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Vol. IX. APRIL, 1910 No. 4
North Carolina Booklet
GREAT EVENTS
IN
NORTH CAROLINA
HISTORY
PUBLISHED QUARTERLY
BY
THE NORTH CAROLINA SOCIETY
DAUGHTERS oftHe REVOLUTION
RALEIGH, N, C.
CONTENTS
Page
Der North Carolina Land und Colonic Etablissement, . 1 99
By Miss Adelaide L. Fries
5,'4!leorge Durant, 215
By Capt. S. A. Ashe
Hatorask, 223
By Jaques Busbee
The Truth About Jackson's Birthplace, . . 232
By Prof. Bruce Craven
Biographical and Genealogical Memoranda, . . 236
By Mrs. E. E. Moffitt
SINGLE NUMBERS 35 CENTS $1.00 THE YEAR
SECOND CL.4S.S M.\TTKK.
The North Carolina Booklet
Great Events in North Carolina History
Volume X of The Booklet will be issued quarterly by the North
Carolina Society, Daughters of the Kevolution, beginning July, 1910,
Each Booklet will contain three articles, and will be published in July,
October, January and April. Price $1.00 per year, 35 cents for single
copy.
Editor:
Miss Maky Hilliard Hinton.
VOLUME X.
The Chase ( Poem ) Mr. James Sprunt
Colonel Polk's Rebellion Captain S. A. Ashe
Francis Locke Mr. George MoCorkle
The Art of Painting as a Handmaid to History Mr. Jaques Bushee
The Croatans Mr. Hamilton McMillan
Glimpses of Historic Yorktown Mrs. Helen DeB. Wills
History of Orange County Mr. Francis Nash
Governor Ricliard Caswell Dr. E. C. Brooks
History of Internal Improvements in North Carolina Prior to 1860,
Mr. J. A. Morgan
Governor Samuel Johnston Hon. Francis D. Winston
History of Craven County Prof. 8. M. Brinson
This list of subjects may be changed, as circumstances sometimes
prevent the writers from keeping their engagements.
The histories of the separate counties will in future be a special
feature of The Booklet. When necessary, an entire issue will be
devoted to a paper on one county.
The Booklet will print abstracts of wills prior to 1760, as sources of
biography, history and genealogy, by Mrs. Helen DeB. Wills.
Parties who wish to renew their subscriptions to The Booklet for
Vol. X, are requested to give notice at once.
Many numbers of Volumes I to IX for sale.
Address
Miss MARY HILLIARD HINTON,
"Midway Plantation,"
Raleigh, N. C.
wm.
i
Vol. IX APRIL, 1910 No. 4
lohe
floRTH CflROIilflfl BoOKIiET
^Carolina! Carolina! Heaven^ s blessings attend her
!
While we live we will cherish, protect and defend her.
Published by
THE NORTH CAROLINA SOCIETY
DAUGHTERS OF THE REVOLUTION
The object of the Booklet is to aid in developing and preserving
North Carolina History. The proceeds arising from its publication will
be devoted to patriotic purposes. Editor.
ADVISORY BOARD OF THE NORTH CAROLINA
BOOKLET.
Mbs. Hubert Haywood. Miss Martha Helen Haywood.
Mr. E. E. Moffitt. Dr. Richard Dillard.
Mrs. Spier Whitaker. Dr. Kemp P. Battle.
Mr. R. D. W. Connor. Mr. James Sprunt.
Dr. D. H. Hill. Mr. Marshall DeLancey Haywood.
Dr. E. W. Sikes. Chief Justice Walter Clark.
Mb. W. J. Peele. Major W. A. Graham.
editor :
Miss Mary Hilliard Hinton.
OFFICERS OF THE NORTH CAROLINA SOCIETY
DAUGHTERS OF THE REVOLUTION
1910-1912.
REGENT
Miss MARY HILLIARD HINTON.
VICE-REGENT:
Miss CATHERINE FAUNTLEROY SEYTON ALBERTSON.
HONORARY REGENTS:
Mrs. spier WHITAKER.
Mrs. E. E. MOFFITT.
recording secretary:
Mrs. J. LEIGH SKINNER.
corresponding secretary :
Mrs. PAUL H. LEE.
treasurer :
Mrs. frank SHERWOOD.
REGISTF.AR:
Miss ELIZA HARWOOD DRANE.
genealogist and historian:
Mrs. HELEN DeBERNIERE WILLS.
CUSTODIAN OF RELICS:
Mrs. JOHN E. RAY.
CHAPTER REGENTS.
Bloomsbury Chapter Mrs. Hubert Haywood, Regent.
Penelope Barker Chapter. Mrs. Patrick Matthew, Regent.
Sir Walter Raleigh Chapter Mrs. Walker Waller Joynes, Regent.
DeGraffenried Chapter Mrs. Charles Slover Hollister, Regent.
Founder of the North Carolina Society and Regent 1896-1902:
Mrs. SPIER WHITAKER.
Regent 1902:
Mrs. D. H. HILL, Sr.*
Regent 1902-1906:
Mrs. THOMAS K. BRUNER.
Regent 1906-1910:
Mrs. E. E. MOFFITT.
Died December 12, 1904.
THE NORTH CAROLINA BOOKLET.
Vol. IX APRIL, 1910 No 4
DER NORTH CAROLINA LAND UND COLONIE
ETABLISSEMENT.
BY ADELAIDE L. FRIES.
How could the Moravian Church, small in numbers, and
at a time of great financial stress, purchase 98,985 acres of
land in Xorth Carolina, and successfully colonize and de-velop
it ?
American historians of the present day are searching
European archives for information concerning more or less
obscure events in American history, and it was natural to
expect that the collection of papers in Herrnhut, Germany,
would contain much of interest relating to the Moravian
settlement in North Carolina, since Herrnhut was the center
from which Moravian activity in the Eighteenth Century
radiated. A visit of some weeks last summer enabled the
writer to spend many an hour in the little Arbeit Zimmer,
set apart for the convenience of those making researches in
the Herrnhut "Archiv Haus," and the following sketch pre-sents
such part of the information gained as relates to the
"Etablissement."
Perhaps the simplest way to begin is with Jonas Paulus
Weiss's account of the circumstances surrounding Der N'orth
Carolina Land und Colonic Etablissement—that is, "The
Worth Carolina Land and Colony Enterprise" (commonly
called Wachovia),—in the days when the purchase and devel-opment
of the propertywere made possible by the formation of
the "Xorth Carolina Societaet," or Society. Weiss was a mer-chant
of I^uremberg, who had joined the Moravian Brethren,
200 THE NOKTH CAROLINA BOOKLET.
had contributed most generously to their various undertak-ings,
and at this time was one of their financial leaders. He
was the man of all others to whom the success of the IS^orth
Carolina Societaet was due, and the account of it which he
wrote in the spring of 1758 is full of interest.
On March 25, 1752, Count Zinzendorf signed a contract
with Earl Granville, in which, as "Lord Advocate, Chancel-lor
and Agent of the Unitas Fratrum," he agTeed to purchase
from Granville 100,000 acres of land in ISTorth Carolina, "in
behalf of the Unitas Fratrum." The land was to be selected
by Zinzendorf's agents in that section of the State which had
been retained by Earl Granville when the seven other "Lords
Proprietors" sold their shares to the Crown in 1744 ; and in
the fall of 1752, August Gottlieb Spangenberg and several
companions, including one of Granville's surveyors, made a
long and at times dangerous tour of Northern Carolina, seek-ing
land suited to the Moravian purpose. Ten tracts here
and there were selected and plotted, and at last the party
reached "Gargales Creek," where they first surveyed fourteen
tracts, which, with the ten already chosen, would make up
the desired 100,000 acres, and then surveyed five more, ad-joining
the fourteen, so that if it proved desirable, the Breth-ren
could have all their purchase in one block. With the
maps and all the information he had gathered, Spangenberg
returned to England and made full report to Zinzendorf and
other leading Brethren there. It was, however, a time of
great financial stress in the German and English Moravian
Church, and it appeared simply impossible to raise the money
for the purchase, and for necessary expenses in developing
the land. Moreover, the pieces of good land lay widely
scattered, and it was estimated that the large tract was "one-third
poor land." The Brethren, therefore, decided to aban-don
the project, and asked Granville to release them from
the contract. Granville refused, but made the conditions
easier, and a new contract was prepared, and signed by the
DEE N. C. LAND UND COLONIE ETABLISSEMENT. 201
Earl, and James Hutton, ''Secretary of the Unitas Fratrum,"
in the presence of Arthur Dobbs, next Governor of North
Carolina, and of Benjamin Wheatlej. It was decided that
the Brethren should take the contiguous tracts of land (Nos.
I to XIX on accompanying map), as it was thought best to
have the property all together, even if some of it was not
fertile. On account of the expense of having nineteen deeds
prepared, the Brethren suggested that it be all included in
one deed, but their attorney advised against this, for if at
any time they failed in their payment of quitrents, and Lord
Granville was forced to take back part of the land, it could be
more easily arranged if there were a number of smaller tracts,
of which some could be surrendered without disturbing the
rest. To-day this seems a useless precaution, but it looked
otherwise to men who were facing a financial crisis in their
affairs, and now in addition must arrange to pay £193 Ster-ling
for having the deeds prepared, £223 more for expenses
of the survey, £500 purchase-money, and £148 :9 :2l/^ annual
quitrent, plus all that might be needed for establishing a set-tlement
on the frontier of civilization.
Several plans were suggested for raising the necessary
funds, and that proposed by Weiss was adopted. It was
neither more nor less than a land company, in which each
shareholder was to pay a definite proportion of these initial
expenses and the annual quitrent, and was to receive 2,000
acres of land in the "Etablissement" in return. A tempo-rary
loan was obtained from a Swiss gentleman, Rudolph
Oehs by name, to cover immediate needs, and then plans for
the land company were energetically pushed, Spangenberg
and Cornelius van Laer were elected directors of the Society,
the former as corresponding secretary and the latter as treas-urer.
Formal instructions were drawn up, and full powers
of attorney for both were signed in London, December 18,
1753, by Count Zinzendorf, Count Henry 28th Reuss, James
202 THE NORTH CAEOLINA BOOKLET.
Hutton, and Weiss. Spangenberg wished to have Weiss also
as a director, but he declined "for good reasons, and because
he could serve the cause and the shareholders better" in other
ways. An office was opened in Zeist, Holland, with Weiss
in charge, and members and friends of the Unitas Fratrum
were asked to subscribe.
The first response came from Johann Christoph Sack, of
Koenigsberg, who, with hearty approval of the plans, took the
first share, and sent his £68. Others followed, until twenty-six
shares had been sold, and by the end of 1757 the purchase-price
and other initial expenses had all been paid, and cer-tain
sums advanced by the Unity or borrowed in 1754 had
been covered by gifts from generous members of the Unity.
As each share was taken two papers were issued—a "Con-tract"
and a "Certificate." The wording was not always
identical, but so similar that a translation of ISTo. 1 of each
will serve to represent all.
CONTEACT JSTo. 1.
"I, the undersigned, request that a lot of 2,000 acres may
be granted to me in the settlement which the Unity of Breth-ren
has undertaken in North Carolina. I promise to pay
my yearly contingent thereto. I will moreover comply with
any regulations which may at any time be made regarding
it. To this end I have hereunto set my hand and seal, and
have also sent Sterling to be entered to my credit.
Koenigsberg, Nov. 13, 1753.
"Johann Christoph Sack."
Certificate ISTo. 1.
"Herr Johann Christoph Sack, in Koenigsberg. Whereas,
he, in due form, has taken a share of one lot in the Brethren's
settlement in North Carolina in America, and has paid his
promised quota
—
DEE N. C. LAKD TXD COLONIE ETABLISSEMENT. 203
For purchase-mouej £18:
For the expenses of selecting and surveying
the tracts, and preparing the general deeds 15 :
For first expenses in developing 30:
For quitrent for the first year to Michael-mas,
1754 5:
a total of Sixty-eight Pounds Sterling, to Herr Cornelius
van Laer in Amsterdam, authorized agent of the Society
;
therefore, to him above mentioned, in consideration of this
and future regular payments, in order that he may be enti-tled
to one lot of Tv^o Thousand Acres belonging to the
Brethren in ISTorth Carolina, this Certificate is issued and
delivered in the name of the Society.
London and Amsterdam,
J. SPANGEiVBEEG,* mpp. KoKlSrELIS VAN LaEe/^
Eegistered Book A, page 13.
Jonas Paulus Weiss.
In 1755 each shareholder's proportion of expense for de-velopment
was £30 ; in 1756, £25 ; in 1757, £25. In addi-tion,
there was an annual payment of £5 toward the quitrent
for Lord Granville, but as this was more than the actual
amount due from each 2,000 acres, it was, iu 1765, reduced
to £3 per annum for each lot.
Strangely enough, almost all the contracts and certificates
issued by the Society are preserved in the Herrnhut Archives,
and after the lapse of more than a century it is possible to
compile a complete list of the original shareholders, to note
their places of residence, and the order in which they sub-scribed
:
1. 1753. Johann Christoph Sack, Koenigsberg, Ger-many.
*August Gottlieb Spangenberg frequently used the name "Joseph"
—
why, is uncertain.
204 THE NORTH CAROLINA BOOKLET.
2. 1753. Keinhold Grerhard Georgi, Koenigsberg, Ger-many.
*3/l. 1754. Georg Gottfried Gambs, Strassburg, France.
3/2. 1754. Johann Leonard Roederer, Strassburg.
France.
4. 1754. Hans Ernst von Zezschwiz, Herrnhut, Saxony.
5. 1754. Johann Steinhauer, Riga, Russia.
6/1, 1754. Traugott Bagge, Gottenberg, Sweden.
6/2. 1754. Benjamin Bagge, Gottenberg, Sweden.
7. 1754. Cornelius van Laer, Zeist, Holland.
8. 1754. Abraham Duerninger & Co., Herrnhut, Sax-ony.
9. 1754. Johaima Sophia von Schweinitz, Herrnhut,
Saxony.
10. 1754. Johann Caspar Rosenbaum, Dantzig, Prussia.
11. 1754, Heinrich Giller, Herrnhut, Saxony.
12. 1754, Madtz Jensen Klein, Drammen, Norway.
13. 1754. Johann Steinhauer, Riga, Russia.
14. 1754. C. F. Martens (for Single Brethren's Diac-onies),
Herrnhut, Saxony,
15. 1754, Johann Hartmann, Hirschberg, Silesia,
16. 1754. Jean Jacque de Schwarz, Coire, Switzerland.
17. 1754, Christian Schmidt, Stettin, Prussia.
18. 1754. Jean Henri de Planta de Wildenberg, Coire,
Switzerland.
19/1. 1754, Michael Zellich, Riga, Russia.
19/2. 1754, Johannes Andreas Schmutz, Strassburg,
France.
20. 1754. Friedrich von AYiedebach, Herrnhut, Saxony.
21. 1754. Gottfried Clemens, Barby, Saxony.
22. 1754. Johann Christoph Sack, Koenigsberg, Ger-many.
23. 1754. Johann Erhardt Dehio, Herrnhut, Saxony.
* 1,000 acres—K lot.
DEE IV. C. LAND UND COLO^^^IE ETABLISSEMENT. 205
24. 1754. Friedrich Justin von Bruiningk, Livonia,
Russia.
25/1. 1754. Hans Hermann von Damnitz, Guettau, Sax-ony.
25/2. 1755. Johami Gustav Frey, Errestfer, Russia.
26. 1759. Fredrick Heinricli von Bibra, Modlau, Si-lesia.
A map of Der Xorth Carolina Land und Colonie Etab-lissement,
dated 1754, shows the Wachovia Tract as divided
into "^'Societaets Land" and ''Unitaets Land." The former
consists of thirty-two long, narrow lots, running east and
west, arranged in three sections, six across the north end of
the tract, fifteen on the east side, and eleven on the west. A
strip across the south, up the middle, and out to the west
border was reserved for the Lenity, and included the sites of
Bethabara ("Old Town"), Bethania, and Salem. That this
Lenity land was reserved with a definite purpose appears from
a letter written by Peter Boehler in March, 1752, before
Spangenberg started on his surveying tour: "In picking
out a 100,000 acres of land they should lay it out four
square ; * * * in the center also, the town or Ort
Gemein could be built. And so the inhabitants of the farth-est
limits of that land would not be above two hours' moderate
walk, and one hour's moderate ride from the Ort Gemein."
For the time being it was considered that each certificate
carried with it the lot bearing the corresponding number,
though an actual award of the lots was not made until 1767,
as will appear later.
Cornelius van Laer resigned his office as director of the
Society in the fall of 1763, his formal release bearing date
of October 3d ; and Spangenberg, who had many other duties
and responsibilities, felt that he could not properly attend
to the matter alone, so tendered his resignation also as di-rector.
This caused a thorough discussion of Wachovia af-
206 THE iSrORTH CAKOLINA BOOKLET.
fairs in the Directorial Conference, a board created by the
Synod of 1756 to care for the temporal affairs of the entire
Unitas Fratrum. It was decided, July, 1763, to drop the
organization of the jSTorth Carolina Societaet, as such, and to
let the management of the ISTorth Carolina settlement revert
to the Directorial Conference. Jonas Paulus Weiss, who
was a member of the Conference, was put in full charge of
the office, being already familiar with its details through his
service as bookkeeper. Weiss w^as directed to notify the
shareholders of this change, and to inform them that Fred-erick
William von Marshall had been appointed agent for the
Unity in North Carolina, and that on arrival there he would
look into the question of the proper plotting of the Society
lots, with the intention of their being soon transferred into
the possession of the shareholders. The map of 1754 had
been pronounced unsatisfactory, on account of the odd shape
of the lots, already described; a newer map, 1759, showed
the lots more or less square, and seemed far better. After
further deliberation it was noticed that the lines of the lots
did not coincide with those of the nineteen surveys, and in
view of the ever-present danger that failure to pay quitrents
might work the forfeiture of part of the land, it was deemed
wise to have another map drawn, with due attention to this
point. This third map bears date of February 19, 1765, and
was like the one finally accepted, except that there were only
twenty-two lots, the numbering was different, and there were
no lots on the west, but three additional ones on the east,
which were later dropjDed to give more free ground for the
central town, Salem, the site for which had been selected
just five days before this map was drawn. The Conference
minutes of 1765 state that the value of land in North Caro-lina
at that time was £10 to £15 Proclamation money, or
£5 to £7:10 Sterling per 100 acres; that is, from 25 cents
to 371/4 cents per acre. Further, that it was very difficult
to lease or rent land, for industrious men wished to own their
DEE N. C. LAND TJISTD COLONIE ETABLISSEMENT. 207
farms, and had no trouble in getting them, and those who
were content to rent were apt to be poor pay. In this year,
also, it was decided to put the owners of the Societaet lots
into actual possession, but the distribution was postponed
until Marshall, who was then in America, could come to
Europe and give them the benefit of his personal observations
there. The Unity did not wish to run any risk of the lot
ovraers letting their property pass into strange and possibly
unfriendly hands, so it was resolved that in case any man
wished to sell, the Unity should have the refusal of the lot,
at such price as the o^vner might be able to secure from
others.
By this time various changes had occurred in the ownership
of the shares. Six had been given up entirely, for various
reasons; Gambs (3/1) had died in 1756, and, according to
his previously expressed desire, his share was returned to the
Unity. This share was reissued to Peter Drews and Johann
JSTuescke, of Stettin, in 1758, but the latter died, and the
former found it difficult to keep up the payments, so in 1763
it was for a second time returned. Zezschwiz (4) gave up
his because of the death of the son for whose benefit he had
subscribed. Van Laer seems to have dropped his lot (7)
because his son was not interested. Kosenbaum (9) returned
his in 1755, but after his death Johann Heinrich Koeber took
it up again for the benefit of the family. Clemens (21) sold
half to Johann Leonard Weinel, Herrnhut, but both found
the payments too heavy, and surrendered the shares. Dam-nitz
(25/1) became dissatisfied, and gave up his. Only in
the last-named case was there any claim for the money
already paid in, which had ranged from £21 to £193. Sack
(1 and 22) arranged with the Conference that his lots should
be held for the benefit of Mrs. Schiffert and her children,
the shares thereafter being entered as "Sack and Schiifert."
Georgi's share (2) had passed by will to his two sons-in-law,
Bujak and Hojer. The former had died, but his widow
208 THE NORTH CAROLINA BOOKLET.
and son inherited his half. Zellich's lot (19/1) had
to his widow, and Schwarz's (16) to his partner, Conradin
von Perini. Mrs. von Schweinitz had also died, and one-half
of her share (10) was held bj her heirs, and one-quarter
each by Rennekampf and Walther. Dehio (23) had sold
one-half to George Kandler in 1761. Giller (11) had pre-sented
his share to ISTathaniel and Anna Johanna Seidel, who
had given it to the congregation of Bethlehem, Pa., which
had sold it to John Leinbach, who took possession of his lot,
built a house, and moved into it, June 27, 1765. In Febru-ary,
1767, Benjamin Bagge and his wife transferred their
half share (6/2) to Traugott Bagge, who was going to Salem
to live.
At last, on June 30, 1767, the actual distribution of the
lots took place, and July 17th, a circular letter was sent out
to the shareholders. It explains that the somewhat lengthy
delay had been caused by war, and by the death of Count
Zinzendorf, and other circumstances affecting the Unity.
Hearty thanks are expressed to the "Interessenten" for their
aid in promoting this good work, and for their patience
through all difficulties and delays. The establishment of
the central town, Salem, and the erection of the first houses
there, is noted with pleasure. The map of the Societaet lots
(see cut, ISTos. 1 to 32,) is explained in detail, and also the
method by which the lots had been apportioned, so that no
question of partiality could be raised. The annual quitrent
for 2,000 acres is fixed at £3 ; and option reserved to the
Unity, in case any lot owners wish to sell. The advantage
of going in person to settle the lots, or inducing others to go,
is set forth ; but if any can not do this, the services of Fred-erick
William von Marshall—who is about to return to
America and settle in Wachovia as the representative of the
Unity—are offered, and it is suggested that owners write
direct to him, authorizing him to sell or rent their land as
occasion may offer. The circular is dated from Hermhut,
DEE ^'. C. LAJfD U2^D COLOjSTIE ETABLISSEMENT. 209
and signed bj the Unitaets Vorsteher Collegium" (Board
of Wardens), which had succeeded the Directorial Confer-ence
in the management of the Unity's financial affairs.
Marshall returned to Wachovia in 1769, and many of the
lot owners authorized him to sell their land on the most
favorable terms he could secure. At first this was no easy
matter. From letters he sent home to the "Collegium" it
appears that there was no great demand for land, and that
prices were low. j^or could he do anything toward pushing
one or another lot whose owners were pressing for sale, for
newcomers wished to be near friends and acquaintances, or
near a mill, or a schoolhouse, and he must of necessity sell
what and where they wished to buy. Gradually the growth
of population produced increased demand and increased value
of land, and whereas £20, i!^orth Carolina currency, per 100
acres was deemed high in 1768, he was able to secure £32,
I^^orth Carolina currency, per 100 acres in 1772. In the
Salem archives there is a small, brown, leather-covered memo-randum
book, in which Marshall noted various things which
he wished to have convenient for reference. There are plots
of small tracts bought and sold ; items concerning the water
supply in Salem; the wages paid surveyors, etc., etc.; but
especially pertinent to this sketch is the rate of exchange be-tween
the various kinds of currency then in use. This varied
from time to time, but in 1772
£— : 15:1 Sterling= £1 :6:9 Proclamation, or,
£11 :5 :6^ Sterling = £20 :— :— Proclamation.
An elaborate table of comparative values is not dated, but
other entries show that it was written in 1774. By that
time Proclamation money, or I^orth Carolina currency, had
fallen off a little
:
50 hard dollars or pieces of eight =
£18:15:—Pennsylvania currency =
£20:—:— ^orth Carolina currency =
£11:5:— Sterling.
210 THE NOKTH CAEOLINA BOOKLET.
According to this table, tlie price of land had increased
from $50 to $80 per hundred acres, in four years.
As opportunity offered, Marshall sold land belonging to the
Unity or to the Societaet; while in Germany the U. V. C.
bought lots from those Societaet members who did not care to
hold for Marshall's disposal to actual settlers. As the books
of the Societaet are not at hand, it is not always possible to
tell whether land was sold through the Unity or to the Unity,
but the following list gives the names of those who. received
lots in the distribution of 1767, the number of the correspond-ing
stock certificates, and as accurate a statement of the
final disposition of the lots as it has been possible to procure.
For the sake of convenience the price, where known, is given
in dollars. 'Not all the lots plotted were required for dis-tribution,
and numbers not assigned are here omitted.
DER N. C. LAND UND COLONIE^ ETABLISSEMENT. 211
d
1
Name.
I 11
6
18
2
16
1
9
13
15
20
5
ii
17
19/1
19^
8
12
14
22
24
23
John Leinbach Deeded to five of his sons, four parts in 1770 one
2
3
Baron F. H. von Bibra
Traugott Bagge
in 1771.
Purchased by "Unitaets-Vorsteher-Collegium."
Deeded to Bagge in 1770.
5
6
8
Jean Henri Planta de Wil-denberg.
Mrs. Bujak and Son; Dan-iel
Heinrich Hojer
Conradin von Perini
Purchased by U. V. C. 1774, for $1022. 22.
The latter transferred his half interest to Mrs.
Schiffert in May 1768. Entire lot sold to U.
V. C. 1772, for $900. 00.
Sold to Jac. Ulr. Albertini, and by him to U. V.
C. 1774, for S773.32.
Sold to U. V. C. 1772, for S900.00.
10
12
13
14
15
Von Schweinitz heirs H; Mrs.
Rennekampf, M; Walther H
Johann Steinhauer...
Johann Hartmann
Friedrich von Wiedebach
Johann Steinhauer
Purchased by U. V. C.
Passed by will to his son Daniel. 41 IJ^ acrea
sold to Frederick Miller, 1774; balance to
Magdalene Rigelmann, of Riga, 1788. She
sold to the U. V. C, 1789, for $1125.
Given to the U. V. C. in 1768. In 1769 sold by
Marshall for the Broadbay settlement.
Passed to heirs. Sold to U. V. C. 1774.
More than half sold for his heirs Remainder
16
18
Johann Roederer—J/^
John Gustav Frey, ^
Christian Schmidt
purchased by U. V. C, in 1789.
Roederer sold his half interest to U. V. C. in
1773, for 8430.92. Frey's half also bought by
Unity.
Passed to his heirs. Sold for them by Marshall
Zellich's widow—J^ .
1772, for $1600. 00.
22
Johann A. Schmutz ^
Abraham Duerninger & Co
.
M. J. Klein
Sold to Traugott Bagge, Sept., 1774.
Purchased by U. V. C.
25
26
C. F. Martens (for single
Bretliren's Diaconies)
Sack and Schiffert ..
Part sold on their account; balance bought by
U. V. C. in 1812.
Sold to U. V. C. 1772, for $900. 00.
27
30
F. J. von Bruiningk
Johann E. Dehio H
Gueorge KandmleerJ/^2
Purchased by U. V. C.
Purchased by U. V. C.
It will be noted that Traugott Bagge was the only one of
the original shareholders who took a deed to his lot, and
himself conducted its sale. Having settled permanently in
Salem, he became one of the leading citizens of that central
town, and the competency which he gradually gained was
doubtless founded on the 2,000-acre lot which he took in the
Society, and the additional 2,000 acres he bought from Abra-ham
Duerninger. John Leinbach was the only man in the
176Y list who built a house on his lot and actually settled
there.
Marshall's memorandum book states that the money ex-
212 THE NOKTH CAKOLIJSTA BOOKLET.
pended bj each Societaet lot owner to Michaelmas, 1772,
amounted to £244 Sterling—$1,085.50. It is, therefore,
evident that few if any of the lot owners received the equiva-lent
of the sum invested, and had the Societaet been organized
as a speculative scheme the shareholders would have had
good cause to feel disappointed. It is quite certain, however,
that most of the men and women interested cared more for the
cause than for their pocketbooks. And "Der jSTorth Carolina
Land und Colonie Etablissement" was unquestionably a suc-cess.
Made possible by the generous subscriptions of these
friends, borne loyally on their shoulders through the early
dijfficult years, liberally endowed with the lands which they
allowed to slip back into its hands as it was able to receive
them, the enterprise, at the beginning of the Revolutionary
War, was becoming so prosperous as to awaken the jealousy
of less successful neighbors.
Marshall was called to Europe in 1775 to attend a General
Synod of the Moravian Church, and the war which broke out
between England and the Colonies prevented his return for
four years. Of the trials and difficulties of those years for
the Moravian settlers in Wachovia no mention need here be
made. Under all circumstances they were wonderfully pre-served,
and they emerged from those trying times but little
the worse for their experiences. The most serious danger
came at the close of the war, when, under the Confiscation
Act, many claimed that the Moravian title to Wachovia had
been forfeited because it was vested in James Hutton, an
Englishman, and therefore an alien. By order of U. V. C,
Hutton transferred his title, by deed of lease and release, to
Marshall, October 28, 1778, but the validity of the transfer
was questioned on account of the date, although Marshall had
become a naturalized citizen of IN'orth Carolina during his
residence in Salem.
Marshall returned to Wachovia in the fall of 1779, and
DEE N. G. LAND UND COLONIE ETABLISSEMENT. 213
the matter was brouglit before the General Assembly of
]^orth Carolina in 1782. There it was argued that Hutton
held title only ''in trust for the Unitas Fratrum," that title
had been transferred to Marshall subject to the same trust,
and that peaceful Moravians who had been living in Wachovia
since before the war ought to be protected in their property
rights. To this view the General Assembly agreed, and an
act was passed, bearing date of April 13th, which confirmed
to Marshall the title to Wachovia and certain other lands in
ISTorth Carolina "in trust as aforesaid."
The custom of vesting title in an individual for the benefit
of the Church continued for many years, as the Church was
not an incorporated body. Each ''proprietor" was required
to make a will, whereby at his death the estate would pass
to another Moravian, selected by the U. V. C. Sometimes
the estates were transferred by deed, when the ruling Board
thought the best interests of Wachovia required it. There
were eight Proprietors of Wachovia between August 7, 1753,
and December 1, 1877: James Hutton, London; Frederick
William von Marshall, Salem; Christian Lewis Benzien,
Salem ; John Gebhard Cunow, Bethlehem ; Lewis David von
Schweinitz, Bethlehem; William Henry Van Vleck, l^ew
York City ; Charles F. Kluge, Salem ; Emil A. de Schweinitz,
Salem. On December 1, 1877, the last named deeded to "The
Board of Provincial Elders of the Southern Province of the
Moravian Church," all the property remaining unsold in his
hands, this Board having been incorporated, and therefore
being able to take over the title, the land having been bought
by the Southern Province from the Unity at large. To-day
scarcely fifty acres of all the tract remains unsold.
And how great the change in one hundred and fifty-seven
years ! From the "Etablissement" with its LTnitaet and So-cietaet
lots, its few scattered settlers and three small villages,
2
214 THE NORTH CAROLINA BOOKLET.
to Forsyth County, with its townships, the bustling Twin
City of Winston-Salem, the railways, macadam roads, thriv-ing
villages, well-tilled farms, and comfortable country
homes. Surely the fathers planned more wisely than they
knew, for the old ''Etablissement" has become one of the
centers of prosperity in the Old l^orth State.
GEORGE DURANT.
CAPTAIN S. A. ASHE.
The events of the distant past in the forests of Virginia
and Carolina are largely veiled in obscurity. In June, 1635,
a grant was issued to Richard Bennett for land in ISTansemond
County, "due for the importation of forty persons," among
the names of whom was that of William Durant. The actual
settlement may have preceded the grant some years.
In 1644 a new law was passed in Virginia, requiring all
persons officiating in any church service to use the Book of
Common Prayer, and this led to the removal of Bennett and
many of his colony to Providence, near Annapolis, in Mary-land.
Apparently Durant was of the number, although the
name was sometimes erroneously written Durand, and Duren.
At Providence he was a landowner, an "elder" and a "leading
man." About 1656 the settlement of Independents at Provi-dence
was broken up, and the use of the Book of Common
Prayer in any church being at that time prohibited by law
in Virginia, many of Bennett's followers returned to that
province.
- The entry in George Durant's Bible is that he was born
October 1, 1632 ; and it is surmised that he was a son of
William Durant, and born in Nansemond County, Virginia
;
and that his youth was passed there and in Maryland. On
January 4, 1659, being then 26 years of age, he married x\nn
Marwood, in Northumberland County, where the Potomac
comes into Chesapeake Bay.- The service was performed by
Reverend David Lindsey; but whether Parson Lindsey was
of the Church of England or not is now unknown.
Just about the time of this marriage—1659—a number of
adventurous spirits settled On the great Sound of Carolina,
buying their lands from the Indians. Among these first set-
216 THE NORTH CAEOLINA BOOKLET.
tiers were John Battle, Dr. Thomas Relfe, Roger Williams,
Thomas Jarvis, Captain John Jenkins and Samuel Pricklove.
George Durant accompanied them, but did not at once locate.
He spent two years in exploring the country and examining
locations, and then bought from the Indian king a tract at
the mouth of the Perquimans River, that has since been
known as Durant's 'Neck, his deed bearing date March 1,
1661. -. He then purchased an adjoining tract for George
Catchmaid, Gent., of Ipswich, who brought into the colony
thirty dependents. Others brought in nearly as many ; John
Harvey seventeen. Dr. Relfe fifteen, Captain Jarvis four-teen—
and so on.
Within a year after Durant had located, Governor Berkley,
of Virginia, went to England to pay his court to the restored
monarch ; and while there he received instructions to require
the settlers on Carolina Sound, who had purchased their land
from the Indians, to take out grants from Virginia, although
that region was in the territory granted many years earlier
to Sir Robert Heath, under the name of Carolina.
Catchmaid, being in Virginia, became aware of this order,
and promised Durant, while getting a grant for himself, also
to get one for him. Instead, however, he took out a single
grant in his own name for the two adjoining tracts which
Durant had bought from the Indian king, but agreed with
Durant to make him title for his part at some convenient
season.
In the meantime Durant had built a home for his family
on his new possessions, and thither had come Mrs. Durant
and her children, for on December 24, 1659, she had borne
to her husband a son, George, and on February 15, 1661, a
daughter, Elizabeth. These first children were certainly born
in Virginia, but perhaps their third child, John, bom Decem-ber
26, 1662, and the subsequent children, were native Caro-linians.
And also a home was built on Durant's ISTeck for
GEOEGE DUEANT. 217
Catchmaid, Gentleman, who lived there with his wife, the
nearest neighbors of the Durants. Being a man of great
consequence, Catchmaid was at once chosen Speaker of the
Assembly, and he had much business on hand ; so much that
he never settled his matters with Durant, and they were un-settled
when he died. However, as he was Speaker and a
leader, he may have been suddenly killed in an Indian war
that broke out in 1666. At any rate, at his death there were
accounts to be settled between his estate and Durant, and title
to Durant's home passed to the heirs of Catchmaid. There
being no children, his widow took possession of Catchmaid's
estate, but soon married Timothy Biggs, who made up the
account, and agreed to make the title to Durant, but likewise
died without doing so. Many years afterwards, when Durant
himself was dead, Edward Catchmaid, of London, claimed
the property as nephew and heir of Catchmaid, and Durant's
sons brought a suit in chancery to enjoin him. The evidence
in this suit is preserved ; and from it some of the above facts
have been gleaned.
The historian John Lawson, who was in Albemarle forty
years after the settlement, says that "the first who came found
the winters mild and the soil fertile beyond expectation;
that everything came by nature, and the husbandman lived
almost void of care and free from the fatigues of providing
necessaries ; that they were men of substance, each attended
by a considerable retinue of servants." "* As Durant quickly
built his 0T\Ti house and appears to have been a man of sub-stance
when his family moved to Carolina, they had such
comforts as an abode in the forest could afford. And as the
settlement grew, his residence became one of the houses where
the courts were held, and where the inhabitants met on
public occasions. Although in the wilderness of a new coun-try,
he was by no means isolated, but enjoyed the association
of congenial neighbors. ^
218 THE JSrOETH CAEOLINA BOOKLET.
From the first the settlers were prosperous, and made good
crops of tobacco, which found a ready market in Virginia and
l^ew England, yielding in return cloths and household goods
and ample domestic supplies. Indeed, there was both a busi-ness
and social connection with ]^ew England, as well as
Virginia, some of the settlers coming from Massachusetts;
and there was much trade between the two colonies. But
this trade was in contravention of the English navigation
laws passed to promote the commercial interests of the mother
country. One of these laws forbade the importation of any
manufactures except through the merchants of London, and
another laid a tax on tobacco imported into England, for the
private purse of the king; and another, passed in 1672,
levied a tax on tobacco shipped from one colony to another.
The first effort to enforce these laws in Albemarle was made
in 1675. It raised a great commotion among the planters, as
it lessened the value of their tobacco and interfered with
their obtaining the manufactured articles they were supplied
with by the Massachusetts traders. Durant himself was
largely interested in tobacco, and the people, aroused by him
and other leaders, were ready to rebel against the enforce-ment
of these laws. Just then also a war broke out with the
Meherrin Indians; and Captain Zack Gilliam brought his
vessel, "Carolina," into Albemarle, well supplied with ammu-nition
and firearms, at the very moment when needed.
The people first marched against the Indians and subdued
them, and then they forced the Governor to let up somewhat
in the enforcement of the navigation laws. Being "in arms,
they were persuaded by George Durant, Valentine Bird, the
collector, and one White, with others, to force the Governor
to remit to the ISTew England men three farthings per lb.
The said Durant having then a considerable quantity of to-bacco
to receive, which he was to ship to 'New England."
Later, the Assembly deposed the Governor, and established
a government after "their own model," and Durant was one
GEOEGE DURANT. 219
of the leaders in the matter. The next year, Speaker East-church,
being in England, the Lords Proprietors appointed
him Governor, but Durant was himself in London* later,
and declared to some of the Proprietors that Eastchurch
should not be Governor, and threatened to revolt. (C. R. I.,
287-8.) Captain Gilliam v^as also in Londan, and Durant
returned on his vessel, then well armed. Whatever were the
objections to Eastchurch, Durant was as determined as he
was bold. He knew his people and had confidence that they
would follow where he led. His purpose to revolt soon be-came
known in Albemarle. On the first day of December,
1677, the "Carolina" again came into port, with Durant on
board. A "ISTew England Ambassador" had also been among
the people, stirring them up on this very matter of the tobacco
tax and the restrictive trade legislation that bore so hard on
the colonists.
Eastchurch not having arrived, acting Governor Miller,
aware of Durant's purpose to revolt, went on board the
"Carolina," and putting a pistol to Durant's head, arrested
him ; but the revolutionists did not dally. All of the officers
who did not fall in with them were speedily taken, and con-fined
in log houses, ten feet square, specially built for their
accommodation. Durant, Culpeper and their associates,
having found the great seal of the colony, now carried on
govermnent in Albemarle in a regular and orderly adminis-tration,
electing assemblies and establishing courts and mak-
* It is said that George Durant had a brother, John Durant, living in
London. In D'Israeli's Curiosities of Literature there is this statement:
"There was a most bloody-minded 'maker of working balls,' as one John
Durant is described, appointed a Lecturer by the House of Commons
—
the Long Parliament—who always left out of the Lord's Prayer, 'as
we forgive them that trespass against us,' and substituted, 'Lord, since
Thou has now drawn Thy sword, let it not be sheathed again till it be
glutted in the blood of the malignants,' the malignants being the cava-liers."
This person, or chaplain of the House of Commons, may have
belonged to the same connection. As the name is found sometijiaes
written "Duren," the emphasis would seem to have been on the first
syllable.
220 THj: NOKTH CAROLINA BOOKLET.
ing laws as if thej had the sanction of the Lords Proprietors.
When at length Governor Eastchurch reached Virginia, a
force was raised by Durant to oppose his entering into Albe-marle,
but the Governor unexpectedly died with fever, and
the peace of the colony was not further disturbed.
v' In 1672, William Edmundson, a follower of George Fox,
had visited Albemarle and found one Quaker there, Henry
Phillips, but that faith then took root, and when these dis-turbances
began there was quite a number of Friends, who
refused to aid the revolutionists, and sympathized with Biggs,
the tax collector, who was himself a Quaker. These com-plained
bitterly of the treatment Durant gave them, and some
of them fled to Virginia because of Durant's oppressions, as
they alleged ; and they sent a strong petition and remon-strance
to the Proprietors against D'urant's oppression and
persecution.
In view of these facts, now well established by contempo-raneous
documents, it seems odd to read in some histories that
Albemarle was originally settled by Quakers, and by others
fleeing from Virginia to escape religious intolerance and
oppression, and that Durant himself was a Quaker. The
settlement, says Lawson, was by wealthy planters ; but one
Quaker was in Albemarle in 1672, and later Durant was
regarded by the Friends as their persecutor and oppressor.
Eventually this revolt against Miller and Eastchurch was
legalized by the Lords Proprietors, and Jenkins, who had
cooperated with Durant and the other leaders, was appointed
Governor, and Durant Attorney-General. But the Proprie-tors
could not give immunity against the navigation laws, and
the English government was too strong to be resisted; so it
soon came about that the navigation laws and tobacco taxes
were submitted to, although doubtless there were constant
evasions. It was not until a century later, and then by a
u^ed continent, that the power of Parliament to tax America
vras definitely determined by force of arms. What was
patriotism in 1776 would have been treason in 1676.
GEORGE DURANT. 221
During the succeeding administrations, Durant doubtless
exerted the influence that was inseparable from his character,
talents and means. His residence was still a meeting place for
the inhabitants, and there the court of "Berkeley Precinct"
was held. By the commission of Governor Harvey, in 1679,
"Georjius Durant vel Alexandras, Lillington,"—justice, was
to inquire into all offences, etc. ; and Durant held the Court of
Berkeley, afterwards Perquimans, precinct.
After some years, Seth Sothell, one of the Proprietors who
had been appointed Governor, reached Albemarle, and soon
began a course of oppression, seeking wealth at the expense
of the people. Among other allegations made against Sothell
was this : Richard Humphrey died, leaving a will in which
Thomas Pollock was named executor. Sothell would not
allow the will to be proved, but took Humphrey's property
into his own hands. Pollock prepared to go to England to
complain, and Sothell threw him into prison.
Another allegation was that he imprisoned George Durant
upon pretense that Durant had said something reflecting on
him, and then compelled him to give a bond while in durance,
and afterwards, on pretense of the bond, seized on Durant's
estate and converted it to his own use.
These high-handed outrages were more than the people
would stand, and in the subsequent j^roceedings Durant cer-tainly
played a part with the spirit of his younger days. It
was about the time of "the glorious revolution of 1688" in
England, when the people modified their constitution, called
in William to supplant James II, and limited the descent of
the crown. In Albemarle, they were equally resolute. They
seized the Governor, and, following the precedent of 1676,
incarcerated him in a ten-foot log house, and proposed to
send him to England for trial. Sothell, however, entreated
them not to deport him to England, but, instead, to try him
themselves, promising that he would submit to the judgment
of the Assembly. The election was held, the Assembly rafet.
222 THE NORTH CAEOLINA BOOKLET.
and ou the trial he was found guilty on the above and other
charges, and the Assembly gave judgment disqualifying him
from ever holding the office of Governor, and banishing him
from Albemarle for twelve months.
In this episode, as Durant was involved personally, he, as
well as Pollock, doubtless was a chief actor, and the manage-ment
and outcome of it are creditable not merely to his de-termined
spirit, but to his wisdom and moderation. If there
was an excess of turbulence ten years earlier, now the pro-ceedings
seem to have been conducted with decorum, as well
as with energy and force. While the details have not been
preserved, there must, first, have been an association, and a
directory with power to manage, and an administration pro-vided
for. And it was this directory or administration that
imprisoned the Governor and proposed to send him a pris-oner
to England ; and it was this same body that entered into
the agreement with Sothell to have the new General Assembly
try him for his offenses. The preliminary steps, the conduct
of the affair, the trial and the judgment, constitute an his-torical
episode illustrative of the high capacity of the inhabi-tants
of Albemarle to govern themselves, and with decorum
and orderly administration to arrest oppression and main-tain
their liberties; and as Durant was necessarily a con-trolling
spirit in the affair, the moderation of the proceedings
reflect great credit on him for wisdom and prudence as well
as for spirit and patriotism.
While Durant does not seem to have been employed by the
Lords Proprietors in their government after this period, yet
doubtless he continued to exert a personal influence during
the remainder of his life. He died earlier than July, 1693,
and his will was admitted to probate on February 6, 1694.
He left descendants who have in every generation been among
the most respectable and influential citizens of I^orth
Carolina.
HATORASK.
BY JAQUES BUSBEE.
As that mighty ocean river, the Gulf Stream, rushes hot
from the straits of Florida around the corner of the continent,
it meets full in the face the cold waters of the l!^orth Atlantic
as theJ roll in an unbroken sweep from the frozen rim of the
world.
With impact primordial the sands, swept along by the cur-rents,
shift, swirl and precipitate more slowly but not less
surely than the vast cumulations of vapor forever hanging
above the Diamond Shoals, and glorious as a vision of Wal-hallah.
The three-mile stretch of flat beach forming the cape
pushes twenty miles further to sea beneath the flood—a fringe
of hori'or surrounding smiling, semi-tropical forests and
sedges, like a necklace of scalps and skulls around some
savage maiden. Yesterday, to-day and forever the quick-sands
of the Diamond demand their toll; human courage is
unavailing, modern science is powerless to oppose it. A rag-ged
end of the world in flux, to the cockle shells of commerce
venturing within its dynamic circle, it is and ever will be
'Hhe graveyard of the American merchant marine."
In the year of grace, 1584, two barques, bearing the first
English adventurers to set foot on the American continent,
borne north on the current of the Gulf Stream, sighted land
across the flashing breakers of the Diamond Shoals. A low-lying
line of blue behind ramparts of sinuous golden sand
hills, it seemed a strange and mysterious world to these Eng-lish
after two months of hardship and hope.
But no chance of landing presented itself. "The second of
July we found shoal water, where we smelled so sweet and
so strong a smell as if we had been in the midst of some deli-cate
garden abounding with all kinds of odoriferous flowers,
224 THE NORTH CAROLINA BOOKLET.
by which we were assured that the land could not be far dis-tant;
and keeping good watch and by bearing slack sail, the
fourth of the same month we arrived upon the coast, which
we supposed to be a continent and firm land, and we sailed
along the same a hundred and twenty English miles before we
could find any entrance or river issuing into the sea." So
writes Captain Barlowe. Six years later Hatorask is again
the setting of the fifth and final act of Sir Walter Raleigh's
tragedy of the first attempt to colonize America by English-men.
The story of Roanoke Island has been thrashed and re-thrashed
by historians till nothing remains to tell except
the sphinx-like closing of the last chapter—the Lost Colony
—
and this remains an enigma to all, historian and poet alike.
It is properly a part of Hatorask history also. Croatan,
that mystic land and vanishing point of the Lost Colony is
generally considered to be the mainland across Croatan Sound
from Roanoke Island, but such is not the case—and John
Lawson is responsible for the error. Let us see.
John White writes most vividly of his return to Roanoke
and the desolation he found there. "* * * We let fall
OUT grapnel near the shore and sounded with a trumpet call,
and afterwards many familiar English tunes of songs, and
called to them friendly, but we had no answer, -J^- * *
and as we entered up the sandy bank, upon a tree in the very
brow thereof were curiously carved these fair Roman letters,
C R 0, which letters presently we knew to signify the
place where I should find the planters seated, according to a
secret token agreed upon between them and me at my last
departure from them |
* * * therefore at my departure
from them in A. N". 1587, I willed them, that if they should
happen to be distressed in any of those places, that then they
should carve over the letters or name a cross X in this form
;
but we found no such sign of distress. And having well con-
HATORASK. 225
sidered this we passed toward the place where they were left
in sundry houses, but we found the houses taken down, and
the place very strongly enclosed with a high palisado of great
trees with curtains and flankers very fort like; and one of
the chief trees or posts at the right side of the entrance had
the bark taken off, and five feet from the ground in fair
capital letters was graven C R O A T A IST, without any cross
or sign of distress."
Then he goes on to describe the dismantled and deserted
wreck of the fort, with rusted iron fowlers and lockershot
scattered and overgrown with grass; and at length he comes
upon his chests, buried and dug up, and you see the man's
selfishness ; "* * * where we found five chests that had
been carefully hidden by the planters, and of the same chests
three were my own, and about the place many of my things
spoiled and broken, and my books torn from the covers, the
frames of some of my pictures and maps rotten and spoiled
with rain, and my armor almost eaten through with rust ; this
could be no other than the deed of the savages, * * *
but although it gTieved me to see such spoil of my goods, yet
on the other side I greatly joyed that I had safely found a
certain token of their safe being at Croatan, which is the
place where Manteo was born, and the savages of the Island
our friends."
So with more rough weather and the loss of all but one
anchor and some water casks, White suggests that they leave
the colonists (his daughter and grandchild among them) to
the savage friends at Croatan and winter in the West Indies,
"with hope to make two rich voyages in one" and capture
golden galleons.
So much for White—we have evidence of the colony at
Croatan—but where was Croatan ?
John Lawson was the first to set down as Croatan on his
map the mainland across from Roanoke Island, and he no
226 THE NORTH CAROLINA BOOKLET.
doubt reasoned that as thej had agreed to move fifty miles
''into the main" before White departed for England, and as
they left the word "Croatan" carved on a tree as their desti-nation,
that they had sought the nearest point on the conti-nent,
and that was of course Croatan.
But White did not so understand. To him the mainland
across from Koanoke Island was Desamonquepenk and Seco-tan,
the Island of Croatan lying some sixty odd miles to the
south, for he had proposed to sail to it on the open sea. On
White's own map, published by DeBry, he gives the name
of Croatan to the banks from Cape Hatorask all the way down
to Ocracoke Inlet (Wokoken next adjoining).
Hatorask was the home of Manteo's people, the friendly
tribe to which he led the colony when supplies and help failed
and treacherous Wanchese with his following pressed hard.
When White returned to England it was agreed that the
colony was to move "fifty miles into the main," but when
supplies ran short and no help came, what was the vdsdom of
going further away from possible aid ? It would be madness
The natural and sensible move would be to the banks, with
the hope of sighting some English ship. Sir Erancis Drake
had sailed up the coast, and the first news of his arrival came
to Ralph Lane from the man whom he had stationed seaward
for the expected supply ships. To send a man to the Croatan
of Lawson's map would be ridiculous, for the ocean can not
be seen from there even with a modern field glass.
Drake had relieved and carried back to England the former
colony under Lane when reduced to the last extremity. So
the Lost Colony doubtless took their only chance, and let
Manteo lead them to his own friendly people on Hatteras
banks, where the opportunity of sighting some vessel was
greatest. There lived the only friendly tribe, the only place
of comparative safely in a wild and savage country. Eurth-ermore,
the inlets by which vessels entered the sounds lay on
HATORASK. 227
either side of these banks. It was the point of vantage, the
outlook where it would be impossible for a vessel to slip by
without being seen. In Sir Richard Grenville's report of
the diurnal of his voyage are these items: "The 26th we
came to anchor at Wokoken. The 6th July * * * Cap-tain
Aubry and Captain Boniton, the same day were sent to
Croatan where they found two of our men left there, with
thirty others by Captain Raymond some twenty days before.
The 8th, Captain Aubry and Captain Boniton returned with
two of our men foimd by them to us at Wokoken. * * *
The 21st, our fleet anchoring at Wokoken we weighed anchor
for Hatorask (the present 'New Inlet), the 27th our fleet
anchored at Hatorask and there we rested." Knowing the
country, the time it would take sail or row-boats to make these
trips, the dates given are most significant.
There is more land at Hatorask than at any other point
along the banks, the forests covering some fifty square miles,
to this day teeming with game. And it was undeniably here
that the colony merged into the Indian tribe (the nursing
mother of the Croatans), which afterwards, in accordance
with Indian customs, moved farther south, and reaching the
narrow and shallow waters of Core Sound, crossed over to
the main land.
Hatorask is the vanishing point of the Lost Colony. They
went there in 1587 or 1588, and a little more than a hundred
years after, Lawson writes of them, in 1709 : "A further
confirmation of this we have from the Hatteras Indians (note
that he calls them Hatteras Indians) , who either then lived on
Roanoke Island or much frequented it. These tell us that
several of their ancestors were white people and could talk
in a book as we do ; the truth of which is confirmed by gray
eyes being found frequently amongst these Indians and no
others. They value themselves extremely for their affinity
to the English, and are ready to do them all friendly offices.
228 THE NOKTH CAROLINA BOOKLET.
It is f)robable that this settlement miscarried for want of
timely supplies from England; or through the treachery of
the natives, for we may reasonably suppose that the English
were forced to cohabit with them for relief and conversation
;
and that in process of time they conformed themselves to
the manners of their Indian relatives ; and thus we see how
apt human nature is to degenerate."
On Hatteras banks to-day are disconnected scraps of evi-dence
to lend color to this belief. Traversing the sandy
roads, hedged with youpon and holly, palm and pine, with
houses flamboyantly painted and prosperous with lightning
rods, people pass with swarthy skins, high cheek bones,
straight black hair, and with that peculiar modeling of nose
and mouth distinctly Indian.
And if one should stop to talk with these friendly, hospita-ble
people, the use of many old obsolete words and phrases of
Chaucer's time would be noted; quaint turns of expression,
words used with a significance they had long ago, but now
spoken with a modern meaning.
Most houses are set in a clearing sufiicient for a yard, but
little attempt at beautifying is made. A garden is a rarity.
Fishing, hunting, oystering—and a man lives well.
There is little land on the banks with a clear title. The
best titles are possession. At Trent where some families
lived who were known as "Red Men," but who strenuously
objected to being called Indians, are examples of the punch-eon
fence—simply an Indian stockade made by driving down
stakes close together.
All this is but indirect evidence, yet it forces belief and is
probable. Still you go back to the thought that here on
Hatteras, though the evidence is slight and circumstantial,
the Lost Colony merged and blended with the Indian tribe
that saved them from slaughter.
HATOEASK. 229
In the hook of the cape, leaning desperately away from the
wind, in an attitude of hopelessly arrested flight, stands a
giant live oak, with a copper spike driven deep into its dead
trunk some four feet from the ground.
It is Teach's Oak; and back in the forest, on the summit
of a high sand hill, defended by well-nigh impenetrable
jungles, are three deep pits where ever-credulous cupidity
has dug for buried treasure. Legend says that it was found,
but by whom is still a mystery. Teach, whose stamping
ground w^as Hatteras, lurked in the calm hook of the cape
for vessels distressed by a northeast gale and the current of
the Gulf Stream, unable to double the cape till the wind
should shift. Many are the tales and traditions he has left
on the banks, and to this day, in wild weather, his phantom
ship is seen sailing safely over the mad waters of the Diamond
Shoals, to send to everlasting doom some crew in dire dis-tress.
Who knows how many corpses he has added to the
multitudinous drowned of many lands and times, who shriek
with the wind at the horror of that moving, shifting sand,
that lies in wait beneath the waves but never shows its hydra
head!
Teache was finally captured and killed further down the
banks, at Ocracoke Inlet, and his head, nailed to the mast of
Lieutenant Maynard's boat, was carried in triumph to Bath
Town and presented to his reputed friend. Governor Eden.
Yet a guilty thrill of admiration rises in the heart (since
Teache is at the safe distance of two hundred years) for a
man of such strong personality, strength and initiative, and
this ISTorth Carolina pirate will always be mentioned with
deprecatory pride.
From cape to inlet, Hatteras is ten miles long, a series of
high sand hills, densely wooded and combed with parallel
sedges, running from east to west the entire length of the
island. The woods disappear at Trent and the western end
3
230 THE jNTORTH CAROLINA BOOKLET.
is low and wet, the marsh dividing almost equally with the
beachj which encroaches year by year—fifty years ago trees
waving two miles to sea where now porpoise play. Houses
are perched on any dry ground that remains, nestling among
scrubby, stunted live oaks and water bushes and alive with
mocking birds. Where beach and marsh converge to a bare
point of sand at the inlet, are traces of Forts Clark and
Hatteras. They were sand redoubts held in place by turf
from the adjoining marshes, and pitifully inadequate to the
attacking squadron of Butler's thirteen men-of-war. The
force in Fort Hatteras was 718 men; the action lasted three
hours and twenty minutes. Over three thousand shells were
fired by the bombarding fleet during that time, twenty-eight
in a minute falling within the fort.
The Confederate guns, old style smooth-bore pieces, were
entirely out of range, and after a futile attempt, ceased
firing altogether. This action occurred on Augiist 29, 1861,
and was the first naval victory, or victory of any sort for that
matter, won by the Federals (if the pounding into destruc-tion
of a well-nigh helpless fort could be called a victory).
This caueed great rejoicing at the Xorth, for it put the entire
eastern section of the State at the mercy of the Federals.
One beautiful October day, tropically warm, we drove a
shaggy little sun-burned beach pony and two-wheeled cart
up to Trent to see the sand hills fantastically piled up by the
wind, and changing shape more slowly but not less surely
than the clouds of heaven, smothering the woods steadily and
stealthily as they blow inland. The sea before us was oil-slick—
only an undulation of white on the beach showed its
breathing. We strolled over the wind-swept wastes of Trent,
looked at tombs overturned, and bones exposed by the moving
sands, and I picked up two teeth filled with gold.
''I can remember when these people were buried," said my
friend ; "thej have not been dead over forty years ; but when
HATOEASK. 231
I was a boy a skeleton blew out at King's Point that was
over six feet long, and it had strips of metal all over the upper
part of the body. 'No—it was not a coffin. It must have
been armor. We boys sold it for junk. It was copper."
And uprises a vision of the Lost Colony, blended with
Manteo's people, living on these banks, hunting among these
forests the deer and game that still abound ; fishing in the
shallow waters of Pamlico Sound ; and the old free life of
man, before civilization threw her restraining arms around
him, surging back through his blood, blended with the Indian,
that made the call of the wild irresistible. You behold the
old people, crushed by hope abandoned of ever sighting some
English ship, and nursing memories of home forever lost,
as they see their children growing up more Indian than Eng-lish;
of the bitter tears that fall upon their comrades in
adventure and misfortune as they lay them down in the
armor so long and bravely worn, in a hole scraped in the sand.
THE TRUTH ABOUT JACKSON'S BIRTHPLACE.
BY BRUCE CRAVEN.
"Living, Homer begged for bread;
A dozen cities begged for Homer, dead."
This quaint and true saying is apt in connection with the
dispute regarding the birthplace of Andrew Jackson. Liv-ing,
the seventh President was not partial to, nor loved by,
either of the Carolinas. He was the bitter enemy of South
Carolina's greatest statesman, and as President defied the
Carolinas and Georgia in the Cherokee Indian land troubles
when, in answer to a Supreme Court decision in favor of the
States, he said: "John Marshall has made his decision, now
let him enforce it." These things account for the fact that
there was no discussion or investigation of the location of
the birthplace during Jackson's life, and consequently he
died with the false belief that South Carolina was his "native
State," as he often said.
That he believed he was born in South Carolina is without
doubt, and there is no dispute in the whole story except as to
one detail. In 1Y65, six sisters, with their husbands and
families, landed in Charleston from the old world, and set-tled
in the "Waxhaws," an undefined section between the
present towns of Monroe, IsT. C, and Lancaster, S. C. These
sisters, whose maiden name was Hutchison, were related to
many others of their own name who had settled in the same
section, and their husbands were Andrew Jackson, Sr., who
settled near the site now known as the old Pleasant Grove
camp-ground, nine miles inside ISTorth Carolina ; James Craw-ford,
who settled on Waxhaw Creek, about a mile inside
South Carolina ; George McKemey, near the Crawford home,
but in ISTorth Carolina ; John Leslie, Samuel Leslie, and
James Crow.
THE TEUTH ABOUT JACKSON's BIKTHPLACE. 233
In February of 1767, Andrew Jackson, Sr., died, leaving
his widow and two children. His body was buried in the old
Waxhaw cemetery, in Lancaster County, though there is
nothing by which his grave can be identified, and no evidence
to prove he was buried there except the settled traditions of
the neighborhood, which seem to be specific and reliable.
Soon after his death, his widow, with her two sons, left their
!N'orth Carolina home to go to make their home with the
Crawfords, who were the wealthiest of all the families men-tioned.
The road they traveled passed in sight of the Mc-
Kemey home, where lived her sister Margaret.
To this point there is no dispute, but right here is the
dividing line.
THE NORTH CAEOLINA CLAIM.
Mrs. Jackson stopped to visit her sister Margaret, and
there, in the night of March 15, 1767, Andrew Jackson was
born. Three weeks later they located at the Crawford home
in South Carolina, where Jackson lived until groAvn, then
studied law in Salisbury, and located in the western part of
]^orth Carolina, which was later made into the new State of
Tennessee.
This statement of the case rests upon three pieces of evi-dence
: First is the settled traditions of the families above
mentioned, some living in one State and some in the other.
Colonel S. H. Walkup gathered their testimony and published
it in the Wadeshoro Argus of September 23, 1858. There
were fourteen statements, representing all the families, and all
agreeing that Jackson was born in the McKemey house, and
that there were present in the house at the time Mrs. Eliza-beth
McWhorter, Mrs. Sarah Leslie, Mrs. Sarah Lathen,
Mrs. Covsar, and Mr. and Mrs. McKemey. All of these
people died before 1800, and their accounts of the incident
were given by their children and grandchildren, who remem-bered
well the oft-repeated story. There was no discrep-ancy
in any of the many accounts.
234 THE NORTH CAROLINA BOOKLET.
There is no denial of the Walkup evidence, and all that is
said in rebuttal is that Colonel Walkup led his witnesses by
leading questions to say just what he wanted them to say.
The character of the witnesses, however, is proven, and this,
with the fact that some of them were South Carolinians, is
sufficient reply to the charge. The original publication is
in my possession, and was well and carefully prepared. At
the time of the publication there was some doubt as to whether
or not the McKemey home was in IsTorth Carolina, and this
was not finally settled until recent years, when the land
records in Register's books 11 and 14, in the Mecklenburg
court-house were investigated and the records found proving
completely that the McKemey tract of land was deeded to him
in 1766, and deeded by him to Thomas Crawford in 1792,
and in each case the residence of McKemey was given as
Mecklenburg County, North Carolina.
The other point in the evidence is the statement of Jackson
that he was born in the McKemey house, though believing at
the time that the house was in South Carolina.
SOUTH Carolina's contention.
For the South Carolina side of the case, there has never
been but one solitary bit of evidence, and that is that Jackson
himself ' thought he was born in South Carolina. Various
biographers, etc., are cited to prove the claim, but in each
case it is plain that they relied solely upon Jackson's erroneous
belief, and nothing has ever been cited that was not founded
on that error. Nothing could more conclusively show the
utter worthlessness of the claim than the dependence put in
a map of that section, made by J. Boykin in 1820. A cross
mark on the map is made to designate the birthplace of. Jack-son,
on the testimony, of course, of Jackson's own statement
;
but in the same map the Waxhaw Creek is made to rise in
South Carolina, though, as any one can find out for himself, it
THE TllUTH ABOUT JACKSOJv^'s BIRTHPLACE. 235
rises three miles inside of North Carolina. If J. Boykin
was not accurate as to the location of a considerable creek,
the location of which was a certainty, how could he locate the
birthplace, about which he knew nothing ?
So there is no evidence whatever except Jackson's. He
believed he was "'& native of South Carolina," but his testi-mony,
without any proof, would be worthless when opposed
to the real evidence above set forth. Jackson, himself, knew
he was born in McKemey's cabin, and said so to James Faulk-ner,
when both were spending the night in the cabin. (See
Parton's BiogTaphy, volume 1, page 55.) This leaves his
own testimony, which is all South Carolina has, as being his
belief that he was bom "in the McKemey cabin in South
Carolina." He said one time that he was born "on the Craw-ford
place," and the McKemey place was a part of the Craw-ford
place and was naturally so considered, as Crawford was
prosperous and McKemey was not ; and the place was sold
by McKemey to a Crawford, so at the time Jackson made
the statement, it was the Crawford place. He never said he
was born in the Crawford home, in which he was raised, and
his only definite statement as to his birthplace was that he
was born in the McKemey cabin. That specific declaration
outweighs all his various statements that he was born in
South Carolina, for he believed the McKemey cabin was in
South Carolina.
COXCLUSIOX.
This is the plain statement of the whole dispute about the
much-discussed question. The Xorth Carolina claim is based
on documentary facts. The South Carolina claim is based
solely on the unsupported opinion of Jackson, Avhose opinion
alone would leave the presumption in favor of JSTorth Caro-lina.
All else that has been written or will be written on the
subject is vain repetition and "words, words, words."
BIOGRAPHICAL, GENEALOGICAL AND
HISTORICAL MEMORANDA.
COMPILED AND EDITED BY MKS. E. E. MOFFITT.
ADELAIDE L. FRIES.
Miss Adelaide Fries, the author of "Der North Carolina
Land und Colonie Etablissement," in this number of The
Booklet, was born in Salem, that quiet, quaint and charm-ing
old Moravian town in l^orth Carolina, settled in 1765.
She is the daughter of John William Fries (1846) and
Agues S. de Schweinitz, daughter of Bishop Emil de Schwei-nitz,
of the Moravian Church. She is the granddaughter of
Francis Fries (1812-1863) and Lizzette (Vogler) Fries,
daughter of John Yogler, Sr.
She is the great-granddaughter of William Fries (1775-),
who emigrated from Germany to ISTorth Carolina in 1809 and
here married Elizabeth ISTissen. She is also a descendant on
the maternal side of Count Zinzendorf, of Germany.
The Fries family is of German descent, and trace their
lineage from the middle of the seventeenth century. They
were distinguished types of the church of the "Unity of
Brethren," the official name of which was "LTnitas Fratrum,"
a body of earnest men who agreed to accept the Bible as their
only standard of faith and practice, and established a strict
discipline which should keep their lives in the simplicity,
purity and brotherly love of the early apostolic church.
Miss Fries is a graduate of Salem Academy, is President
of the Salem Alumnse Association, and Chairman of the
Literature Department. She has made extensive investiga-tions
in Moravian archives in America and Europe, and is
well prepared to give with accuracy and fidelity the history
of the Moravian Church in America, and the broader history
BIOGEAPHICAL AND GENEALOGICAL. 237
of our country, which it touches on every side. She has
written extensively on the subject, and has published "His-tory
of Forsyth County" ; "The Moravians in Georgia, 1735-
1740"; "The Funeral Chorals of the Moravian Church";
"Salem Academy" ; "Brief History of Moravian Church,"
and has been a faithful contributor to the Wachovia Histori-cal
Society. This cultivated and useful woman is a fine type
of the German element that has been a blessing to every
community in which it settled.
Miss Fries is a worthy descendant of a noble ancestry, and
fully sustains the reputation won by them. She continues a
close student of history and literature, and will fix her place
securely among the historical writers of our time.
SAMUEL A'COURT ASHE.
The Booklet is indebted to Captain Ashe for the article
on George Durant, which is given in his usual readable and
charming style. It goes without saying that Captain Ashe,
the subject of this sketch, is an historical genius and one in
line with the foremost writers in ivTorth Carolina. He was
born at Wrightsville Sound, eight miles from Wilmington,
IST. C, on the 13th of September, 1840. He was the son of
William Shepperd Ashe, of the Rocky Point family of that
name, and his wife Sarah Ann Green, who in the maternal
line was a Grange.
Captain Ashe is connected lineally and collaterally with
the old families who settled the Cape Fear country—the
Porters, Swanns, Moseleys and Lillingtons. At the age of
nine years, this young and promising boy was placed at
school in Macon, Ga. Afterwards, until the age of fifteen,
he attended schools at Georgetown, D. C. ; Rugby Academy,
Washington, D. C. ; Oxford Academy, Maryland ; where he
received such education as to enable him to enter the Naval
238 THE NOKTH CAROLINA BOOKLET.
Academy at Annapolis. Here he was called one of the ''star'
members of his class until he resigned and returned to his
father's home, at Rocky Point, where he devoted himself to
the study of history and literature bearing on the profession
of law, reading "Reeve's History of the Common Law,"
Sharon Turner's "x\ngio-Saxons," Robertson's "Charles V,"
"Hallam's Middle Ages," and "Constitutional History," and
such other works. From such a course of reading he was well
l^repared to take up a careful study of the law under Mr.
William Ruffin, a man well endowed with great faculties and
of a superior legal mind. About this time the Civil War
broke out, and Mr. Ashe, like the other spirited young men,
the flower of the South, laid aside his law books and re-sponded
to the call of his country. His first service was
under General Whiting, at Wilmington. He was appointed
lieutenant and assigned to duty at Fort Caswell. This fort,
at that time, was entirely defenseless, and entailed upon
young Ashe an immense amount of responsibility ; but under
the direction of Captain F. L. Childs, he was largely instru-mental
in putting it in condition for defense. He filled
several other positions, serving with fidelity and valor any
place to which he was assigned. In June, 1861, he accepted
the appointment as captain and adjutant-general on the staff
of General Pender. Later he enlisted as a private in Co. I
of the regiment then known as the Eighth, but later the
Eighteenth ISTorth Carolina Troops. Captain Ashe served
the whole term of the war, with credit to himself and an honor
to the cause. His life as a soldier has been fully written by
his comrades in arms ; therefore this writer will dwell prin-cipally
on his career as student, lawyer, legislator, editor,
historian, and citizen.
It was at Rocky Point that Captain Ashe spent his early
childhood. This was formerly the home of Edward Moseley,
that man among men ; a defender of the people's rights, and
BIOGEAPHICAL AND GENEALOGICAL. 239
*'who espoused the cause of religious freedom against the
bigotry and narrowness of his age and country." Might it
not be said that here Captain Ashe imbibed the spirit of
Edward Moseley i For it can not be doubted that material
surroundings ofttimes impart influences that have their effect
for good or bad, as the case may be.
It was here at Rocky Point, far from "the crowds of mad-ding
strife," that the foundation strong and sure was laid by
Captain Ashe, fitting him for the exigencies of life. The
knowledge of military tactics, acquired in four years of serv-ice
as a soldier; his intimate knowledge of law, his experi-ence
as a public official ; his monumental work as an editor,
and his innate love for the history of his native State, havo
been, and are, of incalculable advantage to him whose services
are so often called into requisition. As a public official, his
acts are recorded in the archives of State. As an editor,
his name will descend to generations as one whose forecast,
ability, judgment and discretion were of the best. By his
editorials he led the party of the people from victory to
victory. During the critical period after the war he directed
his best efforts to save the State from vicious and dangerous
rule.
Captain Ashe has given much time to the study of North
Carolina history, and is looked upon and appealed to as au-thority
on any disputed point. He was a valuable aid to
Colonel William L. Saunders in the preparation of that
gigantic work, the Colonial Records ; and to Judge Walter
Clark in the preparation of the State Records. He has pre-pared
a school history of the State, which has not yet beon
published. He has made many valuable public addresses bear-ing
on State literature and history. His last most valuable
contribution is his "History of North Carolina from 1584 to
1783." Only Volume I has been published. The first vol-ume
has been characterized thus by an acknowledged critic:
240 THE NOKTH CAROLINA BOOKLET.
"The greatest event that N'orth Carolina has known was the
publication of Captain Ashe's history." Every library in
the State should have a copy of this book. It contains about
725 pages, and is full of interest from cover to cover. He
states in the preface that the work is based almost exclusively
on the State publications ; nearly every statement relating to
ISTorth Carolina has for its support contemporaneous docu-ments.
It is dedicated to Thomas Jordan Jarvis and Colonel
William Laurence Saunders, and closes with this paragraph:
"I dedicate this volume to you and to the memory of my
departed friend, it being an early fruitage of his important
State publications, the preparation of which was made possi-ble
by your own cordial concurrance: and I inscribe your
name on this page in recognition of your great service to the
people of North Carolina and in token of my friendship.
"S. A. Ashe."
Captain Ashe has contributed several articles of historic
value to The N^oeth Carolina Booklet, In Vol. II his
article on ''Our Own Pirates" is a story of those desperate
robbers who infested the coast of Carolina in the early
Colonial period.
In Vol. IV "Rutherford's Expedition Against the Indians"
is told in a most interesting way and treated more fully than
is done by any other writer.
In addition to many historical and biog-raphical essays
which he has written, he has frequently made literary ad-dresses
of great merit and popularity. The address made
on General Lee in 1906, under the auspices of the Johnston
Pettigrew Chapter, Daughters of the Confederacy, received
the highest commendations from those who heard it. This
address was printed in pamphlet form and distributed by the
Daughters as a means of enlightening the young generation
and keeping fresh in their minds the greatness of Lee.
BIOGRAPHICAL AND GENEALOGICAL. 241
The ability and success with which Captain Ashe has
wielded his pen proves the verity of the assertion that "the
pen is mightier than the sword."
Captain Ashe married, in 1871, Miss Hannah Emerson
Willard, of Ealeigh, whom he survives, and has eight children.
Note.—Credit is due to Dr. T. B. Kingsbury for facts contained in
the above sketch, the Biographical History of North Carolina, and other
sources.
—
Editor.
BRUCE CRAVEN.
Mr. Bruce Craven, author of "The Truth About Jackson's
Birthplace," has previously contributed to The Booklet two
articles on the Mecklenburg Declaration of Independence
;
and a sketch of his life appeared in The Booklet for Janu-ary,
1909. Mr. Craven is Superintendent of the City Schools
of Kinston, and besides his high standing in educational
circles, is a lawyer and public speaker of ability, has had
experience in newspaper work, and is a frequent contributor
to leading newspapers and magazines. His writings are
characterized by conciseness and precision.
242 THE NORTH CAROLINA BOOKLET.
RESOLUTIONS OF RESPECT TO THE MEMORY
OF MRS. SUSAN GRAHAM CLARK, WHO
DIED DECEMBER 10, 1909.
IN MEMORIAM.
Whereas, God in His infinite love and wisdom, has seen
fit to remove from earth to heaven our loyal member, our
beloved Vice-Eegent, Mrs. Susan Graham Clark
Therefore he it resolved, That the J^orth Carolina Society,
Daughters of the Revolution, deplore the great loss they have
sustained in her death.
That they are thankful for the influence and inspiration
of her noble life, and feel that they have lost a faithful and
highly esteemed member, beloved of all other members, ever
devoted to the work of the Society and ready to contribute to
the success of all its undertakings.
That they mourn the absence of her personal charm, and
will ever lament the loss of her wise counsel.
That we tender to the afflicted husband and family our
heartfelt sympathy in this great bereavement.
That these resolutions be spread upon the minutes of the
Society and a copy sent to the family.
Mrs. John E. Ray,
Mrs. Leigh Skinner,
Comrmttee.
IX MEMOEIAM. 243
TRIBUTE FROM A FRIEND.
In Memoriam Mrs. Susan Graham Clark.
The ISTorth Carolina Society, Daughters of the Revolution,
has sustained a loss in the removal to a higher, brighter life
of one of her most prominent officers and loyal members,
which will be felt not only in the present but through the
coming years. Our beloved Vice-Regent was ever wise in
counsel, true to the Society, just to her co-workers, and faith-ful
to every duty that was hers, always anxious to assume
even more than was her share. Those who were so fortunate
as to have known her through this organization, feel that in
knowing her they were amply compensated aside from other
advantages.
Mrs. Susan Graham Clark was the only daughter of the
late Honorable William Alexander . Graham and Susan
Washington, his wife. Her father was one of the greatest
men of his time, and he lived in an age in which intel-lectual
giants were not exceptions. Of noble lineage,
reared amid an uplifting environment, where lofty ideals
and brilliant intellects were guides to the moulding of a
grand character, she maintained the standards established by
her progenitors in this and other lands. She was ever the
unconscious leader of every circle honored by her presence.
To few it has been given the privilege to dwell under the
influence of greatness which she keenly appreciated as well
as inspired.
The gift of intellectuality is to be prized and admired, but
nobility of heart is to be cherished even more. With both
Mrs. Clark was richly endowed. Her sympathy and kind-ness
to those in sorrow knew no bounds.
Another bright star has passed beyond our horizon, though
the radiance will linger, a sweet reminder of the precious
friend whose place will ever remain an empty void that can
not be filled.
INFORMATION
Concerning the Patriotic Society
"Daughters of the Revolution"
The General Society was founded October 11, 1890,—and organized
August 20, 1891,—under the name of "Daughters of the American
Revolution"; was incorporated under the laws of the State of New York
as an organization national in its work and purpose. Some of the mem-bers
of this organization becoming dissatisfied with the terms of en-trance,
withdrew from it and, in 1891, formed under the slightly differ-ing
name "Daughters of the Revolution," eligibility to which from the
moment of its existence has been lineal descent from an ancestor who
rendered patriotic service during the War of Independence.
" ^e North Carolina Society "
a subdivision of the General Society, was organized in October, 1896,
and has continued to promote the purposes of its institution and to
observe the Constitution and By-Laws.
Membership and Qualifications
Any woman shall be eligible who is above the age of eighteen years,
of good character, and a lineal descendant of an ancestor who (1) was
a signer of the Declaration of Independence, a member of the Conti-nental
Congress, Legislature or General Court, of any of the Colonies
or States; or (2) rendered civil, military or naval service under the
authority of any of the thirteen Colonies, or of the Continental Con-gress;
or (3) by service rendered during the War of the Revolution
became liable to the penalty of treason against the government of Great
Britain: Provided, that such ancestor always remained loyal to the
cause of American Independence.
The chief work of the North Carolina Society for the past eight years
has been the publication of the "North Carolina Booklet," a quarterly
publication on great events in North Carolina history—Colonial and
Revolutionary. $1.00 per year. It will continue to extend its work and
to spread the knowledge of its History and Biography in other States.
This Society has its headquarters in Raleigh, N. C, Room 411, Caro-lina
Trust Company Building, 232 Fayetteville Street.
Some North Carolina Booklets for Sale
Address, EDITOR, Raleigh, N. C.
Vol.
"Greene's Eetreat," Dr. Daniel Harvey Hill.
Vol. II
"Our Own Pirates,"' Capt. S. A. Ashe.
"Indian Massacre and Tusearora War," Judge Walter Clark.
"Moravian Settlement in North Carolina," Eev. J. E. Clewell.
"Whigs and Tories," Prof. W. C. Allen.
"The Revolutionary Congresses," Mr. T. M. Pittman.
"Raleigh and the Old Town of Bloomsbury," Dr. K, P. Battle.
"Historic Homes—Bath, Buncomb Hall, Hayes," Rodman, Blount,
Dillard.
"County of Clarendon," Prof. John S. Bassett.
"Signal and Secret Service," Dr. Charles E. Taylor.
"Last Days of the War," Dr. Henry T. Bahnson.
Vol. Ill
"Trial of James Glasgow," Kemp P. Battle, LL.D.
"Volunteer State Tennessee as a Seceder," Miss Susie Gentry.
"Historic Hillsboro," Mr. Francis Nash.
"Colony of Transylvania," Judge Walter Clark.
"Social Conditions in Colonial North Carolina," Col. Alexander Q.
Holladay, LL.D.
"Battle of Moore's Creek Bridge. 1776," Prof. M. C. S. Noble.
"North Carolina and Georgia Boundary," Mr. Daniel Goodloe.
Vol. IV
"Battle Ramseur's Mill, 1780," Major Wm. A. Graham.
"Quaker Meadows," Judge A. C. Avery.
"Convention of 1788," Judge Henry Groves Connor.
"North Carolina Signers of Declaration of Independence, John Penn
and Joseph Hewes," by Mr. T. M. Pittman and Dr. E. Walter Sikes.
"Expedition to Cartagena, 1740," Judge Walter Clark.
"Rutherford's Expedition Against the Indians," Capt. S. A. Ashe.
"Changes in Carolina Coast Since 1585," Prof. Collier Cobb.
"Highland Scotch Settlement in N. C," Judge James C. McRae.
"The Scotch-Irish Settlement," Rev. A. J. McKelway.
"Battle of Guilford Court-house and German Palatines in North Caro-lina,"
Major J. M. Morehead, Judge 0. H. Allen.
"Genesis of Wake County," Mr. Marshall DeLancey Haywood.
4 1
Vol. v.— (Quarterly.)
No.1.
"St. Paul's Church, Edenton, N. C, and its Associations," Richard
Dillard, M.D.
"N. C. Signers of the National Declaration of Independence, Part II,
William Hooper," Mrs. Spier Whitaker.
No. 2.
"History of the Capitol," Colonel Charles Earl Johnson.
"Some Notes on Colonial North Carolina, 1700-1750," Colonel J. Bryan
Grimes.
"North Carolina's Poets," Rev. Hight C. Moore.
No. 3.
"Cornelius Harnett," Mr. R. D. W. Connor.
"Celebration of the Anniversary of May 20, 1775," Major W. A.
Graham.
"Edward Moseley," by Dr. D. H. Hill.
No. 4.
"Governor Thomas Pollok," Mrs. John W. Hinsdale.
"Battle of Cowan's Ford," Major W. A. Graham.
"First Settlers in North Carolina Not Religious Refugees," Rt. Rer.
Joseph Blount Cheshire, D.D.
Vol. VI-(Quarterly.)
No. 1.
"The Indian Tribes of Eastern North Carolina," Richard Dillard, M.D.
"History Involved in the Names of Counties and Towns in North Caro-lina,"
Kemp P. Battle, LL.D.
"A Colonial Admiral of the Cape Fear" (Admiral Sir Thomas Frank-land),
Hon. James Sprunt.
"Biographical Sketches: Introduction; Maj. Graham Daves." By Mrs.
E. E. Moffitt.
October, No. 2.
"The Borough Towns of North Carolina," Mr. Francis Nash.
"Governor Thomas Burke," J. G. de Roulhac Hamilton, Ph.D.
"Colonial and Revolutionary Relics in the Hall of History," Col. Fred.
A. Olds.
"The North Carolina Society Daughters of the Revolution and its
Objects."
"Biographical Sketches: Dr. Richard Dillard, Mr. Francis Nash, Dr.
J. G. de R. Hamilton and Col. Fred A. Olds," Mrs. E. E. Moffitt.
January, No. 3.
"State Library Building and Department of Archives and Records,"
Mr. R. D. W. Connor.
"The Battle of Rockfish Creek, 1781," Mr. James Owen Carr.
"Governor Jesse Franklin," Prof. J. T. Alderman.
"North Carolina's Historical Exhibit at Jamestown," Mrs. Lindsay
Patterson, Miss Mary Hilliard Hinton.
2
"Biographical Sketches: Mrs. S. B. Kenneday, R. D. W. Connor,
James Owen Carr and Prof. J. T. Alderman," Mrs. E. E. Moffitt.
April, No. 4.
"Lock's Fundamental Constitution," Mr. Junius Davis.
"The White Pictures," Mr. W. J. Peele.
"North Carolina's Attitude Toward the Revolution," Mr. Robert Strong.
Biographical Sketches: Richard Benbury Creecy, the D. R. Society
and Its Objects, Mrs. E. E. Moffitt.
Genealogical Sketches: Abstracts of Wills; ScoUey, Sprott and Hunter,
Mrs. Helen de B. Wells.
Vol. VII. (Quarterly.)
July, No. 1.
" North Carolina in the French and Indian War," Col. A. M. Waddell.
" Locke's Fundamental Constitutions," Mr. Junius Davis.
" Industrial Life in Colonial Carolina," Mr. Thomas M. Pittman.
Address: "Our Dearest Neighbor—The Old North State," Hon. James
Alston Cabell.
Biographical Sketches: Col. A. M. Waddell, Junius Davis, Thomas M.
Pittman, by Mrs. E. E. Moffitt; Hon. Jas. Alston Cabell, by Mary
Hilliard Hinton.
Abstracts of Wills. Mrs. Helen DeB. Wills.
October, No. 2.
"Ode to North Carolina," Miss Pattie Williams Gee.
" The Finances of the North Carolina Colonists," Dr. Charles Lee
Raper.
" Joseph Gales, Editor," Mr. Willis G. Briggs.
" Our First Constitution, 1776," Dr. E. W. Sikes.
"North Carolina's Historical Exhibit at Jamestown Exposition," Miss
Mary Hilliard Hinton.
Biographical Sketches: Dr. Kemp P. Battle, Dr. Charles Lee Raper,
Willis Grandy Briggs, Pattie Williams Gee. By Mrs. E. E. Moffitt.
January, No. 3.
" General Robert Howe," Hon. John D. Bellamy.
" Early Relations of North Carolina and the West," Dr. William K.
Boyd.
" Incidents of the Early and Permanent Settlement of the Cape Fear,"
Mr. W. B. McKoy.
Biographical Sketches: John Dillard Bellamy, William K. Boyd, Wil-liam
B. McKoy. By Mrs. E. E. Moffitt.
April, No. 4.
"St. James's Churchyard" (Poem), Mrs. L. C. Markham.
"The Expedition Against the Row Galley 'General Arnold'—A Side
Light on Colonial Edenton," Rev. Robt. B. Drane, D.D.
" The Quakers of Perquimans," Miss Julia S. White.
" Fayetteville Independent Light Infantry," Judge James C. MacRae.
Biographical Sketches: Mrs. L. C. Markham, Rev. R. B. Drane, Miss
Julia S. White, Judge James C. MacRae. By Mrs. E. E. Moffitt.
Vol. VIII.-(Quapteply )
July, No. 1.
"John Harvey," Mr. E. D. W. Connor.
"Military Organizations of North Carolina During the American Revo-lution,'
Clyde L. King, A.M.
"A Sermon by Rev. George Micklejohn," edited by Mr. R. D. W. Connor.
. Biographical and Genealogical Sketches : R. D. W. Connor, Clyde L.
King, Marshall DeLancey Haywood, by Mrs. E. E. Moflfitt.
"Abstracts of Wills," Mrs. Helen DeB. Wills.
October, No. 2.
"Convention of 1835," Associate Justice Henry G. Connor.
"The Life and Services of Brigadier-General Jethro Sumner," Kemp
P. Battle, LL.D.
"The Significance of the Mecklenburg Declaration of Independence,"
Prof. Bruce Craven.
"Biographical and Genealogical Sketches: Judge Henry G. Connor,
Kemp P. Battle, LL.D., Prof. Bruce Craven," by Mrs. E. E. Moffitt.
January, No. 3.
"The Mecklenburg Declaration of Independence," Mr. A. S. Salley, Jr.
"The Mecklenburg Declaration of Independence," Prof. Bruce Craven.
"Mr. Salley's Reply."
"Mr. Craven's Rejoinder."
"Biographical and Genealogical Sketches: Prof. Bruce Craven, Mr.
Alexander, S. Salley, Jr.," by Mrs. E. E. Moffitt.
"Patriotic Objects."
"Information Concerning the Patriotic Society D. R."
»TT T r^ '. April, No. 4.
Unveilmg Ceremonies.
"Carolina," by Miss Bettie Freshwater Pool.
"The Battle of King's Mountain," by Dr. William K. Boyd.
"Schools and Education in Colonial Times," by Dr. Charles Lee Smith.
"North Carolina Heroines of the Revolution," by Richard Diliard, M.D.
"Biographical and Genealogical Sketches: Bettie Freshwater Pool, Wil-liam
K. Boyd, Charles Lee Smith, Richard Diliard," by Mrs. E. E.
Moffitt.
Vol. IX.-(Quarterly.)
July, No. 1.
"Indians, Slaves and Tories: Our 18th Century Legislation Regarding
Them," Clarence H. Poe.
"Thomas Person," Dr. Stephen B. Weeks.
"Sketch of Flora McDonald," Mrs. S. G. Ayr.
"Biographical and Genealogical Memoranda: Clarence H. Poe, Dr.
Stephen B. Weeks, Mrs. S. G. Ayr," Mrs. E. E. Moffitt.
"Abstracts of Wills: Shrouck, Stevens, Sanderson, Shirley, Stevenson,
Sharee, Shearer, Shine, Smithson, Sitgreaves," Mrs. Helen DeB.
Wills.
4
October, No. 2.
"General Joseph Grraham," Mrs. Walter Clark.
"State Rights in North Carolina Through Half a Century," Dr. H. M.
Wagstaflf.
"The Nag's Head Portrait of Theodosia Burr," Miss Bettie Freshwater
Pool.
"Biographical and Genealogical Memoranda: Mrs. Walter Clark, H. M.
Wagstaff," Mrs. E. E. Moffitt.
"Abstracts of Wills: Arnold, Ashell, Avelin, Adams, Battle, Burns,
Boge, Bennett," Mrs. Helen DeB. Wills.
January, No. 3.
"History of Lincoln County," Mr. Alfred Nixon.
"Our State Motto and Its Origin," Chief Justice Walter Clark.
"Work Done by the D. R. in Pasquotank County," C. F. S. A.
"Biographical and Genealogical Memoranda: Alfred Nixon, Walter
Clark," Mrs. E. E. Moffitt.
"Abstracts of Wills: Clark, Evans, Fendall, Fort, Gorbe, Gambell,
Grainger, Hill, White," Mrs. Helen DeB. Wills.
April, No. 4.
"Der North Carolina Land und Colonie Etablissement," Miss Adelaide
L. Fries.
"George Durant," Capt. S. A. Ashe.
"Hatorask," Mr. Jaques Busbee.
"The Truth about Jackson's Birthplace," Prof. Bruce Craven.
Biographical and Genealogical Memoranda : Miss Fries, Captain Ashe,
Professor Craven," Mrs. E. E. Moffitt.
Vols. I, II, III, IV, 25 cents each number.
Vols. V, VI, VI, VIII, IX, 35 cents each number.
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
VOLUME IX.
PAGE
Indians, Slaves and Tories: Our 18th Century Legislation
Regarding Them By Clarence H. Poe. 3-15
Thomas Person By Dr. Stephen B. Weeks. 16-35
Sketch of Flora McDonald By Mrs. S. G. Ayr. 36-51
Biographical and Genealogical Memoranda: Clarence H.
Poe, Stephen B. Weeks, Mrs. S. G. Ayr,
By Mrs. E. E. Moffltt. 52-56
Abstracts of Wills previous to 1760: Shrouck, Stevens,
Sanderson, Shirley, Stevenson, Sharee, Shearer, Shine,
Smithson, Sitgreaves By Mrs. Helen DeB. Wills. 57-58
General Joseph Graham By Mrs. Walter Clark. 61-78
State Rights in North Carolina Through Half a Century,
By Dr. H. M. Wagstaff. 79-97
The Nag's Head Picture of Theodosia Burr,
Miss Bettie Freshwater Pool. 98-104
Biographical and Genealogical Memoranda: Mrs. Walter
Clark, H. M. Wagstaff By Mrs. E. E. Moffitt. 105-106
Abstracts of Wills previous to 1760: Arnold, Ashell, Avelin,
Adams, Battle, Burns, Boge, Bennett,
By Mrs. Helen DeB. Wills. 107-108
Illustrations
General Joseph Graham.
Supposed Portrait of Theodosia Burr Alston.
History of Lincoln County By Mr. Alfred Nixon. 111-178
Our State Motto and Its Origin, By Chief Justice Walter Clark. 179-182
The Work Done by the D. R. in Pasquotank County,
By C. F. S. A. 183-184
Biographical and Genealogical Memoranda: Alfred Nixon,
Walter Clark By Mrs. E. E. Moffitt. 185-193
Abstracts of Wills previous to 1760: Clark, Evans, Fendall,
Fort, Gorbe, Gambell, Grainger, Hill, White,
Mrs. Helen DeB. Wills. 194-196
Der North Carolina Land und Colonic Etablissement,
By Miss Adelaide L. Fries. 199-214
George Durant By Captain S. A. Ashe. 215-222
Hatorask By Mr. Jaques Busbee. 223-231
The Truth About Jackson's Birthplace, By Prof. Bruce Craven. 232-235
Biographical and Geneological Memoranda: Miss Fries,
Captain Ashe, Prof. Craven By Mrs. E. E. Moffitt. 236-241
Illustrations:
Map of Part of Forsyth County.
Hatteras—"The Golgotha of the Sea."
The North Carolina Booklet
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IS-^Tfo^Tr" "A SOUTHERNER IN EUROPE"
By CLARENCE H. POE.
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news and Observer
RALEIGH, N. C.
Published at tbe gat^ttal gity
JOSEPHUS DANIELS
EDITOR
Growth of Circulation
1894, 1,800 subscribers 1901, 6,500
1895, 2,400 subscribers 1902, 7,054
1896, 3,100 subscribers 1903, 8,201
1897, 4,200 subscribers 1904, 9,111
1898, 4,880 subscribers 1905, 10,000
1899, 5,200 subscribers 1906, 11,000
1900, 5,700 subscribers 1907, 12,000
16
THE J. G. BALL COMPANY
WHOLESALE
GROCERS
131 AND 133 South Wilmington Steeet
RALEIGH, N. C.
Solicit the Trade of Merchants Only
try(apudine
for COLDS and GRIPP
relie ves the feverishness and aching and restores normal conditions
Take a dose as soon as you are exposed and feel the cold coming on and.
it will generally prevent it. Taken afterwards will relieve the ailment.
SOLD AT ALL DRUG STORES
LET THE
iV\eQl\ai\ic5 £aVii\g5 ^ai\k
TAKE CARE OF YOUR
SAVINGS
WE PAY FOUR PER CENT INTEREST
ON DEPOSITS
Dobbin-Ferrall Company
123-125 Fayetteville Street
RALEIGH, N. C.
North Carolina's Largest and Leading
Retail Dry Goods Establishment
Greatest attention is given to Eeady-to-wear Garments for Ladies and
Misses. Costumes, Coat Suits, Skirts, Waists, Top Coats and Wraps.
Alterations are made free of charge by competent tailoresses and
promptly. We carry the largest stocks in these lines to be found in
North Carolina.
17
CHARLES ROOT, Cashier
RALEIGH SAVINGS BANK
RALEIGH, N. C.
RESERVED INTEREST . . . . 15,000.00
CAPITAL 115,000.00
SURPLUS 150,000.00
DEPOSITS OVER . . . . . 1750,000.00
FOUR PER CENT INTEREST PAID ON DEPOSITS
BOYLAN-PEARCE CO.
Dry Goods Leaders in the Capital City
A Store With a State -wide Reputation
Staple and Fancy Dress Goods, Silks and Cotton
Fabrics, White Goods in Immense Variety, Coat
Suits, Waists and Skirts, Swellest Millinery, Laces,
Embroideries, Parasols, Fans, Gloves and Hand-kerchiefs,
Blankets, Comforts, Toweling, Sheeting
and Pillow Cases, Lace and Net Curtains, and
Scrims, Damask Napkins and Towels, Carpets, Art
Squares, Rugs, Linoleums and Oil Cloths.
Samples submitted and contracts taken for public buildings, churches
libraries and private residences.
BOYLAN-PEARCE COMPANY
206-208 Fayetteville Street RALEIGH. N. C.
ANTICEPHALALGINE
THE WONDERFUL REMEDY FOR
HEADACHE AND NEURALGIA
For Sale by All Druggists RALEIGH
25 AND 50 Cents per Bottle
18
North Carolina
North CarolsF^a State Ltbr^:^
Raleiah
Mlffi iS[ S CO.
109 Fayetteville Street
RALEIGH, N. C.
The Place
THAT STANDS FOE
Correct Styles
in Millinery
Two Stores in One
Heller Bros.
SHOES AND TRUNKS
RALEIGH, N. C.
Carolina Electrical Co.
RALEIGI[, N. C.
Engineers Contractors
Supplies
Electric Light, Telephone and Annuncia-tor
Installation.
Weathers 6 Perry
Fayetteville Street
RALEIGH, N. C.
China and Art Store and
Interior Decorators
J. C. Ellington
Pictures, Artists' Materials
Wall-papers
and Window-shades
Embroideru Silks Wools and Zephurs
RALEIGH, N. C.
FIFTIETH ANNUAL
N. G. STATE FAIR, RALEIGH, OCT. 1910.
Four full days. 112.000 offered in prizes. Grand display of live stock, agricultural
and horticultural products, machinery and fine arts. Fastest trotting and pacing races,
special stage and musical attractions and specialties. Biggest midway in the South.
General admission 50 cents, children 25 cents. For prize list and information, address
Joseph E. Pogue, Secretary, Raleigh, N. C.
CORNELIUS HARNETT. An Essay in North Carolina
History. By R. D. W. Connor, Secretary of the North Caro-lina
Historical Commission.
"I have just finished reading Harnett. . . . You have made an
interesting story of a most significant and interesting man."
—
Edward
K. Graham, Professor of English Literature, University of North
Carolina.
"I have read with pleasure and pride Mr. Connor's forthcoming
sketch of Cornelius Harnett. It is an interesting and scholarly piece
of work and should have a wide circulation."—C. ALPnoNSo Smith,
Professor of the English Language, University of North Carolina;
Author of "Our Debt to Cornelius Harnett."
Edwards & Broughton Printing Co., Raleigh, N. C.
Price, $1.50
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