Report of the North Carolina Department of Agriculture for the biennium ... |
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of tlyp (EnUerlifltt of ^0^1 QIarflltttlana CG30.6 \54o/4A 00033953981 This book must not be taken from the Library building LUNC-1SM F 40 Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2011 with funding from Ensuring Democracy through Digital Access (NC-LSTA) http://www.archive.org/details/reportofagricul19401942 REPORT of TKe North Carolina Department of Agriculture FROM JULY 1, 1940 TO JUNE 30, 1942 REPORT of TKe North Carolina Department of Ag^riculture For the Biennium 1940-1942 TV. ^ Letter of Transmittal To His Excellency, J. Melville Broughton, Governo7' of North Carolina. Sir: In compliance with Chapter 248, Public Laws of 1929, I submit the following report of the work of the Department of Agriculture for the biennium 1940-1942. Respectfully, -TTTlMA^i^.^^^ Commissioner of Agriculture. Raleigh, N. C. November 1, 1942. REPORT OF THE NORTH CAROLINA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE FOR THE BIENNIUM 1940-1942 State Board of Agriculture W. Kerr Scott, Commissioner Ex-Officio Chairman Raleigh, N. C. L. Y. Ballentine .. ._ _ Varina W. I. BissETTE - Grifton L. L. BURGIN _ __ - - .Horse Shoe Charles F. Gates -. — - _ Mebane Claude T. Hall _ Woodsdale W. G. Hargett __ Richlands D. R. NOLAND Clyde Miss Ethel Parker Gatesville J. H. Poole .West End Lionel Weil Goldsboro PERSONNEL OF THE State Department of Agriculture W. Kerr Scott, Commissioner Administration D. S. CoLTRANE Assistant to the Commissioner A. R. PowLEDGE Chief Auditor Louis H. Wilson Editor of Publications Myrtha Fleming Principal General Clerk May Davidson Senior Steyiographer Clerk Jerrie Wheless - . Senior General Clerk Robert Harris Janitor-Messenger Worth Jeffries ....Janitor-Messenger Elizabeth C. Rabb Junior General Clerk Joseph A. Hunter Janitor-Messenger Annie A. Braswell Senior Stenographer Clerk Mary Frances Lee Junior Stenographer Clerk Katherine PALMEai Senior Accounting Clerk Carrie Dell McCall Junior General Clerk Inspection W. E. Fuller Junior Dairy Specialist E. J. Harrington Junior Fertilizer Inspector Charles H. Godwin, Jr. Senior Food Inspector Martin McCall Senior Food Inspector G. C. BOSWOOD Junior Fertilizer Inspector Harvey McPhail Senior Feed and Seed hispector Markets R. B. Etheridge Chief C. W. Sheffield Pnncipal Marketing Specialist Paul L. Fletcher Principal Marketing Specialist H. T. Westcott Senior Marketing Specialist A. B. Harless Senior Marketing Specialist W. P. Hedrick Senior Marketing Specialist WiLLiARD Holden Darst Senior Marketing Specialist Ralph Bogan Kelly Associate Marketing Specialist Gladys Strawn Associate Marketing Specialist Margaret C. Taylor Senior General Clerk Mary C. Hutchinson Senior Stenograjjher Clerk W. G. Jones Senior Telegraph Operator Rebecca Merritt Senior Stenographer Clerk Joe B. Gourlay Senior Marketing Sjiecialist Carrie Mae Mann Junior Stenographer Clerk Marketing Authority Geo. R. Ross Principal Marketing Specialist W. L. Adams Associate Marketing Specialist Carl H. Tower Associate Ma'rketing Specialist N. L. Ballance Senior Marketing Specialist Celeste Triplett Senior Stenographer Clerk D. S. Matheson Principal Marketing Specialist T. L. Gwyn Pnndpal Marketing Specialist 6 Biennial Report Dairy C. W. PEX5RAM Dairy Specialist J. V. Whitaker Senior Auditor Lucille Thomas Stephens Junior Stenographer Clerk Entomology C. H. Brannon Senior Entomologist J. A. Harris Senior Entomologist C. S. Brimley Associate Entomologist D. L. Wray Associate Entomologist P. G. Craddock State Apiary Inspector Pauline P. Newsom Senior Stenographer Clerk John Boyce Riley Japanese Beetle-Inspector Seed Laboratory J. W. Woodside Senior Botanist S. D. Allen Senior Seed Analyst Elsie W. Earp Senior Seed Analyst Elizabeth Fleming Senior Seed Analyst C. H. Lutterloh Senior Feed Inspector Joshua S. James Senior Feed Inspector T. A. HoLCOMBE Senior Feed Inspector Mabel V. ROBEatTS Junior Seed Analyst Mks. Wm. M. Styles Junior Seed Analyst Sallie Maurine Taylor Junior Stenographer Clerk Analytical B. W. Kilgore Senior Chemist E. T. HoRD Senior Chemist W. E. McNeill Senior Food Inspector L. M. Nixon Senior Chemist L. B. Rhodes Senior Chemist H. D. Matheson Junior Chemist W. P. Matthews Associate Chemist Z. B. Bradford Senior Chemist L. V. Amburgey Microscopist David E. Buffalob Junior Chemist H. F. Pickering Senior Chemist Velva Hudson . Senior General Clerk Heber B. Hatch Principal General Clerk Robert L. Harris Laboratory Aid Moses Lord '. ..Laboratory Aid Gordon Powell Laboratory Aid Thomas M. Ward Junior Chemist Rufus G. Marshbourne Junior Chemist Sarah D. Allen Principal General Clerk John J. Filicky . Junior Chemist Chas. Thomas Hollowell, Jr. Laboratory Technician James Manly Laboratory Aid Lacy Wood Corbett . Junior Chemist Charlie Huss Senior Stenographer Clerk Crop Statistics W. T. Garriss Junior Statistician Russell P. Handy Junior Statistician Henry G. Brown : Junior Statistician Bessie Kellogg i .Senior Statistical Clerk Sarah Drake Senior Statistical Clerk Rachel E. Fish Junior Statistical Clerk Nancy L. Holler Senior Statistical Clerk Commissioner of Agriculture 7 J. Paul Shaw Junior Statistician Elma S. Wyrick Senior Statistical Clerk Mrs. Espy S. Bolger Senior Statistical Clerk Herbert Barnes Senior General Cl^rk Geo. Truett Denton Senior General Clerk Museum H. T. Davis Senior Curator H. H. Brimley Senior Curator RoxiB Collie Simpson Preparator and Taxidei-rtiist Owen Woods Janitor Pattie Daniels Maid Mary Knight Principal General Clerk Veterinary Wm. Moore State Veterinarian L. J. Faulhaber Associate Veterinarian W. R. Baynes Associate Veterinarian Wm. R. Beasley Junior VeteHnxcrian W. A. JoRDON, Jr. Junior Veterinarian R. L. Dickinson Junior Veterinarian L. J. FouRlE Senior Bacteriologist Grace John Senior Stenographer Clerk Frank Hall _._. Laboratory Aid Frank Howard Laboratory Aid James W. Willis Junior Veterinarian J. W. McKee Junior Veterinarian Joseph D. Wolf Junior Veterinarian Test Farms F. E. Miller . Director Kathleen Harrison Senior Stenographer Clerk J. L. Rea, Jr. Siiperintendent A. P. Lefevers Assistant Field Crops Herbert Allen Assistant Livestock E. G. Moss Superintendent Joe L. Rand . Foreman Clifton M. Blackwell Assistant Foreman Elizabeth Floyd Senior Stenographer Clerk Chester Kearney Feed and Fa:rm Laborer R. E. Currin, Jr. Superintendent W. C. Allsbrook Foreman Mrs. Walker Young Junior Stenographer Clerk Dean W. Colvard Junior Dairy Specialist J. Ernest Love Poultryman W. M. Whisenhunt Foreman R. L. York Assistant Dairyman W. W. Ross Assistant Horticultu^nst Hazel Drake Junior Stenographer CleYk Spence Monroe Correll Dairyman Chas. T. Dearing Superintendent D. P. Southerland Foreman C. O. Bollinger Poultry7nan Frank J. Veach Foreman Fred Stevens, Jr. Dairyman B. L. Williams Junior Stenographer Clerk J. W. Hendricks Superintendent Rose E. Bradford „__. Junior Stenographer Clerk John S. King Foreman Fred Edminsten Animal Feeder 8 Biennial Report Blister Rust HOEART A. Whitman . Inspector Soil Testing J. F. Reed Senior Agronomist Grafton C. Price . Associate Chemist Mrs. J. F. Jeffreys, Jr. Senior Stenogi-apher Clerk Virginia L. Spruill Senior Stenographer Clerk Arthur Giles Laboratory Aid State Warehouse System A. B. FAiRLEY Superintendent Fred P. Johnson Cotton Gin Specialist C. R. Reynolds . Chief Cotton Classer Mrs. J. N. Mason Senior Stenographer Clerk Mrs. Hallie K. Morrow Senior Stenographer Clerk J. B. Haywood Cotton Classer E. L. Upchurch Senior Geyieral Clerk A. W. OuTTERBRlDGE Junior Warehouse Examiner Cora Herndon Junior Stenographer Clerk Weights and Measures C. D. Baucom Superintendent H. W. Hood Inspector John I. Moore '. Inspector S. M. WOOLFOLK Inspector Robert W. Parker Inspector Doris E. Powell Junior Stenographer Clerk W. C. Barnett Inspector Waverly Lucas Helper N. C. State Fair J. S. Dorton Manager G. C. Ellis Caretaker Cooperative Inspection Service E. G. Hargis Egg Grader H. D. Wilson .___ Egg Grader Wm. B. Jones Egg Grader S. M. James , Egg Inspector D. A. Bass '. Egg Grader L. D. Edwards Egg Grader Credit Union D. R. Graham Supervisor Jeanette Cohen Junior Stenographer Clerk A. S. Bynum Junior Auditor W. Kerr Scott BIENNIAL REPORT OF THE North Carolina Department OF Agriculture By W. Kerr Scott Commissioner of Agriculture North Carolina has become the first State to conquer Bang's disease, a serious threat to the dairy and cattle industry, and marketing- services have been enlarged substantially by the State Department of Agricul-ture which has kept abreast with the general "march of progress" throughout the State during the biennium. The creation of the State Marketing Authority by the 1941 General Assembly has enabled the Department to promote, encourage and develop an orderly and efficient marketing pro-gram which is essential to the economic well-being of our rural life. The Department, working cooperatively with Federal authori-ties, has established an enviable record by becoming the first State to control Bang's disease, a serious malady of cattle that interferes with production, reproduction and the general growth of the cattle industry. A further contribution to the livestock development of the State has been made under a cooperative program whereby stocker and feeder cattle are purchased in Western counties for resale to Eastern Carolina farmers. Maintenance of a rigid inspectional and control program has also resulted in North Carolina becoming the first Southern state to eradicate phoney disease, serious malady that kills peach trees. Virtually all programs of the Department have been geared for the war effort and invaluable service has been rendered the armed forces and farmers under the expanded program of the marketing division. Increases in the number of soil samples tested for farmers have been recognized as a definite contribution to the food-for- victory program. Soil testing, a comparatively new service of the Department, has enabled farmers to secure accurate information on the plant food content of their soil and further 10 Biennial Report provides them with concrete information as to the most suitable fertilizer that will give a maximum production at minimum cost. The regulatory, inspection and control laws enforced by the Department have been amended to provide greater protection for the farmers as well as for the honest manufacturer. A summary of the Department's achievements and progress during the biennium follows : Accounts: Business-like and approved accounting methods followed have resulted in increased efficiency in this division. Accounting methods employed have been satisfactory and have brought commendation from the State Auditor's Bureau of Departmental and Institutional Auditing. Chemistry: A total of 14,207 samples of fertilizers, fertilizer materials, feeds, cottonseed meal, lime and land plaster, fungi-cides and insecticides have been analyzed during the biennium. Inspection of plants manufacturing or distributing foods totaled 6,546 and in addition 7,965 labels on packages of foods were examined in connection with the enforcement of regulatory and inspectional laws. Laboratory facilities have been modernized to permit greater efficiency. Credit Union: Thirty-eight new credit unions were organized during the biennium and an increase of approximately $600,000 in assets (cash on hand, money in banks and government bonds) reflect substantial growth. Credit unions made 57,611 loans aggregating $5,158,986 during the biennium. The 27,094 mem-bers in the State accumulated resources of $2,105,582. Dairy: Milk purchases, as reported by plants, increased approximately 100 per cent from 1939 to 1941 and the enforce-ment of the Babcock Test Law has had a wholesome effect on the growth of the dairy industry. Approximately 30,000 check tests for butterfat were made in connection with 1,642 investiga-tions at 90 plants, compared with 5,177 checks during the previous biennium. Enactment of the Milk Audit Law in 1940 has resulted in a saving of thousands of dollars as a result of the elimination of the "loose" buying and trade practices that previously prevailed in the milk industry. The law has resulted in greater stabiliza-tion of purchase procedure relating to plants and the dairy farmers. Entomology: Satisfactory results have been obtained in the program to control the spread of Japanese beetles, enemy of over 300 agricultural plants. North Carolina is the first Southern State to eradicate phoney disease of peaches, a serious malady that kills peach trees. By controlling phoney disease, the peach industry in North Caro-lina has been saved from "certain" destruction, which would have followed the uncontrolled condition of this malady through-out the State. Commissioner of Agriculture 11 Bee disease work especially in Eastern North Carolina has made excellent progress. Division of Markets: The State Marketing Authority was enacted by the 1941 Legislature to promote, encourage and develop the orderly and efficient marketing of the products of the home and farm. Under this program marketing assistance was given in connection with the sale of 1,483,024 packages of fruits and vegetables, 106,430 pounds of pecans, 676,769 pounds of poultry and 3,030 cases of eggs and miscellaneous farm products which brought farmers an aggregate of $2,288,979. Assistance was rendered also in selling produce amounting to $539,783 to army camps in the State. A cooperative livestock promotion project with the Highway and Public Works Commission has resulted in the purchase of stocker and feeder cattle from Western counties for resale in Eastern counties. Sales have totaled $52,486,730. A total of 29,010 cases of surplus eggs were marketed for farmers under a cooperative program. N. C. State Museum: "Birds of North Carolina," sponsored by the Department and issued by this division, is one of the most significant books ever published by a State agency and is an invaluable contribution to the natural history of the State and Nation. Substantial progress has been made in acquiring new exhibits, re-arranging old exhibits and the programs serving to better acquaint the public with the natural history and natural resources of the State. Schedules of hours have been re-arranged to accommodate the ever-increasing flow of visitors from the armed forces to the Museum. Publicatio7is : More than 30,000 farmers and others receive the "Agricultural Review," bi-monthly publication devoted to agricultural information such as reports on regulatory, inspec-tion, control and marketing problems. A news picture service has been enlarged. Farm bulletins have been enlarged, better illustrated and indexed for the benefit of farmers and others. Newspapers and press associations have been constantly informed on the activities of the Department and the services offered agriculture and related industries. Seed Laboratory : The number of seed samples tested for germination and purity has increased nine per cent compared with the previous biennium. A total of 26,038 samples of seed have been tested in connection with the program to assure farm-ers of a market for seed of known value. Today the North Carolina seed label provides information that enables farmers to more intelligently purchase their seed and the seed laboratory is attaining increased recognition in the general food-for-victory program. 12 Biennial Report Soil Testing: Because of the shortage of nitrogen for fer-tilizers and the need for greater economy in transportation as a result of the war conditions, soil testing has become of increased value to the farmers. Approximately 25,000 samples were analyzed for growers who were furnished accurate information on the plant food content of their soil and given concrete recom-mendations as to the most suitable fertilizer necessary to give maximum production at minimum cost. State Fair: The Great State Fairs of 1940 and 1941 were operated successfully both from an educational and financial standpoint. Record breaking crowds saw both exhibitions. At the 1941 exposition 92,000 square feet of exhibit space was devoted to agricultural, industrial and educational displays in addition to 25,000 square feet provided under two tents for the livestock interests. Premiums paid to exhibitors have been increased substantially each year. Statistics: Agricultural statistics, which are basic to all pro-grams including the war effort, have been made available promptly to all war agencies in connection with the food-for-victory program. Many new crop reports and farm statistic summaries have been established, making the services of this division of inestimable value in connection with the present emergency. The farm labor and price surveys have been especially valuable. The county data have become essential in the services rendered. A total of 366 reports are made by the division annually, involving the services of more than 30,000 voluntary crop reporters divided into 64 groups. Test Farms: The research program of the six outlying Branch Experiment Stations consists of 126 experimental proj-ects, which are handled cooperatively with the North Carolina Agricultural Experiment Station, and in many instances with the United States Department of Agriculture. Several of these projects have been revised in order to comply with requests to aid more directly National Defense measures in agriculture, and new tests have been begun for the same purpose. Much improvement work has been completed during the biennium, including repairing and painting buildings, clearing and draining land, and fencing grazing areas. New machinery and implements have been purchased and 80 acres of land near the Tobacco Station have been provided for tobacco research plot land. The War Department has taken over the Mountain Test Farm property as the site for the location of an Army casualty hospital and steps are being taken to relocate this Station. In addition to carrying forward the experiments conducted on the old location, new experiments will be undertaken on the new site to include beef cattle and sheep. Commissioner of Agriculture 13 Because of damage by fire to land, fencing, and vegetation, plans are being made to relocate the Blackland Experiment Sta-tion. While most of the projects will be moved to the new location, several long-time experiments will be continued on the present location in order to obtain the necessary information to conclude the experiments. Veterinary: Bang's disease, a serious threat to the Nation's dairy and cattle industry, has been conquered in North Carolina by a corps of veterinarians who have established a national record for the State in a concerted animal-disease war that has been waged for eight years. To become an accredited State, all cattle in all counties have to be tested and Bang's disease infection has to be less than one per cent of all cattle. Previously North Carolina became the first State in the Nation to accredit all counties in the bovine tuberculosis control program. Progress has been made in control of hog cholera and rules and regulations have been adopted and enforced in the general program to control livestock diseases and promote the growth of the livestock industry. Warehouse: During the year 1941-1942, a total of 542,224 bales of cotton was handled by the Warehouse division, repre-senting about seven per cent of the year's total crop. The division has made a substantial contribution to the gin-ning improvement program with the result that gin damaged cotton has been reduced 2.5 per cent annually for the past three seasons and reached a new low of 6.8 per cent in 1941. Weights and Measures: A Scale Mechanic Act was passed by the General Assembly for the protection of both the owners of scales and honest mechanics. The Weigh Master Act, passed in 1939, now has the full approval and support of all parties concerned. State inspectors visited 11,225 concerns where scales, weights, dry measures, liquid measures, packages and deliveries were checked for compliance with the Weights and Measures Law. This involved 147,042 inspections. w^* D. S. Coltrane Administrative and Regulatory Activities 1940-1942 D. S. Coltrane Assistant to the Commissioner Agricultural Productio7i: Our country has ag-ain been plunged into an unpro-voked war for its very existence, a struggle in which it is vitally essential that all people and all industries cooperate and produce with the utmost energy and deter-mination if we are to perpetuate this nation. Agriculture has a task, the size and importance of which cannot be over-emphasized at a time like this. It is to the suc-cessful prosecution of this task that the farmers of North Carolina have dedicated themselves with a "will to win" that will minimize inconveniences and overcome difficulties, of which there have been many. The acute shortage of farm labor and the prevailing high wages brought on by war conditions have com-bined to constitute a serious menace to agricultural well-being in this state. It is urgent that our Government take immediate steps to alleviate this condition, or, certainly, to prevent its serious-ness from increasing. In spite of this and other handicaps which have hampered farmers, the agricultural progress and production of North Carolina for the past biennium has been steadily for-ward and upward. Certain crops vital to the war effort have been increased tremendously. Peanut production has jumped from 265,640,000 pounds in 1941 to 396,800,000 for 1942 and soy-beans from 1,710,000 bushels in 1941 to 3,552,000 bushels for 1942, which is an all time record for both these crops. Cotton has moved from 552,000 bales in 1941 to an estimated 736,000 bales for 1942, and the estimated yield per acre is indicated at 415 pounds or 25 per cent higher than 1941. While the corn crop acreage has decreased, the acreage planted to barley has increased from 9,000 acres in 1937 to an estimated 36,000 acres for harvest in 1942. As of January 1, 1942, the number of all livestock increased only slightly from January 1, 1941, but the value increased 21 per cent over a year ago, with hogs showing a 71 per cent increase in value. North Carolina ranks 14th in number and value of hogs. Sheep numbers showed a two per cent increase with values four per cent up. The number of all chickens on farms, excluding commercial broilers, increased 17 per cent, while turkeys increased 20 per cent in number, with a total increased value for chickens and turkeys of 42 and 47 per cent respectively. All cattle and milk cows both increased Commissioner of Agriculture 15 three per cent in numbers on farms, value increased 33 per cent over a year ago. The dairy industry in particular has made outstanding- gains in recent months, with the production of wholesale Grade "A" milk for the month of July, 1942 totaling 11,137,991 pounds, the highest ever recorded by the State Department of Agriculture and exceeding the production for the same period of 1941 by 2,000,000 pounds. The figures do not include the production of producer distributors which has also greatly increased. The indications are that milk production will continue to rise, as will also the number and value of milk cattle in the State, in which we rank about twenty-fifth at present. In the total number and value of all livestock, North Carolina ranks 22nd. North Carolina continues to rank first among the states in tobacco production, second in lespedeza seed, second in peanuts and third in sweet potatoes. In the production of peaches the State has moved from twelfth place in 1940 to fifth in 1941, and in the production of tomatoes from twenty-second in 1940 to fifteenth in 1941, and the same is true of several other crops. The State ranks very high in the production of intermediate early snapbeans, cantaloupes, green peppers, and cucumbers for both marketing and processing. North Carolina at present ranks fourth in the nation in cash income from all crops, and will probably rise to third place at the close of the 1942 market season. These facts indicate that the farmers of the State are vigor-ously supporting the war effort with that enthusiasm and patriot-ism for which the people of North Carolina have always been noted. Personnel Agriculture is the basic industry of North Carolina. The State ranks second in total farm population, with the 1940 census showing that 1,624,000 of our people actually live on 278,276 farms, which number is only exceeded in the State of Texas. Therefore, the State Department of Agriculture is very properly one of the major branches of the Government and the one whose work probably touches the lives and affects the welfare of more people than any other agency in the State. Because of this fact, it is very important that the employees of this Depart-ment remain at all times aware of the great trust and respon-sibility this imposes upon them and it is gratifying to close another biennium with the feeling that our employees have built and maintained a good record of diligence, efficiency, and interest in their work. They have proved their loyalty to the Depart-ment of Agriculture as well as to the countless thousands of citizens throughout the State whom this Department has endeav-ored to serve. The administrative division desires to express its sincere appreciation of this loyalty and of their industry in the 16 Biennial Report discharge of those duties assigned to them. Unfortunately for us, many of our best trained employees have gone to other fields of work as well as into the armed forces of the country and it is becoming increasingly difficult to replace them with others who are qualified, due to our low salary scale as compared with that prevailing in private industry. We take pride, however, in here-with listing the names of those of our former employees who are as of October 21, 1942 serving in the various branches of our fighting forces: Administration : Entomology: C. P. Deyton C. H. Hill Analytical: Soil-Testing: James A. Belton I. E. Miles J. 0. Dunston Frank H. Brown Charles C. Gates, Jr. Veterinary: f-J^-Jl^'^T''^' '^''- C. B. Randall J. b) ir'ittarcl Wayne D. Collins L, W. Purdy Charlie L. Sellars Warehouse: Edwin L. Combs Robert S. Pou Crop Statistics: Weights and Measures: William T. Wesson George S. Turner Wade M. Manness We feel duty bound to the agricultural interests of this State to voice here our feeling that since agriculture is the basic indus-try of North Carolina, with a tremendous investment, and since the services of the Department of Agriculture directly affect that industry, then the work of this Department should not be made to suffer because of our inability to offer salaries sufficient to secure capable and trained workers. When we consider that 1,624,000 people live on 278,276 farms, valued at $736,708,000, to say nothing of the additional millions invested in crops and livestock, we are constrained to believe that services should not be crippled which affect very greatly the welfare of these people, as well as the entire citizenship in general, and the safety of this investment. We are now directly confronted with this problem, the magnitude of which merits full consideration. A ten per cent increase in the salaries for the personnel of the Department has been requested for the coming biennium in view of the increased cost of living and in order to maintain an efficient staff that is being rapidly decreased because of the lucrative offers by war industries, other industries, the Federal Government and the armed forces. Trained personnel must be maintained at all times, and ade-quate salaries must be paid commensurate with the standard of living now prevailing unless the regulatory, inspection, control and marketing programs and other programs of the Department suffer irreparable losses. Commissioner of Agriculture 17 Too much emphasis cannot be given to the fact that many substitutes, coming under the jurisdiction of the regulatory and control divisions of the Department, are being offered the con-sumer today and the need for a continuation of rigid enforce-ment of the laws to protect the buyer was never more apparent. Over a period of years, sizeable investments have been made in preparing or training the Department's staff in specialized work and if these investments are to be protected, nominal salary increases must be made. Living expenses are up ten per cent or more, income taxes and other taxes are steadily climbing, all of which emphasize the need of salary increases which are essential to the maintenance of reasonable standards of living. Cooperation with Agricultural Agencies A splendid spirit of cooperation exists between the Depart-ment and the other agencies serving the agricultural interests of North Carolina. Whenever regulatory, inspectional and control problems have arisen, the North Carolina Agricultural Experiment Station, State College Extension Service, farm organizations, farmers, representatives of farm industry and others have united in an effort to formulate practical programs that will result in fair, impartial and worthwhile contributions to the farm life of the State. The necessity of correlating regulatory, inspectional, control, agricultural research and other agricultural services for the benefit of the farmers has been given greater recognition and emphasis during the past biennium than perhaps at any time in the history of North Carolina agriculture. Revenue The detailed financial statement shows the sources and amounts of revenue collected by the Department during the bien-nium. The total receipts for that period amount to $1,156,189.32 as compared with $995,799.60 for the previous biennium, which shows an increase of $160,389.72. This is accounted for largely by an increase in the sale of fertilizer and feed tax tags alone amounting to $110,034.43. The continued strict enforcement of the Seed Law and a general growing understanding and appre-ciation of it resulted in an increase of $6,719.07 from seed dealers' licenses and seed analysis tags. Most other sources of revenue also resulted in slight increases, with the notable excep-tion of oleomargarine tax which showed a $1,446.50 decrease. Receipts of the Department for the fiscal year 1940-41 were $558,250.99 while the expenditures amounted to $513,385.15. Receipts exceeded expenditures by $44,865.84. In the fiscal year 1941-42 receipts were $597,938.33 while expenditures amounted to $583,015.52. Receipts exceeded expenditures by $14,922.81. 18 Biennial Report According to the sale of Agricultural Lime tax stamps, there has been sold through the regular channels of trade during the biennium a total of 101,906 tons of Agricultural Lime, which does not include shipments to fertilizer manufacturers for mix-ing purposes. The inspection tax on this product is five cents per ton and was levied by the 1937 General Assembly for the purpose of enlarging the peanut research programs. The receipts from this source for the biennium amounted to $5,095.30. However, this represents only a small part of the Agricultural Lime which has been distributed in the State. During the two-year period from November 1, 1940 through October 31, 1942, there has been distributed by the Agricultural Adjustment Agency of the Fed-eral Government a total of 609,553 tons. These figures are reported from the office of Mr. E. Y. Floyd, State Administrator for that Agency. If the Department of Agriculture had received the five cents per ton inspection tax on this lime, it would have amounted to $30,477.68. In addition, Mr. Floyd reports that during the above mentioned period a total of 45,317 tons of phosphate was distributed without payment of the inspection tax of 25 cents per ton. If the Department of Agriculture had received this, it would have amounted to $11,329.28. The same agency also distributed approximately 100,000 bags of peanuts during 1942 without payment of the inspection tax of one cent per bag, which would have amounted to $1,000.00, making a total of at least $42,806.96 additional revenue which this Department would have received had it been permitted to collect the usual inspection fees. Fertilizer The purpose of the North Carolina Fertilizer Law is to afford protection to the users of commercial fertilizer against the pos-sible misbranding of the grade or value of the fertilizer sold in the State. As an inspection and regulatory agency, the Depart-ment realizes that no part of its work is more important than strict enforcement of the Fertilizer Law. Changes in the Act were made during the biennium by the 1941 Legislature with the view of giving the farmers, manufacturers, and dealers greater protection, simplified labeling provisions, higher analysis fertilizers, and a restricted grade list. New Fertilizer Latv Department officials are of the opinion that the revised law, which became effective on December 1, 1941, gives us on the whole the best law of any State in the Nation, and rightly so because our farmers use more fertilizer than any State in the Union. The form of statement for guarantees has been simpli-fied so as to make it possible for a manufacturer who operates in adjoining states to use bags and tags interchangeably in the Commissioner of Agriculture 19 different states. The penalty provisions of the Act have been tightened so as to give the farmers more protection. Red Tag for Low Grade Fertilizer An outstanding change in the new law is a provision which recognizes all fertilizer containing less than 16 units of plant food to be labeled with a "red tag" reading as follows : "This is a low grade fertilizer. It costs too much per unit of nitrogen, available phosphoric acid and potash because it contains only 14 or 15 units (whichever the case may be) of these plant foods. You are paying too much for bagging, freight, labor, etc., on too much inert material." The "red tag" will be of educational value to those farmers who have been purchasing 3-8-3 because of habit. It will reach the farmer who has not kept himself informed as to the amount of filler in low grade fertilizer. Grade Restriction Another outstanding change in the law is a provision which gives the State Board of Agriculture and the Director of the Agricultural Experiment Station authority to set up, from time to time, a list of grades consisting of not more than fifty and not less than thirty-five grades. This provision of the Act will, in all probability, result in a saving of a million dollars or more to the farmers of the State. Manufacturers have hereto-fore made a multiplicity of grades for which there had been but little demand. In 1937 a total of 202 grades were registered for sale in this State. Thirty-six Grades Adopted Following the policy of the Department, an informal con-ference with Farmers, Fertilizer Manufacturers, Dealers, and Agronomists, was called to consider the grades that should be recommended to the Board and Director of the Experiment Station, After much discussion, the conference passed a reso-lution in favor of restricting the grades to the minimum allowed by the law, and then proceeded to suggest a list of 35 grades. This list was adopted by the Board of Agriculture with but one addition, making an official list of 36 grades that were sold during 1942. Other Changes in the Law Other changes in the law are briefly enumerated as follows : 1. Registration. Registrations have been changed from a five-year period to an annual basis. The present registration period is December 1 through November 30. The annual registration fee is $2 per brand. If packed in five-pound packages or less, the registration fee is $25 per brand. Failure to register carries a maximum penalty of $500. 20 Biennial Report 2. Weight. Must be "net weight" rather than ''gross weight." 3. Nitrogen Guarantees. A manufacturer may guarantee either total nitrogen or available nitrogen. If the wording Total Available Nitrogen is used, it will be interpreted as Total Nitro-gen. This is permitted in order to bring about uniformity with the South Carolina law and thereby enable manufacturers who do business in both states to use the same guarantees. 4. Water Insoluble and Nitrate Nitrogen Guarantees: These guarantees are made in percentage of the total, expressed in whole numbers, rather than the decimal fraction thereof. In our opinion, this is much more desirable because it was possible under the old law for a guarantee of either Nitrate or Water Insoluble Nitrogen in the decimal to be very misleading ; whereas, it is almost impossible for a farmer to be misled when the guarantees are stated in percentage of the total. Optional Guarantees Minimum per cent of Magnesium Oxide. Minimum per cent of Calcium Oxide. Minimum per cent of Sulphur in General Crop Fertilizer. Minimum-Maximum percentage of Sulphur in Tobacco Fertilizer. Loivering Analysis or Quality Not Permitted A manufacturer is not allowed to lower the quality of any established registered brand. Penalties All tolerances for deficiencies are decreased ; thereby, strengthening the penalty provision of the law. Basic Slag A Basic Slag must carry a guarantee for both total and available phosphoric acid. The old law provided only for a guarantee of total phosphoric acid. War Economy Necessitates Elimination OF Low Grade Fertilizer An educational campaign has been carried on during the past five years to familiarize farmers with the savings to be effected by the purchase of higher analysis fertilizers. War has been waged against the most uneconomical grades such as 3-8-3 ; 2-9-3 ; 0-10-4; and 2-8-4. All of these grades have been omitted from the restricted grade list except 3-8-3 which is now a "red tag" low grade fertilizer. This grade still represents about 20% of the total tonnage used in the State. While an educational cam-paign has been waged against this grade with some results, our war economy has brought about a necessity for the total elimina-tion of this grade. With the shortage of labor, bags, and transpor- Commissioner of Agriculture 21 tation, it is almost imperative that we eliminate from the list of grades any fertilizer that contains more than 200 pounds of worthless filler to the ton. Filler and Defense In normal times it may be proper for a farmer to buy an un-economical grade of fertilizer put in war times such a policy materially injures our defense efforts. Normally, a very important part of our domestic freight is hauled by coastwise and intercoastal ships. Many of these ships have been diverted to war use, and more could be used with great benefit if they could be spared from normal traffic. This diversion of ships, added to the greatly increased need for transportation due to war work, has begun to place a strain on our rail and truck transportation also. It is, therefore, becoming increasingly important to economize in transportation in every legitimate way. It is not feasible to prohibit entirely the use of filler because some filler is desirable to adjust formulas, inasmuch as grades are required to be stated in whole numbers, as well as for other reasons. Nevertheless, approximately 80,000 tons of unnecessary filler could be eliminated with real benefit to agriculture, the fertilizer industry, and the defense of our country. Fertilizer Sales Consumption of commercial mixed fertilizer and fertilizer materials for North Carolina farmers based on tag sales for the fiscal year July 1, 1940, to June 30, 1941, was 1,113,327 tons; whereas, the consumption for the year July 1, 1941, to June 30, 1942, was 1,194,174 tons. The tonnage for the biennium amounted to 2,307,501 tons which represents an increase from the previous biennium by 80,847 tons, or seven per cent. Fertilizer Inspection Reasonable fertilizer inspection services have been provided during the past two years. During the peak season a total of 15 part-time inspectors actively covered their respective terri-tories. An effort was made to get samples from every company in proportion to the tonnage sold. Also, a determined effort has been made to get more samples directly from the farms rather than from dealers. During the year 1940-41, inspectors made 6,138 inspections, and during the year 1941-42, 7,697 inspections, or a total of 13,835 inspections for the biennium. This is compared with a total of 8,403 inspections for the previous biennium. During the year 1940-41, inspectors secured 5,779 official samples. During the year 1941-42, they secured 4,547 samples, or a total for the biennium of 10,726. These figures show that the Department's inspectors secured during this bien-nium 853 more samples than for the previous biennium. 22 Biennial Report One sample of fertilizer was taken for approximately each 200 tons sold. In our opinion, more samples should be taken — at least one sample for each 100 tons sold. However, this would necessitate the appointment of more inspectors as well as in-creased laboratory facilities and the employment of additional chemists. Fertilizer of Good Quality Reasonable quality in the fertilizer sold in this State is indi-cated by the fact that during the biennium penalties were assessed on only 731 lots of fertilizer obtained from 10,180 official samples analyzed and reported, which means that approxi-mately seven per cent of the fertilizer was subject to a penalty. If inspection figures are indicative of the fertilizer move-ment as a whole, this means that 95 tons of every 100 tons of fertilizer sold in the State either meet the guaranteed analysis or are found within the variations allowed in the Fertilizer Law. $1,126,671 Excess Plant Food A study of the average value of fertilizer for the years 1939, 1940, and 1941 reveals that manufacturers gave North Caro-lina farmers an average of 53 cents per ton value in excess of plant food guaranteed, or an excess of plant food value during these two years of $1,126,671. These facts substantiate the value of rigid enforcement of regulatory measures and are indicative of the protection given farmers as well as manufacturers. The Department invites farmers to request inspectors to take special samples; in fact, more farm samples are desirable. We are looking forward to the day when we will secure at least 50 per cent of the total samples from the farmers, but this will have to await the day when tires and gasoline are no longer rationed as in the present emergency. Feed Sales and Inspection During the biennium, beginning July 1, 1940, and ending June 30, 1942, a total of 3,110 feed samples were selected for chemical analysis and microscopical examination. Of these, 3,046 were official feed samples and 64 were samples of Canned Dog Foods. Computed from the sales of tax tags, there were 388,587 tons of commercial feed sold during the year July 1, 1940—June 30, 1941, and 448,850 tons during the year July 1, 1941—June 30, 1942, or a total for the biennium of 837,437 tons compared with 725,867 tons for the previous two years. According to the sale of tax tags and stamps, there were sold 128,254 tons of Cotton Seed Meal during the fiscal year July Commissioner of Agriculture 23 1, 1940—June 30, 1941, and 96,831 tons during the fiscal year July 1, 1941—June 30, 1942, or a total for the biennium of 225,085 tons as compared with 180,434 tons for the previous two-year period. The decrease in consumption of Cotton Seed Meal for the year July 1, 1941—June 30, 1942, is due to an increased use of Soybeans and Peanuts which is reflected in the 60,263 ton increase of commercial feeds. If Cotton Seed Meal is counted as feed, there was a total tonnage of 1,062,522 during the biennium compared with 906,301 tons for the previous bien-nium or a net gain in total feed sold of 156,221 tons. From all sections of the State, the inspectors have collected 3,110 samples of mixed feeds. A reasonable number of samples were secured from each company and extra precautions taken to secure samples of brands previously found below the guaranteed analysis. During the biennium, a total of 13,784 bags of feed were withdrawn from sale for various violations of the Feed Law and the registration of eight brands was cancelled. Where the viola-tions were of a technical nature, the feed was released for sale after adjustments were made according to the law; however, 584 bags were returned to the manufacturer, 210 bags to North Carolina Mills, and 279 bags to out-of-state mills. Penalties aggregating $312.55 have been assessed during the biennium to cover the costs of feed seizures. Using the Department's analyses, both chemical and micro-scopic, as an index, the feed sold in this State during the bien-nium, on the whole, equalled the guaranteed analysis. Much progress has been made during the past six years. Anyone can now buy feed with reasonable assurance that it will contain the guaranteed ingredients and that the chemical analysis will be as labeled. Feeds are labeled so that the least informed farmer should not be deceived. The best information and pro-tection the purchaser of feed has is the tag and the honesty and reliability of the manufacturer. The record of any manufacturer may be obtained by reading the Department's annual Feed Bulletin. There has been a shortage of some ingredients during the past eighteen months due to war conditions ; in fact, the use of some ingredients has been restricted by the Federal Govern-ment. It has been difficult to overcome the shortages of some of these materials by substitutes. Some manufacturers were quick to take advantage of the situation by loose practices in the use of substitutes and other irregularities. They asked leniency because of the National Emergency. This Department has taken the position that good quality feeds are most economical under normal conditions ; and that at this time of emergency, when high production of meat, milk, eggs, cheese, and livestock is so essential, the most efficient and effective control is highly desirable. 24 Biennial Report During the two years a total of 14,684 bags of feed were withdrawn from sale for various violations of the feed law as follows : No tax tags 8,557 Obsolete tags 121 No guarantee or tax tags . 1,571 No guaranteed analysis , . 806 Not registered 705 Non-compliance with guarantee - 1,665 Metal hooks 473 No. of bags returned to North Carolina mills 176 No. of bags returned outside mills 610 Total sales in tons (Mixed feed, cotton seed, soybean, and peanut meals) 1,062,522 Amount of penalties assessed and paid $240.68 1,202 cases of Canned Dog Foods were withdrawn from sale because of not being registered and properly stamped. Seed Inspection The 1941 General Assembly further revised and brought the State Seed Law up to date. The act is so patterned as to work well in cooperation with the Federal Seed Act. Under an agree-ment between the Commissioner and the Agricultural Marketing Service of the United States Department of Agriculture relative to the enforcement of the Federal Seed Act, our seed inspectors are authorized to sample interstate movements of seed for the Federal agency. One of the first convictions for violation of the Federal Seed Act was based on evidence furnished by this division. The seed laboratory tested a total of 26,038 samples of seed during the biennium, which is an increase of 9 per cent over the previous one. Seed inspectors withdrew from sale 226 lots of seed, covering 9,402 bags, which were being sold in violation of the law. Five wholesale distributors of vegetable package seed were cited for a hearing before representatives of the State Department of Agriculture and the Attorney General because of the low quality seed sold in the State during 1941, with the result that 16 per cent more of these seed sold in the 1942 season exceeded the standard than was the case in 1941. In twenty-one other cases of law violation in selling bulk field and vegetable seed the responsible parties were called in for hearings. In most instances the seed were released for sale after the law had been complied with and satisfactory adjustments made. Seed inspectors have called regularly on all seed dealers, have made 14,534 inspections, and collected 2,640 ofl^cial samples of seed during the biennium. In line with a general improvement in the seed situation in North Carolina the Board of Agriculture has adopted grades and standards for lespedeza seed. No more than 2,500 dodder per pound are now allowed in lespedeza offered for sale in this State as against 5,000 per pound formerly permitted, and the per- Commissioner of Agriculture 25 mitted noxious weeds in small grains have been reduced from 200 per pound to 100 per pound. Recent figures show that 26 per cent more of the Korean lespedeza and 14 per cent more Kobe lespedeza seed offered for sale in the past season were of North Carolina Grade 1 quality than during the previous seasons. We feel that the progress made in the better seed program has only been possible through the cooperation of seed dealers and farm-ers, the great majority of whom now realize the vital importance of seed control measures in promoting and maintaining agri-cultural production. Unfortunately, there has recently developed considerable mis-understanding between this Department and certain agencies of the Federal Government relative to the wide distribution of seed in this State without complying with the State's seed regula-tions, which were enacted for the protection of the farmer. The State Department of Agriculture has been restrained by Federal authorities from interfering in the distribution of such seed, and there have been notable cases where the consumer has suffered because he did not receive the services and protection offered by the Seed Law. In addition, the licensed seed dealers of the State have suffered from such unregulated business competition and this in turn will be reflected in a loss of revenue which sup-ports the seed inspection and testing service. The result will be a regretable tendency toward breaking down the seed improve-ment program in the State, a program which this Department has emphasized and promoted for several years with gratifying results. We feel that it would be unfortunate in the extreme to relax in the effort to go forward with this work, and we feel that there is involved in this dispute a very real threat to the seed improvement program. Efforts are being made to find a mutually satisfactory solution to the problem and it is to be hoped that the situation will not long continue as it exists at present. 26 Biennial Report summary of inspection work Fertilizer Number of inspections 13,835 Number of official samples taken 10,180 Number of tons sampled 64,528 Number of lots seized for various violations 156 Number of penalties assessed 731 Aggregate amount of penalties assessed $11,203.37 Feed Number of inspections 19,648 Number of tons sampled 5,478 Number of official samples taken by inspectors 2,438 Number of bags represented by samples 103,560 Number of miscellaneous samples 672 Number of samples analyzed 3,110 Number of seizures for various violations 305 Number of bags in seizures 14,684 Number of bags returned to mills 786 Number of registrations canceled 7 Aggregate amount of penalties assessed $240.68 Seed Number of inspections 14,534 Number of official samples taken by inspectors 2,640 Number of individual samples 23,398 Number of samples analyzed (total) 26,038 Number of lots withdravi^n for various violations 226 Number of bags in seizures 9,402 Aggregate amount of penalties assessed __._ $34.00 Accounts A. R. POWLEDGE Accounting methods have been satis-factory and have brought commendation from the State Auditor's Bureau of De-partmental and Institutional Auditing. The financial report of the Depart-ment and its divisions follov^s: FINANCIAL STATEMENT a. r. Powiedge STATEMENT OF DISBURSEMENTS July 1, 1940-June 30, 1942 I. Administration 1941-42 1940-41 Board of Commissioners $ 1,088.36 $ 1,670.70 Salary—Commissioner 6,000.00 6,000.00 Salaries and Wages 21,052.17 21,471.84 Supplies and Materials 908.33 934.92 Tags 8,567.76 6,855.97 Postage, Telephone, Telegrams and Express .. 2,373.76 1,687.18 Travel Expense 1,770.73 2,025.29 Printing and Binding 6,670.05 5,675.15 Repairs and Alterations 100.00 98.95 General Expense 143.09 95.82 Equipment 222.65 407.93 Legislative Representative in Washington, D. C. 500.00 500.00 Total $ 49,396.90 $ 47,423.75 II. Inspection Salaries and Wages $ 10,012.66 $ 7,556.00 Salaries and Wages, Extra 4,460.00 5,552.00 Supplies and Materials 89.10 199.99 Postage, Telephone, Telegrams and Express _. 550.87 422.26 Travel Expense 19,520.96 20,547.83 Total $ 34,633.59 $ 34,278.08 III. Markets Salaries and Wages $ 33,145.27 $ 38,418.55 Salaries and Wages, Extra 390.67 889.00 Supplies and Materials 599.48 1,180.83 Postage, Telephone, Telegrams and Express - 861.40 1,194.09 Travel Expense 7,094.54 11,079.74 Printing and Binding 235.02 289.98 Repairs and Alterations 66.66 50.00 Market News Service 618.51 850.00 Subscriptions and Dues 126.00 144.10 Equipment 389.30 1,548.13 Leased Wire 841.10 1,281.42 Total $ 44,367.95 $ 56,925.84 28 Biennial Report III-A. Marketing Authority 1941-42 1940-41 Salaries and Wages . $ 28,213.47 Supplies and Materials 197.80 Postage, Telephone, Telegrams and Express- 730.74 Travel Expense 10,837.15 Printing and Binding 226.50 Repairs and Alterations . 39.05 General Expense Equipment 180.37 Total $ 40,425.08 IV. Credit Union Salary, Chief $ 1,850.00 Salaries, Staff 3,677.50 Office Supplies 137.18 Postage, Telephone and Telegraph 188.77 Field Travel 2,453.09 Printing 120.82 Equipment 78.62 Transfer to General Fund $ 2,500.00 Total $ 2,500.00 $ 8,505.98 Refund from General Fund 4,252.99 $ 4,252.99 V. Dairy Salaries and Wages $ 6,448.00 $ 3,915.00 Supplies and Materials 64.94 34.94 Postage, Telephone and Telegraph 124.81 99.88 Travel Expense 1,692.96 1,325.08 Printing and Binding 21.46 31.43 Equipment 346.47 45.35 Workmen's Compensation 172.50 Total $ 8,871.14 $ 5,451.68 VI. Entomology Salaries and Wages $ 14,696.33 $ 14,778.00 Supplies and Materials 124.09 149.72 Postage, Telephone, Telegraph and Express __ 219.89 188.87 Travel Expense 4,517.95 4,379.06 Printing and Binding 121.79 81.30 Subscriptions and Dues 78.89 102.65 Equipment 10.39 19.82 Total $ 19,769.33 $ 19,699.42 VII. Seed Laboratory Salaries and Wages $ 17,614.21 $ 16,427.20 Supplies and Materials 221.40 226.43 Postage, Telephone, Telegraph and Express __ 517.88 432.29 Travel Expense 3,313.63 3,229.79 Printing and Binding 351.09 296.69 Repairs and Alterations 23.72 15.23 Equipment 193.69 Total $ 22,041.93 $ 20,821.32 Commissioner of Agriculture 29 VIII. Analytical i94i-42 i94o-41 Salaries and Wages $ 47,188.49 $ 47,611.08 Supplies and Materials 3,846.40 2,932.93 Postage, Telephone, Telegraph and Express.... 790.06 651.36 Travel Expense 368.06 506.65 Printing and Binding 572.19 581.27 Repairs and Alterations 147.98 163.10 Laundry 5.45 4.81 Equipment 6,845.36 3,447.01 Total $ 59,763.99 $ 55,898.21 IX. Crop Statistics Salaries and Wages $ 15,646.30 $ 14,910.75 Salaries and Wages, Extra 2,786.91 3,070.33 Supplies and Materials 114.62 124.63 Postage, Telephone, Telegraph and Express .. 281.76 186.91 Travel Expense . 1,424.28 1,065.95 Printing and Binding 3,199.48 2,222.74 Repairs and Alterations 37.09 19.81 Subscriptions and Dues 10.00 15.50 Equipment 1,931.76 1,289.30 Total $ 25,432.20 $ 22,905.92 X. Museum Salaries and Wages $ 8,749.67 $ 8,378.00 Salaries and Wages, Extra 33.75 42.98 Supplies and Materials 385.48 339.63 Postage, Telephone, Telegraph and Express .. 137.60 78.67 Travel Expense 273.79 243.41 Printing and Binding 67.91 29.67 Subscriptions and Dues 39.03 34.09 Equipment 558.93 599.38 Repairs and Alterations 487.44 Total $ 10,246.16 $ 10,233.27 XI. Serum Supplies and Materials $ 347.72 $ 451.31 Postage, Telephone, Telegraph and Express .. 423.28 203.00 General Expense 55.55 30.49 Serum to be Resold 16,423.89 12,069.87 Diagnostic Laboratory 233.82 414.04 Total $ 17,484.26 $ 13,168.71 XII. Veterinary Salaries and Wages $ 33,737.24 $ 31,486.81 Salaries and Wages, Extra 8,978.16 8,728.02 Supplies and Materials 499.09 347.42 Postage, Telephone, Telegraph and Express .. 368.74 322.36 Travel Expense 23,590.28 20,908.40 Printing and Binding 136.85 78.72 Repairs and Alterations 21.35 18.70 General Expense 43.53 48.81 Equipment 139.32 93.56 Clinic on Mastitis Total $ 67,514.56 $ 62,032.80 30 Biennial Report XIII. Test Farms—Administration 1941-42 1940-41 Salaries and Wages --$ 4,920.00 $ 4,920.00 Supplies and Materials 113.31 173.29 Postage, Telephone, Telegraph and Express „ 307.05 249.98 Travel Expense 1,239.69 1,260.02 Printing and Binding 60.44 104.97 General Expense . 50.00 35.95 Insurance and Bonding - 364.50 2,010.95 Total --$ 7,054.99 $ 8,755.16 Blackland Test Farm Salaries and Wages $ 7,369.06 $ 6,343.84 Supplies and Materials 1,988.44 1,860.32 Postage, Telephone, Telegraph and Express .. 79.76 94.46 Travel Expense 238.74 324.60 Motor Vehicle Operation 582.18 448.44 Repairs and Alterations 317.55 290.72 General Expense 343.50 416.73 Equipment 1,947.33 1,609.22 Additions and Betterments 19.05 15.22 Total -_. $ 12,885.61 $ 11,403.55 Tobacco Test Farm Salaries and Wages $ 10,001.32 $ 8,386.95 Supplies and Materials 1,577.08 1,968.02 Postage, Telephone, Telegraph and Express __ 184.00 165.53 Travel Expense 16.20 278.00 Printing and Binding 28.17 14.52 Motor Vehicle Operation 216.23 83.62 Light, Water, Power _._ 176.67 171.35 Repairs and Alterations 1,035.74 264.64 General Expense 337.67 1,015.78 Equipment 1,186.86 299.91 Additions and Betterments 149.37 891.00 Land 6,000.00 Total $ 14,909.31 $ 19,539.32 Upper Coastal Plain Test Farm Salaries and Wages $ 9,874.67 $ 9,349.97 Supplies and Materials 2,891.09 2,796.96 Postage, Telephone, Telegraph and Express _. 162.37 156.07 Travel Expense 262.10 278.38 Motor Vehicle Operation 1,004.18 789.27 Light, Power and Water 236.61 198.15 Repairs and Alterations 1,256.93 701.82 General Expense 473.21 497.58 Equipment 1,772.16 1,360.00 Additions and Betterments 727.22 488.90 Total ..:_ $ 18,660.54 $ 16,617.10 Commissioner of Agriculture 31 Mountain Test Farm 1941-42 i94o-4i Salaries and Wages $ 12,191.32 $ 12,085.79 Supplies and Materials 4,446.39 3,666.73 Postage, Telephone, Telegraph and Express .. 299.99 249.05 Travel Expense 474.70 449.93 Printing and Binding 25.00 24.87 Motor Vehicle Operation 523.39 446.35 Light, Water and Power 498.76 495.30 Repairs and Alterations 1,049.64 165.22 General Expense 586.65 336.03 Equipment 2,043.15 1,849.46 Additions and Betterments - 2,241.57 627.54 Land 2,500.00 Total $ 26,880.56 $ 20,396.27 Coastal Plain Test Farm Salaries and Wages . $ 14,122.17 $ 14,511.00 Supplies and Materials 4,119.35 3,724.46 Postage, Telephone, Telegraph and Express - 339.92 504.28 Travel Expense 448.98 519.66 Printing and Binding 36.34 Motor Vehicle Operation 978.46 948.01 Light, Power and Water 925.98 832.59 Repairs and Alterations 1,572.69 499.93 General Expense 139.68 98.00 Equipment 1,349.98 312.91 Additions and Betterments 481.43 714.00 Total . $ 24,514.98 $ 22,664.84 Piedmont Test Farm Salaries and Wages $ 8,339.84 $ 7,898.01 Supplies and Materials 2,178.96 1,713.89 Postage, Telephone, Telegraph and Express _. 165.27 166.83 Travel Expense 449.82 499.82 Printing and Binding 14.08 16.86 Motor Vehicle Operation 359.30 325.17 Light, Power and Water 234.08 224.47 Repairs and Alterations 315.96 384.95 General Expense 242.92 398.55 Equipment 1,060.09 598.66 Additions and Betterments 203.11 436.41 Total $ 13,563.43 $ 12,663.62 Total Test Farms $118,469.42 $112,039.86 32 Biennial Report XIV. Miscellaneous i94i-42 i94o-41 Custodial $ 6,480.00 $ 6,480.00 Farmers' Conventions 300.00 300.00 State Fair Exhibits 683.60 986.50 Excavation Indian Mounds 257.79 Renovation of Buildings 355.90 437.00 Contributions to Retirement System Funds... . 9,186.86 Sheep Distribution 7,500.00 Total $ 24,506.36 $ 8,461.29 XV. Reserve XVI. Rabies Rabies .. $ 817.32 $ 1,003.53 XVII. Japanese Beetle Work Salaries and Wages $ 3,512.95 $ 4,898.50 Wages, Trap Tenders :.._.. 2,917.75 3,203.50 Supplies and Materials 6,999.47 6,553.97 Travel Expense 286.45 561.80 Total : $ 13,716.62 $ 15,217.77 XVIII. Blister Rust Control Salaries and Wages $ 3,990.76 $ 3,753.50 Supplies and Materials 826.60 1,182.60 Total $ 4,817.36 $ 4,936.10 XIX. Soil Testing Salaries and Wages $ 13,755.22 $ 9,460.34 Supplies and Materials 1,003.97 1,902.38 Postage, Telephone, Telegraph and Express _. 414.27 416.57 Travel Expense 1,528.14 1,404.28 Printing and Binding 42.72 46.48 Equipment 731.37 1,151.57 Soil Containers 765.66 Total _...$ 18,241.35 $ 14,381.62 Total . $583,015.52 $509,132.16 Refund from General Fund $ 4,252.99 Total $583,015.52 $513,385.15 Commissioner of Agriculture 33 n. c. state fair financial statement statement of disbursements July 1, 1940-June 30, 1942 1941-42 1940-41 Salaries and Wages $ 19,345.60 $ 14,099.37 Supplies and Materials 2,123.83 401.03 Postage, Telephone, Telegraph and Express 682.27 602.61 Travel 170.85 118.31 Printing and Binding 2,691.21 1,698.37 Motor Vehicle Operation 343.17 236.19 Light, Power and Water 616.40 831.44 Repairs and Alterations 3,699.86 7,590.30 General Expense 47,964.38 44,166.40 Equipment 191.78 314.50 Additions and Betterments 1,905.76 Insurance and Bonding 45.00 125.00 Total . $ 77,874.35 $ 72,089.28 N. C. STATE FAIR STATEMENT OF RECEIPTS July 1, 1940-June 30, 1942 1941-42 1940-41 General Admission $ 34,291.47 $ 30,616.93 Grandstand Admission 19,444.42 15,074.65 Auto Parking 6,911.75 3,388.50 Carnival Privileges 12,589.57 10,939.00 Sale of Advertising 1,610.00 1,462.50 Sale of Exhibit Space 2,084.20 2,946.10 Rent of Eating Booths 4,155.00 3,989.50 Concession Privileges 10,153.56 9,786.32 Entry Fees ,: 1,484.26 1,244.00 Miscellaneous 635.51 474.16 Rental on Buildings 750.00 408.50 Interest on Bonds 770.00 770.00 Total $ 94,879.74 $ 81,100.16 Balance July 1, 1941 $46,456.63 Balance July 1, 1942 63,462.02 STATE WAREHOUSE SYSTEM FINANCIAL STATEMENT STATEMENT OF DISBURSEMENTS July 1, 1940-June 30, 1942 1941-42 1940-41 Salary, Superintendent $ 3,750.00 $ 3,700.00 Salaries and Wages 16,425.17 16,586.00 Supplies and Materials 133.57 150.03 Postage, Telephone, Telegraph and Express 988.11 938.21 Travel Expense 2,985.30 2,561.89 Printing and Binding 6,560.11 4,870.00 Motor Vehicle Operation 171.82 Repairs and Alterations 4.11 12.00 General Expense 130.00 356.66 Insurance and Bonding 331.25 371.25 Equipment 13.17 385.36 Repairs to Building 185.00 Contributions, Retirement System 530.43 Total $ 32,023.04 $ 30,116.40 34 Biennial Report state warehouse system statement of receipts July 1, 1940-June 30, 1942 1941-42 1940-41 Interest on Bonds $ 14,628.75 $ 8,985.00 Interest on Loans 13,342.71 14,835.01 Leases ^ 302.00 330.00 Sale Warehouse Supplies 7,376.32 5,921.80 Sale Loose Cotton 249.28 Miscellaneous 1.10 Total _^_ $ 35,650.88 $ 30,321.09 Treasurer's Cash, Supervision Account $ 48,682.22 $ 44,861.01 Treasurer's Cash, Principal Fund 56,851.09 35,562.48 Total Investments and Loans at June 30, 1942 $586,113.69 WEIGHTS AND MEASURES STATEMENT OF DISBURSEMENTS July 1, 1940-June 30, 1942 1941-42 1940-41 Salary, Superintendent $ 3,000.00 $ 3,000.00 Salaries, Staff 10,518.49 6,918.83 Supplies and Materials 529.38 122.58 Postage, Telephone, Telegraph and Express 261.73 206.05 Travel Expense 8,425.28 5,914.31 Printing and Binding 92.84 50.95 Equipment . 102.22 302.50 Office and Standard Testing Apparatus 470,83 Total $ 23,400.77 $ 16,515.22 WEIGHTS AND MEASURES STATEMENT OF RECEIPTS July 1, 1940-June 30, 1942 1941-42 1940-41 Public Weighmaster Licenses $ 2,560.00 $ 2,555.00 Desk Presser Seals 552.50 362.50 Miscellaneous 30.00 2.99 Total $ 3,142.50 $ 2,920.49 BANG'S DISEASE STATEMENT OF EXPENDITURES July 1, 1940-June 30, 1942 1941-42 1940-41 Indemnity Diseased Slaughtered Livestock $ 17,893.53 $ 19,431.15 TUBERCULOSIS AND GLANDERS July 1, 1940-June 30, 1942 1941-42 1940-41 Indemnity Diseased Slaughtered Livestock $ 50.00 $ 50.00 Commissioner of Agriculture 35 statement of receipts July 1, 1940-June 30, 1942 1941-42 1940-41 Fertilizer _..-.$298,543.66 $278,331.75 Cotton Seed Meal 24,207.67 32,063.45 Feed 112,212.60 97,146.80 Seed Licenses _. 21,903.00 20,174.00 Condimental Feed 1,960.00 1,320.00 Serum 18,601.15 14,508.13 Costs 2,206.00 1,449.89 Legumes Linseed Oil 1,895.61 2,635.31 Bleached Flour 12,500.00 14,140.00 Bottling Plants 2,020.00 2,195.00 Ice Cream 2,140.00 1,930.00 Insecticides 2,270.95 2,320.00 Chick Labels 203.55 118.07 Test Farms . 43,933.36 39,931.66 Bakeries 1,575.00 1,940.00 Chicken Tests : 20,828.25 17,113.33 Seed Tags 6,465.61 5,283.82 Seed Tests Inspection Entomology 2,170.80 2,420.90 Oleomargarine 2,250.00 2,100.00 Branding Cattle 1.50 Rabies 1,094.03 1,503.02 Land Plaster Tags 2,108.28 2,342.77 Agriculture Lime Stamps 2,982.26 2,113.05 Fertilizer Registration 4,382.00 1,555.00 Dynanometer 53.00 55.40 Miscellaneous 88.55 180.69 Feed Registrations 3,646.00 3,456.00 Canned Dog Food Registrations 196.00 315.00 Dog Food Stamps 2,265.54 3,446.44 Soil Containers 17.46 Lime Registrations 430.00 305.00 Land Plaster Registration 50.00 15.00 Livestock Marketing Permits 750.00 Low Grade Fertilizer Tags 2,003.96 Fire Loss, Mountain Test Farm 1,571.06 Total $597,938.33 $553,998.00 Allotment Deposit— Refund from General Fund $ 4,252.99 Total $597,938.33 $558,250.99 Balance July 1, 1941 $336,385.77 Balance July 1, 1942 351,308.58 36 Biennial Report TAX RATE ON FEEDING STUFF TAGS AND STAMPS 25c Per Ton Tax Tags Denomination of Tags Cost Per Tag 100 lb. $ .0125 (1^0 75 lb. .09375 (is/ieO 50 lb. .00625 (%<?) 25 lb. .003125 (%6^) Tax Stamps Denomination Cost Per Stamp 100 lb. $ .0125 (1%^) 75 1b. .09375 {Wie<-) 50 lb. .00625 (%<0 25 lb. .003125 (%60 10 lb. .00125 {Vs<-) 81/3 lb. .001041 Price Per 1,000 Tags Packed 1,000 to Box $12.50 Packed 1,000 to Box 9.38 Packed 1,000 to Box 6.25 Packed 1,000 to Box 3.13 Price Per 1,000 stamps Bound 1,000 to Book $12.50 Bound 1,000 to Book 9.38 Bound 1,000 to Book 6.25 Bound 1,000 to Book 3.13 Bound 1,000 to Book 1.25 Bound 960 to Book 1.00 Division of Chemistry B. W. KiLGORE In the main the work of the Division of Chemistry of the Department covers the materials most used as plant food in growing field and horticultural crops, the feeds for domestic animals and poultry, human foods and drugs, insecticides and fungicides for combatting insect and fun-gus disease of plants, and the examination of a large number of materials of a gen-eral agricultural nature. For the purpose of this report, the number of analyses of these various ma-terials are classified under the following heads B. W. Kilgore Fertilizers Official Fertilizer 10,180 Fertilizers and Fertilizer Materials for farmers 273 Official Feeds 2,438 Miscellaneous Feeds 672 Cottonseed Meal 15 Official Limes and Land Plaster 23 Miscellaneous Limes and Marls 481 Fungicides and Insecticides 125 14,207 The analyses of these various materials have shown that the goods put on the market of the State were generally of good quality and what they were claimed to be. Detailed reports of the analyses were made reasonably promptly to the persons interested in the analyses. In the case of fertilizers, in addition to the usual analyses, determinations were made of magnesium, calcium and sulphur. Around 4,700 determinations were made for magnesium, 2,200 for calcium and 775 for sulphur. These additional determina-tions of materials in fertilizers give helpful information to the farmer who is carefully studying his soil and the crops he grows for the effect of the different kinds of plant foods. COMMERCIAL FEEDS During the biennium the Feed Laboratory made analyses of 3,110 samples. Of this number 2,438 were official samples col-lected by our inspectors. On each of these official samples, in addition to the chemical analysis, a check was made of the ingredients present. Analytical results were reported promptly to the interested parties. 38 Biennial Report Inspector taking sample cif fertilizer tci be sent to the laljoratory for analysis. Owing to abnormal conditions and a scarcity of certain ingredients it has been found that deviations from the guaran-tee have increased somewhat, but upon the whole the feeds offered for sale have been of good quality. Insecticides and Fungicides There has been a sizable increase in interest and in the use of insecticides and fungicides for combatting insect and fungus diseases of field and horticultural crops. These products are Commissioner of Agriculture 39 Inspector takes sample of feed fiom farmer's truck to be sent to the laboratory for analysis. being used more intelligently and more effectively with the experience gained in their use and the results obtained from them. The dependence that is put in these products in growing crops makes it necessary to see that only proper materials are put on the market. It has been found that the products in the main are what are claimed for them. 40 Biennial Report Foods In comparison with the work previously done under the Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act, that done during the past bien-nium was characterized by a material increase in sanitary inspec-tion and regulatory activity, the most significant being constant vigilance of food producing plants to keep them clean and the output of their products sanitary. Nine bakeries, five ice cream plants, two large pickle plants, three candy factories and four places where sausage and other ground meats were made were closed due to insanitary conditions and were permitted to reopen only when cleaned, inspected and approved by either a State food inspector or by local city health authorities. In a few instances plants failed to meet the sanitary requirements of the law and remained closed. In cases of the pickle plants, as inter-state shipments were involved, the Federal Food and Drug Administration cooperated with us in inspecting both the plants and the stock on hand. The plants were closed until cleaned and put in acceptable sanitary condition. Much of our inspection work has been in cooperation with the Federal Food and Drug Administration and with city and county health authorities. Comprehensive score cards have been adopted and are now in use in inspecting and scoring bakeries, bottling plants and ice cream plants. In making an inspection and grading a plant, the inspector calls attention to any defects in the plant or to the insanitary manner in which it is operated and makes sugges-tions for the correction of such conditions. Seasonal inspections have been made of canneries packing vegetables, fruits, fish and fish roe, and candy factories. The importance, not only of sanitation, but also of the packing of canned goods so they will come up to U. S. Standard Grade, has been emphasized. Attention also has been called to proper label-ing in line with the requirements of both the State and Federal laws and regulations. Inspections have also included flour mills, grist mills, grocery stores and many other places manufactur-ing and handling food products. Total number of inspections made 6,546 Filth and Other Forms of Contamination Including Insect Infestation Filth and various other forms of contamination, some of which resulted from insanitary manufacturing or storage con-ditions, accounted for the seizure of: 17 cans of herring roe. 120 cans of assorted vegetables, 2 cars of corn meal. meats and fruits. 100 pounds of candy. 5,554 pounds of flour. 465 cases of canned field peas. 45 pounds of meal. 500 pounds of miscellaneous canned 40 barrels of relish. goods and cereals. 28 cases of relish. 300 pounds of evaporated apples. 12 pounds of raisins. Commissioner of Agriculture 41 Adulteration and Misbranding The following products were seized because they were either adulterated, misbranded, improperly labeled or not labeled in any form : 72 gallons of vinegar. 20 gallons of molasses. 19 jars of mayonnaise. 34 bottles of lemon flavor. 62 pounds of paprika. 3,156 packages of candy. 19 pounds of Chili Powder. 100 packages of cake. 26 gallons of cherries. 7 gallons saur kraut. 23 gallons of horse radish. 1,837 cans of syrup. 137 pounds of coffee. 36 cartons of vanilla extract. 157 jars of molasses. 36 cartons of lemon extract. Foods Seized Due to Decoiwposition and Spoilage As a result of decomposition in whole or in part seizures were made of the following lots : 264 cases of oysters. 9 cans of hucklebex'ries. 2 cans of strawberries. Liver mush, sausage and other ground meats. 20 gallons ice cream mix. 2,500 pounds of assorted groceries. 2 pounds of spiced beans. 500 pounds of miscellaneous can-ned goods. 79 crates of lettuce. 11 cans of corn. 42 packages of wafers. 288 pounds of evaporated apples. 1,924 pounds of flour. 792 cartons of cakes and cereals. 25 pounds of cake. 75 pounds of chocolate. 100 pounds of cookies. 25 pounds of stick candy. As these goods were unfit for human consumption, they were either destroyed or denatured and permitted to be sold or other-wise disposed of for animal feed. Flood and Fire Damaged Goods Large quantities of groceries were damaged by flood and by fire, and by water and chemicals incident to the fire. During August, 1940, large stocks of groceries were so damaged by flood waters as to render them unfit for human consumption. As some of these goods involved interstate ship-ments, Federal Food and Drug inspectors cooperated with our inspectors in the inspection and destruction of these damaged food products. Practically all of these groceries were so badly damaged that they were a total loss for human consumption. Among these were the following: Elkin, N. C. 1,820 cans of syrup. 61 pounds of shortening. 14 gallons of syrup. 12 baskets of assorted bottles of flavors. 53 bottles of castor oil. 33 bottles of assorted flavoring extract. 10 quarts of cucumber pickles. 73 jars of apple butter. 46 quarts of vinegar. 42 Biennial Report North Wilkesboro, N. C. 17 cases of baking powder. 386 packages of tea. 958 packages of baking powder. 144 pounds of lard. 14,000 pounds of dry salt meat. 26,304 pounds of flour. Marshall, N. C. 1,080 pounds of salt meat. 558 pounds of lard. 3,024 pounds of sugar. 395 pounds of peanut butter. 75 pounds of English walnuts. 54 pounds of candy. 161 boxes of assorted candies. 312 packages of cocoa. 255 pounds of mustard. 25 packages of raisins. 2,264 pounds of bicarbonate of soda. 130 bottles of clives. 280 bottles of cherries. 700 jars of mayonnaise. 24 packages of marshmallows. 6 packages of vanilla wafers. 140 cans (1 lb. each) chocolate syrup. 20 pounds of smoke salt. Dillsboro, N. C. 21 pounds smoke salt. 39 packages of cereal. 119 pounds of shortening. 4 packages of macaroni. 2 packages of cocoanut. 4 quarts of salad dressing. 11 pounds of coff"ee. 146 packages of black pepper. 5 pounds of oleomargarine. 76 pounds of flour. 10 pounds of salt meat. 19 pounds of cocoa. 270 packages of sausage seasoning. 7 pounds of peanut butter. 3 packages of gelatin. 1 gallon of syrup. Chandler, N. C. 100 pounds of corn meal. 144 pounds of flour. 75 pounds of sugar. 5 cartons of crackers. 69 pounds of side meat. 72 pounds of shortening. 10 (5-lb. cans) syrup. 10 pounds of honey. 5 bottles of vinegar. 30 lbs. of cheese. 200 pounds of candy. 200 sandwiches. 480 cream mint puffs. 4 gallons of mayonnaise. 10 gallons of mustard. 864 bags of salted peanuts. 231 boxes of assorted candies. 1,255 pounds of salt. Canton, N. C. Waynesville, N. C. 184 pounds of lard. 50 pounds of sugar. 14 pounds of baking powder. 19 pounds of coffee. 75 pounds of beans. 24 pounds of cocoa. 65 bottles of assorted soft drinks. 1,015 pounds of salt. Hazelwood, N. C. 9 pounds of oat meal. 72 cartons of baking soda. 8 pounds of cocoa. 36 pounds of coffee. 24 bottles of tomato catsup. 35 jugs of vanilla extract. 250 pounds of salt. 10 pounds of bulk candy. Culloiuhee, N. C. 48 pounds of flour. 1 quart of soft drink syrup. 2 pints of cherry concentrate. 3 quarts of root beer. 7 quarts of salad dressing. Commissioner of Agriculture 43 Tuckaseigee, N. C. This town was practically in- sible to make a record of the good undated and all gi'oceries were so destroyed. All groceries were either badly damaged by water and cov- dumped into creek or burned, ered with mud that it was impos- Kinston, N. C. 46 cans of baking powder. 100 pounds of rice. 3 cans (15 pounds) of syrup. 48 pounds of flour. 105 pounds of sugar. 480 cartons of baking soda. Among groceries damaged by fire, and by water and chemicals incident to the fire, and being unfit for human food or animal feed, the following were destroyed : Charlotte, N. C. Two truck loads, approximately 270 packages of cereals. 2,000 pounds, consisting of flour, 35 loaves of bread, canned meats, vegetables, soups, 78 bakery cakes, milk and other groceries. 95 pounds of salt meat. From a burned store: 20 pounds of sausage. 253 cans of meat. 76 packages of spaghetti and 48 cans of soup. macaroni. 27 bottles of condiments. 97 jars of mayonnaise and salad 172 packages of baby food. dressing. 127 cans of assorted fruits. 15 stalks of celery. 29 cans of salmon. 36 heads of lettuce. 113 cans of vegetables. 30 pounds of green beans. 1,356 pounds of flour. 10 pounds of squash. Spai'ta, N. C. One truck load of canned goods juice, carrots, soup and bottled consisting of corn, kraut, tomato catsup. Labeling A total of 7,965 labels on packages of food were examined and of that number 4,371 labels were incorrect or carried insuffi-cient or misleading information. A label should tell the pur-chaser what he is getting, and while many labels require addi-tional information, every label should show the name of the article, the net contents of the package, and the name and address of the manufacturer or jobber responsible for the sale of the product. When packages of foods were found that either carried no labels, or insufficient or misleading information, the inspectors gave the necessary instructions for proper labeling and if these instructions were carried out the sale of the goods was per-mitted to be continued. In some instances permission was given to return the goods to the manufacturer for proper labeling. But in cases where misbranding and adulteration could not be corrected by any form of labeling, the goods were either de-stroyed or denatured and permitted to be sold or otherwise disposed of for purposes other than for human consumption. 44 Biennial Report Analyses A total of 1,550 samples have been analyzed or otherwise examined. The purpose of these analyses and examinations was to determine : (1) Filth: Filth in samples was due to carelessness in manu-facturing or carelessness in handling in storage or by grocers. Such samples showed the presence of insects, rat excreta and hairs, worms and other miscellaneous foreign substances. (2) Fraud by Adulteration and Misbranding : These samples were those labeled and represented to conform to standard requirements of the Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act, and regula-tions and standards thereunder, but failed to meet such require-ments. (3) Spr-ay Residue: These samples consisted of vegetables and fruits. In an effort to exterminate the Japanese beetle, areas where it was found were heavily sprayed. Many citizens respond-ing to the request for Victory Gardens planted vegetables in some of these sprayed lots, and in a few instances arsenic above the tolerance allowed under the Federal regulations was found in some fresh vegetables from lots recently sprayed, but in most of these samples the arsenic present was well below the permitted tolerance. Samples of apples were examined for spray residue, but in no instance was arsenic found above the allowed tolerance. (4) Foods Caniied in the State: To assist canners in the State in putting up U. S. Standard Grade products, a number of samples have been examined and when samples were found that failed to meet such requirements, the canners have been advised wherein their products were not up to U. S. Standard Grade and suggestions were made as to how to raise the standard of their goods. (5) Miscellaneous and Unofficial Samples: These samples consisted of a variety, such as human foods, animal and poultry feeds, beverages, and viscera of animals where there was indi-cation or suspicion of poisons, water, alcoholic beverages, and other substances for chemical analyses or identification, and soils and water containing substances supposed to be harmful to plants. On analyses for poisons and deleterious substances, of thirty-one food samples, eleven were positive ; sixty-seven feed samples, eight were positive; twenty-nine animal viscera, ten were posi-tive ; twelve beverages, eight were positive ; five miscellaneous samples, four were positive. Poisons appeared in approximately 28% of these samples. Circumstances indicated their presence to be due largely to accident or carelessness, though malice was not entirely absent. Commissioner of Agriculture 45 Other miscellaneous samples consisted of foods and beverages in which adulteration was suspected; water to determine suit-ability for boiler use, causes of corrosiveness or general mineral content; and a variety of materials for identification. Drugs Comparatively little work has been done toward enforcing that part of the Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act relating to drugs. This has been due to (1) shortage of funds and (2) the induction of our pharmaceutical chemist into the army and the appoint-ment of the senior chemist handling this feature of the labora-tory work to a Federal position. So far we have not been able to secure the services of chemists prepared to take over this work. Collaboration with Other Departments Analytical work done for other State and Station Depart-ments not included in other reports from this Department is summarized as follows : (1) Carbohydrate and Nitrogen Determinations : In coopera-tion with the Department of Horticulture of State College, analytical determinations were made of approximately two hundred samples of plant material relating to the eifect of certain soil constituents and conditions respecting the continu-ous growth of peach trees on old plots of long standing. (2) Cooperative Work Relative to the Production of Beef Cattle in North Carolina: Pursuant to the interest in this State a study of the role of forest grazing in beef cattle production, an understanding for cooperative work was entered into by the Department of Agriculture, the North Carolina and Georgia Agricultural Experiment Stations and the Forest Service and the Bureaus of Animal and Plant Industries, United States Department of Agriculture, in which were utilized funds pro-vided by Federal appropriation and the lands, facilities and per-sonnel of the cooperating agencies. This work included surveys of beef cattle production, methods of feeding, the utilization of native forage, biological and chem-ical studies of this forage and of beef cattle feeding on it. In these studies Department workers made feed and mineral analyses of native wild grasses and forage plants and of blood specimens from cattle. The work was concluded in the latter part of 1941, copies of the results being submitted to the State Experiment Station and Federal Bureaus for incorporation in their records and also included in the Department records. The work on the part of the Department on feeds was done by L. M. Nixon and on blood by E. W. Constable. 46 Biennial Report Improvement in Laboratory Facilities Changing conditions, deterioration and new demands peri-odically call for renovation and rebuilding of laboratories. Two, —Nitrogen and Potash,—were rebuilt during the current biennium. Space and facilities for the nitrogen laboratory were increased approximately thirty per cent. Gas burning equipment was replaced by electrically heated types of most efficient and up-to-date design thus eliminating combustion fumes and much unde-sirable heat. Lighting, ventilation, and working conditions were greatly improved. The potash laboratory was renovated, facili-ties added and working conditions improved. In design, efficiency and working conditions these laboratories compare well with the best of their kind. D. R. Graham Credit Union Division D. R. Graham During the two-year period ending June 30, 1942, credit unions operating under the supervision of this Department have shown a marked increase in both numbers and assets. Due to the Federal restrictions, however, no increase whatever has been shown in loans outstanding, the increase of approximately $600,000 in assets being reflected in cash on hand and in banks and purchases of government bonds. Under existing Federal regulations in-stallment loans can not be made for a period longer than twelve months. This, together with the rapidly decreasing supply of durable goods, has considerably lessened the demand for short-term credit. The appeal of the Government for the purchase of War Bonds and Stamps has been met with enthusiasm by our credit unions. Several of them have qualified as issuing agents for War Bonds, and a number of them have invested all or part of their cash reserve in these bonds. During the period 38 credit unions were organized and 13 charters were cancelled. Five of the cancellations resulted from charters being issued to groups which never began operations. The credit unions organized were distributed as follows : busi-ness, professional and industrial groups, 17 ; State and Govern-ment employees, 5 ; rural community, 1 white, 7 negro ; urban community, 3 white, 2 negro ; teachers, 3 negro. All credit unions have been examined at least twice during the biennium and the few irregularities found have been corrected. A considerable number of credit union loans have been frozen by reason of the fact that the borrowers have entered mili-tary service. It is not anticipated, however, that the freezing of these loans will seriously handicap credit unions, and it is the accepted policy to make no effort to collect loans from men in the service. Some credit unions have gone so far as to waive interest on these loans. During the biennium our credit unions made 57,611 loans aggregating $5,158,986.95. A major portion of these loans were made during the first 18 months of the period and since Janu-ary 1, 1942 loans have fallen off sharply. The condensed statement below shows that 27,094 credit union members have accumulated resources of $2,105,582.29. These savings were accumulated largely because of the fact that credit unions provide an easy and convenient place where a 48 Biennial Report member may save small amounts of money which he would not normally deposit in a bank. It is safe to assume that without credit unions practically none of this money would have been saved. We anticipate little growth in credit unions for the duration of the war as credit union officials are going all out in their effort to promote the sale of War Bonds and Stamps to their mem-bership. June 30, 1940 June 30, 1942 Active Credit Unions 125 150 Total Members 22,466 27,094 Total Assets $ 1,593,380.89 $ 2,105,582.29 Number of Loans Made Since Organization 89,463 147,074 Amount of Loans Made Since Organization $10,704,704.67 $15,863,691.62 CONDENSED STATEMENT OF CREDIT UNIONS AS AT JUNE 30, 1942 Resources Loans to Members $ 1,385,473.53 Cash on Hand and in Banks 423,237.87 Other Assets 296,870.89 $ 2,105,582.29 Liabilities Shares $ 1,618,476.58 Deposits 270,315.54 Other Liabilities 45,945.49 Reserve (Guaranty Fund) 100,510.40 Surplus and Undivided Profits 70,334.28 $ 2,105,582.29 C. W. Pegram Dairy Division C. W. Pegram The past biennial period was the most active and successful one since the organ-ization of the Dairy Division. During this time the dairy industry has made out-standing growth and development. Milk purchases, as reported by plants, increased approximately 100 per cent from 1939 to 1941. The 1941 gross farm income from dairy products, as estimated by the Fed-eral- State Crop Reporting Service, was an all-time high totaling $39,572,000, repre-senting a cash income of $14,430,000. The enforcement of the Babcock test law has had its effect on the growth of the industry. Thirty thousand check tests were made in the 1,642 investigations at 90 plants and stations during this period covering the supervision of 140 licensed testers, weighers, and samplers. This is an increase of 5,177 checks over the past biennial with 167 more investigations and an increase of 25 plants and stations. Inspections consist of determining the accuracy of the work done by licensed testers, weighers, samp-lers, and the equipment used. The greatest factors causing inac-curate tests are carelessness and unreliable methods in sampling and testing. Scales and balances were checked for accuracy periodically in cooperation with the Division of Weights and Measures. The most effective system of securing results involves main-tenance of an active year-round program at all plants and receiving stations. This supervision is very necessary due to the fact that plant personnels are constantly making changes which requires the training of new testers. In addition to regular test investigations, special check-ups are made for dairymen request-ing same. Testers are not issued licenses until they have been examined for the purposes of determining their ability to make practical and reliable tests of milk and cream. The Dairy Division protects the dairy farmer and honest manufacturer against inaccurate butterfat tests and the careless weighing of milk and cream. This work is carried on by the con-tinuous supervision of weighers, samplers, and testers and 50 cream routemen at 90 buying plants and stations. All testing and weighing equipment is checked at periodic intervals for accuracy. Approximately 1,700 plant investigations are made annually with 30,000 check tests being made. The system of supervision is similar to that carried on in leading dairy states. 50 Biennial Report A moHern milk receiving: station. New markets are afforded milk producers by the location of stations of this type. Definite regulations regarding the weighing, sampling, and testing of milk and cream have been established. This work is very important to the industry, and it is esti-mated that if 0.2 per cent error was made on all tests through careless sampling and testing, this would cause an annual loss of approximately $100,000.00 to the dairymen and cream pro-ducers of the state. The purpose of this program is to require that accurate work be done and then to establish confidence between buyer and seller which is important as a basis on which to build the dairy indus-try in North Carolina. The Division is also cooperating with the Federal Crop Reporting Service in securing semi-annual reports relating to the production of milk and dairy products within the state. This information supplies data relative to the growth and trend of production in dairying. The Milk Audit Law is also supervised by this division. Reports of purchases and sales of milk from 66 plants are received and verified each month. This service has been of great value in establishing confidence and stability in the fast grow-ing industry. Commissioner of Agriculture 51 Babcock Test Law (Chapter 550 Public Laws 1933) Buying plants and stations supervised 90 Plant investigations 1 ,642 Butterfat check tests 20,498 Butterfat tests supervised 5,463 Sample tests 4,108 30,069 Testers, Weighers and Samplers licensed (annually) 140 Testers licenses suspended 2 Cream routemen's reports checked 22 Tests found incorrect (adjustments made) 650 Test notices mailed , 5,307 Cream balances checked 14 Ci'eam balances condemned 2 Testing equipment condemned 4 Oleomargarine inspections 522 Wholesale Oleomargarine licenses issued 57 Bottles calibrated 300 Meetings attended in connection with Dairy Marketing and Milk Auditing Law 43 Visits made to dairy farms 46 Visits made to dairy plants re-statistics 18 Milk and cream scales checked (In cooperation with Bureau of Weights and Measures) 190 Scales condemned for repairs 38 Weights confiscated 7 Special test investigations 75 Testers trained 50 Examinations given testers 50 Reports received and verified under Milk Auditing Law 568 Auditors plant visits 113 Plant audits 12 Milk Audit Law (Chapter 162 Public Laws of N. C. 1940) This law was enacted by the 1940 Legislature, and has made it possible to save thousands of dollars for dairymen through the elimination of certain buying plans and trade practices. Monthly reports of milk purchases and sales are required of milk dis-tributors buying on classification plan, or where plants are buy-ing inspected and uninspected milk. While unusual market demands for milk have prevailed during the operation of this law, it is significant that surplus milk has been reduced from approximately ten per cent to practically nothing. In most cases distributors have cooperated in this work, and the results should make for stabilization of the industry in the state. 52 Biennial Report Milk receiving—weighing anrt sampling. Accurate weighing and representative samples are important. Purchases of Grade A Milk from Producers as Reported BY Milk Distributors 1941 Total Purchases Class 1 % 7,569,985 84.95 7,846,076 85.25 8,726,521 86.98 8,482,116 91.50 7,874,190 91.24 7,378,150 92.59 7,899,061 92.31 7,969,215 93.37 7,955,953 93.08 9,183,780 94.07 9,653,058 95.19 10,359,948 96.47 Spec. Price Army % Camps, Etc. 502,050 5.63 393,663 4.33 500,806 4.99 545,860 5.89 614,072 7.12 349,286 4.38 486,939 5.69 444,750 5.21 515,289 6.03 544,630 5.58 463,302 4.57 373,615 3.48 Surplus or Low Price Milk June July August September October November December 1942 January February March April May 8,911,478 9,203,721 10,033,040 9,270,392 8,629,928 7,968,268 8,556,820 8,534,982 8,546,994 9,762,352 10,140,344 10,738,500 839,443 958,982 805,713 242,416 141,666 240,832 170,820 121,017 75,752 33,942 23,984 4,937 9.42 10.42 8.03 2.61 1.64 3.03 2.00 .35 .24 .05 Commissioner of Agriculture 53 Dairy Statistics for North Carolina (Chapter 327—Public Laws N. C. 1939) Each year the Dairy Division in cooperation with the Federal- State Crop Reporting Service obtains valuable statistics showing the development of the dairy industry in North Carolina. All milk plants, ice cream plants and creameries report the amount of milk purchased and the dairy products manufactured during the past calendar year. This information is of special value during the present emergency when much data is necessary in planning the grov^^h of the dairy industry of the state. Listed below are the figures for the years 1939-1941: 1939 1940 1941 Whole Milk purchased as reported by plants—pounds.. Whole Milk sold for fluid consumption—pounds Cream sold for fluid consumption—gaUons.. Creamery butter made—pounds Ice Cream manufactured by plants—gallons Ice Cream manufactured by counter freezers—gaUons_. Total Ice Cream manufactured—gallons Total Sherbets manufactured—gallons Total Ice Milk manufactured—gallons Ice Cream mix sold—gallons Cottage, Pot & Bakers Cheese manufactured—^pounds _ Unsweetened skimmed milk manufactured—pounds 100, 61 955,354 307,000 290,000 366,000 477,000 173,000 650,000 504,000 285,000 211,000 928,000 145,883,458 75,942,000 241,000 2,357,000 3,862,000 339,000 4,201,000 599,000 406,000 283,000 301,000 205,047,914 109,975,904 283,276 2,315,603 5,908,578 385,023 6,293,601 134,995 812,779 583,755 298,398 3,770,683 Testing milk for butterfat. The testing of milk is of a technical nature and for accurate results it is necessary that every detail be followed carefully. Division of Entomology C. H. Brannon The Division of Entomology is charged with the responsibility of administering the State plant pest regulations and laws. It also has charge of enforcement of the North Carolina Bee Disease Law, This Division cooperates with the U. S. Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine in White Pine Blister Rust control, Phony ^ Peach Disease eradication, Japanese '' Beetle control, scouting for European c. H. Brannon Com Borer infestation, Potato Tuber Moth scouting. White Fringe Beetle scout-ing and other cooperative projects. The valuable work of insect identification, filing of insect records and care of the vast collection is also an important phase of our activities. Nursery Inspection The largest phase of the work of the Division of Entomology is the annual inspection of all North Carolina Nurseries. This work is carefully carried out by J. A. Harris and D. L. Wray and occupies most of their time during July, August and part of September of each year. The Nurseries of the State give us hearty cooperation. This inspection service is recognized as one of the best in the nation and the North Carolina nursery certifi-cate is accepted by the Federal Government and all states. Two hundred and twelve nursery certificates were issued for the 1940-41 season and 217 nursery certificates were issued in 1941-42. Nursery certificates are issued if the nursery satisfactorily passes inspection and pays the required fee. The nursery inspec-tion fees are as follows : 3 acres or less $ 5.00 4 to 10 acres 7.50 11 to 15 acres : 10.00 16 acres 12.50 Each additional acre .10 Nursery Dealer Certificate Nursery stock dealers are required to pay an annual fee of $10. This applies to stores or individuals. Forty-nine dealer certificates were issued in 1940-41 and fifty-three dealer certifi-cates were issued in 1941-42. Commissioner of Agriculture 55 Plant Shipping Permit Those who collect and ship native plants including boxwood are required to pay an annual fee of $10. Seventeen plant ship-ping permits were issued in 1940-41 and sixteen plant shipping permits were issued in 1941-42. Bond Requirement A bond of $1,000 is required of all who promise (orally or written) later attention to nursery stock sold in North Carolina. Apiary Inspection The following report is submitted by the State Apiary Inspec-tor, P. G. Craddock, who is engaged in conducting the splendid State bee disease control program and carefully enforcing the State bee disease laws and regulations which give protection to the bee-keepers of the State: "Four years ago all of the State east of highway U. S. No. 1 was designated as a clean-up area in which intensive work should be done in an attempt to eradicate American foulbrood from this area. The results of this work have been very gratifying and American foulbrood, the most serious disease affecting bees, has been reduced in this area to the extent that only an occasional infected colony is found and the economic loss from it is neg-ligible. Since many bees are moved back and forth from the eastern to the western part of the state and some brought in from other states constant inspecting and re-checking of bees in this area will be necessary in order to locate and clean up any new outbreaks of disease before it has a chance to spread. "Definite progress is being made in controlling disease in the Piedmont area where for the most part it is found around the cities and towns and occasionally in rural communities. Much of the inspection in the Piedmont area has been done in coopera-tion with county farm agents and vocational teachers. Local leaders in beekeeping have given excellent cooperation on the disease control program and in many cases have given much of this time in helping to locate and clean up outbreaks of disease. "Additional help will be necessary before adequate inspec-tion can be provided in the mountain counties. A large percen-tage of the bees in this area are in box hives which necessitates an educational program emphasizing the need of getting most of the bees into movable frame hives before effective inspection and disease control can be achieved. "From July 1, 1940 to June 30, 1941—11,958 colonies of bees were inspected and 235 colonies or 1.97 7f found infected with American foulbrood. Eleven certificates for queen rearing were issued during the year. "From July 1, 1941 to June 30, 1942—13,174 colonies of bees were inspected and 57 colonies or .004 % were infected with 56 Biennial Report A North Carolina bee yard. American foulbrood. Ten certificates for queen rearing were granted. "Several apiaries were inspected for northern beekeepers who keep bees in North Carolina. These apiaries were free from disease. "European foulbrood, a disease which affects primarily the black race of bees, is widely scattered throughout the state. No regulations have been put into effect on European foulbrood but much time has been spent in helping beekeepers to control this disease. There are several minor diseases affecting bees which have received attention when beekeepers have requested help in control work. "The shortage of sugar and higher prices for honey and beeswax has resulted in a large number of new beekeepers in the State. This and the loss of Mr. C. L. Sams, Extension Bee Specialist, has resulted in a great increase in correspondence on beekeeping matters from this office." Insect Identification Insect identification and classification has always been an important part of this Division's work. Dr. C. S. Brimley, who since 1919 has had charge of this highly technical field is recog-nized as one of the foremost authorities in the world. In May 1942 the Division published Dr. Brimley's "Supplement to the Insects of North Carolina" which brings the published list of North Carolina insects up to date. The original list, in book form, was published by the Division in 1938. North Carolina Commissioner of Agriculture 57 is one of the few states to issue a complete insect list and we are probably the only state which has brought its annotated list so up to date. Blister Rust Control The Blister Rust disease has been found in North Carolina. Until recently the program was one of prevention. The disease spreads from currant and gooseberry bushes to white pine. Currants and gooseberries are eradicated in close proximity to white pines in order to prevent the spread of blister rust. The disease cannot spread from pine to pine. Five thousand dollars has been allocated each year of the biennium by the Department to match in part expenditure of Federal funds. The State maintains a quarantine which allows no move-ment of currant or gooseberries into the quarantined area (all that part of the state including and west of Surry, Wilkes, Caldwell, Burke, and Rutherford counties). No currants or gooseberries are allowed to move anywhere in the state except by special Federal-State permit. The auditor's report will show the disbursement of the state fund for this work. RiBES Eradication Acres work initial i_ 6,384 Acres worked reeradication 52,127 Total Acres Worked _.. 58,511 Ribes pulled wild 610,389 Ribes pulled cultivated 11,178 Total Ribes Pulled 621,567 Total Man Hours 61,789 Preeradication Survey Number of counties '. 7 Acres W. P. over 50 trees per acre 54,660 Acres W. P. under 50 trees per acre 15,209 Acres W. P. worth protecting 69,433 Control acreage (W. P. plus Proct. Z.) 156,865 Man hours 46,731 Checking Acres checked advance 85.0 Acres checked regular 6.5 Acres checked post 1,696.0 Total Acres Checked 1,787.5 Man hours 1,979 Nursery Sanitation Number nurseries worked 3 Number W. P. in nurseries 4,125 Number acres worked 40 Number ribes destroyed wild 104 Man hours supervision 8 Man hours labor 329 58 Biennial Report Inspecting a beetle trap. Commissioner of Agriculture 59 Those who are interested in further details of this program can refer to the annual reports of Mr. H. B. Teague, the Federal Superintendent in charge of the program whose headquarters are in Asheville. ^ Japanese Beetle Control The State Japanese Beetle quarantine is maintained in cooperation with the U. S. Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine. Mr. C. H. Hill who formerly was in charge of this work was inducted into the Army in February 1942. Mr. J. B. Riley assumed Mr. Hill's duties on a part time schedule on March 1, 1942. The Japanese Beetle Quarantined area includes—townships of Broadbay, Middle Fork, Old Town, South Fork and Winston- Salem in Forsyth County; townships of Morehead and Gilmer in Guilford County ; township of Salisbury in Rowan County ; townships of Asheville and Limestone in Buncombe County, and township of Charlotte in Mecklenburg County. The Japanese Beetle Quarantine regulation reads in part as follows : No nursery, ornamental, or greenhouse stock, or other plants, plant roots or sand, soil, peat, compost or manure, should be transported in any manner from the said infected areas to or through any other part of the State of North Carolina, unless a special permit shall have been issued therefor by the North Carolina Department of Agriculture. Nursery and greenhouse operators and dealers, after proper inspection, are issued, without charge, special Japanese Beetle certificates, one of which must accompany each shipment of quarantined material out of the quarantined area. Approxi-mately 3,000 Japanese Beetle certificates are issued each year. Trapping Japanese beetle traps are placed in certain areas during the summer to determine the spread of the beetle. During June and July 1941 Japanese beetle traps were placed as follows : Asheville 900 ; Burlington 300 ; Charlotte 600 ; Dur-ham 600; Elizabeth City 300; Goldsboro 200; Greensboro 900 Henderson 40; High Point 600; Oxford 12; Lexington 200 Murfreesboro 5 ; Raleigh 600 ; Rocky Mount 300 ; Salisbury 300 Spencer 250; East Spencer 250; Sanford 100; Weldon 100 Wilson 200 ; Wilmington 600 ; Winston-Salem 1200. From these traps the following Japanese beetles were caught in 1941: Asheville—(traps operated on control basis to reduce infestation); Burlington 62; Charlotte 12; Durham 27; East Spencer 349 ; Elizabeth City 53 ; Goldsboro 2 ; Greensboro 98 ; Hendersonville 5; High Point 84; Lexington 4; Raleigh 68; Rocky Mount 26; Salisbury 232; Spencer 52; Weldon 13; Wil-mington 52 ; Wilson 8 ; Winston-Salem 97, 60 Biennial Report During June and July, 1942, the following Japanese beetle traps were placed : Asheville 200 ; Burlington 200 ; Charlotte 600 ; Durham 600 ; East Spencer 100 ; Elizabeth City 200 ; Fay-etteville 300; Gastonia 200; Goldsboro 200; Greensboro 600; Hamlet 200; Hendersonville 200; High Point 400; Lexington 100 ; Raleigh 600 ; Reidsville 100 ; Rockingham 100 ; Rocky Mount 200; Salisbury 200; Sanford 100; Thomasville 100; Tarboro 100; Wadesboro 100; Washington 100; Weldon 100; Wilming-ton 500 ; Wilson 200 ; Winston-Salem 600. The following Japanese beetles were caught in 1942 : Ashe-ville* ; Burlington 3 ; Charlotte 25 ; Durham 5 ; East Spencer 88 Elizabeth City 31; Fayetteville 7; Gastonia 106; Goldsboro 3 Greensboro 19 ; Hamlet 3 ; Hendersonville 1,434 ; High Point 18 Raleigh 46 ; Reidsville 4 ; Rocky Mount 16 ; Salisbury 29 ; Sanford 100 ; Thomasville 1 ; Waynesville 1 ; Weldon 9 ; Wilmington 18 ; Wilson 11; Winston-Salem 23. Soil Treatment During the fall of 1940 the following areas were treated with 500 pounds of lead arsenate per acre to kill Japanese beetle grubs in the soil : Burlington 19 ; Charlotte 12 ; Durham 30 ; East Spencer 18; Elizabeth City 16; Goldsboro 5; Greensboro 23; High Point 22; Lexington 5; Raleigh 33; Rocky Mount 21; Salisbury 21 ; Sanford 5 ; Spencer 21 ; Wilmington 35 ; Winston- Salem 64. Soil treatment for Japanese beetle control. * Traps in Asheville operated on a control basis. Commissioner of Agriculture 61 During the fall of 1941 the following areas were treated with 500 pounds of lead arsenate per acre for Japanese beetle control : Burlington 3 ; Charlotte 12.5 ; Durham 12 ; Greensboro 63.5 ; High Point 80 ; Raleigh 28.5 ; Rocky Mount 30.5 Wilming-ton 10; Winston-Salem 60. Japanese beetle soil treatment was made possible by special legislative appropriations which are shown in the Auditor's report. Phony Peach Eradicatioyi J. A. Harris is State Cooperator in charge of this project which was carried out in cooperation with the Federal govern-ment. No diseased trees have been found in North Carolina since 1939. In June 1941 all previously known infected properties and all properties within one mile of these were inspected. No diseased trees were found. Inspections were made on 1,707 properties which included 67,259 trees in Anson, Polk, Robe-son, Rutherford and Stanly counties. In 1942 all properties and adjacent properties found infected within the past three years were carefully inspected again. Since no phony disease has been found in North Carolina for three successive years, we are in a position to be freed from all quarantines caused by the presence of the disease in the state. This is one of the most thorough and far-reaching eradi-cation programs ever carried out in the state and we are the first Southern State to be classed as "phony free." Nematod damage in bulb field. 62 Biennial Report European Corn Borer Scouting for European Corn Borer was done by J. A. Harris and D. L. Wray. In the fall of 1940 inspections showed no addi-tional counties infested (Camden, Currituck and Pasquotank counties previously reported as infested) but a spread of the corn borer within the infested area was noticed. During the inspections in the fall of 1941 Tyrrell County was also found infested. Narcissus Bulb Inspection This valuable inspection service has saved the North Caro-lina bulb industry from certain destruction. J. A. Harris and D. L. Wray have carefully carried out this work. In 1941 field inspections included 115.2 acres on 11 prop-erties. Nematode was found on 3 properties on bulbs which had been shipped into North Carolina during the fall of 1940. Storage inspections of all bulbs not found infested in the field showed no further infestation. In 1942 field inspections included 79 acres on 13 properties. Nematodes were found on 5 properties. With one exception these infestations were found in bulbs which were shipped into the state in 1941. All bulbs showing infestation in 1941 received the approved hot water treatment and those found infested in 1942 will receive the hot water treatment this fall. North Carolina maintains one of the best bulb inspection services in the Country and out-of-state officials have made special trips into the state to observe our bulb inspection work. Our two staff members who conduct this work spend about six weeks each year on this project. Potato Tuber Moth Survey North Carolina was selected as one of 16 states to be included in a cooperative State-Federal survey of potato areas to deter-mine the spread of the potato tuber moth. The insect has long been known to occur over a wide area in North Carolina but it was decided that a systematic survey was needed. Messrs. Harris and Wray of our staff found the insect in Camden and Pasquo-tank counties and Federal inspectors found it in Beaufort and Pamlico counties. Randal B. Etheridge never before Division of Markets Randal B. Etheridge The activities of the Division of Mar-kets were broader in scope during the past biennium than at any period during the history of the Division, v^hich was partially due to legislation passed by the General Assembly of 1941 giving in-creased authority in the field of mar-keting. The experience which we have acquired has made it possible for us to be of greater service to the farmers during the difficult period we are now experi-encing. The emergency brought about by the war presented new and difiicult problems experienced. The transportation of farm products by motor trucks, due to the rubber shortage and gasoline restrictions, has influenced the method of marketing certain farm products grown or pro-duced in the State. We have been instrumental in helping indi-viduals, firms and corporations in getting trucks to transport farm products and in getting the necessary equipment and machinery used in the processing of agricultural products. Assistance was given in getting additional allotments of gaso-line for several of the truck sections in the eastern part of the State which made it possible to move perishable commodities a part of which would otherwise have spoiled. Anticipated labor shortage for harvesting was pointed out to the growers and they were directed the procedure to follow to procure labor camps. Technical information has been furnished to the Depart-ment of Conservation and Development which was seeking to bring new industries into the State and also to the State Utilities Commission in connection with rates on agricultural products. Marketing Authority The Act creating the State Marketing Authority declared it to be the policy of the State to promote, encourage and develop the orderly and efficient marketing of products of the home and farm. Broad powers to carry out the policy were authorized. To secure these aims, there was created an incorporated public agency composed of the members of the State Board of Agri-culture with the Commissioner of Agriculture as Chairman. Markets and marketing organizations associated with the Authority are as follows : Raleigh: The Raleigh-State market was organized for the purpose of making available to the growers in the State a 64 • Biennial Report terminal market for fruits and vegetables, field crops, poultry and eggs and miscellaneous farm products. One of our employees is in charge of the market. Eight hundred truck and trailer loads of miscellaneous vegetables were sold through this market, mak-ing a total of 7,605,090 pounds. In addition, 10,429 pounds of poultry were sold for $2,000.27. Smithfield: The County Commissioners of Johnston County erected a building for the handling of fruits and vegetables, field crops, poultry and eggs and miscellaneous farm products. A representative of the Division directed the operation in its en-tirety, and the farmers sold twenty-six different farm products for which they received $23,752.58. In addition, 8,170 bushels of cucumbers were sold for processing. There would have been no market for a considerable part of the produce sold at this market due to the fact that the farmers brought in small quantities and there were no local buyers to handle many of the products sold. Kinston: We assisted in organizing and in the marketing of fruits and vegetables and poultry and eggs. This market fur-nished an outlet for the growers in five or six counties in that section of the State and 2,288 cases of eggs were sold for which the farmers received $21,628.16; and 605,400 pounds of poultry for which they received $107,784.60. In addition, 21,620 packages of produce, principally snap beans, potatoes, and corn were sold. Wallace: A representative helped the management in direct-ing the auction market. On this market the farmers sold 717,333 packages of fruits and vegetables, amounting to $1,329,130.20. Clinton: A representative worked with the management of the Clinton Produce Exchange in selling at the auction market 302,183 packages of miscellaneous fruits and vegetables. For the produce sold on this market, the farmers received $313,384,16. Mount Olive: One of the specialists supervised the auction market. There were sold on this market 283,893 packages of fruits and vegetables. For this produce the farmers were paid approximately $230,000.00. Faison: At the request of the City Commissioners, we assigned a representative to that auction market and he assumed full responsibility for the management. The farmers sold 158,286 packages of fruits and vegetables for which they received $232,251.03. Castle Hayfie: Assistance in the various functions of market-ing of lettuce, beans, beets, squash, cucumbers, peppers and other truck crops was given to the members of the Castle Hayne Growers and Shippers. Wrightsboro: A specialist assisted in the various functions of marketing of beets, beans, lettuce, cucumbers, peppers, squash and other vegetable crops for members of the Hanover Mutual Exchange. Commissioner of Agriculture 65 Goldsboro: The Wayne Farmers Cooperative Service and Exchange placed their facilities and services of their organiza-tion under the provisions of the Act. General assistance has been given. Elizabeth City: A representative assisted in the management of the auction market and educational work in the grading and preparation of fresh peas for market was given. Candor: The Candor Roadside Market furnishes an excellent outlet for products grown in Montgomery, Richmond, Moore and Scotland counties. The City Commissioners passed an ordinance requiring that all produce sold on that market be sold on the basis of grade. Our representative managed the market in 1941 and he was given authority to prevent the sale of products of no market value. Nine hundred and seventy-three truckloads of produce, consisting principally of cantaloups, watermelons, peaches and tomatoes were sold on this market. Whiteville: We organized a pecan market to serve that sec-tion of the State and sold for the farmer's account 106,430 pounds of pecans. They received $9,046.55 for them. Sanford: Specialists organized and managed an auction market for Lee and the adjoining counties for poultry, and all of the surplus eggs brought in were sold for the farmers. At this market we sold 48,185 pounds of poultry, amounting to $9,321.21 and 443 cases of eggs were sold for $2,917.82. Assist-ance was given in the grading of poultry and eggs, Fairmont: Representatives of the Department assisted in organizing, grading and in helping sell the poultry and eggs at the poultry auction market. 23,184 pounds of poultry were sold for which the growers were paid $4,868.64 and 1,800 dozen eggs were marketed. Rocky Mou7it: Assistance was given in the grading of poultry and eggs at the poultry auction market. Handlers' Act For a number of years the farmers have been encouraged to grow certain truck crops by individuals, firms, and corporations who agreed in writing to buy the products at a specified price, based on grades or specifications formulated wholly or in part by the buyer. Years in which the market price of the product was such that the handler would show a profit by fulfilling his contract the products would be accepted. Years in which the price prevailed low and there was no opportunity for a profit many contractors, principally out-of-state firms, would grade so rigidly that the growers would become discouraged and dis-continue the harvesting of the crop ; or, the contractors would, without informing the farmers of their intention, close their office and leave. And, since there was no other outlet, the cost of producing the crop, in many cases, would be a total loss. To 66 Biennial Report correct this situation the General Assembly of 1941 passed legis-lation, "An Act to Authorize the Regulation of Unfair Practices by Handlers of Farm Products," Chapter 359, Public Laws, which requires that individuals, firms and corporations who incur or may incur financial liability furnish to the Commissioner of Agriculture sufficient and satisfactory evidence of their ability to carry out their contract or furnish a satisfactory bond in an amount not to exceed ten thousand ($10,000) dollars. The Act was enforced and the growers can now contract with the assur-ance that they will be protected. Fruits and Vegetables Specialists instructed growers in modern marketing practices, including proper stage of maturity at which to harvest certain crops, proper handling and grading, processing, packing and loading and helped in making sales. Assistance in the functions of marketing was given to producers in virtually every county growing fruits and vegetables for commercial purposes. Representatives met with organized groups in practically all producing areas at which time information was furnished with respect to marketing practices which had proven profit-able to growers in this and other states, pointing out to them that all purchases made by the Government for Lend-Lease ship-ment and purchases made also by the Army and the Navy and the commercial trade were bought on the basis of Federal standards; and, in order to sell to them, it would be necessary that the products be graded to meet these standards. More than five thousand farmers attended these meetings held throughout the State. Considerable effort was spent in bringing to the atten-tion of the producers the use of modern facilities for grading and processing. They were urged to buy the equipment in order to more successfully compete with other states. Intensive work was carried on with the strawberry growers in Wayne, Duplin, Pender, Columbus and Sampson counties in the grading and preparation of strawberries for market. Those growers who packed strawberries under the program received an attractive premium. The proper stage of maturity at which cantaloups should be harvested was brought to the attention of growers in Scotland and Chowan counties. A specialist assisted potato growers in Robeson and Bladen counties in the harvest-ing and grading and ail offered for sale were sold for the grow-ers' account. One specialist worked with the growers in Robeson and adjoining counties advising them with reference to the best methods of harvesting, grading and packing tomatoes. Growers in Macon, Jackson, Transylvania, Henderson, Haywood, Buncombe, Avery, Polk, Surry, Wilkes and Madison counties Commissioner of Agriculture 67 were informed of modern marketing practices, including the proper methods of grading and packing apples, snap beans and other fruits and vegetables grown in those counties. Assistance was, also, given in securing and operating grading machinery and in the marketing of certain commodities. Considerable help was given to the growers of sweet potatoes in Johnston, Harnett, Cumberland, Nash, Rutherford, Polk, Richmond, Montgomery, Craven, Carteret, Lee, Robeson, Martin and Beaufort counties in an effort to relieve an acute marketing problem during the late spring months of 1942 which was brought about by a large production of sweet potatoes in the country and the lack of motor truck buyers to which they had been accustomed for a number of years. The North Carolina Peach Growers Society unanimously requested that we assign a representative to the peach section in 1941 for the purpose of requiring that all peaches packed conform to the grade as marked on the package which was done. At their request, one specialist was assigned to work with the merchandising committee of the Society. He was in charge of the advertising campaign which consisted of display advertise-ments in the newspapers and the daily announcements made over several of the radio stations in the State. A serious situation developed in 1942 due to a shortage of strawberry crates and one of our representatives acted promptly in alleviating the situation by locating thousands of used con-tainers. Conferences were held with members of the processing industry which resulted in the establishment of a cold pack plant at Wilmington capable of using 4,000 crates of strawberries daily. Plans were made for the processing of berries with sulphur dioxide for Lend-Lease purposes. Prices remained at a level sufficient to move the crop to a better advantage through the regular channels and the processing of berries with sulphur dioxide was not used. In recent years the eight or nine thousand cars of Irish potatoes produced in North Carolina were shipped in burlap bags. The emergency created an acute situation in burlap ; and, in an effort to get containers in which to move the crop in 1942, we were instrumental in getting plants which formerly made barrels to reopen. We helped these plants to get the neces-sary equipment and the materials used in making containers which required a high priority rating. Assistance was, also, given to other plants in getting priority for materials used in making miscellaneous fruit and vegetable packages. It appeared that we would experience difficulty this year in getting enough cars to move the crop, based on 24,000 pounds per car which has been the weight loaded in recent years. To conserve trans- 68 Biennial Report Inspecting peaches in the sandhills. portation, growers and shippers were urged to load 30,000 pounds. One specialist was located at Washington, North Carolina, for the purpose of furnishing the growers and shippers accurate, up-to-date information which would guide them in selling the crop. Since prices fluctuate from day to day due to increased or decreased carlot movement, this information was furnished each day. The program has to do with stabilizing the price for the whole area during a given period, based on market conditions. A representative working in cooperation with other State and Federal institutions made a survey in twenty-two counties in western North Carolina to secure information on the market-ing practices and available market facilities. The information obtained has been used in developing marketing programs in that section of the State. Commissioner of Agriculture 69 A very large percentage of fruits and vegetables marketed by the growers in North Carolina is bought and sold on
Object Description
Description
Title | Report of the North Carolina Department of Agriculture for the biennium... |
Contributor | North Carolina. Department of Agriculture. |
Date | 1940; 1941; 1942 |
Subjects |
Agriculture--North Carolina--Periodicals Agricultural statistics Cotton--North Carolina Crops Genealogy Livestock--North Carolina Tobacco--North Carolina |
Place | North Carolina, United States |
Time Period | (1929-1945) Depression and World War Two |
Description | Imprint varies.; Issue for 1944/48 covers 1944/46 and 1946/48. |
Publisher | Raleigh, N.C. :Edwards & Broughton Co.,1934-1948. |
Agency-Current |
North Carolina Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services |
Rights | State Document see http://digital.ncdcr.gov/u?/p249901coll22,63754 |
Physical Characteristics | 7 v. ;23 cm. |
Collection | Health Sciences Library. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill |
Type | text |
Language | English |
Format | Reports |
Digital Characteristics-A | 11063 KB; 214 p. |
Digital Collection |
Ensuring Democracy through Digital Access, a North Carolina LSTA-funded grant project North Carolina Digital State Documents Collection |
Digital Format | application/pdf |
Title Replaced By | North Carolina. Department of Agriculture..Biennial report |
Title Replaces | North Carolina. Department of Agriculture..Biennial report of the North Carolina Department of Agriculture |
Audience | All |
Pres File Name-M | pubs_edp_biennialreportagriculture19401942.pdf |
Pres Local File Path-M | \Preservation_content\StatePubs\pubs_edp\images_master\ |
Full Text | of tlyp (EnUerlifltt of ^0^1 QIarflltttlana CG30.6 \54o/4A 00033953981 This book must not be taken from the Library building LUNC-1SM F 40 Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2011 with funding from Ensuring Democracy through Digital Access (NC-LSTA) http://www.archive.org/details/reportofagricul19401942 REPORT of TKe North Carolina Department of Agriculture FROM JULY 1, 1940 TO JUNE 30, 1942 REPORT of TKe North Carolina Department of Ag^riculture For the Biennium 1940-1942 TV. ^ Letter of Transmittal To His Excellency, J. Melville Broughton, Governo7' of North Carolina. Sir: In compliance with Chapter 248, Public Laws of 1929, I submit the following report of the work of the Department of Agriculture for the biennium 1940-1942. Respectfully, -TTTlMA^i^.^^^ Commissioner of Agriculture. Raleigh, N. C. November 1, 1942. REPORT OF THE NORTH CAROLINA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE FOR THE BIENNIUM 1940-1942 State Board of Agriculture W. Kerr Scott, Commissioner Ex-Officio Chairman Raleigh, N. C. L. Y. Ballentine .. ._ _ Varina W. I. BissETTE - Grifton L. L. BURGIN _ __ - - .Horse Shoe Charles F. Gates -. — - _ Mebane Claude T. Hall _ Woodsdale W. G. Hargett __ Richlands D. R. NOLAND Clyde Miss Ethel Parker Gatesville J. H. Poole .West End Lionel Weil Goldsboro PERSONNEL OF THE State Department of Agriculture W. Kerr Scott, Commissioner Administration D. S. CoLTRANE Assistant to the Commissioner A. R. PowLEDGE Chief Auditor Louis H. Wilson Editor of Publications Myrtha Fleming Principal General Clerk May Davidson Senior Steyiographer Clerk Jerrie Wheless - . Senior General Clerk Robert Harris Janitor-Messenger Worth Jeffries ....Janitor-Messenger Elizabeth C. Rabb Junior General Clerk Joseph A. Hunter Janitor-Messenger Annie A. Braswell Senior Stenographer Clerk Mary Frances Lee Junior Stenographer Clerk Katherine PALMEai Senior Accounting Clerk Carrie Dell McCall Junior General Clerk Inspection W. E. Fuller Junior Dairy Specialist E. J. Harrington Junior Fertilizer Inspector Charles H. Godwin, Jr. Senior Food Inspector Martin McCall Senior Food Inspector G. C. BOSWOOD Junior Fertilizer Inspector Harvey McPhail Senior Feed and Seed hispector Markets R. B. Etheridge Chief C. W. Sheffield Pnncipal Marketing Specialist Paul L. Fletcher Principal Marketing Specialist H. T. Westcott Senior Marketing Specialist A. B. Harless Senior Marketing Specialist W. P. Hedrick Senior Marketing Specialist WiLLiARD Holden Darst Senior Marketing Specialist Ralph Bogan Kelly Associate Marketing Specialist Gladys Strawn Associate Marketing Specialist Margaret C. Taylor Senior General Clerk Mary C. Hutchinson Senior Stenograjjher Clerk W. G. Jones Senior Telegraph Operator Rebecca Merritt Senior Stenographer Clerk Joe B. Gourlay Senior Marketing Sjiecialist Carrie Mae Mann Junior Stenographer Clerk Marketing Authority Geo. R. Ross Principal Marketing Specialist W. L. Adams Associate Marketing Specialist Carl H. Tower Associate Ma'rketing Specialist N. L. Ballance Senior Marketing Specialist Celeste Triplett Senior Stenographer Clerk D. S. Matheson Principal Marketing Specialist T. L. Gwyn Pnndpal Marketing Specialist 6 Biennial Report Dairy C. W. PEX5RAM Dairy Specialist J. V. Whitaker Senior Auditor Lucille Thomas Stephens Junior Stenographer Clerk Entomology C. H. Brannon Senior Entomologist J. A. Harris Senior Entomologist C. S. Brimley Associate Entomologist D. L. Wray Associate Entomologist P. G. Craddock State Apiary Inspector Pauline P. Newsom Senior Stenographer Clerk John Boyce Riley Japanese Beetle-Inspector Seed Laboratory J. W. Woodside Senior Botanist S. D. Allen Senior Seed Analyst Elsie W. Earp Senior Seed Analyst Elizabeth Fleming Senior Seed Analyst C. H. Lutterloh Senior Feed Inspector Joshua S. James Senior Feed Inspector T. A. HoLCOMBE Senior Feed Inspector Mabel V. ROBEatTS Junior Seed Analyst Mks. Wm. M. Styles Junior Seed Analyst Sallie Maurine Taylor Junior Stenographer Clerk Analytical B. W. Kilgore Senior Chemist E. T. HoRD Senior Chemist W. E. McNeill Senior Food Inspector L. M. Nixon Senior Chemist L. B. Rhodes Senior Chemist H. D. Matheson Junior Chemist W. P. Matthews Associate Chemist Z. B. Bradford Senior Chemist L. V. Amburgey Microscopist David E. Buffalob Junior Chemist H. F. Pickering Senior Chemist Velva Hudson . Senior General Clerk Heber B. Hatch Principal General Clerk Robert L. Harris Laboratory Aid Moses Lord '. ..Laboratory Aid Gordon Powell Laboratory Aid Thomas M. Ward Junior Chemist Rufus G. Marshbourne Junior Chemist Sarah D. Allen Principal General Clerk John J. Filicky . Junior Chemist Chas. Thomas Hollowell, Jr. Laboratory Technician James Manly Laboratory Aid Lacy Wood Corbett . Junior Chemist Charlie Huss Senior Stenographer Clerk Crop Statistics W. T. Garriss Junior Statistician Russell P. Handy Junior Statistician Henry G. Brown : Junior Statistician Bessie Kellogg i .Senior Statistical Clerk Sarah Drake Senior Statistical Clerk Rachel E. Fish Junior Statistical Clerk Nancy L. Holler Senior Statistical Clerk Commissioner of Agriculture 7 J. Paul Shaw Junior Statistician Elma S. Wyrick Senior Statistical Clerk Mrs. Espy S. Bolger Senior Statistical Clerk Herbert Barnes Senior General Cl^rk Geo. Truett Denton Senior General Clerk Museum H. T. Davis Senior Curator H. H. Brimley Senior Curator RoxiB Collie Simpson Preparator and Taxidei-rtiist Owen Woods Janitor Pattie Daniels Maid Mary Knight Principal General Clerk Veterinary Wm. Moore State Veterinarian L. J. Faulhaber Associate Veterinarian W. R. Baynes Associate Veterinarian Wm. R. Beasley Junior VeteHnxcrian W. A. JoRDON, Jr. Junior Veterinarian R. L. Dickinson Junior Veterinarian L. J. FouRlE Senior Bacteriologist Grace John Senior Stenographer Clerk Frank Hall _._. Laboratory Aid Frank Howard Laboratory Aid James W. Willis Junior Veterinarian J. W. McKee Junior Veterinarian Joseph D. Wolf Junior Veterinarian Test Farms F. E. Miller . Director Kathleen Harrison Senior Stenographer Clerk J. L. Rea, Jr. Siiperintendent A. P. Lefevers Assistant Field Crops Herbert Allen Assistant Livestock E. G. Moss Superintendent Joe L. Rand . Foreman Clifton M. Blackwell Assistant Foreman Elizabeth Floyd Senior Stenographer Clerk Chester Kearney Feed and Fa:rm Laborer R. E. Currin, Jr. Superintendent W. C. Allsbrook Foreman Mrs. Walker Young Junior Stenographer Clerk Dean W. Colvard Junior Dairy Specialist J. Ernest Love Poultryman W. M. Whisenhunt Foreman R. L. York Assistant Dairyman W. W. Ross Assistant Horticultu^nst Hazel Drake Junior Stenographer CleYk Spence Monroe Correll Dairyman Chas. T. Dearing Superintendent D. P. Southerland Foreman C. O. Bollinger Poultry7nan Frank J. Veach Foreman Fred Stevens, Jr. Dairyman B. L. Williams Junior Stenographer Clerk J. W. Hendricks Superintendent Rose E. Bradford „__. Junior Stenographer Clerk John S. King Foreman Fred Edminsten Animal Feeder 8 Biennial Report Blister Rust HOEART A. Whitman . Inspector Soil Testing J. F. Reed Senior Agronomist Grafton C. Price . Associate Chemist Mrs. J. F. Jeffreys, Jr. Senior Stenogi-apher Clerk Virginia L. Spruill Senior Stenographer Clerk Arthur Giles Laboratory Aid State Warehouse System A. B. FAiRLEY Superintendent Fred P. Johnson Cotton Gin Specialist C. R. Reynolds . Chief Cotton Classer Mrs. J. N. Mason Senior Stenographer Clerk Mrs. Hallie K. Morrow Senior Stenographer Clerk J. B. Haywood Cotton Classer E. L. Upchurch Senior Geyieral Clerk A. W. OuTTERBRlDGE Junior Warehouse Examiner Cora Herndon Junior Stenographer Clerk Weights and Measures C. D. Baucom Superintendent H. W. Hood Inspector John I. Moore '. Inspector S. M. WOOLFOLK Inspector Robert W. Parker Inspector Doris E. Powell Junior Stenographer Clerk W. C. Barnett Inspector Waverly Lucas Helper N. C. State Fair J. S. Dorton Manager G. C. Ellis Caretaker Cooperative Inspection Service E. G. Hargis Egg Grader H. D. Wilson .___ Egg Grader Wm. B. Jones Egg Grader S. M. James , Egg Inspector D. A. Bass '. Egg Grader L. D. Edwards Egg Grader Credit Union D. R. Graham Supervisor Jeanette Cohen Junior Stenographer Clerk A. S. Bynum Junior Auditor W. Kerr Scott BIENNIAL REPORT OF THE North Carolina Department OF Agriculture By W. Kerr Scott Commissioner of Agriculture North Carolina has become the first State to conquer Bang's disease, a serious threat to the dairy and cattle industry, and marketing- services have been enlarged substantially by the State Department of Agricul-ture which has kept abreast with the general "march of progress" throughout the State during the biennium. The creation of the State Marketing Authority by the 1941 General Assembly has enabled the Department to promote, encourage and develop an orderly and efficient marketing pro-gram which is essential to the economic well-being of our rural life. The Department, working cooperatively with Federal authori-ties, has established an enviable record by becoming the first State to control Bang's disease, a serious malady of cattle that interferes with production, reproduction and the general growth of the cattle industry. A further contribution to the livestock development of the State has been made under a cooperative program whereby stocker and feeder cattle are purchased in Western counties for resale to Eastern Carolina farmers. Maintenance of a rigid inspectional and control program has also resulted in North Carolina becoming the first Southern state to eradicate phoney disease, serious malady that kills peach trees. Virtually all programs of the Department have been geared for the war effort and invaluable service has been rendered the armed forces and farmers under the expanded program of the marketing division. Increases in the number of soil samples tested for farmers have been recognized as a definite contribution to the food-for- victory program. Soil testing, a comparatively new service of the Department, has enabled farmers to secure accurate information on the plant food content of their soil and further 10 Biennial Report provides them with concrete information as to the most suitable fertilizer that will give a maximum production at minimum cost. The regulatory, inspection and control laws enforced by the Department have been amended to provide greater protection for the farmers as well as for the honest manufacturer. A summary of the Department's achievements and progress during the biennium follows : Accounts: Business-like and approved accounting methods followed have resulted in increased efficiency in this division. Accounting methods employed have been satisfactory and have brought commendation from the State Auditor's Bureau of Departmental and Institutional Auditing. Chemistry: A total of 14,207 samples of fertilizers, fertilizer materials, feeds, cottonseed meal, lime and land plaster, fungi-cides and insecticides have been analyzed during the biennium. Inspection of plants manufacturing or distributing foods totaled 6,546 and in addition 7,965 labels on packages of foods were examined in connection with the enforcement of regulatory and inspectional laws. Laboratory facilities have been modernized to permit greater efficiency. Credit Union: Thirty-eight new credit unions were organized during the biennium and an increase of approximately $600,000 in assets (cash on hand, money in banks and government bonds) reflect substantial growth. Credit unions made 57,611 loans aggregating $5,158,986 during the biennium. The 27,094 mem-bers in the State accumulated resources of $2,105,582. Dairy: Milk purchases, as reported by plants, increased approximately 100 per cent from 1939 to 1941 and the enforce-ment of the Babcock Test Law has had a wholesome effect on the growth of the dairy industry. Approximately 30,000 check tests for butterfat were made in connection with 1,642 investiga-tions at 90 plants, compared with 5,177 checks during the previous biennium. Enactment of the Milk Audit Law in 1940 has resulted in a saving of thousands of dollars as a result of the elimination of the "loose" buying and trade practices that previously prevailed in the milk industry. The law has resulted in greater stabiliza-tion of purchase procedure relating to plants and the dairy farmers. Entomology: Satisfactory results have been obtained in the program to control the spread of Japanese beetles, enemy of over 300 agricultural plants. North Carolina is the first Southern State to eradicate phoney disease of peaches, a serious malady that kills peach trees. By controlling phoney disease, the peach industry in North Caro-lina has been saved from "certain" destruction, which would have followed the uncontrolled condition of this malady through-out the State. Commissioner of Agriculture 11 Bee disease work especially in Eastern North Carolina has made excellent progress. Division of Markets: The State Marketing Authority was enacted by the 1941 Legislature to promote, encourage and develop the orderly and efficient marketing of the products of the home and farm. Under this program marketing assistance was given in connection with the sale of 1,483,024 packages of fruits and vegetables, 106,430 pounds of pecans, 676,769 pounds of poultry and 3,030 cases of eggs and miscellaneous farm products which brought farmers an aggregate of $2,288,979. Assistance was rendered also in selling produce amounting to $539,783 to army camps in the State. A cooperative livestock promotion project with the Highway and Public Works Commission has resulted in the purchase of stocker and feeder cattle from Western counties for resale in Eastern counties. Sales have totaled $52,486,730. A total of 29,010 cases of surplus eggs were marketed for farmers under a cooperative program. N. C. State Museum: "Birds of North Carolina," sponsored by the Department and issued by this division, is one of the most significant books ever published by a State agency and is an invaluable contribution to the natural history of the State and Nation. Substantial progress has been made in acquiring new exhibits, re-arranging old exhibits and the programs serving to better acquaint the public with the natural history and natural resources of the State. Schedules of hours have been re-arranged to accommodate the ever-increasing flow of visitors from the armed forces to the Museum. Publicatio7is : More than 30,000 farmers and others receive the "Agricultural Review," bi-monthly publication devoted to agricultural information such as reports on regulatory, inspec-tion, control and marketing problems. A news picture service has been enlarged. Farm bulletins have been enlarged, better illustrated and indexed for the benefit of farmers and others. Newspapers and press associations have been constantly informed on the activities of the Department and the services offered agriculture and related industries. Seed Laboratory : The number of seed samples tested for germination and purity has increased nine per cent compared with the previous biennium. A total of 26,038 samples of seed have been tested in connection with the program to assure farm-ers of a market for seed of known value. Today the North Carolina seed label provides information that enables farmers to more intelligently purchase their seed and the seed laboratory is attaining increased recognition in the general food-for-victory program. 12 Biennial Report Soil Testing: Because of the shortage of nitrogen for fer-tilizers and the need for greater economy in transportation as a result of the war conditions, soil testing has become of increased value to the farmers. Approximately 25,000 samples were analyzed for growers who were furnished accurate information on the plant food content of their soil and given concrete recom-mendations as to the most suitable fertilizer necessary to give maximum production at minimum cost. State Fair: The Great State Fairs of 1940 and 1941 were operated successfully both from an educational and financial standpoint. Record breaking crowds saw both exhibitions. At the 1941 exposition 92,000 square feet of exhibit space was devoted to agricultural, industrial and educational displays in addition to 25,000 square feet provided under two tents for the livestock interests. Premiums paid to exhibitors have been increased substantially each year. Statistics: Agricultural statistics, which are basic to all pro-grams including the war effort, have been made available promptly to all war agencies in connection with the food-for-victory program. Many new crop reports and farm statistic summaries have been established, making the services of this division of inestimable value in connection with the present emergency. The farm labor and price surveys have been especially valuable. The county data have become essential in the services rendered. A total of 366 reports are made by the division annually, involving the services of more than 30,000 voluntary crop reporters divided into 64 groups. Test Farms: The research program of the six outlying Branch Experiment Stations consists of 126 experimental proj-ects, which are handled cooperatively with the North Carolina Agricultural Experiment Station, and in many instances with the United States Department of Agriculture. Several of these projects have been revised in order to comply with requests to aid more directly National Defense measures in agriculture, and new tests have been begun for the same purpose. Much improvement work has been completed during the biennium, including repairing and painting buildings, clearing and draining land, and fencing grazing areas. New machinery and implements have been purchased and 80 acres of land near the Tobacco Station have been provided for tobacco research plot land. The War Department has taken over the Mountain Test Farm property as the site for the location of an Army casualty hospital and steps are being taken to relocate this Station. In addition to carrying forward the experiments conducted on the old location, new experiments will be undertaken on the new site to include beef cattle and sheep. Commissioner of Agriculture 13 Because of damage by fire to land, fencing, and vegetation, plans are being made to relocate the Blackland Experiment Sta-tion. While most of the projects will be moved to the new location, several long-time experiments will be continued on the present location in order to obtain the necessary information to conclude the experiments. Veterinary: Bang's disease, a serious threat to the Nation's dairy and cattle industry, has been conquered in North Carolina by a corps of veterinarians who have established a national record for the State in a concerted animal-disease war that has been waged for eight years. To become an accredited State, all cattle in all counties have to be tested and Bang's disease infection has to be less than one per cent of all cattle. Previously North Carolina became the first State in the Nation to accredit all counties in the bovine tuberculosis control program. Progress has been made in control of hog cholera and rules and regulations have been adopted and enforced in the general program to control livestock diseases and promote the growth of the livestock industry. Warehouse: During the year 1941-1942, a total of 542,224 bales of cotton was handled by the Warehouse division, repre-senting about seven per cent of the year's total crop. The division has made a substantial contribution to the gin-ning improvement program with the result that gin damaged cotton has been reduced 2.5 per cent annually for the past three seasons and reached a new low of 6.8 per cent in 1941. Weights and Measures: A Scale Mechanic Act was passed by the General Assembly for the protection of both the owners of scales and honest mechanics. The Weigh Master Act, passed in 1939, now has the full approval and support of all parties concerned. State inspectors visited 11,225 concerns where scales, weights, dry measures, liquid measures, packages and deliveries were checked for compliance with the Weights and Measures Law. This involved 147,042 inspections. w^* D. S. Coltrane Administrative and Regulatory Activities 1940-1942 D. S. Coltrane Assistant to the Commissioner Agricultural Productio7i: Our country has ag-ain been plunged into an unpro-voked war for its very existence, a struggle in which it is vitally essential that all people and all industries cooperate and produce with the utmost energy and deter-mination if we are to perpetuate this nation. Agriculture has a task, the size and importance of which cannot be over-emphasized at a time like this. It is to the suc-cessful prosecution of this task that the farmers of North Carolina have dedicated themselves with a "will to win" that will minimize inconveniences and overcome difficulties, of which there have been many. The acute shortage of farm labor and the prevailing high wages brought on by war conditions have com-bined to constitute a serious menace to agricultural well-being in this state. It is urgent that our Government take immediate steps to alleviate this condition, or, certainly, to prevent its serious-ness from increasing. In spite of this and other handicaps which have hampered farmers, the agricultural progress and production of North Carolina for the past biennium has been steadily for-ward and upward. Certain crops vital to the war effort have been increased tremendously. Peanut production has jumped from 265,640,000 pounds in 1941 to 396,800,000 for 1942 and soy-beans from 1,710,000 bushels in 1941 to 3,552,000 bushels for 1942, which is an all time record for both these crops. Cotton has moved from 552,000 bales in 1941 to an estimated 736,000 bales for 1942, and the estimated yield per acre is indicated at 415 pounds or 25 per cent higher than 1941. While the corn crop acreage has decreased, the acreage planted to barley has increased from 9,000 acres in 1937 to an estimated 36,000 acres for harvest in 1942. As of January 1, 1942, the number of all livestock increased only slightly from January 1, 1941, but the value increased 21 per cent over a year ago, with hogs showing a 71 per cent increase in value. North Carolina ranks 14th in number and value of hogs. Sheep numbers showed a two per cent increase with values four per cent up. The number of all chickens on farms, excluding commercial broilers, increased 17 per cent, while turkeys increased 20 per cent in number, with a total increased value for chickens and turkeys of 42 and 47 per cent respectively. All cattle and milk cows both increased Commissioner of Agriculture 15 three per cent in numbers on farms, value increased 33 per cent over a year ago. The dairy industry in particular has made outstanding- gains in recent months, with the production of wholesale Grade "A" milk for the month of July, 1942 totaling 11,137,991 pounds, the highest ever recorded by the State Department of Agriculture and exceeding the production for the same period of 1941 by 2,000,000 pounds. The figures do not include the production of producer distributors which has also greatly increased. The indications are that milk production will continue to rise, as will also the number and value of milk cattle in the State, in which we rank about twenty-fifth at present. In the total number and value of all livestock, North Carolina ranks 22nd. North Carolina continues to rank first among the states in tobacco production, second in lespedeza seed, second in peanuts and third in sweet potatoes. In the production of peaches the State has moved from twelfth place in 1940 to fifth in 1941, and in the production of tomatoes from twenty-second in 1940 to fifteenth in 1941, and the same is true of several other crops. The State ranks very high in the production of intermediate early snapbeans, cantaloupes, green peppers, and cucumbers for both marketing and processing. North Carolina at present ranks fourth in the nation in cash income from all crops, and will probably rise to third place at the close of the 1942 market season. These facts indicate that the farmers of the State are vigor-ously supporting the war effort with that enthusiasm and patriot-ism for which the people of North Carolina have always been noted. Personnel Agriculture is the basic industry of North Carolina. The State ranks second in total farm population, with the 1940 census showing that 1,624,000 of our people actually live on 278,276 farms, which number is only exceeded in the State of Texas. Therefore, the State Department of Agriculture is very properly one of the major branches of the Government and the one whose work probably touches the lives and affects the welfare of more people than any other agency in the State. Because of this fact, it is very important that the employees of this Depart-ment remain at all times aware of the great trust and respon-sibility this imposes upon them and it is gratifying to close another biennium with the feeling that our employees have built and maintained a good record of diligence, efficiency, and interest in their work. They have proved their loyalty to the Depart-ment of Agriculture as well as to the countless thousands of citizens throughout the State whom this Department has endeav-ored to serve. The administrative division desires to express its sincere appreciation of this loyalty and of their industry in the 16 Biennial Report discharge of those duties assigned to them. Unfortunately for us, many of our best trained employees have gone to other fields of work as well as into the armed forces of the country and it is becoming increasingly difficult to replace them with others who are qualified, due to our low salary scale as compared with that prevailing in private industry. We take pride, however, in here-with listing the names of those of our former employees who are as of October 21, 1942 serving in the various branches of our fighting forces: Administration : Entomology: C. P. Deyton C. H. Hill Analytical: Soil-Testing: James A. Belton I. E. Miles J. 0. Dunston Frank H. Brown Charles C. Gates, Jr. Veterinary: f-J^-Jl^'^T''^' '^''- C. B. Randall J. b) ir'ittarcl Wayne D. Collins L, W. Purdy Charlie L. Sellars Warehouse: Edwin L. Combs Robert S. Pou Crop Statistics: Weights and Measures: William T. Wesson George S. Turner Wade M. Manness We feel duty bound to the agricultural interests of this State to voice here our feeling that since agriculture is the basic indus-try of North Carolina, with a tremendous investment, and since the services of the Department of Agriculture directly affect that industry, then the work of this Department should not be made to suffer because of our inability to offer salaries sufficient to secure capable and trained workers. When we consider that 1,624,000 people live on 278,276 farms, valued at $736,708,000, to say nothing of the additional millions invested in crops and livestock, we are constrained to believe that services should not be crippled which affect very greatly the welfare of these people, as well as the entire citizenship in general, and the safety of this investment. We are now directly confronted with this problem, the magnitude of which merits full consideration. A ten per cent increase in the salaries for the personnel of the Department has been requested for the coming biennium in view of the increased cost of living and in order to maintain an efficient staff that is being rapidly decreased because of the lucrative offers by war industries, other industries, the Federal Government and the armed forces. Trained personnel must be maintained at all times, and ade-quate salaries must be paid commensurate with the standard of living now prevailing unless the regulatory, inspection, control and marketing programs and other programs of the Department suffer irreparable losses. Commissioner of Agriculture 17 Too much emphasis cannot be given to the fact that many substitutes, coming under the jurisdiction of the regulatory and control divisions of the Department, are being offered the con-sumer today and the need for a continuation of rigid enforce-ment of the laws to protect the buyer was never more apparent. Over a period of years, sizeable investments have been made in preparing or training the Department's staff in specialized work and if these investments are to be protected, nominal salary increases must be made. Living expenses are up ten per cent or more, income taxes and other taxes are steadily climbing, all of which emphasize the need of salary increases which are essential to the maintenance of reasonable standards of living. Cooperation with Agricultural Agencies A splendid spirit of cooperation exists between the Depart-ment and the other agencies serving the agricultural interests of North Carolina. Whenever regulatory, inspectional and control problems have arisen, the North Carolina Agricultural Experiment Station, State College Extension Service, farm organizations, farmers, representatives of farm industry and others have united in an effort to formulate practical programs that will result in fair, impartial and worthwhile contributions to the farm life of the State. The necessity of correlating regulatory, inspectional, control, agricultural research and other agricultural services for the benefit of the farmers has been given greater recognition and emphasis during the past biennium than perhaps at any time in the history of North Carolina agriculture. Revenue The detailed financial statement shows the sources and amounts of revenue collected by the Department during the bien-nium. The total receipts for that period amount to $1,156,189.32 as compared with $995,799.60 for the previous biennium, which shows an increase of $160,389.72. This is accounted for largely by an increase in the sale of fertilizer and feed tax tags alone amounting to $110,034.43. The continued strict enforcement of the Seed Law and a general growing understanding and appre-ciation of it resulted in an increase of $6,719.07 from seed dealers' licenses and seed analysis tags. Most other sources of revenue also resulted in slight increases, with the notable excep-tion of oleomargarine tax which showed a $1,446.50 decrease. Receipts of the Department for the fiscal year 1940-41 were $558,250.99 while the expenditures amounted to $513,385.15. Receipts exceeded expenditures by $44,865.84. In the fiscal year 1941-42 receipts were $597,938.33 while expenditures amounted to $583,015.52. Receipts exceeded expenditures by $14,922.81. 18 Biennial Report According to the sale of Agricultural Lime tax stamps, there has been sold through the regular channels of trade during the biennium a total of 101,906 tons of Agricultural Lime, which does not include shipments to fertilizer manufacturers for mix-ing purposes. The inspection tax on this product is five cents per ton and was levied by the 1937 General Assembly for the purpose of enlarging the peanut research programs. The receipts from this source for the biennium amounted to $5,095.30. However, this represents only a small part of the Agricultural Lime which has been distributed in the State. During the two-year period from November 1, 1940 through October 31, 1942, there has been distributed by the Agricultural Adjustment Agency of the Fed-eral Government a total of 609,553 tons. These figures are reported from the office of Mr. E. Y. Floyd, State Administrator for that Agency. If the Department of Agriculture had received the five cents per ton inspection tax on this lime, it would have amounted to $30,477.68. In addition, Mr. Floyd reports that during the above mentioned period a total of 45,317 tons of phosphate was distributed without payment of the inspection tax of 25 cents per ton. If the Department of Agriculture had received this, it would have amounted to $11,329.28. The same agency also distributed approximately 100,000 bags of peanuts during 1942 without payment of the inspection tax of one cent per bag, which would have amounted to $1,000.00, making a total of at least $42,806.96 additional revenue which this Department would have received had it been permitted to collect the usual inspection fees. Fertilizer The purpose of the North Carolina Fertilizer Law is to afford protection to the users of commercial fertilizer against the pos-sible misbranding of the grade or value of the fertilizer sold in the State. As an inspection and regulatory agency, the Depart-ment realizes that no part of its work is more important than strict enforcement of the Fertilizer Law. Changes in the Act were made during the biennium by the 1941 Legislature with the view of giving the farmers, manufacturers, and dealers greater protection, simplified labeling provisions, higher analysis fertilizers, and a restricted grade list. New Fertilizer Latv Department officials are of the opinion that the revised law, which became effective on December 1, 1941, gives us on the whole the best law of any State in the Nation, and rightly so because our farmers use more fertilizer than any State in the Union. The form of statement for guarantees has been simpli-fied so as to make it possible for a manufacturer who operates in adjoining states to use bags and tags interchangeably in the Commissioner of Agriculture 19 different states. The penalty provisions of the Act have been tightened so as to give the farmers more protection. Red Tag for Low Grade Fertilizer An outstanding change in the new law is a provision which recognizes all fertilizer containing less than 16 units of plant food to be labeled with a "red tag" reading as follows : "This is a low grade fertilizer. It costs too much per unit of nitrogen, available phosphoric acid and potash because it contains only 14 or 15 units (whichever the case may be) of these plant foods. You are paying too much for bagging, freight, labor, etc., on too much inert material." The "red tag" will be of educational value to those farmers who have been purchasing 3-8-3 because of habit. It will reach the farmer who has not kept himself informed as to the amount of filler in low grade fertilizer. Grade Restriction Another outstanding change in the law is a provision which gives the State Board of Agriculture and the Director of the Agricultural Experiment Station authority to set up, from time to time, a list of grades consisting of not more than fifty and not less than thirty-five grades. This provision of the Act will, in all probability, result in a saving of a million dollars or more to the farmers of the State. Manufacturers have hereto-fore made a multiplicity of grades for which there had been but little demand. In 1937 a total of 202 grades were registered for sale in this State. Thirty-six Grades Adopted Following the policy of the Department, an informal con-ference with Farmers, Fertilizer Manufacturers, Dealers, and Agronomists, was called to consider the grades that should be recommended to the Board and Director of the Experiment Station, After much discussion, the conference passed a reso-lution in favor of restricting the grades to the minimum allowed by the law, and then proceeded to suggest a list of 35 grades. This list was adopted by the Board of Agriculture with but one addition, making an official list of 36 grades that were sold during 1942. Other Changes in the Law Other changes in the law are briefly enumerated as follows : 1. Registration. Registrations have been changed from a five-year period to an annual basis. The present registration period is December 1 through November 30. The annual registration fee is $2 per brand. If packed in five-pound packages or less, the registration fee is $25 per brand. Failure to register carries a maximum penalty of $500. 20 Biennial Report 2. Weight. Must be "net weight" rather than ''gross weight." 3. Nitrogen Guarantees. A manufacturer may guarantee either total nitrogen or available nitrogen. If the wording Total Available Nitrogen is used, it will be interpreted as Total Nitro-gen. This is permitted in order to bring about uniformity with the South Carolina law and thereby enable manufacturers who do business in both states to use the same guarantees. 4. Water Insoluble and Nitrate Nitrogen Guarantees: These guarantees are made in percentage of the total, expressed in whole numbers, rather than the decimal fraction thereof. In our opinion, this is much more desirable because it was possible under the old law for a guarantee of either Nitrate or Water Insoluble Nitrogen in the decimal to be very misleading ; whereas, it is almost impossible for a farmer to be misled when the guarantees are stated in percentage of the total. Optional Guarantees Minimum per cent of Magnesium Oxide. Minimum per cent of Calcium Oxide. Minimum per cent of Sulphur in General Crop Fertilizer. Minimum-Maximum percentage of Sulphur in Tobacco Fertilizer. Loivering Analysis or Quality Not Permitted A manufacturer is not allowed to lower the quality of any established registered brand. Penalties All tolerances for deficiencies are decreased ; thereby, strengthening the penalty provision of the law. Basic Slag A Basic Slag must carry a guarantee for both total and available phosphoric acid. The old law provided only for a guarantee of total phosphoric acid. War Economy Necessitates Elimination OF Low Grade Fertilizer An educational campaign has been carried on during the past five years to familiarize farmers with the savings to be effected by the purchase of higher analysis fertilizers. War has been waged against the most uneconomical grades such as 3-8-3 ; 2-9-3 ; 0-10-4; and 2-8-4. All of these grades have been omitted from the restricted grade list except 3-8-3 which is now a "red tag" low grade fertilizer. This grade still represents about 20% of the total tonnage used in the State. While an educational cam-paign has been waged against this grade with some results, our war economy has brought about a necessity for the total elimina-tion of this grade. With the shortage of labor, bags, and transpor- Commissioner of Agriculture 21 tation, it is almost imperative that we eliminate from the list of grades any fertilizer that contains more than 200 pounds of worthless filler to the ton. Filler and Defense In normal times it may be proper for a farmer to buy an un-economical grade of fertilizer put in war times such a policy materially injures our defense efforts. Normally, a very important part of our domestic freight is hauled by coastwise and intercoastal ships. Many of these ships have been diverted to war use, and more could be used with great benefit if they could be spared from normal traffic. This diversion of ships, added to the greatly increased need for transportation due to war work, has begun to place a strain on our rail and truck transportation also. It is, therefore, becoming increasingly important to economize in transportation in every legitimate way. It is not feasible to prohibit entirely the use of filler because some filler is desirable to adjust formulas, inasmuch as grades are required to be stated in whole numbers, as well as for other reasons. Nevertheless, approximately 80,000 tons of unnecessary filler could be eliminated with real benefit to agriculture, the fertilizer industry, and the defense of our country. Fertilizer Sales Consumption of commercial mixed fertilizer and fertilizer materials for North Carolina farmers based on tag sales for the fiscal year July 1, 1940, to June 30, 1941, was 1,113,327 tons; whereas, the consumption for the year July 1, 1941, to June 30, 1942, was 1,194,174 tons. The tonnage for the biennium amounted to 2,307,501 tons which represents an increase from the previous biennium by 80,847 tons, or seven per cent. Fertilizer Inspection Reasonable fertilizer inspection services have been provided during the past two years. During the peak season a total of 15 part-time inspectors actively covered their respective terri-tories. An effort was made to get samples from every company in proportion to the tonnage sold. Also, a determined effort has been made to get more samples directly from the farms rather than from dealers. During the year 1940-41, inspectors made 6,138 inspections, and during the year 1941-42, 7,697 inspections, or a total of 13,835 inspections for the biennium. This is compared with a total of 8,403 inspections for the previous biennium. During the year 1940-41, inspectors secured 5,779 official samples. During the year 1941-42, they secured 4,547 samples, or a total for the biennium of 10,726. These figures show that the Department's inspectors secured during this bien-nium 853 more samples than for the previous biennium. 22 Biennial Report One sample of fertilizer was taken for approximately each 200 tons sold. In our opinion, more samples should be taken — at least one sample for each 100 tons sold. However, this would necessitate the appointment of more inspectors as well as in-creased laboratory facilities and the employment of additional chemists. Fertilizer of Good Quality Reasonable quality in the fertilizer sold in this State is indi-cated by the fact that during the biennium penalties were assessed on only 731 lots of fertilizer obtained from 10,180 official samples analyzed and reported, which means that approxi-mately seven per cent of the fertilizer was subject to a penalty. If inspection figures are indicative of the fertilizer move-ment as a whole, this means that 95 tons of every 100 tons of fertilizer sold in the State either meet the guaranteed analysis or are found within the variations allowed in the Fertilizer Law. $1,126,671 Excess Plant Food A study of the average value of fertilizer for the years 1939, 1940, and 1941 reveals that manufacturers gave North Caro-lina farmers an average of 53 cents per ton value in excess of plant food guaranteed, or an excess of plant food value during these two years of $1,126,671. These facts substantiate the value of rigid enforcement of regulatory measures and are indicative of the protection given farmers as well as manufacturers. The Department invites farmers to request inspectors to take special samples; in fact, more farm samples are desirable. We are looking forward to the day when we will secure at least 50 per cent of the total samples from the farmers, but this will have to await the day when tires and gasoline are no longer rationed as in the present emergency. Feed Sales and Inspection During the biennium, beginning July 1, 1940, and ending June 30, 1942, a total of 3,110 feed samples were selected for chemical analysis and microscopical examination. Of these, 3,046 were official feed samples and 64 were samples of Canned Dog Foods. Computed from the sales of tax tags, there were 388,587 tons of commercial feed sold during the year July 1, 1940—June 30, 1941, and 448,850 tons during the year July 1, 1941—June 30, 1942, or a total for the biennium of 837,437 tons compared with 725,867 tons for the previous two years. According to the sale of tax tags and stamps, there were sold 128,254 tons of Cotton Seed Meal during the fiscal year July Commissioner of Agriculture 23 1, 1940—June 30, 1941, and 96,831 tons during the fiscal year July 1, 1941—June 30, 1942, or a total for the biennium of 225,085 tons as compared with 180,434 tons for the previous two-year period. The decrease in consumption of Cotton Seed Meal for the year July 1, 1941—June 30, 1942, is due to an increased use of Soybeans and Peanuts which is reflected in the 60,263 ton increase of commercial feeds. If Cotton Seed Meal is counted as feed, there was a total tonnage of 1,062,522 during the biennium compared with 906,301 tons for the previous bien-nium or a net gain in total feed sold of 156,221 tons. From all sections of the State, the inspectors have collected 3,110 samples of mixed feeds. A reasonable number of samples were secured from each company and extra precautions taken to secure samples of brands previously found below the guaranteed analysis. During the biennium, a total of 13,784 bags of feed were withdrawn from sale for various violations of the Feed Law and the registration of eight brands was cancelled. Where the viola-tions were of a technical nature, the feed was released for sale after adjustments were made according to the law; however, 584 bags were returned to the manufacturer, 210 bags to North Carolina Mills, and 279 bags to out-of-state mills. Penalties aggregating $312.55 have been assessed during the biennium to cover the costs of feed seizures. Using the Department's analyses, both chemical and micro-scopic, as an index, the feed sold in this State during the bien-nium, on the whole, equalled the guaranteed analysis. Much progress has been made during the past six years. Anyone can now buy feed with reasonable assurance that it will contain the guaranteed ingredients and that the chemical analysis will be as labeled. Feeds are labeled so that the least informed farmer should not be deceived. The best information and pro-tection the purchaser of feed has is the tag and the honesty and reliability of the manufacturer. The record of any manufacturer may be obtained by reading the Department's annual Feed Bulletin. There has been a shortage of some ingredients during the past eighteen months due to war conditions ; in fact, the use of some ingredients has been restricted by the Federal Govern-ment. It has been difficult to overcome the shortages of some of these materials by substitutes. Some manufacturers were quick to take advantage of the situation by loose practices in the use of substitutes and other irregularities. They asked leniency because of the National Emergency. This Department has taken the position that good quality feeds are most economical under normal conditions ; and that at this time of emergency, when high production of meat, milk, eggs, cheese, and livestock is so essential, the most efficient and effective control is highly desirable. 24 Biennial Report During the two years a total of 14,684 bags of feed were withdrawn from sale for various violations of the feed law as follows : No tax tags 8,557 Obsolete tags 121 No guarantee or tax tags . 1,571 No guaranteed analysis , . 806 Not registered 705 Non-compliance with guarantee - 1,665 Metal hooks 473 No. of bags returned to North Carolina mills 176 No. of bags returned outside mills 610 Total sales in tons (Mixed feed, cotton seed, soybean, and peanut meals) 1,062,522 Amount of penalties assessed and paid $240.68 1,202 cases of Canned Dog Foods were withdrawn from sale because of not being registered and properly stamped. Seed Inspection The 1941 General Assembly further revised and brought the State Seed Law up to date. The act is so patterned as to work well in cooperation with the Federal Seed Act. Under an agree-ment between the Commissioner and the Agricultural Marketing Service of the United States Department of Agriculture relative to the enforcement of the Federal Seed Act, our seed inspectors are authorized to sample interstate movements of seed for the Federal agency. One of the first convictions for violation of the Federal Seed Act was based on evidence furnished by this division. The seed laboratory tested a total of 26,038 samples of seed during the biennium, which is an increase of 9 per cent over the previous one. Seed inspectors withdrew from sale 226 lots of seed, covering 9,402 bags, which were being sold in violation of the law. Five wholesale distributors of vegetable package seed were cited for a hearing before representatives of the State Department of Agriculture and the Attorney General because of the low quality seed sold in the State during 1941, with the result that 16 per cent more of these seed sold in the 1942 season exceeded the standard than was the case in 1941. In twenty-one other cases of law violation in selling bulk field and vegetable seed the responsible parties were called in for hearings. In most instances the seed were released for sale after the law had been complied with and satisfactory adjustments made. Seed inspectors have called regularly on all seed dealers, have made 14,534 inspections, and collected 2,640 ofl^cial samples of seed during the biennium. In line with a general improvement in the seed situation in North Carolina the Board of Agriculture has adopted grades and standards for lespedeza seed. No more than 2,500 dodder per pound are now allowed in lespedeza offered for sale in this State as against 5,000 per pound formerly permitted, and the per- Commissioner of Agriculture 25 mitted noxious weeds in small grains have been reduced from 200 per pound to 100 per pound. Recent figures show that 26 per cent more of the Korean lespedeza and 14 per cent more Kobe lespedeza seed offered for sale in the past season were of North Carolina Grade 1 quality than during the previous seasons. We feel that the progress made in the better seed program has only been possible through the cooperation of seed dealers and farm-ers, the great majority of whom now realize the vital importance of seed control measures in promoting and maintaining agri-cultural production. Unfortunately, there has recently developed considerable mis-understanding between this Department and certain agencies of the Federal Government relative to the wide distribution of seed in this State without complying with the State's seed regula-tions, which were enacted for the protection of the farmer. The State Department of Agriculture has been restrained by Federal authorities from interfering in the distribution of such seed, and there have been notable cases where the consumer has suffered because he did not receive the services and protection offered by the Seed Law. In addition, the licensed seed dealers of the State have suffered from such unregulated business competition and this in turn will be reflected in a loss of revenue which sup-ports the seed inspection and testing service. The result will be a regretable tendency toward breaking down the seed improve-ment program in the State, a program which this Department has emphasized and promoted for several years with gratifying results. We feel that it would be unfortunate in the extreme to relax in the effort to go forward with this work, and we feel that there is involved in this dispute a very real threat to the seed improvement program. Efforts are being made to find a mutually satisfactory solution to the problem and it is to be hoped that the situation will not long continue as it exists at present. 26 Biennial Report summary of inspection work Fertilizer Number of inspections 13,835 Number of official samples taken 10,180 Number of tons sampled 64,528 Number of lots seized for various violations 156 Number of penalties assessed 731 Aggregate amount of penalties assessed $11,203.37 Feed Number of inspections 19,648 Number of tons sampled 5,478 Number of official samples taken by inspectors 2,438 Number of bags represented by samples 103,560 Number of miscellaneous samples 672 Number of samples analyzed 3,110 Number of seizures for various violations 305 Number of bags in seizures 14,684 Number of bags returned to mills 786 Number of registrations canceled 7 Aggregate amount of penalties assessed $240.68 Seed Number of inspections 14,534 Number of official samples taken by inspectors 2,640 Number of individual samples 23,398 Number of samples analyzed (total) 26,038 Number of lots withdravi^n for various violations 226 Number of bags in seizures 9,402 Aggregate amount of penalties assessed __._ $34.00 Accounts A. R. POWLEDGE Accounting methods have been satis-factory and have brought commendation from the State Auditor's Bureau of De-partmental and Institutional Auditing. The financial report of the Depart-ment and its divisions follov^s: FINANCIAL STATEMENT a. r. Powiedge STATEMENT OF DISBURSEMENTS July 1, 1940-June 30, 1942 I. Administration 1941-42 1940-41 Board of Commissioners $ 1,088.36 $ 1,670.70 Salary—Commissioner 6,000.00 6,000.00 Salaries and Wages 21,052.17 21,471.84 Supplies and Materials 908.33 934.92 Tags 8,567.76 6,855.97 Postage, Telephone, Telegrams and Express .. 2,373.76 1,687.18 Travel Expense 1,770.73 2,025.29 Printing and Binding 6,670.05 5,675.15 Repairs and Alterations 100.00 98.95 General Expense 143.09 95.82 Equipment 222.65 407.93 Legislative Representative in Washington, D. C. 500.00 500.00 Total $ 49,396.90 $ 47,423.75 II. Inspection Salaries and Wages $ 10,012.66 $ 7,556.00 Salaries and Wages, Extra 4,460.00 5,552.00 Supplies and Materials 89.10 199.99 Postage, Telephone, Telegrams and Express _. 550.87 422.26 Travel Expense 19,520.96 20,547.83 Total $ 34,633.59 $ 34,278.08 III. Markets Salaries and Wages $ 33,145.27 $ 38,418.55 Salaries and Wages, Extra 390.67 889.00 Supplies and Materials 599.48 1,180.83 Postage, Telephone, Telegrams and Express - 861.40 1,194.09 Travel Expense 7,094.54 11,079.74 Printing and Binding 235.02 289.98 Repairs and Alterations 66.66 50.00 Market News Service 618.51 850.00 Subscriptions and Dues 126.00 144.10 Equipment 389.30 1,548.13 Leased Wire 841.10 1,281.42 Total $ 44,367.95 $ 56,925.84 28 Biennial Report III-A. Marketing Authority 1941-42 1940-41 Salaries and Wages . $ 28,213.47 Supplies and Materials 197.80 Postage, Telephone, Telegrams and Express- 730.74 Travel Expense 10,837.15 Printing and Binding 226.50 Repairs and Alterations . 39.05 General Expense Equipment 180.37 Total $ 40,425.08 IV. Credit Union Salary, Chief $ 1,850.00 Salaries, Staff 3,677.50 Office Supplies 137.18 Postage, Telephone and Telegraph 188.77 Field Travel 2,453.09 Printing 120.82 Equipment 78.62 Transfer to General Fund $ 2,500.00 Total $ 2,500.00 $ 8,505.98 Refund from General Fund 4,252.99 $ 4,252.99 V. Dairy Salaries and Wages $ 6,448.00 $ 3,915.00 Supplies and Materials 64.94 34.94 Postage, Telephone and Telegraph 124.81 99.88 Travel Expense 1,692.96 1,325.08 Printing and Binding 21.46 31.43 Equipment 346.47 45.35 Workmen's Compensation 172.50 Total $ 8,871.14 $ 5,451.68 VI. Entomology Salaries and Wages $ 14,696.33 $ 14,778.00 Supplies and Materials 124.09 149.72 Postage, Telephone, Telegraph and Express __ 219.89 188.87 Travel Expense 4,517.95 4,379.06 Printing and Binding 121.79 81.30 Subscriptions and Dues 78.89 102.65 Equipment 10.39 19.82 Total $ 19,769.33 $ 19,699.42 VII. Seed Laboratory Salaries and Wages $ 17,614.21 $ 16,427.20 Supplies and Materials 221.40 226.43 Postage, Telephone, Telegraph and Express __ 517.88 432.29 Travel Expense 3,313.63 3,229.79 Printing and Binding 351.09 296.69 Repairs and Alterations 23.72 15.23 Equipment 193.69 Total $ 22,041.93 $ 20,821.32 Commissioner of Agriculture 29 VIII. Analytical i94i-42 i94o-41 Salaries and Wages $ 47,188.49 $ 47,611.08 Supplies and Materials 3,846.40 2,932.93 Postage, Telephone, Telegraph and Express.... 790.06 651.36 Travel Expense 368.06 506.65 Printing and Binding 572.19 581.27 Repairs and Alterations 147.98 163.10 Laundry 5.45 4.81 Equipment 6,845.36 3,447.01 Total $ 59,763.99 $ 55,898.21 IX. Crop Statistics Salaries and Wages $ 15,646.30 $ 14,910.75 Salaries and Wages, Extra 2,786.91 3,070.33 Supplies and Materials 114.62 124.63 Postage, Telephone, Telegraph and Express .. 281.76 186.91 Travel Expense . 1,424.28 1,065.95 Printing and Binding 3,199.48 2,222.74 Repairs and Alterations 37.09 19.81 Subscriptions and Dues 10.00 15.50 Equipment 1,931.76 1,289.30 Total $ 25,432.20 $ 22,905.92 X. Museum Salaries and Wages $ 8,749.67 $ 8,378.00 Salaries and Wages, Extra 33.75 42.98 Supplies and Materials 385.48 339.63 Postage, Telephone, Telegraph and Express .. 137.60 78.67 Travel Expense 273.79 243.41 Printing and Binding 67.91 29.67 Subscriptions and Dues 39.03 34.09 Equipment 558.93 599.38 Repairs and Alterations 487.44 Total $ 10,246.16 $ 10,233.27 XI. Serum Supplies and Materials $ 347.72 $ 451.31 Postage, Telephone, Telegraph and Express .. 423.28 203.00 General Expense 55.55 30.49 Serum to be Resold 16,423.89 12,069.87 Diagnostic Laboratory 233.82 414.04 Total $ 17,484.26 $ 13,168.71 XII. Veterinary Salaries and Wages $ 33,737.24 $ 31,486.81 Salaries and Wages, Extra 8,978.16 8,728.02 Supplies and Materials 499.09 347.42 Postage, Telephone, Telegraph and Express .. 368.74 322.36 Travel Expense 23,590.28 20,908.40 Printing and Binding 136.85 78.72 Repairs and Alterations 21.35 18.70 General Expense 43.53 48.81 Equipment 139.32 93.56 Clinic on Mastitis Total $ 67,514.56 $ 62,032.80 30 Biennial Report XIII. Test Farms—Administration 1941-42 1940-41 Salaries and Wages --$ 4,920.00 $ 4,920.00 Supplies and Materials 113.31 173.29 Postage, Telephone, Telegraph and Express „ 307.05 249.98 Travel Expense 1,239.69 1,260.02 Printing and Binding 60.44 104.97 General Expense . 50.00 35.95 Insurance and Bonding - 364.50 2,010.95 Total --$ 7,054.99 $ 8,755.16 Blackland Test Farm Salaries and Wages $ 7,369.06 $ 6,343.84 Supplies and Materials 1,988.44 1,860.32 Postage, Telephone, Telegraph and Express .. 79.76 94.46 Travel Expense 238.74 324.60 Motor Vehicle Operation 582.18 448.44 Repairs and Alterations 317.55 290.72 General Expense 343.50 416.73 Equipment 1,947.33 1,609.22 Additions and Betterments 19.05 15.22 Total -_. $ 12,885.61 $ 11,403.55 Tobacco Test Farm Salaries and Wages $ 10,001.32 $ 8,386.95 Supplies and Materials 1,577.08 1,968.02 Postage, Telephone, Telegraph and Express __ 184.00 165.53 Travel Expense 16.20 278.00 Printing and Binding 28.17 14.52 Motor Vehicle Operation 216.23 83.62 Light, Water, Power _._ 176.67 171.35 Repairs and Alterations 1,035.74 264.64 General Expense 337.67 1,015.78 Equipment 1,186.86 299.91 Additions and Betterments 149.37 891.00 Land 6,000.00 Total $ 14,909.31 $ 19,539.32 Upper Coastal Plain Test Farm Salaries and Wages $ 9,874.67 $ 9,349.97 Supplies and Materials 2,891.09 2,796.96 Postage, Telephone, Telegraph and Express _. 162.37 156.07 Travel Expense 262.10 278.38 Motor Vehicle Operation 1,004.18 789.27 Light, Power and Water 236.61 198.15 Repairs and Alterations 1,256.93 701.82 General Expense 473.21 497.58 Equipment 1,772.16 1,360.00 Additions and Betterments 727.22 488.90 Total ..:_ $ 18,660.54 $ 16,617.10 Commissioner of Agriculture 31 Mountain Test Farm 1941-42 i94o-4i Salaries and Wages $ 12,191.32 $ 12,085.79 Supplies and Materials 4,446.39 3,666.73 Postage, Telephone, Telegraph and Express .. 299.99 249.05 Travel Expense 474.70 449.93 Printing and Binding 25.00 24.87 Motor Vehicle Operation 523.39 446.35 Light, Water and Power 498.76 495.30 Repairs and Alterations 1,049.64 165.22 General Expense 586.65 336.03 Equipment 2,043.15 1,849.46 Additions and Betterments - 2,241.57 627.54 Land 2,500.00 Total $ 26,880.56 $ 20,396.27 Coastal Plain Test Farm Salaries and Wages . $ 14,122.17 $ 14,511.00 Supplies and Materials 4,119.35 3,724.46 Postage, Telephone, Telegraph and Express - 339.92 504.28 Travel Expense 448.98 519.66 Printing and Binding 36.34 Motor Vehicle Operation 978.46 948.01 Light, Power and Water 925.98 832.59 Repairs and Alterations 1,572.69 499.93 General Expense 139.68 98.00 Equipment 1,349.98 312.91 Additions and Betterments 481.43 714.00 Total . $ 24,514.98 $ 22,664.84 Piedmont Test Farm Salaries and Wages $ 8,339.84 $ 7,898.01 Supplies and Materials 2,178.96 1,713.89 Postage, Telephone, Telegraph and Express _. 165.27 166.83 Travel Expense 449.82 499.82 Printing and Binding 14.08 16.86 Motor Vehicle Operation 359.30 325.17 Light, Power and Water 234.08 224.47 Repairs and Alterations 315.96 384.95 General Expense 242.92 398.55 Equipment 1,060.09 598.66 Additions and Betterments 203.11 436.41 Total $ 13,563.43 $ 12,663.62 Total Test Farms $118,469.42 $112,039.86 32 Biennial Report XIV. Miscellaneous i94i-42 i94o-41 Custodial $ 6,480.00 $ 6,480.00 Farmers' Conventions 300.00 300.00 State Fair Exhibits 683.60 986.50 Excavation Indian Mounds 257.79 Renovation of Buildings 355.90 437.00 Contributions to Retirement System Funds... . 9,186.86 Sheep Distribution 7,500.00 Total $ 24,506.36 $ 8,461.29 XV. Reserve XVI. Rabies Rabies .. $ 817.32 $ 1,003.53 XVII. Japanese Beetle Work Salaries and Wages $ 3,512.95 $ 4,898.50 Wages, Trap Tenders :.._.. 2,917.75 3,203.50 Supplies and Materials 6,999.47 6,553.97 Travel Expense 286.45 561.80 Total : $ 13,716.62 $ 15,217.77 XVIII. Blister Rust Control Salaries and Wages $ 3,990.76 $ 3,753.50 Supplies and Materials 826.60 1,182.60 Total $ 4,817.36 $ 4,936.10 XIX. Soil Testing Salaries and Wages $ 13,755.22 $ 9,460.34 Supplies and Materials 1,003.97 1,902.38 Postage, Telephone, Telegraph and Express _. 414.27 416.57 Travel Expense 1,528.14 1,404.28 Printing and Binding 42.72 46.48 Equipment 731.37 1,151.57 Soil Containers 765.66 Total _...$ 18,241.35 $ 14,381.62 Total . $583,015.52 $509,132.16 Refund from General Fund $ 4,252.99 Total $583,015.52 $513,385.15 Commissioner of Agriculture 33 n. c. state fair financial statement statement of disbursements July 1, 1940-June 30, 1942 1941-42 1940-41 Salaries and Wages $ 19,345.60 $ 14,099.37 Supplies and Materials 2,123.83 401.03 Postage, Telephone, Telegraph and Express 682.27 602.61 Travel 170.85 118.31 Printing and Binding 2,691.21 1,698.37 Motor Vehicle Operation 343.17 236.19 Light, Power and Water 616.40 831.44 Repairs and Alterations 3,699.86 7,590.30 General Expense 47,964.38 44,166.40 Equipment 191.78 314.50 Additions and Betterments 1,905.76 Insurance and Bonding 45.00 125.00 Total . $ 77,874.35 $ 72,089.28 N. C. STATE FAIR STATEMENT OF RECEIPTS July 1, 1940-June 30, 1942 1941-42 1940-41 General Admission $ 34,291.47 $ 30,616.93 Grandstand Admission 19,444.42 15,074.65 Auto Parking 6,911.75 3,388.50 Carnival Privileges 12,589.57 10,939.00 Sale of Advertising 1,610.00 1,462.50 Sale of Exhibit Space 2,084.20 2,946.10 Rent of Eating Booths 4,155.00 3,989.50 Concession Privileges 10,153.56 9,786.32 Entry Fees ,: 1,484.26 1,244.00 Miscellaneous 635.51 474.16 Rental on Buildings 750.00 408.50 Interest on Bonds 770.00 770.00 Total $ 94,879.74 $ 81,100.16 Balance July 1, 1941 $46,456.63 Balance July 1, 1942 63,462.02 STATE WAREHOUSE SYSTEM FINANCIAL STATEMENT STATEMENT OF DISBURSEMENTS July 1, 1940-June 30, 1942 1941-42 1940-41 Salary, Superintendent $ 3,750.00 $ 3,700.00 Salaries and Wages 16,425.17 16,586.00 Supplies and Materials 133.57 150.03 Postage, Telephone, Telegraph and Express 988.11 938.21 Travel Expense 2,985.30 2,561.89 Printing and Binding 6,560.11 4,870.00 Motor Vehicle Operation 171.82 Repairs and Alterations 4.11 12.00 General Expense 130.00 356.66 Insurance and Bonding 331.25 371.25 Equipment 13.17 385.36 Repairs to Building 185.00 Contributions, Retirement System 530.43 Total $ 32,023.04 $ 30,116.40 34 Biennial Report state warehouse system statement of receipts July 1, 1940-June 30, 1942 1941-42 1940-41 Interest on Bonds $ 14,628.75 $ 8,985.00 Interest on Loans 13,342.71 14,835.01 Leases ^ 302.00 330.00 Sale Warehouse Supplies 7,376.32 5,921.80 Sale Loose Cotton 249.28 Miscellaneous 1.10 Total _^_ $ 35,650.88 $ 30,321.09 Treasurer's Cash, Supervision Account $ 48,682.22 $ 44,861.01 Treasurer's Cash, Principal Fund 56,851.09 35,562.48 Total Investments and Loans at June 30, 1942 $586,113.69 WEIGHTS AND MEASURES STATEMENT OF DISBURSEMENTS July 1, 1940-June 30, 1942 1941-42 1940-41 Salary, Superintendent $ 3,000.00 $ 3,000.00 Salaries, Staff 10,518.49 6,918.83 Supplies and Materials 529.38 122.58 Postage, Telephone, Telegraph and Express 261.73 206.05 Travel Expense 8,425.28 5,914.31 Printing and Binding 92.84 50.95 Equipment . 102.22 302.50 Office and Standard Testing Apparatus 470,83 Total $ 23,400.77 $ 16,515.22 WEIGHTS AND MEASURES STATEMENT OF RECEIPTS July 1, 1940-June 30, 1942 1941-42 1940-41 Public Weighmaster Licenses $ 2,560.00 $ 2,555.00 Desk Presser Seals 552.50 362.50 Miscellaneous 30.00 2.99 Total $ 3,142.50 $ 2,920.49 BANG'S DISEASE STATEMENT OF EXPENDITURES July 1, 1940-June 30, 1942 1941-42 1940-41 Indemnity Diseased Slaughtered Livestock $ 17,893.53 $ 19,431.15 TUBERCULOSIS AND GLANDERS July 1, 1940-June 30, 1942 1941-42 1940-41 Indemnity Diseased Slaughtered Livestock $ 50.00 $ 50.00 Commissioner of Agriculture 35 statement of receipts July 1, 1940-June 30, 1942 1941-42 1940-41 Fertilizer _..-.$298,543.66 $278,331.75 Cotton Seed Meal 24,207.67 32,063.45 Feed 112,212.60 97,146.80 Seed Licenses _. 21,903.00 20,174.00 Condimental Feed 1,960.00 1,320.00 Serum 18,601.15 14,508.13 Costs 2,206.00 1,449.89 Legumes Linseed Oil 1,895.61 2,635.31 Bleached Flour 12,500.00 14,140.00 Bottling Plants 2,020.00 2,195.00 Ice Cream 2,140.00 1,930.00 Insecticides 2,270.95 2,320.00 Chick Labels 203.55 118.07 Test Farms . 43,933.36 39,931.66 Bakeries 1,575.00 1,940.00 Chicken Tests : 20,828.25 17,113.33 Seed Tags 6,465.61 5,283.82 Seed Tests Inspection Entomology 2,170.80 2,420.90 Oleomargarine 2,250.00 2,100.00 Branding Cattle 1.50 Rabies 1,094.03 1,503.02 Land Plaster Tags 2,108.28 2,342.77 Agriculture Lime Stamps 2,982.26 2,113.05 Fertilizer Registration 4,382.00 1,555.00 Dynanometer 53.00 55.40 Miscellaneous 88.55 180.69 Feed Registrations 3,646.00 3,456.00 Canned Dog Food Registrations 196.00 315.00 Dog Food Stamps 2,265.54 3,446.44 Soil Containers 17.46 Lime Registrations 430.00 305.00 Land Plaster Registration 50.00 15.00 Livestock Marketing Permits 750.00 Low Grade Fertilizer Tags 2,003.96 Fire Loss, Mountain Test Farm 1,571.06 Total $597,938.33 $553,998.00 Allotment Deposit— Refund from General Fund $ 4,252.99 Total $597,938.33 $558,250.99 Balance July 1, 1941 $336,385.77 Balance July 1, 1942 351,308.58 36 Biennial Report TAX RATE ON FEEDING STUFF TAGS AND STAMPS 25c Per Ton Tax Tags Denomination of Tags Cost Per Tag 100 lb. $ .0125 (1^0 75 lb. .09375 (is/ieO 50 lb. .00625 (%) 25 lb. .003125 (%6^) Tax Stamps Denomination Cost Per Stamp 100 lb. $ .0125 (1%^) 75 1b. .09375 {Wie<-) 50 lb. .00625 (%<0 25 lb. .003125 (%60 10 lb. .00125 {Vs<-) 81/3 lb. .001041 Price Per 1,000 Tags Packed 1,000 to Box $12.50 Packed 1,000 to Box 9.38 Packed 1,000 to Box 6.25 Packed 1,000 to Box 3.13 Price Per 1,000 stamps Bound 1,000 to Book $12.50 Bound 1,000 to Book 9.38 Bound 1,000 to Book 6.25 Bound 1,000 to Book 3.13 Bound 1,000 to Book 1.25 Bound 960 to Book 1.00 Division of Chemistry B. W. KiLGORE In the main the work of the Division of Chemistry of the Department covers the materials most used as plant food in growing field and horticultural crops, the feeds for domestic animals and poultry, human foods and drugs, insecticides and fungicides for combatting insect and fun-gus disease of plants, and the examination of a large number of materials of a gen-eral agricultural nature. For the purpose of this report, the number of analyses of these various ma-terials are classified under the following heads B. W. Kilgore Fertilizers Official Fertilizer 10,180 Fertilizers and Fertilizer Materials for farmers 273 Official Feeds 2,438 Miscellaneous Feeds 672 Cottonseed Meal 15 Official Limes and Land Plaster 23 Miscellaneous Limes and Marls 481 Fungicides and Insecticides 125 14,207 The analyses of these various materials have shown that the goods put on the market of the State were generally of good quality and what they were claimed to be. Detailed reports of the analyses were made reasonably promptly to the persons interested in the analyses. In the case of fertilizers, in addition to the usual analyses, determinations were made of magnesium, calcium and sulphur. Around 4,700 determinations were made for magnesium, 2,200 for calcium and 775 for sulphur. These additional determina-tions of materials in fertilizers give helpful information to the farmer who is carefully studying his soil and the crops he grows for the effect of the different kinds of plant foods. COMMERCIAL FEEDS During the biennium the Feed Laboratory made analyses of 3,110 samples. Of this number 2,438 were official samples col-lected by our inspectors. On each of these official samples, in addition to the chemical analysis, a check was made of the ingredients present. Analytical results were reported promptly to the interested parties. 38 Biennial Report Inspector taking sample cif fertilizer tci be sent to the laljoratory for analysis. Owing to abnormal conditions and a scarcity of certain ingredients it has been found that deviations from the guaran-tee have increased somewhat, but upon the whole the feeds offered for sale have been of good quality. Insecticides and Fungicides There has been a sizable increase in interest and in the use of insecticides and fungicides for combatting insect and fungus diseases of field and horticultural crops. These products are Commissioner of Agriculture 39 Inspector takes sample of feed fiom farmer's truck to be sent to the laboratory for analysis. being used more intelligently and more effectively with the experience gained in their use and the results obtained from them. The dependence that is put in these products in growing crops makes it necessary to see that only proper materials are put on the market. It has been found that the products in the main are what are claimed for them. 40 Biennial Report Foods In comparison with the work previously done under the Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act, that done during the past bien-nium was characterized by a material increase in sanitary inspec-tion and regulatory activity, the most significant being constant vigilance of food producing plants to keep them clean and the output of their products sanitary. Nine bakeries, five ice cream plants, two large pickle plants, three candy factories and four places where sausage and other ground meats were made were closed due to insanitary conditions and were permitted to reopen only when cleaned, inspected and approved by either a State food inspector or by local city health authorities. In a few instances plants failed to meet the sanitary requirements of the law and remained closed. In cases of the pickle plants, as inter-state shipments were involved, the Federal Food and Drug Administration cooperated with us in inspecting both the plants and the stock on hand. The plants were closed until cleaned and put in acceptable sanitary condition. Much of our inspection work has been in cooperation with the Federal Food and Drug Administration and with city and county health authorities. Comprehensive score cards have been adopted and are now in use in inspecting and scoring bakeries, bottling plants and ice cream plants. In making an inspection and grading a plant, the inspector calls attention to any defects in the plant or to the insanitary manner in which it is operated and makes sugges-tions for the correction of such conditions. Seasonal inspections have been made of canneries packing vegetables, fruits, fish and fish roe, and candy factories. The importance, not only of sanitation, but also of the packing of canned goods so they will come up to U. S. Standard Grade, has been emphasized. Attention also has been called to proper label-ing in line with the requirements of both the State and Federal laws and regulations. Inspections have also included flour mills, grist mills, grocery stores and many other places manufactur-ing and handling food products. Total number of inspections made 6,546 Filth and Other Forms of Contamination Including Insect Infestation Filth and various other forms of contamination, some of which resulted from insanitary manufacturing or storage con-ditions, accounted for the seizure of: 17 cans of herring roe. 120 cans of assorted vegetables, 2 cars of corn meal. meats and fruits. 100 pounds of candy. 5,554 pounds of flour. 465 cases of canned field peas. 45 pounds of meal. 500 pounds of miscellaneous canned 40 barrels of relish. goods and cereals. 28 cases of relish. 300 pounds of evaporated apples. 12 pounds of raisins. Commissioner of Agriculture 41 Adulteration and Misbranding The following products were seized because they were either adulterated, misbranded, improperly labeled or not labeled in any form : 72 gallons of vinegar. 20 gallons of molasses. 19 jars of mayonnaise. 34 bottles of lemon flavor. 62 pounds of paprika. 3,156 packages of candy. 19 pounds of Chili Powder. 100 packages of cake. 26 gallons of cherries. 7 gallons saur kraut. 23 gallons of horse radish. 1,837 cans of syrup. 137 pounds of coffee. 36 cartons of vanilla extract. 157 jars of molasses. 36 cartons of lemon extract. Foods Seized Due to Decoiwposition and Spoilage As a result of decomposition in whole or in part seizures were made of the following lots : 264 cases of oysters. 9 cans of hucklebex'ries. 2 cans of strawberries. Liver mush, sausage and other ground meats. 20 gallons ice cream mix. 2,500 pounds of assorted groceries. 2 pounds of spiced beans. 500 pounds of miscellaneous can-ned goods. 79 crates of lettuce. 11 cans of corn. 42 packages of wafers. 288 pounds of evaporated apples. 1,924 pounds of flour. 792 cartons of cakes and cereals. 25 pounds of cake. 75 pounds of chocolate. 100 pounds of cookies. 25 pounds of stick candy. As these goods were unfit for human consumption, they were either destroyed or denatured and permitted to be sold or other-wise disposed of for animal feed. Flood and Fire Damaged Goods Large quantities of groceries were damaged by flood and by fire, and by water and chemicals incident to the fire. During August, 1940, large stocks of groceries were so damaged by flood waters as to render them unfit for human consumption. As some of these goods involved interstate ship-ments, Federal Food and Drug inspectors cooperated with our inspectors in the inspection and destruction of these damaged food products. Practically all of these groceries were so badly damaged that they were a total loss for human consumption. Among these were the following: Elkin, N. C. 1,820 cans of syrup. 61 pounds of shortening. 14 gallons of syrup. 12 baskets of assorted bottles of flavors. 53 bottles of castor oil. 33 bottles of assorted flavoring extract. 10 quarts of cucumber pickles. 73 jars of apple butter. 46 quarts of vinegar. 42 Biennial Report North Wilkesboro, N. C. 17 cases of baking powder. 386 packages of tea. 958 packages of baking powder. 144 pounds of lard. 14,000 pounds of dry salt meat. 26,304 pounds of flour. Marshall, N. C. 1,080 pounds of salt meat. 558 pounds of lard. 3,024 pounds of sugar. 395 pounds of peanut butter. 75 pounds of English walnuts. 54 pounds of candy. 161 boxes of assorted candies. 312 packages of cocoa. 255 pounds of mustard. 25 packages of raisins. 2,264 pounds of bicarbonate of soda. 130 bottles of clives. 280 bottles of cherries. 700 jars of mayonnaise. 24 packages of marshmallows. 6 packages of vanilla wafers. 140 cans (1 lb. each) chocolate syrup. 20 pounds of smoke salt. Dillsboro, N. C. 21 pounds smoke salt. 39 packages of cereal. 119 pounds of shortening. 4 packages of macaroni. 2 packages of cocoanut. 4 quarts of salad dressing. 11 pounds of coff"ee. 146 packages of black pepper. 5 pounds of oleomargarine. 76 pounds of flour. 10 pounds of salt meat. 19 pounds of cocoa. 270 packages of sausage seasoning. 7 pounds of peanut butter. 3 packages of gelatin. 1 gallon of syrup. Chandler, N. C. 100 pounds of corn meal. 144 pounds of flour. 75 pounds of sugar. 5 cartons of crackers. 69 pounds of side meat. 72 pounds of shortening. 10 (5-lb. cans) syrup. 10 pounds of honey. 5 bottles of vinegar. 30 lbs. of cheese. 200 pounds of candy. 200 sandwiches. 480 cream mint puffs. 4 gallons of mayonnaise. 10 gallons of mustard. 864 bags of salted peanuts. 231 boxes of assorted candies. 1,255 pounds of salt. Canton, N. C. Waynesville, N. C. 184 pounds of lard. 50 pounds of sugar. 14 pounds of baking powder. 19 pounds of coffee. 75 pounds of beans. 24 pounds of cocoa. 65 bottles of assorted soft drinks. 1,015 pounds of salt. Hazelwood, N. C. 9 pounds of oat meal. 72 cartons of baking soda. 8 pounds of cocoa. 36 pounds of coffee. 24 bottles of tomato catsup. 35 jugs of vanilla extract. 250 pounds of salt. 10 pounds of bulk candy. Culloiuhee, N. C. 48 pounds of flour. 1 quart of soft drink syrup. 2 pints of cherry concentrate. 3 quarts of root beer. 7 quarts of salad dressing. Commissioner of Agriculture 43 Tuckaseigee, N. C. This town was practically in- sible to make a record of the good undated and all gi'oceries were so destroyed. All groceries were either badly damaged by water and cov- dumped into creek or burned, ered with mud that it was impos- Kinston, N. C. 46 cans of baking powder. 100 pounds of rice. 3 cans (15 pounds) of syrup. 48 pounds of flour. 105 pounds of sugar. 480 cartons of baking soda. Among groceries damaged by fire, and by water and chemicals incident to the fire, and being unfit for human food or animal feed, the following were destroyed : Charlotte, N. C. Two truck loads, approximately 270 packages of cereals. 2,000 pounds, consisting of flour, 35 loaves of bread, canned meats, vegetables, soups, 78 bakery cakes, milk and other groceries. 95 pounds of salt meat. From a burned store: 20 pounds of sausage. 253 cans of meat. 76 packages of spaghetti and 48 cans of soup. macaroni. 27 bottles of condiments. 97 jars of mayonnaise and salad 172 packages of baby food. dressing. 127 cans of assorted fruits. 15 stalks of celery. 29 cans of salmon. 36 heads of lettuce. 113 cans of vegetables. 30 pounds of green beans. 1,356 pounds of flour. 10 pounds of squash. Spai'ta, N. C. One truck load of canned goods juice, carrots, soup and bottled consisting of corn, kraut, tomato catsup. Labeling A total of 7,965 labels on packages of food were examined and of that number 4,371 labels were incorrect or carried insuffi-cient or misleading information. A label should tell the pur-chaser what he is getting, and while many labels require addi-tional information, every label should show the name of the article, the net contents of the package, and the name and address of the manufacturer or jobber responsible for the sale of the product. When packages of foods were found that either carried no labels, or insufficient or misleading information, the inspectors gave the necessary instructions for proper labeling and if these instructions were carried out the sale of the goods was per-mitted to be continued. In some instances permission was given to return the goods to the manufacturer for proper labeling. But in cases where misbranding and adulteration could not be corrected by any form of labeling, the goods were either de-stroyed or denatured and permitted to be sold or otherwise disposed of for purposes other than for human consumption. 44 Biennial Report Analyses A total of 1,550 samples have been analyzed or otherwise examined. The purpose of these analyses and examinations was to determine : (1) Filth: Filth in samples was due to carelessness in manu-facturing or carelessness in handling in storage or by grocers. Such samples showed the presence of insects, rat excreta and hairs, worms and other miscellaneous foreign substances. (2) Fraud by Adulteration and Misbranding : These samples were those labeled and represented to conform to standard requirements of the Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act, and regula-tions and standards thereunder, but failed to meet such require-ments. (3) Spr-ay Residue: These samples consisted of vegetables and fruits. In an effort to exterminate the Japanese beetle, areas where it was found were heavily sprayed. Many citizens respond-ing to the request for Victory Gardens planted vegetables in some of these sprayed lots, and in a few instances arsenic above the tolerance allowed under the Federal regulations was found in some fresh vegetables from lots recently sprayed, but in most of these samples the arsenic present was well below the permitted tolerance. Samples of apples were examined for spray residue, but in no instance was arsenic found above the allowed tolerance. (4) Foods Caniied in the State: To assist canners in the State in putting up U. S. Standard Grade products, a number of samples have been examined and when samples were found that failed to meet such requirements, the canners have been advised wherein their products were not up to U. S. Standard Grade and suggestions were made as to how to raise the standard of their goods. (5) Miscellaneous and Unofficial Samples: These samples consisted of a variety, such as human foods, animal and poultry feeds, beverages, and viscera of animals where there was indi-cation or suspicion of poisons, water, alcoholic beverages, and other substances for chemical analyses or identification, and soils and water containing substances supposed to be harmful to plants. On analyses for poisons and deleterious substances, of thirty-one food samples, eleven were positive ; sixty-seven feed samples, eight were positive; twenty-nine animal viscera, ten were posi-tive ; twelve beverages, eight were positive ; five miscellaneous samples, four were positive. Poisons appeared in approximately 28% of these samples. Circumstances indicated their presence to be due largely to accident or carelessness, though malice was not entirely absent. Commissioner of Agriculture 45 Other miscellaneous samples consisted of foods and beverages in which adulteration was suspected; water to determine suit-ability for boiler use, causes of corrosiveness or general mineral content; and a variety of materials for identification. Drugs Comparatively little work has been done toward enforcing that part of the Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act relating to drugs. This has been due to (1) shortage of funds and (2) the induction of our pharmaceutical chemist into the army and the appoint-ment of the senior chemist handling this feature of the labora-tory work to a Federal position. So far we have not been able to secure the services of chemists prepared to take over this work. Collaboration with Other Departments Analytical work done for other State and Station Depart-ments not included in other reports from this Department is summarized as follows : (1) Carbohydrate and Nitrogen Determinations : In coopera-tion with the Department of Horticulture of State College, analytical determinations were made of approximately two hundred samples of plant material relating to the eifect of certain soil constituents and conditions respecting the continu-ous growth of peach trees on old plots of long standing. (2) Cooperative Work Relative to the Production of Beef Cattle in North Carolina: Pursuant to the interest in this State a study of the role of forest grazing in beef cattle production, an understanding for cooperative work was entered into by the Department of Agriculture, the North Carolina and Georgia Agricultural Experiment Stations and the Forest Service and the Bureaus of Animal and Plant Industries, United States Department of Agriculture, in which were utilized funds pro-vided by Federal appropriation and the lands, facilities and per-sonnel of the cooperating agencies. This work included surveys of beef cattle production, methods of feeding, the utilization of native forage, biological and chem-ical studies of this forage and of beef cattle feeding on it. In these studies Department workers made feed and mineral analyses of native wild grasses and forage plants and of blood specimens from cattle. The work was concluded in the latter part of 1941, copies of the results being submitted to the State Experiment Station and Federal Bureaus for incorporation in their records and also included in the Department records. The work on the part of the Department on feeds was done by L. M. Nixon and on blood by E. W. Constable. 46 Biennial Report Improvement in Laboratory Facilities Changing conditions, deterioration and new demands peri-odically call for renovation and rebuilding of laboratories. Two, —Nitrogen and Potash,—were rebuilt during the current biennium. Space and facilities for the nitrogen laboratory were increased approximately thirty per cent. Gas burning equipment was replaced by electrically heated types of most efficient and up-to-date design thus eliminating combustion fumes and much unde-sirable heat. Lighting, ventilation, and working conditions were greatly improved. The potash laboratory was renovated, facili-ties added and working conditions improved. In design, efficiency and working conditions these laboratories compare well with the best of their kind. D. R. Graham Credit Union Division D. R. Graham During the two-year period ending June 30, 1942, credit unions operating under the supervision of this Department have shown a marked increase in both numbers and assets. Due to the Federal restrictions, however, no increase whatever has been shown in loans outstanding, the increase of approximately $600,000 in assets being reflected in cash on hand and in banks and purchases of government bonds. Under existing Federal regulations in-stallment loans can not be made for a period longer than twelve months. This, together with the rapidly decreasing supply of durable goods, has considerably lessened the demand for short-term credit. The appeal of the Government for the purchase of War Bonds and Stamps has been met with enthusiasm by our credit unions. Several of them have qualified as issuing agents for War Bonds, and a number of them have invested all or part of their cash reserve in these bonds. During the period 38 credit unions were organized and 13 charters were cancelled. Five of the cancellations resulted from charters being issued to groups which never began operations. The credit unions organized were distributed as follows : busi-ness, professional and industrial groups, 17 ; State and Govern-ment employees, 5 ; rural community, 1 white, 7 negro ; urban community, 3 white, 2 negro ; teachers, 3 negro. All credit unions have been examined at least twice during the biennium and the few irregularities found have been corrected. A considerable number of credit union loans have been frozen by reason of the fact that the borrowers have entered mili-tary service. It is not anticipated, however, that the freezing of these loans will seriously handicap credit unions, and it is the accepted policy to make no effort to collect loans from men in the service. Some credit unions have gone so far as to waive interest on these loans. During the biennium our credit unions made 57,611 loans aggregating $5,158,986.95. A major portion of these loans were made during the first 18 months of the period and since Janu-ary 1, 1942 loans have fallen off sharply. The condensed statement below shows that 27,094 credit union members have accumulated resources of $2,105,582.29. These savings were accumulated largely because of the fact that credit unions provide an easy and convenient place where a 48 Biennial Report member may save small amounts of money which he would not normally deposit in a bank. It is safe to assume that without credit unions practically none of this money would have been saved. We anticipate little growth in credit unions for the duration of the war as credit union officials are going all out in their effort to promote the sale of War Bonds and Stamps to their mem-bership. June 30, 1940 June 30, 1942 Active Credit Unions 125 150 Total Members 22,466 27,094 Total Assets $ 1,593,380.89 $ 2,105,582.29 Number of Loans Made Since Organization 89,463 147,074 Amount of Loans Made Since Organization $10,704,704.67 $15,863,691.62 CONDENSED STATEMENT OF CREDIT UNIONS AS AT JUNE 30, 1942 Resources Loans to Members $ 1,385,473.53 Cash on Hand and in Banks 423,237.87 Other Assets 296,870.89 $ 2,105,582.29 Liabilities Shares $ 1,618,476.58 Deposits 270,315.54 Other Liabilities 45,945.49 Reserve (Guaranty Fund) 100,510.40 Surplus and Undivided Profits 70,334.28 $ 2,105,582.29 C. W. Pegram Dairy Division C. W. Pegram The past biennial period was the most active and successful one since the organ-ization of the Dairy Division. During this time the dairy industry has made out-standing growth and development. Milk purchases, as reported by plants, increased approximately 100 per cent from 1939 to 1941. The 1941 gross farm income from dairy products, as estimated by the Fed-eral- State Crop Reporting Service, was an all-time high totaling $39,572,000, repre-senting a cash income of $14,430,000. The enforcement of the Babcock test law has had its effect on the growth of the industry. Thirty thousand check tests were made in the 1,642 investigations at 90 plants and stations during this period covering the supervision of 140 licensed testers, weighers, and samplers. This is an increase of 5,177 checks over the past biennial with 167 more investigations and an increase of 25 plants and stations. Inspections consist of determining the accuracy of the work done by licensed testers, weighers, samp-lers, and the equipment used. The greatest factors causing inac-curate tests are carelessness and unreliable methods in sampling and testing. Scales and balances were checked for accuracy periodically in cooperation with the Division of Weights and Measures. The most effective system of securing results involves main-tenance of an active year-round program at all plants and receiving stations. This supervision is very necessary due to the fact that plant personnels are constantly making changes which requires the training of new testers. In addition to regular test investigations, special check-ups are made for dairymen request-ing same. Testers are not issued licenses until they have been examined for the purposes of determining their ability to make practical and reliable tests of milk and cream. The Dairy Division protects the dairy farmer and honest manufacturer against inaccurate butterfat tests and the careless weighing of milk and cream. This work is carried on by the con-tinuous supervision of weighers, samplers, and testers and 50 cream routemen at 90 buying plants and stations. All testing and weighing equipment is checked at periodic intervals for accuracy. Approximately 1,700 plant investigations are made annually with 30,000 check tests being made. The system of supervision is similar to that carried on in leading dairy states. 50 Biennial Report A moHern milk receiving: station. New markets are afforded milk producers by the location of stations of this type. Definite regulations regarding the weighing, sampling, and testing of milk and cream have been established. This work is very important to the industry, and it is esti-mated that if 0.2 per cent error was made on all tests through careless sampling and testing, this would cause an annual loss of approximately $100,000.00 to the dairymen and cream pro-ducers of the state. The purpose of this program is to require that accurate work be done and then to establish confidence between buyer and seller which is important as a basis on which to build the dairy indus-try in North Carolina. The Division is also cooperating with the Federal Crop Reporting Service in securing semi-annual reports relating to the production of milk and dairy products within the state. This information supplies data relative to the growth and trend of production in dairying. The Milk Audit Law is also supervised by this division. Reports of purchases and sales of milk from 66 plants are received and verified each month. This service has been of great value in establishing confidence and stability in the fast grow-ing industry. Commissioner of Agriculture 51 Babcock Test Law (Chapter 550 Public Laws 1933) Buying plants and stations supervised 90 Plant investigations 1 ,642 Butterfat check tests 20,498 Butterfat tests supervised 5,463 Sample tests 4,108 30,069 Testers, Weighers and Samplers licensed (annually) 140 Testers licenses suspended 2 Cream routemen's reports checked 22 Tests found incorrect (adjustments made) 650 Test notices mailed , 5,307 Cream balances checked 14 Ci'eam balances condemned 2 Testing equipment condemned 4 Oleomargarine inspections 522 Wholesale Oleomargarine licenses issued 57 Bottles calibrated 300 Meetings attended in connection with Dairy Marketing and Milk Auditing Law 43 Visits made to dairy farms 46 Visits made to dairy plants re-statistics 18 Milk and cream scales checked (In cooperation with Bureau of Weights and Measures) 190 Scales condemned for repairs 38 Weights confiscated 7 Special test investigations 75 Testers trained 50 Examinations given testers 50 Reports received and verified under Milk Auditing Law 568 Auditors plant visits 113 Plant audits 12 Milk Audit Law (Chapter 162 Public Laws of N. C. 1940) This law was enacted by the 1940 Legislature, and has made it possible to save thousands of dollars for dairymen through the elimination of certain buying plans and trade practices. Monthly reports of milk purchases and sales are required of milk dis-tributors buying on classification plan, or where plants are buy-ing inspected and uninspected milk. While unusual market demands for milk have prevailed during the operation of this law, it is significant that surplus milk has been reduced from approximately ten per cent to practically nothing. In most cases distributors have cooperated in this work, and the results should make for stabilization of the industry in the state. 52 Biennial Report Milk receiving—weighing anrt sampling. Accurate weighing and representative samples are important. Purchases of Grade A Milk from Producers as Reported BY Milk Distributors 1941 Total Purchases Class 1 % 7,569,985 84.95 7,846,076 85.25 8,726,521 86.98 8,482,116 91.50 7,874,190 91.24 7,378,150 92.59 7,899,061 92.31 7,969,215 93.37 7,955,953 93.08 9,183,780 94.07 9,653,058 95.19 10,359,948 96.47 Spec. Price Army % Camps, Etc. 502,050 5.63 393,663 4.33 500,806 4.99 545,860 5.89 614,072 7.12 349,286 4.38 486,939 5.69 444,750 5.21 515,289 6.03 544,630 5.58 463,302 4.57 373,615 3.48 Surplus or Low Price Milk June July August September October November December 1942 January February March April May 8,911,478 9,203,721 10,033,040 9,270,392 8,629,928 7,968,268 8,556,820 8,534,982 8,546,994 9,762,352 10,140,344 10,738,500 839,443 958,982 805,713 242,416 141,666 240,832 170,820 121,017 75,752 33,942 23,984 4,937 9.42 10.42 8.03 2.61 1.64 3.03 2.00 .35 .24 .05 Commissioner of Agriculture 53 Dairy Statistics for North Carolina (Chapter 327—Public Laws N. C. 1939) Each year the Dairy Division in cooperation with the Federal- State Crop Reporting Service obtains valuable statistics showing the development of the dairy industry in North Carolina. All milk plants, ice cream plants and creameries report the amount of milk purchased and the dairy products manufactured during the past calendar year. This information is of special value during the present emergency when much data is necessary in planning the grov^^h of the dairy industry of the state. Listed below are the figures for the years 1939-1941: 1939 1940 1941 Whole Milk purchased as reported by plants—pounds.. Whole Milk sold for fluid consumption—pounds Cream sold for fluid consumption—gaUons.. Creamery butter made—pounds Ice Cream manufactured by plants—gallons Ice Cream manufactured by counter freezers—gaUons_. Total Ice Cream manufactured—gallons Total Sherbets manufactured—gallons Total Ice Milk manufactured—gallons Ice Cream mix sold—gallons Cottage, Pot & Bakers Cheese manufactured—^pounds _ Unsweetened skimmed milk manufactured—pounds 100, 61 955,354 307,000 290,000 366,000 477,000 173,000 650,000 504,000 285,000 211,000 928,000 145,883,458 75,942,000 241,000 2,357,000 3,862,000 339,000 4,201,000 599,000 406,000 283,000 301,000 205,047,914 109,975,904 283,276 2,315,603 5,908,578 385,023 6,293,601 134,995 812,779 583,755 298,398 3,770,683 Testing milk for butterfat. The testing of milk is of a technical nature and for accurate results it is necessary that every detail be followed carefully. Division of Entomology C. H. Brannon The Division of Entomology is charged with the responsibility of administering the State plant pest regulations and laws. It also has charge of enforcement of the North Carolina Bee Disease Law, This Division cooperates with the U. S. Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine in White Pine Blister Rust control, Phony ^ Peach Disease eradication, Japanese '' Beetle control, scouting for European c. H. Brannon Com Borer infestation, Potato Tuber Moth scouting. White Fringe Beetle scout-ing and other cooperative projects. The valuable work of insect identification, filing of insect records and care of the vast collection is also an important phase of our activities. Nursery Inspection The largest phase of the work of the Division of Entomology is the annual inspection of all North Carolina Nurseries. This work is carefully carried out by J. A. Harris and D. L. Wray and occupies most of their time during July, August and part of September of each year. The Nurseries of the State give us hearty cooperation. This inspection service is recognized as one of the best in the nation and the North Carolina nursery certifi-cate is accepted by the Federal Government and all states. Two hundred and twelve nursery certificates were issued for the 1940-41 season and 217 nursery certificates were issued in 1941-42. Nursery certificates are issued if the nursery satisfactorily passes inspection and pays the required fee. The nursery inspec-tion fees are as follows : 3 acres or less $ 5.00 4 to 10 acres 7.50 11 to 15 acres : 10.00 16 acres 12.50 Each additional acre .10 Nursery Dealer Certificate Nursery stock dealers are required to pay an annual fee of $10. This applies to stores or individuals. Forty-nine dealer certificates were issued in 1940-41 and fifty-three dealer certifi-cates were issued in 1941-42. Commissioner of Agriculture 55 Plant Shipping Permit Those who collect and ship native plants including boxwood are required to pay an annual fee of $10. Seventeen plant ship-ping permits were issued in 1940-41 and sixteen plant shipping permits were issued in 1941-42. Bond Requirement A bond of $1,000 is required of all who promise (orally or written) later attention to nursery stock sold in North Carolina. Apiary Inspection The following report is submitted by the State Apiary Inspec-tor, P. G. Craddock, who is engaged in conducting the splendid State bee disease control program and carefully enforcing the State bee disease laws and regulations which give protection to the bee-keepers of the State: "Four years ago all of the State east of highway U. S. No. 1 was designated as a clean-up area in which intensive work should be done in an attempt to eradicate American foulbrood from this area. The results of this work have been very gratifying and American foulbrood, the most serious disease affecting bees, has been reduced in this area to the extent that only an occasional infected colony is found and the economic loss from it is neg-ligible. Since many bees are moved back and forth from the eastern to the western part of the state and some brought in from other states constant inspecting and re-checking of bees in this area will be necessary in order to locate and clean up any new outbreaks of disease before it has a chance to spread. "Definite progress is being made in controlling disease in the Piedmont area where for the most part it is found around the cities and towns and occasionally in rural communities. Much of the inspection in the Piedmont area has been done in coopera-tion with county farm agents and vocational teachers. Local leaders in beekeeping have given excellent cooperation on the disease control program and in many cases have given much of this time in helping to locate and clean up outbreaks of disease. "Additional help will be necessary before adequate inspec-tion can be provided in the mountain counties. A large percen-tage of the bees in this area are in box hives which necessitates an educational program emphasizing the need of getting most of the bees into movable frame hives before effective inspection and disease control can be achieved. "From July 1, 1940 to June 30, 1941—11,958 colonies of bees were inspected and 235 colonies or 1.97 7f found infected with American foulbrood. Eleven certificates for queen rearing were issued during the year. "From July 1, 1941 to June 30, 1942—13,174 colonies of bees were inspected and 57 colonies or .004 % were infected with 56 Biennial Report A North Carolina bee yard. American foulbrood. Ten certificates for queen rearing were granted. "Several apiaries were inspected for northern beekeepers who keep bees in North Carolina. These apiaries were free from disease. "European foulbrood, a disease which affects primarily the black race of bees, is widely scattered throughout the state. No regulations have been put into effect on European foulbrood but much time has been spent in helping beekeepers to control this disease. There are several minor diseases affecting bees which have received attention when beekeepers have requested help in control work. "The shortage of sugar and higher prices for honey and beeswax has resulted in a large number of new beekeepers in the State. This and the loss of Mr. C. L. Sams, Extension Bee Specialist, has resulted in a great increase in correspondence on beekeeping matters from this office." Insect Identification Insect identification and classification has always been an important part of this Division's work. Dr. C. S. Brimley, who since 1919 has had charge of this highly technical field is recog-nized as one of the foremost authorities in the world. In May 1942 the Division published Dr. Brimley's "Supplement to the Insects of North Carolina" which brings the published list of North Carolina insects up to date. The original list, in book form, was published by the Division in 1938. North Carolina Commissioner of Agriculture 57 is one of the few states to issue a complete insect list and we are probably the only state which has brought its annotated list so up to date. Blister Rust Control The Blister Rust disease has been found in North Carolina. Until recently the program was one of prevention. The disease spreads from currant and gooseberry bushes to white pine. Currants and gooseberries are eradicated in close proximity to white pines in order to prevent the spread of blister rust. The disease cannot spread from pine to pine. Five thousand dollars has been allocated each year of the biennium by the Department to match in part expenditure of Federal funds. The State maintains a quarantine which allows no move-ment of currant or gooseberries into the quarantined area (all that part of the state including and west of Surry, Wilkes, Caldwell, Burke, and Rutherford counties). No currants or gooseberries are allowed to move anywhere in the state except by special Federal-State permit. The auditor's report will show the disbursement of the state fund for this work. RiBES Eradication Acres work initial i_ 6,384 Acres worked reeradication 52,127 Total Acres Worked _.. 58,511 Ribes pulled wild 610,389 Ribes pulled cultivated 11,178 Total Ribes Pulled 621,567 Total Man Hours 61,789 Preeradication Survey Number of counties '. 7 Acres W. P. over 50 trees per acre 54,660 Acres W. P. under 50 trees per acre 15,209 Acres W. P. worth protecting 69,433 Control acreage (W. P. plus Proct. Z.) 156,865 Man hours 46,731 Checking Acres checked advance 85.0 Acres checked regular 6.5 Acres checked post 1,696.0 Total Acres Checked 1,787.5 Man hours 1,979 Nursery Sanitation Number nurseries worked 3 Number W. P. in nurseries 4,125 Number acres worked 40 Number ribes destroyed wild 104 Man hours supervision 8 Man hours labor 329 58 Biennial Report Inspecting a beetle trap. Commissioner of Agriculture 59 Those who are interested in further details of this program can refer to the annual reports of Mr. H. B. Teague, the Federal Superintendent in charge of the program whose headquarters are in Asheville. ^ Japanese Beetle Control The State Japanese Beetle quarantine is maintained in cooperation with the U. S. Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine. Mr. C. H. Hill who formerly was in charge of this work was inducted into the Army in February 1942. Mr. J. B. Riley assumed Mr. Hill's duties on a part time schedule on March 1, 1942. The Japanese Beetle Quarantined area includes—townships of Broadbay, Middle Fork, Old Town, South Fork and Winston- Salem in Forsyth County; townships of Morehead and Gilmer in Guilford County ; township of Salisbury in Rowan County ; townships of Asheville and Limestone in Buncombe County, and township of Charlotte in Mecklenburg County. The Japanese Beetle Quarantine regulation reads in part as follows : No nursery, ornamental, or greenhouse stock, or other plants, plant roots or sand, soil, peat, compost or manure, should be transported in any manner from the said infected areas to or through any other part of the State of North Carolina, unless a special permit shall have been issued therefor by the North Carolina Department of Agriculture. Nursery and greenhouse operators and dealers, after proper inspection, are issued, without charge, special Japanese Beetle certificates, one of which must accompany each shipment of quarantined material out of the quarantined area. Approxi-mately 3,000 Japanese Beetle certificates are issued each year. Trapping Japanese beetle traps are placed in certain areas during the summer to determine the spread of the beetle. During June and July 1941 Japanese beetle traps were placed as follows : Asheville 900 ; Burlington 300 ; Charlotte 600 ; Dur-ham 600; Elizabeth City 300; Goldsboro 200; Greensboro 900 Henderson 40; High Point 600; Oxford 12; Lexington 200 Murfreesboro 5 ; Raleigh 600 ; Rocky Mount 300 ; Salisbury 300 Spencer 250; East Spencer 250; Sanford 100; Weldon 100 Wilson 200 ; Wilmington 600 ; Winston-Salem 1200. From these traps the following Japanese beetles were caught in 1941: Asheville—(traps operated on control basis to reduce infestation); Burlington 62; Charlotte 12; Durham 27; East Spencer 349 ; Elizabeth City 53 ; Goldsboro 2 ; Greensboro 98 ; Hendersonville 5; High Point 84; Lexington 4; Raleigh 68; Rocky Mount 26; Salisbury 232; Spencer 52; Weldon 13; Wil-mington 52 ; Wilson 8 ; Winston-Salem 97, 60 Biennial Report During June and July, 1942, the following Japanese beetle traps were placed : Asheville 200 ; Burlington 200 ; Charlotte 600 ; Durham 600 ; East Spencer 100 ; Elizabeth City 200 ; Fay-etteville 300; Gastonia 200; Goldsboro 200; Greensboro 600; Hamlet 200; Hendersonville 200; High Point 400; Lexington 100 ; Raleigh 600 ; Reidsville 100 ; Rockingham 100 ; Rocky Mount 200; Salisbury 200; Sanford 100; Thomasville 100; Tarboro 100; Wadesboro 100; Washington 100; Weldon 100; Wilming-ton 500 ; Wilson 200 ; Winston-Salem 600. The following Japanese beetles were caught in 1942 : Ashe-ville* ; Burlington 3 ; Charlotte 25 ; Durham 5 ; East Spencer 88 Elizabeth City 31; Fayetteville 7; Gastonia 106; Goldsboro 3 Greensboro 19 ; Hamlet 3 ; Hendersonville 1,434 ; High Point 18 Raleigh 46 ; Reidsville 4 ; Rocky Mount 16 ; Salisbury 29 ; Sanford 100 ; Thomasville 1 ; Waynesville 1 ; Weldon 9 ; Wilmington 18 ; Wilson 11; Winston-Salem 23. Soil Treatment During the fall of 1940 the following areas were treated with 500 pounds of lead arsenate per acre to kill Japanese beetle grubs in the soil : Burlington 19 ; Charlotte 12 ; Durham 30 ; East Spencer 18; Elizabeth City 16; Goldsboro 5; Greensboro 23; High Point 22; Lexington 5; Raleigh 33; Rocky Mount 21; Salisbury 21 ; Sanford 5 ; Spencer 21 ; Wilmington 35 ; Winston- Salem 64. Soil treatment for Japanese beetle control. * Traps in Asheville operated on a control basis. Commissioner of Agriculture 61 During the fall of 1941 the following areas were treated with 500 pounds of lead arsenate per acre for Japanese beetle control : Burlington 3 ; Charlotte 12.5 ; Durham 12 ; Greensboro 63.5 ; High Point 80 ; Raleigh 28.5 ; Rocky Mount 30.5 Wilming-ton 10; Winston-Salem 60. Japanese beetle soil treatment was made possible by special legislative appropriations which are shown in the Auditor's report. Phony Peach Eradicatioyi J. A. Harris is State Cooperator in charge of this project which was carried out in cooperation with the Federal govern-ment. No diseased trees have been found in North Carolina since 1939. In June 1941 all previously known infected properties and all properties within one mile of these were inspected. No diseased trees were found. Inspections were made on 1,707 properties which included 67,259 trees in Anson, Polk, Robe-son, Rutherford and Stanly counties. In 1942 all properties and adjacent properties found infected within the past three years were carefully inspected again. Since no phony disease has been found in North Carolina for three successive years, we are in a position to be freed from all quarantines caused by the presence of the disease in the state. This is one of the most thorough and far-reaching eradi-cation programs ever carried out in the state and we are the first Southern State to be classed as "phony free." Nematod damage in bulb field. 62 Biennial Report European Corn Borer Scouting for European Corn Borer was done by J. A. Harris and D. L. Wray. In the fall of 1940 inspections showed no addi-tional counties infested (Camden, Currituck and Pasquotank counties previously reported as infested) but a spread of the corn borer within the infested area was noticed. During the inspections in the fall of 1941 Tyrrell County was also found infested. Narcissus Bulb Inspection This valuable inspection service has saved the North Caro-lina bulb industry from certain destruction. J. A. Harris and D. L. Wray have carefully carried out this work. In 1941 field inspections included 115.2 acres on 11 prop-erties. Nematode was found on 3 properties on bulbs which had been shipped into North Carolina during the fall of 1940. Storage inspections of all bulbs not found infested in the field showed no further infestation. In 1942 field inspections included 79 acres on 13 properties. Nematodes were found on 5 properties. With one exception these infestations were found in bulbs which were shipped into the state in 1941. All bulbs showing infestation in 1941 received the approved hot water treatment and those found infested in 1942 will receive the hot water treatment this fall. North Carolina maintains one of the best bulb inspection services in the Country and out-of-state officials have made special trips into the state to observe our bulb inspection work. Our two staff members who conduct this work spend about six weeks each year on this project. Potato Tuber Moth Survey North Carolina was selected as one of 16 states to be included in a cooperative State-Federal survey of potato areas to deter-mine the spread of the potato tuber moth. The insect has long been known to occur over a wide area in North Carolina but it was decided that a systematic survey was needed. Messrs. Harris and Wray of our staff found the insect in Camden and Pasquo-tank counties and Federal inspectors found it in Beaufort and Pamlico counties. Randal B. Etheridge never before Division of Markets Randal B. Etheridge The activities of the Division of Mar-kets were broader in scope during the past biennium than at any period during the history of the Division, v^hich was partially due to legislation passed by the General Assembly of 1941 giving in-creased authority in the field of mar-keting. The experience which we have acquired has made it possible for us to be of greater service to the farmers during the difficult period we are now experi-encing. The emergency brought about by the war presented new and difiicult problems experienced. The transportation of farm products by motor trucks, due to the rubber shortage and gasoline restrictions, has influenced the method of marketing certain farm products grown or pro-duced in the State. We have been instrumental in helping indi-viduals, firms and corporations in getting trucks to transport farm products and in getting the necessary equipment and machinery used in the processing of agricultural products. Assistance was given in getting additional allotments of gaso-line for several of the truck sections in the eastern part of the State which made it possible to move perishable commodities a part of which would otherwise have spoiled. Anticipated labor shortage for harvesting was pointed out to the growers and they were directed the procedure to follow to procure labor camps. Technical information has been furnished to the Depart-ment of Conservation and Development which was seeking to bring new industries into the State and also to the State Utilities Commission in connection with rates on agricultural products. Marketing Authority The Act creating the State Marketing Authority declared it to be the policy of the State to promote, encourage and develop the orderly and efficient marketing of products of the home and farm. Broad powers to carry out the policy were authorized. To secure these aims, there was created an incorporated public agency composed of the members of the State Board of Agri-culture with the Commissioner of Agriculture as Chairman. Markets and marketing organizations associated with the Authority are as follows : Raleigh: The Raleigh-State market was organized for the purpose of making available to the growers in the State a 64 • Biennial Report terminal market for fruits and vegetables, field crops, poultry and eggs and miscellaneous farm products. One of our employees is in charge of the market. Eight hundred truck and trailer loads of miscellaneous vegetables were sold through this market, mak-ing a total of 7,605,090 pounds. In addition, 10,429 pounds of poultry were sold for $2,000.27. Smithfield: The County Commissioners of Johnston County erected a building for the handling of fruits and vegetables, field crops, poultry and eggs and miscellaneous farm products. A representative of the Division directed the operation in its en-tirety, and the farmers sold twenty-six different farm products for which they received $23,752.58. In addition, 8,170 bushels of cucumbers were sold for processing. There would have been no market for a considerable part of the produce sold at this market due to the fact that the farmers brought in small quantities and there were no local buyers to handle many of the products sold. Kinston: We assisted in organizing and in the marketing of fruits and vegetables and poultry and eggs. This market fur-nished an outlet for the growers in five or six counties in that section of the State and 2,288 cases of eggs were sold for which the farmers received $21,628.16; and 605,400 pounds of poultry for which they received $107,784.60. In addition, 21,620 packages of produce, principally snap beans, potatoes, and corn were sold. Wallace: A representative helped the management in direct-ing the auction market. On this market the farmers sold 717,333 packages of fruits and vegetables, amounting to $1,329,130.20. Clinton: A representative worked with the management of the Clinton Produce Exchange in selling at the auction market 302,183 packages of miscellaneous fruits and vegetables. For the produce sold on this market, the farmers received $313,384,16. Mount Olive: One of the specialists supervised the auction market. There were sold on this market 283,893 packages of fruits and vegetables. For this produce the farmers were paid approximately $230,000.00. Faison: At the request of the City Commissioners, we assigned a representative to that auction market and he assumed full responsibility for the management. The farmers sold 158,286 packages of fruits and vegetables for which they received $232,251.03. Castle Hayfie: Assistance in the various functions of market-ing of lettuce, beans, beets, squash, cucumbers, peppers and other truck crops was given to the members of the Castle Hayne Growers and Shippers. Wrightsboro: A specialist assisted in the various functions of marketing of beets, beans, lettuce, cucumbers, peppers, squash and other vegetable crops for members of the Hanover Mutual Exchange. Commissioner of Agriculture 65 Goldsboro: The Wayne Farmers Cooperative Service and Exchange placed their facilities and services of their organiza-tion under the provisions of the Act. General assistance has been given. Elizabeth City: A representative assisted in the management of the auction market and educational work in the grading and preparation of fresh peas for market was given. Candor: The Candor Roadside Market furnishes an excellent outlet for products grown in Montgomery, Richmond, Moore and Scotland counties. The City Commissioners passed an ordinance requiring that all produce sold on that market be sold on the basis of grade. Our representative managed the market in 1941 and he was given authority to prevent the sale of products of no market value. Nine hundred and seventy-three truckloads of produce, consisting principally of cantaloups, watermelons, peaches and tomatoes were sold on this market. Whiteville: We organized a pecan market to serve that sec-tion of the State and sold for the farmer's account 106,430 pounds of pecans. They received $9,046.55 for them. Sanford: Specialists organized and managed an auction market for Lee and the adjoining counties for poultry, and all of the surplus eggs brought in were sold for the farmers. At this market we sold 48,185 pounds of poultry, amounting to $9,321.21 and 443 cases of eggs were sold for $2,917.82. Assist-ance was given in the grading of poultry and eggs, Fairmont: Representatives of the Department assisted in organizing, grading and in helping sell the poultry and eggs at the poultry auction market. 23,184 pounds of poultry were sold for which the growers were paid $4,868.64 and 1,800 dozen eggs were marketed. Rocky Mou7it: Assistance was given in the grading of poultry and eggs at the poultry auction market. Handlers' Act For a number of years the farmers have been encouraged to grow certain truck crops by individuals, firms, and corporations who agreed in writing to buy the products at a specified price, based on grades or specifications formulated wholly or in part by the buyer. Years in which the market price of the product was such that the handler would show a profit by fulfilling his contract the products would be accepted. Years in which the price prevailed low and there was no opportunity for a profit many contractors, principally out-of-state firms, would grade so rigidly that the growers would become discouraged and dis-continue the harvesting of the crop ; or, the contractors would, without informing the farmers of their intention, close their office and leave. And, since there was no other outlet, the cost of producing the crop, in many cases, would be a total loss. To 66 Biennial Report correct this situation the General Assembly of 1941 passed legis-lation, "An Act to Authorize the Regulation of Unfair Practices by Handlers of Farm Products," Chapter 359, Public Laws, which requires that individuals, firms and corporations who incur or may incur financial liability furnish to the Commissioner of Agriculture sufficient and satisfactory evidence of their ability to carry out their contract or furnish a satisfactory bond in an amount not to exceed ten thousand ($10,000) dollars. The Act was enforced and the growers can now contract with the assur-ance that they will be protected. Fruits and Vegetables Specialists instructed growers in modern marketing practices, including proper stage of maturity at which to harvest certain crops, proper handling and grading, processing, packing and loading and helped in making sales. Assistance in the functions of marketing was given to producers in virtually every county growing fruits and vegetables for commercial purposes. Representatives met with organized groups in practically all producing areas at which time information was furnished with respect to marketing practices which had proven profit-able to growers in this and other states, pointing out to them that all purchases made by the Government for Lend-Lease ship-ment and purchases made also by the Army and the Navy and the commercial trade were bought on the basis of Federal standards; and, in order to sell to them, it would be necessary that the products be graded to meet these standards. More than five thousand farmers attended these meetings held throughout the State. Considerable effort was spent in bringing to the atten-tion of the producers the use of modern facilities for grading and processing. They were urged to buy the equipment in order to more successfully compete with other states. Intensive work was carried on with the strawberry growers in Wayne, Duplin, Pender, Columbus and Sampson counties in the grading and preparation of strawberries for market. Those growers who packed strawberries under the program received an attractive premium. The proper stage of maturity at which cantaloups should be harvested was brought to the attention of growers in Scotland and Chowan counties. A specialist assisted potato growers in Robeson and Bladen counties in the harvest-ing and grading and ail offered for sale were sold for the grow-ers' account. One specialist worked with the growers in Robeson and adjoining counties advising them with reference to the best methods of harvesting, grading and packing tomatoes. Growers in Macon, Jackson, Transylvania, Henderson, Haywood, Buncombe, Avery, Polk, Surry, Wilkes and Madison counties Commissioner of Agriculture 67 were informed of modern marketing practices, including the proper methods of grading and packing apples, snap beans and other fruits and vegetables grown in those counties. Assistance was, also, given in securing and operating grading machinery and in the marketing of certain commodities. Considerable help was given to the growers of sweet potatoes in Johnston, Harnett, Cumberland, Nash, Rutherford, Polk, Richmond, Montgomery, Craven, Carteret, Lee, Robeson, Martin and Beaufort counties in an effort to relieve an acute marketing problem during the late spring months of 1942 which was brought about by a large production of sweet potatoes in the country and the lack of motor truck buyers to which they had been accustomed for a number of years. The North Carolina Peach Growers Society unanimously requested that we assign a representative to the peach section in 1941 for the purpose of requiring that all peaches packed conform to the grade as marked on the package which was done. At their request, one specialist was assigned to work with the merchandising committee of the Society. He was in charge of the advertising campaign which consisted of display advertise-ments in the newspapers and the daily announcements made over several of the radio stations in the State. A serious situation developed in 1942 due to a shortage of strawberry crates and one of our representatives acted promptly in alleviating the situation by locating thousands of used con-tainers. Conferences were held with members of the processing industry which resulted in the establishment of a cold pack plant at Wilmington capable of using 4,000 crates of strawberries daily. Plans were made for the processing of berries with sulphur dioxide for Lend-Lease purposes. Prices remained at a level sufficient to move the crop to a better advantage through the regular channels and the processing of berries with sulphur dioxide was not used. In recent years the eight or nine thousand cars of Irish potatoes produced in North Carolina were shipped in burlap bags. The emergency created an acute situation in burlap ; and, in an effort to get containers in which to move the crop in 1942, we were instrumental in getting plants which formerly made barrels to reopen. We helped these plants to get the neces-sary equipment and the materials used in making containers which required a high priority rating. Assistance was, also, given to other plants in getting priority for materials used in making miscellaneous fruit and vegetable packages. It appeared that we would experience difficulty this year in getting enough cars to move the crop, based on 24,000 pounds per car which has been the weight loaded in recent years. To conserve trans- 68 Biennial Report Inspecting peaches in the sandhills. portation, growers and shippers were urged to load 30,000 pounds. One specialist was located at Washington, North Carolina, for the purpose of furnishing the growers and shippers accurate, up-to-date information which would guide them in selling the crop. Since prices fluctuate from day to day due to increased or decreased carlot movement, this information was furnished each day. The program has to do with stabilizing the price for the whole area during a given period, based on market conditions. A representative working in cooperation with other State and Federal institutions made a survey in twenty-two counties in western North Carolina to secure information on the market-ing practices and available market facilities. The information obtained has been used in developing marketing programs in that section of the State. Commissioner of Agriculture 69 A very large percentage of fruits and vegetables marketed by the growers in North Carolina is bought and sold on |