devoted ahnost
exclusively to their best interests. 7he year ending with August,
1876, will decide the continuance of our publication. If he is not more
liberally sustained, from this time out, than he has been during
the year just ended, he must abandon the enterprise in which
his heart and mind and energies are so much enlisted, and leave
to others the great work he had undertaken. If the intelligent
and educated men and women of North Carolina would only aid
him the success of the Magazine would be assured. ]]'heii it
North Carolina Journal of Education. 23
leases to be it ivUl be too late to help it then. In the mean time it
will continue to be issued from month to month until another
Magazine 3^ear is completed, and an opportunity will be afibrded
to all to do their duty by a publication whose constant aim is to
uphold and defend the honor of North Carolina and to advance
her intellectual, moral and material resources. If every subscri-ber
who reads this if /./!^p"omp//?/ pa;/, if in arrears, an-d ivill make
<in effort eonong hisfriends in our behalf, then the enterprise will be
placed bevond a possibility of failure.
S. D. POOL,
Publisher Our Living and Our Dead.
CORRECTIOK
We received a letter from Mr. W, C. Durham, of Shelby, in-tended
for our historical department, but too late for this issue.
We make the correction in this place. In Mr. Johnstone Jones'
paper on the late Centennial Celebration, at Charlotte, there was
a tj^pographical error. Referring to the Cleaveland County del-
•egation, and the banner borne in the procession, he is made to
say in quoting the motto—"Cleaveland, Shelby, King's Meadoio,
October 7th, 1780." It should have read King's Mountain—
where one of the greatest victories of the Revolutionary war
was gain-ed, and where the militia of Shelby and other counties
in North Carolina won imperishable glor3^ As Mr. Durham
truly says in his letter, that battle, fought on the heights of King's
Mountain, "turned the tide of the Revolution in favor of the pa-triots."
All honor to the memories of the men of Shelb}'' who
fought so bravely on that memorable October day in 17801 By
the way, King's Mountain is by right in our State, as may be
:seen by reference to a good map. The surveyors were too lazy
to run a strait line, and hence by making a short circuit threw
the famous mountain in South Carolina, about two miles from
the dividing State line. T, B. K.
—Our Living and Our Dead.
24 NosTH Caeolina Journal of Education'.
AUTHORS AND PUBLISHERS.
Masterpieces in English Literature, and Lessons in the Eng-lish
Language, with a Brief Statement of the Genealogy of the
English Language, Biographical Sketches, Explanatory Notes.
&c. Designed for use of Colleges and Schools. By Ho^mer B.
Sprague, Principal of Adelphi Academy, Brooklyn,, N. Y.., and
late Professor of Rhetoric in Cornell University. In Four
Books, Vol. 1. New York : J. W. Schermerhorn & Co. 1874.
We have given nearly all of the title, which is comprehensive
enough to almost explain fully the plan and intent of the vol-ume.
The author has furnished us wih a valuable text-book
in the department of English literature. We approve heartily
his plan of giving an unmutilated article or poem or book from
some great author. He thus avoids the common "dictionary of
poetical quotations" plan of other text-books, to W' hich he refers.
Lie has unquestionably sought the foremost writers in the past
for his selections, and they are made most judiciously. In the
volume before us, which is the first of the series, we have admir-able
specimens from Chaucer, Spenser, Bacon,. Shakspeare, Mil-ton
and Bunyan. Each article selected is given in its entirety,
and we are thus able to form an estimate of the actual value and
scope of the contribution. A brief sketch of each author is pre-fixed.
A work on the plan usually adopted has long appeared to us
singularly defective and provoking. An attempt is made in the
compass of a duodecimo of 400 pages to give specimens from
hundreds of waiters extending through several centuries. The
result is you have only a few "elegant extracts," or a number of
stray sheaves gathered from the wide and fruitful field of litera-ture.
You get just enough to disappoint. Your appetite is
v.'hetted, but the "feast of good things" is withheld. You are in
the condition of Walter Scott's Highland friend at Abbotsford..
whom he left alone in his librar3\ Upon returning the Scotch-man
was poring over a huge dictionary, the first he had ever
seen. Upon being asked how he liked it, the reply was—"The
stories (i. e. the definitions) are good but awful short." To read
such a book is as disagreeable to the mind as walking on railroad
ties is annoying to the legs. Mr. Sprague has done much better.
North Carolina Journal of Education. 25
ill-' allows the immortals to spread a rich banquet in all its com-
])leteness for the intellectual gratification and solacement of those
tliat follow after. If the remaining volumes should be as valu-able
as the one before us, they will be a great accession to any li-brary
not supplied with the complete works of the various au-thors.
It will be seen from the contents given that only six wri-ters
are drawn upon to make an octavo volume of 435 pages, but
they arc writers of the greatest power and genius.
J'"lngi : Their Nature and Uses. Bv M. C. Cooke, M. A., LL.D.
and edited by Rev. M. J. Berkeley, M. A., F. L. S. D. Apple-ton
&, Co. ; New York, 1875.
This is another of the learned contributions to "The Interna-tional
Scientific Series." Like all the others it is admirably prin-ted
and bound, and will be read doubtless with satisfaction by all
readers who take an interest in such studies, and who are partic-ularly
interested in the large famil}' of fungi—a family by the
"way, that belongs to the great vegetable kingdom. The book is
illustrated. The editor is a distinguished author in the field be
has chosen, and his book is highly indorsed, and, indeed, im-
])roved, by the learned editor, Rev. Mr. Berkeley.
It is a difficult book for the general reader, but is full of cu-rious
information. How many know that the scum on stagnant
water, mould on bread, and parasites on plants are vegetation ?
"A tuft of mould is, in miniature, a forest of trees. Although
such a definition may be deemed more poetic and accurate, more
figurative than literal, yet few could believe in the marvellous
beauty of a tuft of niould if they never saw it as exhibit-ed
under the microscope."
The book is thorough and full of fresh and valuable informa-tion.
Astronomy. By J. Norman Lockyer, F. R. S., Correspondent of
the Institute of France, &e. With Illustrations. New York :
D. Appleton & Co., 1875.
This is one of the series of "Science Primers" that are edited by
Professors Huxley, Roscoe and Balfour Stewart. It strikes us
from a cursor}^ examination as a little book of real value. The
author makes astronomy an easy and pleasant study by means of
.simple experiments. He also gives a sketch of the Earth's place
26 North Carolina Jourxal of Education
in Nature, and of the use made of the heavenly bodies for Geo-graphical
purposes.
Vaticanism. An Answer to Reproofs and Rej)]ies. By the
Right Hon. W. E. Gladstone, M. P. New York : Harper &
Brothers, Publishers, 1875.
Perhaps no document of the same length ever attracted greater
attention than the one by Mr. Gladstone, entitled l.he Vatican
Decrees in their Bearing on Civil Allegiance. It is a very able es-say,
and is written with that masterly literary skill that long ago
placed the great ex-Premier of Great Britain in the front rank of
English writers. Without giving in these pages any opinion of
the truth of his statements or the result of his argument, we may
say that it is a production that has been read by millions of the
English-speaking people, as well as by millions who speak the
Continental languages. The pamphlet, the title of which is given
above, is written with the same skill and ability that mark the
first essay, and merits the thoughtful consideration of every
American citizen.
History Primers Edited by J. R. Green. History of Greece.
By C. A. Fitfe, M. A., Fellow and Late Tutor of Uinversity Col-lege,
Oxford. With Maps. D. Appleton & Co.. New York, 1875.
A capital little book of 127 pages. It takes the youthful stu-dent
from the beginning of the Greeks to the empire of Alexan-der.
It is strictly multitm in parvo. The idea is capital and ought
to be carried out—short histories for boys ]and girls prepared by
able writers and scholars. T. B. K.
Young Folks History op the United States. By T. W. Hig-ginson.
Author of "Atlantic Essays," "Army Life in a Black
Regiment," "Melbourne," etc. Illustrated. Boston: Lee tt
Shepard, 1875.
It would be a valuable feature in your Magazines if the Teach-ers
of the State were to occupy a few pages every month in the
criticism and discussion of the various school-books offered them
by the teeming presses of the North. If it were understood that
really sound and liberal estimates were to be found here from
those best fitted to judge of their merits, adaptation to our wants,
and general value of these publications, many a perplexed teach-er
halting between half a dozen Geographies, or Arithmetics, or
North Carolina Journal of Education. 27
Histories would turn with confidence and relief to these pages to
find the question settled, and their own judgment guided, or con-firmed.
A good School Ilistory of the United States is still a desiderat-um.
Neither Stephens nor Holmes will ever become popular
valuable as they are in some respects. Their pages bristle with
dates, and names, and figures. They have the unpardonable sin
of dryness, and no mortal boy or girl from twelve to fifteen years
of age could be induced to read them except from compulsion.
A school-book is not necessarily dull. The charm of manner, of
a clear and easy style, may be imparted to an arithmetic. High
authority has declared that Dr. .Johnson's Dictionary is good
reading.
The charge of dulness cannot with justice be brouglit
against the Young Folks Hlstorn of fJie United States. It is a book
gotten up in very neat style by the publishers;—binding, paper,
type, and illustrations are all alluring, and it is written simply and
pleasantly. It is too sketchy for a school-book—running to quite
the other extreme from Prof. Holmes' History—and giving so
few dates, so few memorabilia, as to be of no value it all as a refer-ence
or authority. But it is readable, very. A good book to be
read aloud to a parcel of young people with a view to excite their
interest in the subject, and stimulate to further study and re-search.
It is a gossiping talk which aims to give results rather
than details, and as such is to be recommended. The chapters
which detail events immediately after the Revolution, and dur-ing
the administrations of Washington and Adams are particu-larl}^
good, and the growth and general progress of the nation
during the first half of the century, are set forth with a clearness
and distinctness of outline quite unprecedented. Much more
space is given to descriptions of social life in the different eras
—
dress, manners, and style of living, than is at all usual in these
Histories, and much les^ to military operations. The gradual
shaping of the great Republic in the hands of the Democratic
party of that day, is thus clearly and pleasanth^ told :
"Jefferson's administration was conducted on a system very
different, in some respects, from those of Washington and Adams.
His personal liabits were very simple, and so Avere his views of
government. * * The Federalists, (headed by Washington
28 North Carolina Journal of Education.
and Adams) were afraid that the new government would not
command respect enough ; and they wished to see a good deal of
formality, and even of eleganc'^ On the other hand the Demo-crats
feared that the new government would become too power-ful
; that it would destroy the rights of the States ; that it would
become too costly and aristocratic, as in European nations. Gen.
Washington's style of living was complained of as too showy and
expensive '^ * When he drove to the sessions of Congress, he
went in a state-coach, of which the body was in the shape of a
hemisphere, cream-colored, bordered with flowers round the pan-els,
and ornamented with figures representing cupids, and sup-porting
festoons. On great occasions the coach was drawn b}'' six
horses ; on ordinary occasions b}^ four : and on Sundays, by two
only. The drivers and postillions wore liveries of white and scar-let.
* * The birth-day of the President was celebrated by din-ners
and public meetings in all the large towns of the nation, as
the birth-day of the King of England had been before celebrated:
and on these occasions odes were addressed to Washington by
poets. All these things were believed by many people to have
an important influence in adding dignitv and decorum to the
young Republic. Others, however, thought that harm was done
by this imitation of the customs prevailing in monarchies ; and
such persons accused Washington of too much etiquette and os-tentation."
It must be remembered that in all classes of society there was
then more formality than now, and that the display of elegant
costumes was much greater. The Judges of the Supreme Court
in winter wore robes of scarlet faced with velvet, and in summer
wore very full black silk robes, as is still their practice. Clergy-men
wore wigs with gown and bands, in tl^.e pulpit, and cocked
hats in the streets. In private life thej'c was much the same
style of dress after the Revolution as before, although for a time
people were poorer. Ladies wore tliose beautiful silks and bro-cades
which are still preserved in many American families, and
their hair was dressed with powder and pomatum, and often
built up to a great height above their heads. Gentlemen had a
great variety of color in their clothes, and employed a richness
of material such as only ladies now display. If a gentleman
went abroad he wore a wig, white stock, white satin embroidered
vest, black satin small clothes with white silk stockings, and
fine broadcloth or velvet coat. Gentlemen took snuff almost uni-versally
in those days, and a great deal of expense and beaut}'
was often lavished on a snuff box. To take snuff with one
North Carolina Journal op Education. 20
another was almost as much a matter of courtes}^ as the lifting
of the hat.
At Gen. Washington's levees he was usually dressed in black
Velvet, with white or pearl colored waistcoat, yellow gloves and
silver knee buckles and shoe buckles. His hair was powdered
and gathered into a silk bag behind. He carried a cocked hat
in his hand, and wore a long sword with a scabbard of polished
white leather. He never shook hands with his guests, but bowed
to each when introduced and afterwards had a little conversation
with each. Instead of going to the capitol in a coach and six,
Jefferson rode thither on horseback on the day of his inaugura-tion,
dismounted, tied his horse to a post, and read his address.
Afterwards he did not even do this, but sent a "message" to Con-gress
by a Secretar}', as has been the practice ever since. He
abolished the weekly levees, but, on New Year's day and the
Fourth of July, threw open his doors to the whole people. He
would not have his birthday celebrated, as had been the pre-vious
custom ; but concealed the date in order to prevent this.
He reduced the expenses of the government as far as possible, and
paid off thirty-three millions of debt. He believed strongly in
universal suffrage, at least for the male sex. He thought that all
men had a natural right to vote for their own rulers, and his par-ty
sustained him in this ; while the Federal party looked with
great distrust on the system of government by a popular vote,
and believed that suffrage should be ver^^ carefully limited. We
must remember that in those days a republican government
seemed, even to many patriotic Americans, a very doubtful ex-periment;
while Jefferson had a very hearty faith in it, and did
a great deal for its success.
The South must try again, and keep trying. After awhile wo
shall get the hang of it, and produce histories that shall not only
be reliable and valuable for reference, but also readable and en-joyable.
At the North, a good many people have found it since
the war, or at least have thought it might be worth their while
to write a histor}^ of the United States. In seems the easiest thing
imaginable according to the universally accepted recipe. Sixty
pages to New England, fifty pages to New York and the Middle
States, twenty-five pages to the South, of which, twenty to Vir-giifia,
two to North Carolina, and the remaining three promiscu-
30 North Carolina Journal of Edlx'atton.
oiisly distributed ; ten to tlie Mississippi Valley ; ten to the Great
West, ten more to general glorification ; add the Declaration of
Independence and the (amended) Constitution of the United
States. Simmer with a strong infusion of dislike and prejudiced
opinion of the whole Southern country, and equal parts of abso-lute
ignorance of her people, and reluctance to do them justice,
—
and serve hot.
We protest against such cheap chromes. We protest against
a school history of the Revolution that makes no mention of
King's Mountain, of Guilford Court House or of the Mecklenburg
Declaration. We protest against any history, so-called, that
stoops to pick up and use the oft repeated falsehood that Jefferson
Davis was captured after the surrender "di.sguised in woman's
clothes." Since the very soldiers who took him have published
a flat denial of this story and told the world precisely how the
fallen Confederate President was attired on that occasion, it really
does seem as if it might be given up by "Historians."
Macaulay says of a certain great party, long conspicuous in
English History—and who, indeed have made their mark on the
world's History—that they disdained and neglected literature,
and that literature avenged her slight by sending down to pos-terity
through the pens of their adversaries such caricatures of
them and their manners, such misrepresentations of their actions
and motives, as they suffer from to this da}^—and probably will
suffer from to the end of time. C. P. S.
'.4 LAST APPEAL.''
Mr. J. PI. Mills, who deserves to be known throughout North
Carolina as the "Orphan's Friend," has recently made an earnest
and a last appeal to the people of the State in behalf of the chil-dren
now under his charge at the two Asylums. Before he sur-renders
his very onerous and responsible position as Superinten-dent—
a position assigned him without solicitation by the Grand
Lodge of Ancient York Masons, and one that he has honored by
abundant labors, unfaltering faith and unwearied efforts—he
makes a final and touching appeal to all who have human hearts
to come up promptly, generously, lovingly, to the help of ,the
NoKTH Carolina Jourxal of Education. 31
dear little orphans who are so much in need of food, clothing and
other necessaries. Hear him :
"Several months ago I requested tlio ministers of our >State to
mention the Orphan work to their congregations and to forward
the cheerful contributions of the people. A few faithful shep-herds,
of different denominations, promptly gave their cordial co-operation
and manifested that "fellowship of suffering" which the
Scriptures describe as a necessary preparation for the duties of
this life and for the enjoyments of the next. Some still intend
to co-operate when, like Felix, they shall have "a convenient sea-son."
But the greater part have shown no inclination "to visit
the fatherless in their affliction." And, strange to tell, the stern-est
refusals were made by some whose churches are represented
on our roll-book, find in some cases, by the very men who have
sent the most piteous appeals for the admission of members of
their own congregations. Even a prominent jMason took the lib-erty
of sending an orphan to Oxford, but refused to take the
trouble to send the names of five persons who wished to subscribe
for the Orphan's Friend. On one side I am oppressed by the large
nu liber of Orphans now suffering and asking help ; on the other
I am chilled by the freezing coldness with which the work is
treated by many who claim to be (and in some cases are) our best
men. Wliat shall I do ? When the people of a great State, and
their leaders, attempt to tlirow the responsibility of their benev-olent
work upon a single individual, his duty is not to accept it,
but to step aside and let it rebound upon the people. I have
therefore determined to retire from the Orphan work at the ex-piration
of m}' present official term, and sooner if a suitable suc-cessor
can be secured. The Orphans have rights which all good
])eople are bound to defend, and the people shall stand face to
face with their duty to the needy sons and daughters of the dead."
Will not the people of North Carolina make such a generous.sucli
a munificent response to this appeal as to place the two charita-ble
institutions upon a foundation of security and comfort? Why
give pittances when so much more is required ? If every man
and woman Avho lives in comfort would but m.ake the slightest
sacrifice, how easily' and grandly could the Asylums be sustained.
The orphans of North Carolina are a part of the State, and being
homeless, penniless, and, even some of them, friendless, they should
be provided for by the State. We shall never cease to believe
that it is the absolute and imperative duty of the State to pro-vide
for the early bereaved and smitten of God. But as there is
no legislative provision for their maintenance, it behooves the
32 NOR'TH CaROLIK-A JoITRNAl'oF EDtjCAliO>s\
good and charitable and sympathetic people of North Carolinu
to see to it that the inmates of the t\^^o Asylums lack not for food,
raiment and other necessaries and comforts of this life. Shall it
be said that eleven hundred thou and people were so wanting
in kindness of heart and liberality of spirit as not to provide suita-bly
for one hundred and forty ignorant, helpless, parentless chil-dren
? We sincerely trust not.
These institutions are necessities. The}' are created in the in-terest
of helpless orphanage and because God's poor little chil-dren
are always with us. Shall the satirical lines of the pagan
Juvenal be true in the Christian State of North Carolina:
"Rarely they rise by Virtues's aid, who lie
Plunged in the depth of helpless poverty !"
Oh, ye favored people of North Carolina, ye who have pleasant
homes and an abundance of creature comforts, and ye who pro-fess
to be followers of 1:he dear Lord who so loves and pities and
blesses little children, remember that throughout this old Com-monwealth
are friendless children who have neither homes nor
guides, and who are growing up as "wild asses colts," without
any moral or mental training: remember, that a little charity
on yonr part Avisely bestowed may make these precious immor-tals
virtuous, intelligent and useful men and women, ornaments
of the State, of society, and of the home-circle. Remember,
"whilst you dream in quiet beds," that
"The summer sun and winter rain
Beat still on many homeless heads."
Take the hymn of the orphans home to your hearts, sing it for
yourselves, and then give freely and generously to God's poor:
"We scarce, O God ! could lisp thj' name,
When those who loved us passed away,
x\nd left us but thy love to claim,
With but an infant's strengtli to pray. * ""* '- *'
"And o'er this weary earth, we know,
Young outcasts roam the waste and wave ;
And little hands are clasped in woe
Above some tender mother's grave.
"Ye winds ! keep every storm aloof,
And kiss away the tears they weep !
Ye skies ; tliat make their only roof,
Look gently on their houseless sleep !
"And thou, O Friend and Father ! tind
A home to shield their helpless youth.
Dear hearty tolovc—siceet ties to bind—
And guide and guard them in the truth.''—Tr?,rKOD.
T. B. K.
North Carolina Journal of Education.
GE^k'EALOGICAL TITLES.
Now the iconoclastic Yankee proposes to apply a labor-saving
expedient to the subject of genealogy. The ordinary method of
expressing the degrees of ancestral affinity he finds to be inter-minably
dull and monotonous. Man}^ of the people are now in
the eighth generation from the first colonists, so that by the ordi-nary
method it is necessary to say that "niy great-great-great-great-
great-grandfather came over in the Mayflower.'^
This gentleman, W. H. Whitmore, has discovered in Black-stone
a grandfather is termed "ayle," a great-grandfather a "bes-ayle,"
and so on. Our enterprising essayist proposes an appro-priate
system of prefixes by which to express an}^ degree of rela-tionship—
He says
:
To show the great gain in brevity afforded by this system, I
will work out the first few degrees ;
1. A.
2. Father.
3. Grandfather ............... Ayle.
4. Great-grandfather Besayle.
5. Great-great-grandfather Tresayle.
6. Great-great-greatrgrandfather Quatrayle.
7. Great-great-great-great-grandfather ..... Quintayle.
8. Gaeat-great-great-great-great-grandfather .... Sesayle.
9. Great-great-great-great-great-great-grandfather . . Septayle.
10. Great-great-great-great-great-great-great-grandfather Oct.ayle.
We are of the opinion that Mr. Whitmore's plan will not take.
Fancy an individual who loves to investigate genealogical records
and meditate upon the deeds of his great-etc. grandfather, cut off
from the polysyllabic characterization of his ancestors which is
music to his ears, and compelled to satisfy himself with mer^
"septayles" and "octayles !"
3
34 North Carolina Journal of Education.
WHAT A lJj\^IVEKSIT¥ COSTS.
The report of the Commissionei" of Education, recently pub-lished
at Washington,, gives, in a tabulated form, the statistics-collected
by him for the year 1874. From this document it ap-pears
that not less than 323 colleges presented their reports, and
even this list is far from exhausting the number of institutions
of this character which are scattered over the country. Probably
one-third of them bear the sounding title of universities. Of
those which report themselves to the Commissioner, 280 answer
his question as to their libraries, which average about 6,500 vol-umes
each. Of course, if all the colleges had reported on this-point,
this average would be materially reduced ;. and if Yale-
Harvard, and a^ialf dozen others were to be subtracted from the
catalogue, the computation would yield a much more diminutive
quotient. The average income from productive funds, of the 144
colleges which report on this subject, is not far from $13,600 ; and
the average receipts for the year, exclusive of this income, of 195
colleges are of about the same amount. Then^ also, it is to be re-membered
that the poorer institutions whose income from all
sources are exceedingly small, and which comprise a large por-tion
of the aggregate number, are shut out of the reckoning.
Each of these numerous establishments is yearly erecting new
doctors of law, theology, and philosophy, not to speak of academ-ic
distinctions. Their generosity in this line in frequently in an
inverse ratio to their poverty as regards pecuniary endowments,
books, and all the varied apparatus requisite for a learned educa-tion.
Anybody who simply- glanced at the long list of American
universities, and at the voluminous catalogue of persons whom
they have decorated with high academic honors, might imagine
that we had made incredible progress in a hundred years! But
he would only have to look at the facts to be disenchanted. Uni-versities
with one or two tliousand books on their shelves, and
these, in great part, given because they were worthless to their
owners ! With a few exceptions, these institutions are destitute
of the resources and provisions for instruction which are insepa-ral:^
e from the idea of a university according to the European
standard.
North Carolixa Journal of Education. 35
THE AJIEKlCAi^ COLLEGE AT COXSTAXTIXOPLE.
Ill my last I ])romi3ed to give some account of the American
College at Constantinople, which though not directly connected
with the mission, is yet identified with its interests. Our stay at
Constantinople was with my friend and former pupil, Mr. Wash-burn,
at that time the acting President of the College—Dr. Ham-lin,
the President, being for the time occupied v/ith the erection
of the new College. We shall long remember the pleasant days
passed beneath that hospitable roof. Mrs. Washburn is a daugh-ter
of Dr. Hamlin. Dr. Hamlin is a man of rare executive abil-ity-,
and is personally not merely the projector and founder, but
himself the architect and builder of the new college edifice, su-perintending
the whole construction, and giving his personal at-tention
to ever}'' part of the work. He has found it absolutely
necessary to do this in order to ensure its proper construction.
Every obstacle was at first thrown in his way by the Turkish
government, and it was in fact only after seven years of patient
and persevering effort that permission, was finally obtained to
build on the ground already purchased. To a man of Dr. Ham-lin's
energy and determination nothing is impossible, and in
.
spite of all difficulties the building has gone up, and at the time
of our visit was rapidly approaching completion.
It occupies one of the most commanding and beautiful spots to
be found in the whole region—a hill overlooking the Bosphorus
and its shores on either side, and commanding a view in each di-rection,
up and down the stream, which here makes a considera--
ble bend. The building is thus one of the most conspicuous ob--
jects in the vicinity of Constantinople, and can never be hid. .
Probably such another location for a college could not be found '.
in Europe or Asia, if indeed in the world ; and no one who has
seen the panorama that is spread out before him from the win-dows
of that building, or from its grounds, can ever forget the
view\ Before you is the Bosphorus, like a broad river, its deep,
swift, blue waters plowed by innumerable ships and steamers,
bearing the commerce of the world ; to the left, the hills tht.t
skirt the Black Sea ; below you to the right, the palaces and mos-ques,
the domes and minarets of the great city, A little to the
36 North Carolina Journal of Education.
left in iTont, and but a short distance from the building, runs a
portion of a very ancient wall of defence, with two massive mar-tello
towers still in good preservation. On a rock in front of this
nearest tower tradition fixes the spot Avliere the throne of Xerxes
was placed, while he watched his army crossing the Bosphorus ;
while directly across the water on the Asiatic side, that green and
beautiful plain, or meadow, which you see, is the identical spot
wdiere Zenophon and his little army encamped, as they reached
the Bosphorus on their memorable retreat.
The edifice is worthy of its location. It is of stone, several
:stories in height, in the form of a cjuadrangle, enclosing an open
court in the centre, with galleries and corridors for each story
running entirely around the court, thus affording easy access'to
all parts of the building, and at the same time light and air to
all the rooms. A more convenient building for the purposes of
education I have nowhere seen. It is j'robably by this time com-pleted,
and ready for occupation, and may justly be regarded as
a monument of American enterprise and skill.
The college, as I saw it last autumn, numbers about one hun-dred
young men, the rooms then occupied being unable to accom-modate
more. They are from almost all the countries of eastern
and southern Europe and western Asia, and if I remember right-ly,
not less than thirteen languages are spoken among them as
native. The English language is made the medium of instruc-tion,
and the professors are mostly graduates of American col-leges—
young men of great worth, and devoted to their work. It
was with great pleasure that I listened one day to the recitation
of the class in mental philosophy, and if I may judge from the
questions which, in the course of the recitation they put to the
.author of the text-book they were using, they were by no means
deficient in shrewdness, or in thorough comprehension of the
atopics investigated.
—
Eev. Joseph Haven, D. D., in Congregation-
'Olist
NoETH Carolina Journal of Education. S7
THE Fi«ST EARL OF SHAFTESISfJKY.
His ready wit and humor were inexhaustible. Speaker Ons-low
relates that Shaftesbury was one day conversiiig with a friend
with a lady in the room. Unconscious of her presence he ob-
<served aloud : "Men of sense are all of one religion." "And what
religion is that?" she broke in. The Earl, turning around and
bowing, replied, '"TJiat, Madam, men of sense never tell."
When (1680) he was living at Thanet House, Aldersgate street,
a country clergyman inquired for "my lord," and being intro-duced,
fell upon his knees before Lord Shaftesburj', (who was in
ii grey silk dressing-gown,) and said, "My Lord, I humbly ask
vour blessing." The Earl held his hand over him and said, "I
give you my blessing as Earl of Shaftesbury, v\' hich perhaps may
do you as much good as m^^ Lord of London's ; but he lives over
ihc wayy The clergyman started to his feet and ran out of the
liouse as if pursued b}^ the Evil One, with whom Shaftosbury was
then commonl}^ identified by the Church.
Lord Campbell says that "as to his literary merit \\& v\'as infinite-ly
inferior to Bolingbroke," which he was; and Lord Macaulay says,
that "nothing that remains from the pen of Shaftesbury will bear
a comparison with the political tracts of Llalifax." Does any-thing
remain of Halifax that will bear a comparison in its way
with Shaftesbury's sketch of Mr. Hastings? But it is not as an
author or m^an of letters that Shafte.sbury must be judged, but as
a man of thought and action, a politician, an orator, a statesman,
a master mind made up of many varying gifts and qualities, a
''great faulty human being" in whom the faults are indissolubly
blended with the greatness.
It was to Shaftesbur^^'s only surviving son that Dryden alluded
to in the lines:
"And all to leave wliat with liis toil lie won
To that tuifeather'd two-legged thing, a soe,
Got, while liis soul did huddled notions try.
And born a shapeless lump, like anarchy.
"
This son was a very handsome man, and these lines were sup-posed
to point to his inferiority of understanding. They were
more resented hy his son, the third Earl, author of the "Charac-
oS North Carolina Journal of Education.
teristics," than any portion of the satire. After the third Earl oc-curs
a long interval, during which no lineal descendant rose to
celebrity. But let not those who maintain the hereditary equality
of genius or character, despair : for in this instance we are re-minded
of 'the river which, after running many miles under
ground, emerges clearer, purer, and less turbid than at its source.
After a noiseless descent of nearly two centuries^ the names, and
honors of the Earls of Shaftesbury have devolved upan one who
inherits all the domestic virtues, with much of the capacity, in-tellectual
vigor, high courage, and eager animated eloquence of
their founder—one in whom ambition is cliastened by the pure
aims which make ambition virtue—who has uniformly employed
his advantages of rank, wealth, and station to alleviate human
misery, to improve the moral and material condition of the poor
—who stands pre-eminent amongst British nobles for elevated,
disinterested, untiring benevolence and philanthropy.
—
London
Quarterly Review.
SCHOOL HYGIENE.
Read, by Invitation, before the Annual Meeting of the North Carohhm
Educationed Associcdion, cd Raleigh, N. C, July 8th, 1874.
BY S. S. SATCHW^ELL, A. M., M. D., OF NEW HANOVER COUNTY, N. C.
{Continued froim July number.)
Some of our female seminaries are not thus amenable to a neg-lect
of the laws of health of their pupils. Bat the fact is undenia-ble
that owing to the defective arrangements which prevail at a
large number of them in relation to ventilation, food,dress, study,
exercise, &c., as well as to the fondness of most of our ladies tor
tight lacing, fashion, and other objectionable customs of society,
there is a fearful degeneracy in the health, strength, and endur-ance
of American women. The English women are more noted
than ours for their vigor and endurance and it is because of their
North Carolina Journal of Education. 39
early traiining to this end, their avoidance more of compression
by dress, and their proverbial fondness for out-door life. Tlie
impunity with which they remain for protracted hours, on foot,
in the mud and cold of extreme Winter or in the sun and heat of
melting Summer, presents a striking contrast to the greater deli-cacy
and inaptitude of American women for bodily exertion. It
is time our people should appreciate more correctly these facts,
not alone because of the unnatural feebleness, delicacy of consti-tution,
nervousness and preference for in-door life of a majority
of our females, but because of the alarming increase of diseases among
them. It is time to enter more vigorously upon the much needed
work of ch-ange in these vital relations and to bestir ourselves in
behalf of more attention to personal, family, and school hj^giene.
This subject does not alone concern us in our own individual re-lations.
But to the lover of his State who has a just estimate of
the value of health and vigor in its inhabitants, and to the states-man,
who, looks into the effects of his measures of political econ-omy
as bearing ujDon the mental and physical stamina of suc-ceeding
generations on this continent, it is one of vast importance.
In order that I may not be misunderstood it may not be amiss
to remark that I seek in this paper no such criticism of schools
as would tend to lessen their influence or impair public confi-dence
in them. I have merely sought to point out some of the
•errors and evils which prevail in so many of them, to the end
that those who originate, sustain and direct them, may consider
the means and importance of their removal. As guardians of
the public health it becomes the duty of medical men to call at-tention
to causes which assail it, and like the faithful mariner
wdio watches at sea to give the alarm of dangerous coasts and
coming storms, to be ready also to unite with the crew and pas-sengers
of the ship to save her and all on board from impending
perils.
Hard study is not incompatible with good health. The heal-thiest
children .are those who attend school, provided the laws of
health, few and plain, are enforced therein. They are nurseries
>of health, as they are of education, so long as the established doc-trines
of school hygiene are duly regarded. The niost successful
:students whether in our primary schools and colleges, or in the
Siigher walks of professional lifcjare mostl^^ those who eat heartily,
40 NoitTii Carolina Journal of Education.
have vigorous bodies and enjoy good health. It is not severe or
continuous study which works tlie injury, but disregard of Jood,
sleep, bathing, good air and exercise while engaged in intellectual
pursuits. Rarely can the pupil or man be found who was ever
injured and enfeebled by hard study and severe thought,, jyroyided he
observed while so engaged the unchangeable laws of his physical
economy. The most successful and courageous of the combatants
in the Olympic Games, and other ancient sports, were those who,
in training their bodies to the most complete development and
skill, became by the same means the most successful in mental
power. What our school going children need, besides mental
and moral instruction, is bone, muscle, nerves, rich blood, and vigor-ous
bodies. These pre-requisites can only be obtained by an abun-dance
oi mdritious food, regidarity of meals, refreshing and protracted
sleep, good air, attention to the skin, and reqidctr exercise. Elaborate
treatises on these and other points of the subject, which I have
not even named, exist in abundance and are by no means exhaus-tive
of the numerous features considered. That this sort of in-formation
should be popularized and made a part of the course of
instruction in every school—that our people should know how
"fearfully and w^onderfully we are made" is one of the-pressing
demands of the times. An elementary knowledge
of anatomy and physiology is not to be shut up now", as in
the darker days of the past, in the cranium of the medical man.
Science does not seek confinement, as in former days, in the lab-oratories
of the chemist, and in the cloisters of universities, but
walks abroad in the byways and upon the highways by the light
of advancing truth, dispensing its blessings without stint to men
of every class, condition, color, race and nation.
Let us unite in removing an erroneous impression, now and
then made by the uninformed, that proper ventilation of dwel-lings
and means of affording adequate exercise at schools and
colleges originate too much expense. The contrary is true. The
expense is but trifling. And even if fifty times more, the expen-diture
would be the wisest and most economical of any thcat could
be made. If only a pittance of the amount expended in making
our private and public buildings put on a captivating ajppear-ance
externally was expended in arrangements for securing their
proper ventilation and suitable warmth in winterj it would be-
North Carolina Journal of Education. 41
the most economical and the most useful expenditure possible to
be made upon them, and untold blessings would result.
It is impossible to overestimate the benefits of open air and
sunshine. It stimulates thought, gives buo3'ancy to the spirits,
strength to the arm, and courage to the heart. The inhabitants
of France spend most of their time out of doors and it aids pow-erfully
in making them so buoyant, active, and brave. The open
air and hardships of camp and army life saved thousands and
tens of thousands of our noblest young men from consumptive
graves. They went to war already feeble and bearing the seeds
of consumption in them and returned home vigorous and robust,
free from disease, and are now healthy. It enables the country
physician, as he journeys over rough roads, braced up by the
beauties of nature and the cheering notes of the feathered song-sters,
to think more strongly and correctly of the wants of his
patient, and empowers him to describe more clearly the diseases
he has treated. So with the country minister, who, like the
country practitioner, can think better when free from the noise
and excitement of city life. The greatest thinkers of ancient or
modern times have been those who studied and composed in the
open air. Sir Isaac Newton, as is well known, made his chief
discovery in a garden where he spent most of his time in study.
Aristotle's followers, the perepatetics, the greatest philosophers of
that period, walked up and down most of their time in the porch-es
of the Lyceum at Athens v/hen engaged in study, and it is
said,
—
"Seven cities contend for Homer, dead,
Through which the living Homer begged his bread,"
and hence the inference that one of the noblest productions of
human intellect was composed while this poor man but illustrious
author was journeying from place to place in the open air.
North Carolina has many noble institutions and societies, or-naments
to the State, useful to our people, and, in the main, up
to the wants of civilization and Christianity. She needs another
to be instituted by, and under the jurisdiction of the Common-
Avealth. She i;ieeds a State Board of Health, composed, not of party
politicians, but of scientific philanthropists and able physicians.
To them should be committed the public charities of the State,
and the oversight, so far as health is concerned, of all our public
42 North Carolina Journal of Education.
institutions. It should be their duty to enquire from year to
year into the general sanitary condition of the State, and to rec-ommend
to the Legislature through the Governor such measures
of sanitary improvement in relation to our public schools and
other public institutions, as may be necessary. Their scope of
duties should embrace other subjects connected with the health
and lives of our people. They should prepare a medical topo-graphical
map of the State, with the endemic diseases peculiar to
each county, and a statement of the causes so far as known. They
should have the framing of a statute law requiring the registra-tion
of the births, deaths and marriages in the State. The ques-tion
of a compulsory law for vaccination—of a State inebriate
asylum, for the victims of intemperance, at some future time when
our strug-gling and impoverished people become better able for
such expenditures—the question whether the sale of intoxicating
liquors, except for manufacturing and medicinal purposes, should
not be confined, with other poisons, arsenic, strychnine, and cor-rosive
sublimate, to the shelves of the druggist and physician
—
constitute suitable subjects for the examination and reports of
such a Board. It should be their province to suggest plans for
the formation and hj^gienic management of reformatory and
manual labor schools to be composed of the thousands upon
thousands of idle and neglected children of the State who are
straggling about, hungry, ragged, dirty, infirm many of them in
body and mind, nuisances to society, consuming tlie substance,
and gnawing at the very vitals of our good old Commonwealth.
It would be incumbent upon them, in conjunction with the Su-perintendent
of Public Instruction, to see to it that the public
school houses are properly constructed, and their benches and
desks and play grounds and gymnastics, and locations as to
drinking water, air, hours of study made to correspond, as far as
possible, with the requirements of the most approved methods of
instruction. It would devolve upon them to have m.ade at stated
periods a medical inspection of the public schools, as well as of
the various public institutions of tlie State and of the counties
thereof, accompanied always with suggestions and directions as
to the hygienic management of the same. The task should be
assigned them of collecting and publishing facts and vital statis-tics
as to the amount annually expended by our people in the
North Caroj.ina Journal of Education. 43
use of tobacco and ardent spirits, and tlie disastrous influence of
these articles upon human health and human life.
Such a Board, fostered by public sentiment, and sustained by
the State, would be one of the most economical and useful insti-tutions
among us, and would contribute immeasurably and pow-erfully
to the health, prosperity and happiness of the people. It
would be for its members to show, as can be shoivn, to the immi-grant
in search of a better home, that no State of the American
Union is more healthy and none more desirable as a residence
than noble old North Carolina.
Truly do we dwell in a delightful climate and a goodly land.
Its hill tops and the grandeur of its mountains, combining with
the rich productions of its plains, forests, and fertile valley's, unite
with thrilling memories of brave hearts and noble deeds to make
us proud of our State—proud of our able and distinguished liv-ing
as well as of the historic renown of our heroic and illustrious
dead. No State can boast of abler lawyers and judges, more elo-r|
uent orators and better scholars and teachers, nobler patriots
and heroes, more accomplished and larger minded statesmen.
Can any one wonder at the love of its sons and daugliters? Let
us rise in the chivalry of manhood and the magnanimity of pa-triotism
and divest our State of those unwholsome laws and ob-noxious
influences which were not borne of true devotion to the
commonwealth, and are now a grievous burden upon the pros-perity
and happiness of our people. Policy men may float along
upon the smooth tide of the popular current and refuse to say
and do those things which principle and duty requires, but the
faithful citizen and true North Carolinian will rise above the un-worthy
motive of expediency in his devotion to those useful re-forms
and organic changes now indispensable to the comfort and
prosperity of our people and to the redemption of the State.
Who will falter in this day of our poverty and affliction ? "Who
will not aid in the recuperation and prosperity of such a State,
watered too, as its soil has been by the blood of its patriots and
heroes? Well might our noble Gaston exclaim,
"Carolina! Carolina ! Heaven's blessings attend her,
While we live we \Yil1 cherish, protect, and defend her,
Though scorn ers may sneer at and witlings defame her,
Oar hearts swell witli gladness whenever we name her.''
44 North Carolina Journal of Education
'•A TEACMEK'S E¥E^^Il^€r FMAYER."
Father ! let me come to Thee
AVith the closing day ;
Mind and body both are weary,
Give me rest, I pray
—
That sweet rest Th}^ loved ones know.
Who walk wdth Thee here below.
All day long I 've been surrounded,
By the young and gay ;
Onward I have tried to lead them,
In the pleasant way.
Where fair flowers of Virtue blow.
Where the fruits of Knowledge grow.
But, alas ! I'm weak and wayworn
—
Oft aside I turn ;
Many are the bitter lessons
I 'm compelled to learn.
When meek patience hides her face,
And to Passion yields her place.
Sorrow ofttimes clasps her hands
With the morning light
;
Walking ever at my side.
Till the dark'ning night
—
Telling me my standard high,
I, through w^eakness, come not nigh.
Father, pardon my shortcomings,
, Be my stafi" and stay,
Give me of the heavenly man-na,
Feed me, day by day.
Let thy presence with me bide,
Thou alone my steps can guide.
Throw the mantle of thy love
Round my cherished band
—
Teacher, scholars, one and all,
Take us by the hand ;
While I lead them, lead Thou me,
Father, Guide, and Teacher be !