PEANUT
INFORMATION 2017
2017 PEANUT INFORMATION
Recommendations for the use of agricultural chemicals are included in this publication
as a convenience to the reader. The use of brand names and any mention or listing of
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that the intended use complies with current regulations and conforms to the product
label. Be sure to obtain current information about usage regulations and examine a
current product label before applying any chemical. For assistance, contact your county
Cooperative Extension Center.
A PRECAUTIONARY STATEMENT ON PESTICIDES
Pesticides must be used carefully to protect against human injury and harm to the
environment. Diagnose your pest problem, and select the proper pesticide if one is
needed. Follow label use directions, and obey all federal, state, and local pesticide
laws and regulations.
This publication is also available at content.ces.ncsu.edu/peanut-information
Published by
NC State Extension
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AG-331 (Revised) 	 1/17—1.8M—DI/DI
Prepared by
David L. Jordan
Coordinating Author and Extension Specialist—Department of Crop and Soil Sciences
Rick L. Brandenburg
Extension Specialist—Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology
A. Blake Brown
Extension Economist—Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics
S. Gary Bullen
Extension Associate—Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics
Gary T. Roberson
Extension Specialist—Biological and Agricultural Engineering
Barbara Shew
Extension Specialist—Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology
Published by
NC State Extension
College of Agriculture and Life Sciences
North Carolina State University
The North Carolina Peanut Growers Association provided financial support for
publishing 2017 Peanut Information.
Cover: From left to right, pods from the varieties Wynne, Bailey and Sullivan.
2017
Information
PEANUT
Copyright © 2017 by North Carolina State University
For information, contact the NC State Copyright & Digital Scholarship Center
2017 Peanut Information | iii
Contents
EXTENSION PERSONNEL WORKING WITH PEANUTS................................................iv
1. SITUATION AND OUTLOOK.........................................................................................1
2. PEANUT SEED...........................................................................................................17
3. PEANUT PRODUCTION PRACTICES.........................................................................21
4. PEANUT WEED MANAGEMENT..............................................................................47
5. PEANUT INSECT AND MITE MANAGEMENT..........................................................81
6. PEANUT DISEASE MANAGEMENT........................................................................100
7. PLANTING, HARVESTING, AND CURING PEANUTS.............................................140
8. GUIDELINES FOR THE NORTH CAROLINA PEANUT PRODUCTION CONTEST.....156
9. COMPATIBILITY OF AGROCHEMICALS APPLIED TO PEANUT..............................161
10. PEANUT GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT AND
PEANUT INDUSTRY TERMINOLOGY....................................................................169
iv | 2017 Peanut Information
EXTENSION PERSONNEL WORKING WITH PEANUTS
County Extension personnel with peanut responsibilities as of January 1, 2017:
County Name City Telephone
Beaufort Rod Gurganus Washington (252) 946-0111
Bertie Billy Barrow Windsor (252) 794-5317
Bladen Bruce McLean, Jr. Elizabethtown (910) 862-4591
Chowan Matthew Leary Edenton (252) 482-6585
Columbus Michael Shaw Whiteville (910) 640-6605
Craven-Carteret Mike Carroll New Bern (252) 633-1477
Cumberland Tyler Adams Fayetteville (910) 321-6875
Duplin Blake Sandlin Kenansville (910) 296-2143
Edgecombe Art Bradley Tarboro (252) 641-7815
Gates Paul Smith Gatesville (252) 357-1400
Greene Roy Thagard Snow Hill (252) 747-5831
Halifax Arthur Whitehead Halifax (252) 583-5161
Harnett Brian Parrish Lillington (910) 893-7530
Hertford Josh Holland Winton (252) 358-7822
Johnston Tim Britton Smithfield (919) 989-5380
Jones–Lenoir Jacob Morgan Trenton (252) 448-9621
Martin Al Cochran Williamston (252) 792-1621
Nash Vacant Nashville (252) 459-9810
Northampton Craig Ellison Jackson (252) 534-2711
Onslow Melissa Huffman Jacksonville (910) 455-5873
Pender Mark Seitz Burgaw (910) 259-1235
Perquimans Dylan Lilley Hertford (252) 426-5428
Pitt Lance Grimes Greenville (252) 902-1702
Robeson Mac Malloy Lumberton (910) 671-3276
Sampson Della King Clinton (910) 592-7161
Scotland Randy Wood Laurinburg (910) 277-2422
Washington Anna-Beth Williams Plymouth (252) 793-2163
Wayne Tyler Whaley Goldsboro (919) 731-1520
Wilson Norman Harrell Wilson (252) 237-0111
NC State University Extension specialists with peanut responsibilities as of January 1,
2017 and directors of peanut grower organizations:
Rick Brandenburg Insects, NC State University (919) 515-8876
Blake Brown Economics, NC State University (919) 515-4536
Gary Bullen Economics, NC State University (919) 515-6095
David Jordan Agronomy & Weeds, NC State University (919) 515-4068
Gary Roberson Engineering, NC State University (919) 515-6715
Barbara Shew Diseases, NC State University (919) 515-6984
Bob Sutter N.C. Peanut Growers Association Inc. (252) 459-5060
Dell Cotton Peanut Growers Cooperative Marketing Association (757) 562-4103
2017 Peanut Information | 1
1. SITUATION AND OUTLOOK
A. VIRGINIA TYPE PEANUTS: SITUATION AND OUTLOOK
A. Blake Brown
Extension Economist—Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics
U.S. peanut production was estimated at 6.31 billion pounds in 2016, according to
the USDA October Crop Report, up from 6 billion pounds in 2015 and 5.19 billion in
2014. The October forecast was down from 6.42 billion forecasted in September. This
reduction was due to the impact of Hurricane Matthew, and the final estimate could
be lower. Harvested acres for the United States increased slightly from 1.561 million
acres in 2015 to 1.587 million acres in 2016. Yield per acre was estimated at 3,976
pounds.
In North Carolina, the USDA October forecast was for 101,000 harvested acres, up
from 87,000 harvested in 2015. Forecast yields for North Carolina were reduced
slightly in the October forecast from 3,845 pounds per acre forecast in September to
3,800 pounds per acre.
The Price Loss Coverage (PLC) provisions for peanuts under the 2014 Farm Bill are the
primary drivers for increased acreage of peanuts. However, the payment limitation of
$125,000 per entity, and perhaps reluctance to depart too far from crop rotations, are
limiting factors to increased production. With the reference price for peanuts of $535
per ton well above the cost of production in the runner areas, farmers with peanut
and generic base overwhelmingly chose the PLC option. This payment rate for peanuts
equals the difference between the reference price of $535 per ton of PLC yield and the
greater of the national marketing year average (MYA) price or loan rate of $355 per
ton. Payments are on 85% of base acres and are reduced by 7.3% for sequestration.
For the 2014 crop, the MYA price was $440 per ton resulting in a payment rate of $95
per ton of PLC yield. Accounting for payment for 85% of base acres and the 7.3%
sequestration reduction resulted in a payment per ton of PLC yield on base acres of
$74.85. Farmers are not required to plant peanut base acres to receive this payment,
but they are required to plant generic acres in order to receive the PLC payments.
Further complicating this scenario is that a farm’s PLC payments by commodity were
prorated by the proportions of generic base planted to various program crops.
For the 2015 crop, the MYA price was projected by USDA as of October 12 to be $386
per ton. The projected PLC payment rate was $149 per ton of PLC yield. Payment on
85% of base and the 7.3% sequestration reduction imply payments per ton of base
yield of $117 for the 2015 crop. The national weekly price for all types of peanuts as
reported by USDA averaged around $375 per ton in September and October of 2016.
2 | 2017 Peanut Information
If this trend holds for the 2016 marketing year, then the PLC payment rate for the 2016
crop could be around $160 per ton of base yield. While acres planted saw a large
increase in 2015, 2016 planted acres only increased from 1.625 million in 2015 to
1.672 in 2016. This probably indicates that payment limits and farmers’ willingness to
skew their crop rotations are limiting further expansion in peanut acres. After large
increases in previous years, the end of August farmer stock equivalent of U.S. peanut
stocks in commercial storage declined from 1.455 billion pounds for 2015 to 1.246
billion pounds for 2016.
2017 Peanut Information | 3
B. PEANUT PRODUCTION BUDGETS
S. Gary Bullen
Extension Economist—Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics
David Jordan
Peanut Specialist—Department of Crop and Soil Sciences
The budgets in the following tables represent costs and returns that are achieved by
many growers in different regions of North Carolina using strip-till or conventional
production technologies. The budgets do not represent average costs and returns.
Budgets are intended to be used as guides for planning purposes only. They do
not include sprays for Sclerotinia blight or fumigation for CBR. The cost of gypsum
is assumed to be $51.51 per ton; less expensive sources are available, although
transportation costs can be significant.
Current information on the peanut outlook and situation, budgets, farm management,
and more is available at the North Carolina State University Department of
Agricultural and Resource Economics website: www.ag-econ.ncsu.edu.
4 | 2017 Peanut Information
Table 1-1. Estimated Costs and Returns Per Acre of RUNNER STRIP-TILL Peanuts,
2017—4,000-Pound Yield, 4-Row Equipment
Item
Quantity and
Unit
Price or Cost
per Unit ($)
Total per
Acre ($)
Your
Farm
1. GROSS RECEIPTS
Peanuts
4000.00 lb 0.20 800.00
Total Receipts 800.00
2. VARIABLE COSTS*
Seed 110.00 lb 0.80 88.00
Inoculant 1.00 acre 6.00 6.00
Fertilizer*
Nitrogen 15.00 lb 0.52 7.80
Phosphate 22.00 lb 0.69 15.18
Potash 35.00 lb 0.42 14.70
Manganese 3.00 lb 0.35 1.05
Boron 2.50 lb 1.35 3.38
Lime (prorated) 0.33 ton 56.00 18.48
Gypsum 0.30 ton 58.70 17.61
Herbicides 1.00 acre 62.48 62.48
Insecticides 1.00 acre 18.93 18.93
Fungicides 1.00 acre 81.58 81.58
Scouting 1.00 acre 16.00 16.00
Hauling 2.00 ton 12.00 23.95
Drying & Cleaning 2.00 ton 45.00 89.82
State Check-off Fee 2.00 ton 3.00 6.00
National Assessment $800.00 0.095% 7.64
Crop Insurance 1.00 acre 30.00 30.00
Tractor/Machinery 1.00 acre 55.52 55.52
Labor 3.85 hours 10.72 41.27
Interest on Operating
Capital
$223.99 4.8% 10.64
Total Variable Costs 616.03
3. INCOME ABOVE VARIABLE COSTS 183.97
4. FIXED COSTS
Machinery/Overhead 1.00 acre 141.87 141.87
Total Fixed Costs 141.87
5. TOTAL COSTS 757.90
6. NET RETURNS TO LAND, RISK, & MANAGEMENT 42.10
Please note: This budget is for planning purposes only. It does not include sprays for Sclerotinia
blight, fumigation for CBR, or land rent.
*Fertilizer is listed as units of N, P2O5, and K2O.
2017 Peanut Information | 5
Table 1-2. Estimated Costs and Returns Per Acre of RUNNER CONVENTIONAL-TILL
Peanuts. 2017—4,000-Pound Yield, 4-Row Equipment
Item
Quantity and
Unit
Price or Cost
per Unit ($)
Total per
Acre ($)
Your Farm
1. GROSS RECEIPTS
Peanuts
4,000 lb 0.20 800.00
Total Receipts 800.00
2. VARIABLE COSTS
Seed 110.00 lb 0.80 88.00
Inoculant 1.00 acre 6.00 6.00
Fertilizer*
Nitrogen 15.00 lb 0.52 7.80
Phosphate 22.00 lb 0.69 15.18
Potash 35.00 lb 0.42 14.70
Boron 2.50 lb 1.35 3.38
Manganese 3.00 lb 0.35 1.05
Lime (prorated) 0.33 ton 56.00 18.48
Gypsum 0.30 ton 58.70 17.61
Herbicides 1.00 acre 47.38 47.38
Insecticides 1.00 acre 18.74 18.74
Fungicides 1.00 acre 81.39 81.39
Scouting 1.00 acre 16.00 16.00
Hauling 2.00 ton 12.00 24.00
Drying & Cleaning 2.00 ton 45.00 90.00
State Check-off Fee 2.00 ton 3.00 6.00
National Assessment $800.00 0.095% 7.64
Crop Insurance 1.00 acre 30.00 30.00
Tractor/Machinery 1.00 acre 59.43 59.43
Labor 4.52 hours 10.72 48.45
Interest on Operating
Capital
$221.80 4.80% 10.54
Total Variable Costs 611.77
3. INCOME ABOVE VARIABLE COSTS 188.23
4. FIXED COSTS
Machinery/Overhead 1.00 acre 144.07 144.07
Total Fixed Costs 144.07
5. TOTAL COSTS 755.84
6. NET RETURNS TO LAND, RISK, & MANAGEMENT 44.16
Please note: This budget is for planning purposes only. It does not include sprays for Sclerotinia
blight, fumigation for CBR, or land rent.
*Fertilizer is listed as units of N, P2O5, and K2O.
6 | 2017 Peanut Information
Table 1-3. Estimated Costs and Returns Per Acre of VIRGINIA STRIP-TILL Peanuts,
2017—4,000-Pound Yield, 4-Row Equipment
Item
Quantity and
Unit
Price or Cost/
Unit ($)
Total per
Acre ($) Your Farm
1. GROSS RECEIPTS
Peanuts 4,000 lb 0.23 900.00
Total Receipts 900.00
2. VARIABLE COSTS
Seed 130.00 lb 0.85 110.50
Inoculant 1.00 acre 6.00 6.00
Fertilizer*
Nitrogen 15.00 lb 0.52 7.80
Phosphate 22.00 lb 0.69 15.18
Potash 35.00 lb 0.42 14.70
Manganese 3.00 lb 0.35 1.05
Boron 2.50 lb 1.35 3.38
Lime (prorated) 0.33 ton 56.00 18.48
Gypsum 0.60 ton 58.70 35.22
Herbicides 1.00 acre 62.48 62.48
Insecticides 1.00 acre 18.93 18.93
Fungicides 1.00 acre 81.58 81.58
Scouting 1.00 acre 16.00 16.00
Hauling 2.00 ton 12.00 24.00
Drying & Cleaning 2.00 ton 45.00 90.00
State Check-off Fee 2.00 ton 3.00 6.00
National Assessment $900.00 0.095% 8.60
Crop Insurance 1.00 acre 30.00 30.00
Tractor/Machinery 1.00 acre 55.52 55.52
Labor 3.85 hours 10.72 41.27
Interest on Operating
Capital
$244.05 4.8% 11.59
Total Variable Costs 658.28
3. INCOME ABOVE VARIABLE COSTS 241.72
4. FIXED COSTS
Machinery/Overhead 1.00 acre 144.83 144.83
Total Fixed Costs 144.83
5. TOTAL COSTS 803.11
6. NET RETURNS TO LAND, RISK, & MANAGEMENT 96.89
Please note: This budget is for planning purposes only. It does not include sprays for
Sclerotinia blight, fumigation for CBR, or land rent.
*Fertilizer is listed as units of N, P2O5, and K2O.
2017 Peanut Information | 7
Table 1-4. Estimated Costs and Returns Per Acre of VIRGINIA CONVENTIONAL-TILL
Peanuts, 2017—4,000-Pound Yield, 4-Row Equipment
Item
Quantity and
Unit
Price or Cost
per Unit ($)
Total per
Acre ($) Your Farm
1. GROSS RECEIPTS
Peanuts 4,000 lb 0.23 900.00
Total Receipts 900.00
2. VARIABLE COSTS
Seed 130.00 lb 0.85 110.50
Inoculant 1.00 acre 6.00 6.00
Fertilizer*
Nitrogen 15.00 lb 0.52 7.80
Phosphate 22.00 lb 0.69 15.18
Potash 35.00 lb 0.42 14.70
Manganese 3.00 lb 0.35 1.05
Boron 2.50 lb 1.35 3.38
Lime (prorated) 0.33 ton 56.00 18.48
Gypsum 0.60 ton 58.70 35.22
Herbicides 1.00 acre 47.38 47.38
Insecticides 1.00 acre 18.74 18.74
Fungicides 1.00 acre 81.39 81.39
Scouting 1.00 acre 16.00 16.00
Hauling 2.00 ton 12.00 24.00
Drying & Cleaning 2.00 ton 45.00 95.00
State Check-off Fee 2.00 ton 3.00 6.00
National Assessment $900.00 0.095% 8.60
Crop Insurance 1.00 acre 30.00 30.00
Tractor/Machinery 1.00 acre 59.43 59.43
Labor 4.52 10.72 48.45
Interest on Operating
Capital
$233.85 4.80% 11.11
Total Variable Costs 653.41
3. INCOME ABOVE VARIABLE COSTS 246.59
4. FIXED COSTS
Machinery/Overhead 1.00 acre 146.99 146.99
Total Fixed Costs 146.99
5. TOTAL COSTS 800.40
6. NET RETURNS TO LAND, RISK, & MANAGEMENT 99.60
Please note: This budget is for planning purposes only. It does not include sprays for
Sclerotinia blight, fumigation for CBR, or land rent.
*Fertilizer is listed as units of N, P2O5, and K2O.
8 | 2017 Peanut Information
Table 1-5. Return to Land, Overhead, and Management at Various Yields and Costs of
Production for Peanut
Peanut Yield
(pounds/acre)
Net Return ($/acre) at $600/ton Potential Contract Price
Total Cost of Production ($/acre)
750 800 850 900 950 1000
Net Return ($/acre)
3000 (1.5 tons) 150 100 50 0 -50 -100
3500 (1.75 tons) 300 250 200 150 100 50
4000 (2 tons) 450 400 350 300 250 200
4500 (2.25 tons) 600 550 500 450 400 350
5000 (2.5 tons) 750 700 650 600 550 500
Peanut Yield
(pounds/acre)
Net Return ($/acre) at $535/ton Reference Price Over
Contract Price
Total Cost of Production ($/acre)
750 800 850 900 950 1000
Net Return ($/acre)
3000 (1.5 tons) 53 3 -47 -97 -147 -197
3500 (1.75 tons) 186 136 86 36 -14 -64
4000 (2 tons) 320 270 220 170 120 70
4500 (2.25 tons) 454 404 354 304 254 204
5000 (2.5 tons) 588 538 488 438 388 338
Peanut Yield
(pounds/acre)
Net Return ($/acre) at $470/ton Loan Rate Plus Payment Rate
Total Cost of Production ($/acre)
750 800 850 900 950 1000
Net Return ($/acre)
3000 (1.5 tons) -45 -95 -145 -195 -245 -295
3500 (1.75 tons) 73 23 -27 -77 -127 -177
4000 (2 tons) 190 140 90 40 -10 -60
4500 (2.25 tons) 308 258 208 158 108 58
5000 (2.5 tons) 425 375 325 275 225 175
Continued on the next page.
2017 Peanut Information | 9
Table 1-5. Return to Land, Overhead, and Management at Various Yields and Costs of
Production for Peanut (continued)
Peanut Yield
(pounds/acre)
Net Return ($/acre) at $405/ton Estimated Average World
Price
Total Cost of Production ($/acre)
750 800 850 900 950 1000
Net Return ($/acre)
3000 (1.5 tons) -143 -193 -243 -293 -343 -393
3500 (1.75 tons) -41 -91 -141 -198 -241 -291
4000 (2 tons) 60 10 -40 -90 -140 -190
4500 (2.25 tons) 161 111 61 11 -39 -89
5000 (2.5 tons) 263 213 163 113 63 13
Peanut Yield
(pounds/acre)
Net Return ($/acre) at $355/ton Loan Rate
Total Cost of Production ($/acre)
750 800 850 900 950 1000
Net Return ($/acre)
3000 (1.5 tons) -218 -268 -318 -368 -418 -468
3500 (1.75 tons) -129 -179 -229 -279 -329 -379
4000 (2 tons) -40 -90 -140 -190 -240 -290
4500 (2.25 tons) 49 -1 -51 -101 -151 -201
5000 (2.5 tons) 138 88 -12 -62 -112 -162
10 | 2017 Peanut Information
Table 1-6. Return to Land, Overhead, and Management at Various Yields and Costs of
Production for Corn
Corn Yield
(bushels/acre)
Net Return ($/acre) at $3/bushel Price
Total Cost of Production ($/acre)
400 450 500 550 600
Net Return ($/acre)
60 -220 -270 -320 -370 -420
90 -130 -180 -230 -280 -330
120 -40 -90 -140 -190 -240
150 50 0 -50 -100 -150
180 140 90 40 -10 -60
Corn Yield
(bushels/acre)
Net Return ($/acre) at $5/bushel Price
Total Cost of Production ($/acre)
400 450 500 550 600
Net Return ($/acre)
60 -100 -150 -200 -250 -300
90 50 0 -50 -100 -150
120 200 150 100 50 0
150 350 300 250 200 150
180 500 450 400 350 300
Corn Yield
(bushels/acre)
Net Return ($/acre) at $7/bushel Price
Total Cost of Production ($/acre)
400 450 500 550 600
Net Return ($/acre)
60 20 -30 -80 -130 -180
90 230 180 130 80 30
120 440 390 340 290 240
150 650 600 550 500 450
180 860 810 760 710 660
2017 Peanut Information | 11
Table 1-7. Return to Land, Overhead, and Management at Various Yields and Costs of
Production for Grain Sorghum
Grain Sorghum Yield
(bushels/acre)
Net Return ($/acre) at $2.55/bushel Price
Total Cost of Production ($/acre)
350 400 450 500 550
Net Return ($/acre)
60 -197 -247 -297 -347 -397
90 -121 -171 -221 -271 -321
120 -44 -94 -144 -194 -244
150 33 -17 -67 -117 -167
180 109 159 209 259 309
Grain Sorghum Yield
(bushels/acre)
Net Return ($/acre) at $4.25/bushel Price
Total Cost of Production ($/acre)
350 400 450 500 550
Net Return ($/acre)
60 -95 -145 -195 -215 -265
90 33 -17 -67 -117 -167
120 160 110 60 10 -40
150 288 238 188 138 88
180 415 365 315 265 215
Grain Sorghum Yield
(bushels/acre)
Net Return ($/acre) at $6.15/bushel Price
Total Cost of Production ($/acre)
350 400 450 500 550
Net Return ($/acre)
60 19 -31 -81 -131 -181
90 204 154 104 54 4
120 388 338 288 238 188
150 573 523 473 423 373
180 757 707 657 607 557
12 | 2017 Peanut Information
Table 1-8. Return to Land, Overhead, and Management at Various Yields and Costs of
Production for Cotton
Cotton Yield
(pounds lint/acre)
Net Return ($/acre) at $0.60/pound Price
Total Cost of Production ($/acre)
500 550 600 650 700
Net Return ($/acre)
300 -320 -370 -420 -470 -520
600 -140 -190 -240 -290 -340
900 40 -10 -60 -110 -160
1200 220 170 120 70 20
1500 400 350 300 250 200
Cotton Yield
(pounds lint/acre)
Net Return ($/acre) at $0.80/pound Price
Total Cost of Production ($/acre)
500 550 600 650 700
Net Return ($/acre)
300 -260 -310 -360 -410 -460
600 -20 -70 -120 -170 -220
900 220 170 120 70 20
1200 460 410 360 310 260
1500 700 650 600 550 500
Cotton Yield
(pounds lint/acre)
Net Return ($/acre) at $1.00/pound Price
Total Cost of Production ($/acre)
500 550 600 650 700
Net Return ($/acre)
300 -200 -250 -300 -350 -400
600 100 50 0 -50 -100
900 400 350 300 250 200
1200 700 650 600 550 500
1500 1000 950 900 850 800
2017 Peanut Information | 13
Table 1-9. Return to Land, Overhead, and Management at Various Yields and Costs of
Production for Soybean
Soybean Yield
(bushels/acre)
Net Return ($/acre) at $6/bushel Price
Total Cost of Production ($/acre)
160 190 220 250 280
Net Return ($/acre)
20 -40 -70 -100 -130 -160
30 20 -10 -40 -70 -100
40 80 50 20 -10 -40
50 140 110 80 50 20
60 200 170 140 110 80
Soybean Yield
(bushels/acre)
Net Return ($/acre) at $10/bushel Price
Total Cost of Production ($/acre)
160 190 220 250 280
Net Return ($/acre)
20 40 10 -20 -50 -80
30 140 110 80 50 20
40 240 210 180 150 120
50 340 310 280 250 220
60 440 410 380 350 320
Soybean Yield
(bushels/acre)
Net Return ($/acre) at $14/bushel Price
Total Cost of Production ($/acre)
160 190 220 250 280
Net Return ($/acre)
20 120 90 60 30 0
30 260 230 200 170 140
40 400 370 340 310 280
50 540 510 480 450 420
60 680 650 620 590 560
14 | 2017 Peanut Information
Table 1-10. Return to Land, Overhead, and Management at Various Yields and Costs
of Production for Wheat
Wheat Yield
(bushels/acre)
Net Return ($/acre) at $3/bushel Price
Total Cost of Production ($/acre)
250 300 350 400 450
Net Return ($/acre)
50 -100 -150 -200 -250 -300
65 -55 -105 -155 -205 -255
80 -10 -60 -110 -160 -210
95 35 -15 -65 -115 -165
110 80 30 -20 -70 -120
Wheat Yield
(bushels/acre)
Net Return ($/acre) at $5/bushel Price
Total Cost of Production ($/acre)
250 300 350 400 450
Net Return ($/acre)
50 0 -50 -100 -150 -200
65 75 25 -25 -75 -125
80 150 100 50 0 -50
95 225 175 125 75 25
110 300 250 200 150 100
Wheat Yield
(bushels/acre)
Net Return ($/acre) at $7/bushel Price
Total Cost of Production ($/acre)
250 300 350 400 450
Net Return ($/acre)
50 100 50 0 -50 -100
65 205 155 105 55 5
80 310 260 210 160 110
95 415 365 315 265 215
110 520 470 420 370 320
2017 Peanut Information | 15
Table 1-11. Return to Land, Overhead, and Management at Various Yields and Costs
of Production for Sweet Potato
Sweet Potato Yield
(bushels/acre)
Net Return ($/acre) at $5.4/pound Price Assuming 70%
No. 1, 20% Jumbo, and 10% Canner
Total Cost of Production ($/acre)
2,000 2,300 2,600 2,900 3,200
Net Return ($/acre)
400 160 -140 -440 -740 -1,040
450 430 130 -170 -470 -770
500 700 400 100 -200 -500
550 970 670 370 70 -230
600 1,240 940 640 340 40
Sweet Potato Yield
(bushels/acre)
Net Return ($/acre) at $6.4/pound Price Assuming 70%
No. 1, 20% Jumbo, and 10% Canner
Total Cost of Production ($/acre)
2,000 2,300 2,600 2,900 3,200
Net Return ($/acre)
400 560 260 40 -260 -560
450 880 580 280 -20 -320
500 1,200 900 600 300 0
550 1,520 1,220 920 620 320
600 1,840 1,540 1,240 940 640
Sweet Potato Yield
(bushels/acre)
Net Return ($/acre) at $7.4/pound Price Assuming 70%
No. 1, 20% Jumbo, and 10% Canner
Total Cost of Production ($/acre)
2,000 2,300 2,600 2,900 3,200
Net Return ($/acre)
400 960 660 360 60 -240
450 1,330 1,030 730 430 130
500 1,700 1,400 1,100 800 500
550 2,070 1,770 1,470 1,170 870
600 2,440 2,140 1,840 1,540 1,240
16 | 2017 Peanut Information
Table 1-12. Return to Land, Overhead, and Management at Various Yields and Costs
of Production for Tobacco
Tobacco Yield
(pounds/acre)
Net Return ($/acre) at $1.50/pound Price
Total Cost of Production ($/acre)
2,400 2,700 3,000 3,300 3,600
Net Return ($/acre)
1,800 300 0 -300 -600 -900
2,200 900 600 300 0 -300
2,600 1,500 1,200 900 600 300
3,000 2,100 1,800 1,600 1,300 1,000
3,400 2,700 2,400 2,100 1,800 1,500
Tobacco Yield
(pounds/acre)
Net Return ($/acre) at $1.80/pound Price
Total Cost of Production ($/acre)
2,400 2,700 3,000 3,300 3,600
Net Return ($/acre)
1,800 840 540 240 -60 -360
2,200 1,560 1,260 960 660 360
2,600 2,280 1,980 1,680 1,380 1,080
3,000 3,000 2,700 2,400 2,100 1,800
3,400 3,720 3,420 3,120 2,820 2,520
Tobacco Yield
(pounds/acre)
Net Return ($/acre) at $2.00/pound Price
Total Cost of Production ($/acre)
2,400 2,700 3,000 3,300 3,600
Net Return ($/acre)
1,800 1,200 900 600 300 0
2,200 2,000 1,700 1,400 1,100 800
2,600 2,800 2,500 2,100 1,800 1,500
3,000 3,600 3,300 3,000 2,700 2,400
3,400 4,400 4,100 3,800 3,500 3,200
2017 Peanut Information | 17
2. PEANUT SEED
David Jordan
Extension Specialist—Department of Crop and Soil Sciences
Bill Foote
Director—North Carolina Crop Improvement Association
A uniform stand of healthy, vigorous plants is essential if growers are to achieve the
yields and quality needed for profitable peanut production. It is important for growers
to plant high-quality seed of varieties adapted to their farm situations, management
styles, and intended market uses.
WHAT’S IN A BAG OF PEANUT SEED?
A bag of seed peanuts contains thousands of potential plants. To grow a uniform
stand of healthy plants, you need genetically pure seed that has been produced
under a management system that maximizes seed health, germination, and vigor. The
genetic composition of a peanut variety dictates maturity date, disease and insect
resistance, peanut quality, grade, and many other characteristics. The best assurance
of obtaining genetically pure seed is to purchase certified seed.
Seed health is related to seed-borne pathogens present on or in peanut seeds.
Pathogens can reduce germination potential and can in some cases transmit peanut
diseases. Professional seed producers take specific measures to reduce the level
of seed-borne pathogens. The extra steps they take minimize the chance for the
spread of unwanted diseases. Seed lots high in germination and vigor potential will
germinate more rapidly and produce more robust seedlings. These seedlings are more
likely to survive moderate stress during the weeks following planting.
Always purchase seed from a reputable, professional seed dealer. Bargain seed from
a stranger, or even a neighbor, may not be such a bargain. Along with their seed, you
could be buying weed seed or mixed varieties. You could even introduce diseases onto
your farm.
PEANUT SEED PRODUCTION
The key component to producing high-quality peanut seed is to make the seed crop
your highest farm priority. Attention to details is essential, and critical steps include:
• field selection,
• seed selection,
• cleaning and tuning up planting equipment,
18 | 2017 Peanut Information
• applying gypsum and boron at the right time,
• digging the crop when a majority of the pods are close to maturity,
• adjusting harvesting equipment to minimize mechanical damage,
• curing the peanuts slowly, and
• storing the seeds in a cool, dry environment.
SAVING SEED
In years when profits are low, some growers may decide that saving their own seed
will help reduce production costs. Cleaning, treating, and bagging seed, however, can
be expensive, and a grower may not save more than a few cents per acre. In fact,
a loss may occur if the seeds they planted were of poor quality. Seed germination
and vigor of saved seed can be an issue, and growers are urged to have germination
tests run on saved seed immediately after harvest and again about six weeks before
planting. Checking the quality of the seed early will tell the grower if the seed is
worth saving. The second test will tell the grower if the seed is worth planting. Seed
production is a specialized process; varietal purity, seed quality, and seed health are
carefully monitored throughout the growing season and during the digging, combining,
curing, cleaning, storage, and treating operations. Saving seed should not be an
afterthought, but rather a process that begins well before the seed crop is planted.
Growers who decide to save seed should be aware that they might be in violation of
the North Carolina State Seed Law, the Plant Variety Protection Act (PVPA), and Title V
of the Federal Seed Act if they sell that saved seed.
According to regulations, growers may save enough seed of a PVPA-protected variety
to plant back on their own holdings (land owned, leased, or rented). If the variety is
protected under PVPA-Title V, a farmer may not sell any seed without the permission
of the variety owner and must only be sold as a Certified Class of Seed. Very few
varieties currently grown in the mid-Atlantic states are not protected by PVPA-Title
V. Growers who are considering selling saved seed are encouraged to consult with
their department of agriculture seed sections or the North Carolina Crop Improvement
Association (919-515-2851) to be sure of the variety protection level. See Table 2-1 for
a list of popular Virginia market type varieties and their level of protection.
North Carolina Seed Regulations require variety labeling on all peanut seed sold in
the state, regardless of whether the seed is certified or farmer stock. No peanut seed
can be sold as variety not stated, even if the variety is not known or the seed is a
mixture of varieties.
2017 Peanut Information | 19
Table 2-1. List of Varieties and Requirements for Sale
Variety
Can you save
seed?
Can you sell that saved
seed?
Must the saved seed
be sold as a class of
certified seed?
Bailey Yes Only with permission Yes
Brantley Yes Only with permission Yes
CHAMPS Yes Only with permission Yes
Gregory Yes Only with permission Yes
Perry Yes Only with permission Yes
Phillips Yes Only with permission Yes
NC-V 11 Yes Only with permission Yes
Sugg Yes Only with permission Yes
Sullivan Yes Only with permission Yes
Wynne Yes Only with permission Yes
CO-OP SEED DISTRIBUTION
Some growers are members of a co-op, and questions have been raised about co-op
distribution of seed to growers. A farmer may bring saved seed into the co-op to be
shelled, cleaned, treated, and bagged. But the entire quantity of saved seed must be
returned to the farmer who produced it. The seed may not be co-mingled with seed
from any other grower, and the seed may not be sold, traded, or given to any other
grower. These actions are a violation of PVPA and the Federal Seed Act. The amount
of peanuts shelled, cleaned, treated, and bagged must not exceed the amount the
grower may legally save.
A co-op may become a licensed seed dealer, allowing co-op members to produce
their own seed as a group with seed from several growers combined and distributed
among the membership. If so, steps must be taken before planting to ensure proper
certification and state seed law requirements have been met. Certified seed must
be grown from foundation or registered seed, fields must be inspected, and the
seed must meet minimum germination standards. The co-op must be licensed under
the North Carolina State Seed Law. Contact the North Carolina Crop Improvement
Association (919-515-2851) for details on how to certify peanut seed and the North
Carolina Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services Seed Section (919-733
3930) for details about becoming a licensed seed dealer.
The percentage of acres of a variety that is certified can reflect planted acreage. The
percentage of certified acres for 2015 and 2016 are presented in Table 2-2.
20 | 2017 Peanut Information
Table 2-2. Percentage of Acres of Varieties Certified in North Carolina during
2015 and 2016.
Variety 2015 2016
Bailey 64.7 47.4
Gregory 2.1 0
Sugg 9.7 1.9
Sullivan 4.8 28.7
Wynne 5.3 13.5
CHAMPS 0.4 0
Florida 07 1.4 1.8
FloRun 107 1.1 0.2
Georgia 09B 9.9 6.2
Spain 1.8 0.3
2017 Peanut Information | 21
3. PEANUT PRODUCTION PRACTICES
David L. Jordan
Extension Specialist—Department of Crop and Soil Sciences
Successful production of quality peanuts requires growers to plan an effective
production and marketing program and to implement that program on a timely basis
during the season. Each cultural practice and marketing decision must be effectively
integrated into the total farm management plan to produce optimum profits from the
whole farm. In recent years yields have increased significantly with several records
set since 2011. Several factors have contributed to high yields and include improved
genetics, production of peanut on soils that are adapted to peanut production, long
rotations that minimize impact of disease, availability of plant protection products for
virtually all pests, and skills of famers and their support staff who manage peanut
extremely well. In North Carolina weather conditions can have a major impact on
yield given only 15% of acreage is irrigated. But given good weather conditions,
average yields of two tons per acre are now common in North Carolina.
STAND ESTABLISHMENT
Soil temperatures need to be above 65°F for germination to proceed at an
acceptable rate. Large-seeded Virginia market type peanuts planted under favorable
moisture and temperature conditions will show beginning radicle (root) growth in
about 60 hours. If conditions are ideal, sprouting young seedlings should be visible in
seven days for smaller-seeded varieties like Bailey and in 10 days for larger-seeded
varieties like Wynne.
Peanuts should not be planted until the soil temperature at a 4-inch depth is 65°F or
above at noon for three days. Favorable weather for peanut germination should also
be forecast for the next 72 hours after planting. The soil should be moist enough for
rapid water absorption by the seed. The planter should firm the seedbed so there
is good soil-to-seed contact. Growers should establish at least four plants per foot
of row regardless of variety. This generally means setting the planter to deliver five
seeds per foot of row. Peanuts can emerge from depths as low as 3 inches.
VARIETY SELECTION
Yield and quality are two major factors that influence variety selection. Growers
with significant disease history may need to choose a variety with disease tolerance
or resistance. Planting at least three varieties with differing maturity dates will
permit efficient use of limited harvesting and curing capacities. Planting varieties
with different genetic pedigrees reduces the risk of crop failure because of adverse
weather or unexpected disease epidemics. In recent years the variety Bailey has
22 | 2017 Peanut Information
become the dominant variety in North Carolina because of its high yield potential
and disease resistance. There is concern that heavy reliance on this variety will
increase risk that is often minimized by planting a group of varieties on each farm.
The selection of a variety should be based on more than one year’s data.
Performance of our most popular peanut varieties from reports prepared by Dr.
Tom Isleib (peanut breeder at NC State University) and Dr. Maria Balota’s PVQE
(Peanut Variety and Quality Evaluation) program is presented in Tables 3-1 and 3-2,
respectively. Varietal characteristics are listed in Table 3-3. Disease reaction of
varieties can be found in Chapter 6, “Peanut Disease Management.”
Table 3-1. Pod Yield and Market Grade Characteristics of Bailey and Sugg
Compared with Other Commercially Available Virginia Market Type Varieties
Variety % Fancy % ELK % SMK
Meat Content
(%)
Yield
(lb/acre)
Bailey 84 42 65 72 4,650
Sugg 87 45 64 72 4,378
Sullivan 85 44 64 71 4,415
Wynne 90 44 62 70 4,381
*Data are from Isleib et al. (March 2014) and are pooled over 20 tests.
Table 3-2. Percentages of FP, ELK, SMK, and Total Kernels and Pod Yield for the
Major Virginia Market Type Varieties
Variety % FP % ELK % SMK
Total Kernels
(%)
Yield
(lb/acre)
Bailey 81 33 66 72 4,813
Sugg 82 33 65 72 4,585
Sullivan 84 32 65 71 4,914
Wynne 92 31 64 70 4,563
*Data are from Balota et al. (PVQE Director) from eight trials during 2014 to 2015.
VARIETY CHARACTERISTICS
Bailey is a large-seeded Virginia market type peanut with resistance to several
key peanut diseases. This variety offers tolerance to CBR, Sclerotinia blight, tomato
spotted wilt, and stem rot. Seed size for Bailey is small compared with all other
Virginia market types.
CHAMPS is a large-seeded peanut that matures slightly earlier than other varieties.
It is intermediate in resistance to tomato spotted wilt and is moderately susceptible
to most other diseases.
Gregory is a large-seeded Virginia market type peanut with growth habit
intermediate between bunch and runner, a pink seed coat, and a high percentage of
jumbo pods and extra large kernels. It is susceptible to most diseases. Because of
2017 Peanut Information | 23
its large seed size, Gregory has a high calcium requirement and may show reduced
seedling vigor compared with other varieties.
Sugg is a large-seeded Virginia market type peanut with a disease management
package that approaches that of Bailey. Although not as resistant to disease as
Bailey, Sugg has larger pods.
Sullivan is a large-seeded Virginia market type that possess the high-oleic trait
and offers some resistance to some of the key diseases found in peanut in North
Carolina. This variety does not have excessive vine growth like Bailey and has
yielded well in many trials. Pod size is larger than Bailey but not as large as Gregory
or Wynne.
Wynne is a large-seeded Virginia market type possessing the high-oleic trait like
Sullivan and offers some resistance to some of the key diseases. Pod size is larger
than all Virginia market typesexcept Gregory.
Table 3-3. Varietal Characteristics
Factors
Bailey
CHAMPS
Gregory
Sugg
Sullivan
Wynne
Growth habit
(R = runner; SR = semi-runner) SR R R SR R SR
Heat unit requirement 2,590 2,550 2,650 2,630 2,630 2,700
Comparative days to optimum
maturity +2 0 +6 +4 +4 +8
Seed per pound 600 535 450 575 575 450
Need for calcium
(M = moderate; H = high) M M H M M H
Heat unit requirement = degree day accumulation (56°F base and a 95°F ceiling) required
to reach optimum maturity, assuming adequate soil moisture for sustained growth and
development.
In comparative days to optimum maturity, – = optimum maturity for the variety occurs prior to
0; + = optimum maturity for variety occurs after 0.
SELECTING AND MANAGING SOIL RESOURCES
Peanuts are best adapted to well-drained, sandy loam soils, such as Norfolk,
Orangeburg, and Goldsboro sandy loam soils. These soils are loose, friable, and
easily tilled with a moderately deep rooting zone for easy penetration by air, water,
and roots. A balanced supply of nutrients is needed. Soil pH should be in the range of
5.8 to 6.2. Peanuts grown in favorable soil conditions are healthier and more able to
withstand climatic and biotic stresses.
24 | 2017 Peanut Information
Crop Rotation
A long crop rotation program is essential for efficient peanut production. The peanut
plant responds to both the harmful and beneficial effects of other crops grown in
the same field. Research shows that long rotations are best for maintaining peanut
yields and quality. Benefits and potential problems associated with crops typically
found within peanut-based cropping systems can be found in Chapter 6, “Peanut
Disease Management.” Research conducted at the Peanut Belt Research Station
demonstrates the benefits of long rotations with corn and cotton.
In recent years, there has been interest in crop yields, especially grains, when
transitioning out of traditional peanut rotations. Results indicate that corn, cotton,
soybeans, and wheat are not affected by rotation to the extent that peanuts are
affected. Peanut was planted in these trials during 2013, and results indicate that
the effects of rotation on peanut noted earlier are minimized when peanut is not
included in the field for six years. The value of sod-based rotations on yields of
peanuts and other crops has been demonstrated in the southeastern United States.
In North Carolina a trial was recently completed where peanuts and other row
crops were planted in either killed fescue sod or standard reduced-tillage cropping
systems, including combinations of cotton and corn. During both 2010 and 2011, corn
yield was higher after sod compared with combinations of traditional agronomic
crops when planted several years after sod termination. Cotton yield did not differ
during 2012 when compared to planting after tall fescue or agronomic crops. Peanut
yield during 2013 was higher following tall fescue. In other research peanut yield
following grain sorghum was similar to that of peanut following corn or cotton.
Sweet potato is a good rotation crop for peanut, while some decreases in peanut
yield have been observed when peanut follows sage. Growers should plant corn,
cotton, or grain sorghum for at least one year following sage before planting peanut.
FERTILIZING PEANUTS
Lime
Peanuts grow best on soils limed to a pH of 5.8 to 6.2, provided other essential
elements are in balance and available to the plant. Yields of peanuts and other
crops planted in soil with four differing pH regimens are provided in Table 3-4.
Dolomitic limestone is the desired liming material because it provides both calcium
and magnesium. Strongly acidic soils reduce the efficient uptake and use of most
nutrients and may enhance the uptake of zinc to potentially toxic levels. The
efficiency of nitrogen fixation is reduced in acid soils. Molybdenum is an essential
element in biological nitrogen fixation, and it can be limiting at low soil pH. Soils too
high in pH are not desirable because some elements are less available to the peanut
plant, and incidence of Sclerotinia blight may be greater. Manganese deficiency
is often observed in fields that are overlimed. Some research has demonstrated
2017 Peanut Information | 25
that higher rates of calcium sulfate (gypsum or land plaster) can reduce peanut
yield when soil pH in the pegging zone is relatively low (Table 3-5). These results
remind us that soil pH should be maintained around 6.0 and that gypsum should be
applied at rates not exceeding those currently recommended for Virginia market
type peanuts. Increased broiler production in North Carolina and use of manure
as a fertilizer source has increased concern over micronutrient toxicity. Several
peanut fields have exhibited severe and yield-limiting zinc toxicities. These toxicities
are increased in fields with low pH because zinc is more available at a lower pH.
Maintaining soil pH around 6.0 is important in minimizing the adverse effects of zinc,
and growers are cautioned not to overload fields with high levels of waste products.
Micronutrient levels can build up quickly. Peanuts generally are able to tolerate zinc
indices of 250. However, zinc toxicity can occur with lower index values if soil pH is
low.
Table 3-4. Crop Response to Soil pH
Approximate
Soil pH
Percentage of Yield at Lower pH Values
Compared with Yield at pH 5.9
Corn Cotton Peanut Soybean Wheat
Grain
Sorghum
4.3 26 24 55 45 41 78
4.9 76 57 62 62 72 83
5.4 99 89 83 90 100 94
5.9 100 100 100 100 100 100
Years 2 2 3 2 2 2
Table 3-5. Peanut Response to Gypsum Rate at Three Soil pH Values
Relative Gypsum
Rate
Soil pH
5.0 5.5 6.0
0 1,920 2,720 2,900
0.5X 1,930 2,690 3,320
1.0X 2,110 2,190 3,250
Data are pooled over three years.
Nitrogen
Roots of peanuts can be infected by Bradyrhizobia bacteria. Nodules form on
the roots at the infection sites. Within these nodules, the bacteria can convert
atmospheric nitrogen into a nitrogen form that can be used by plants through a
process called biological nitrogen fixation. This symbiotic relationship provides
sufficient nitrogen for peanut production if the roots are properly nodulated.
Growers should inoculate their peanut seed or fields to ensure that adequate levels
of Bradyrhizobia are present in each field. The data in Table 3-6 are from multiple
locations and years and give an indication of the possible response of peanuts to
inoculant applied as a liquid or granular in the seed furrow. These data demonstrate
26 | 2017 Peanut Information
that while peanut response to rotation is often predictable, response to inoculant
and rotation combinations is less predictable. Therefore, peanuts should be
inoculated in all years regardless of previous rotation history to minimize risk and
maintain yield. The economic value of inoculation is also demonstrated in these trials
(Table 3-6). Assuming a commercial inoculant cost of $8 per acre, economic return in
new peanut fields at $535 per ton was 51times higher than the cost of the inoculant.
A 5-fold increase in economic return over inoculant cost was noted in fields with a
recent history of peanut production.
Generally, a peanut plant with 15 nodules on the tap root by 40 days after emergence
has adequate nodulation. Oftentimes foliar symptoms of nitrogen deficiency will
be apparent by this time if nodulation is not effective. Later in the season the plant
will need many more nodules, more than 100, for optimum growth, development,
and yield. If fewer than 15 nodules are noted 40 days after emergence, especially if
peanut foliage is yellow, growers should consider application of ammonium sulfate.
Table 3-6. Peanut Yield Response and Economic Return at a Price of $535 per ton
in Fields without a History of Peanuts versus Fields with Frequent Plantings of
Peanuts (1999–2016)
Inoculant Use New Peanut Fields
Fields with a Recent History
of Peanuts
Yield
(lb per acre)
Economic
return
($ per acre)
Yield
(lb per acre)
Economic
return
($ per acre)
No inoculant 3,571 39 4,282 229
Inoculant 5,133 449 4,475 273
Difference 1,562 410 193 44
Number of Trials 39 39 36 36
Years 1999–2016 1999–2016
Commercial inoculants can be added to the seed or put into the furrow with the
seed at planting. In-furrow inoculants are available in either granular or liquid
form. When inoculants are applied directly in the seed furrow, either as a spray or
granular, it is essential that the product reach the bottom of the seed furrow so that
infection occurs as the root system develops. Some growers have had difficulty in
obtaining nodulation because soil moved in the seed furrow after seed drop but
before inoculant spray or granules entered the seed furrow. Delivering granular or in-furrow
sprays above seed placement also will compromise effectiveness of systemic
insecticides and fungicides.
Additionally, shallow planting along with in-furrow spray inoculants have performed
poorly under hot and dry soil conditions. Peanuts are capable of emerging from
depths of at least 3 inches; therefore, it is advisable to plant deep to protect sprayed
inoculant from breakdown caused by high temperatures. Direct applications of
2017 Peanut Information | 27
nitrogen to peanuts are not generally needed. However, application of nitrogen
fertilizers can increase yield, but only when peanuts are not nodulating and nitrogen
deficiency is obvious. Research indicates that 90 to 120 pounds actual nitrogen per
acre as a single application may be needed to obtain yields similar to adequately
nodulating peanuts when a true nitrogen deficiency exists (Table 3-8). Economic
return on investment of inoculant and various rates of ammonium sulfate are also
compared in Table 3-7 at a peanut price of $560/ton and fertilizer cost of $0.29/
pound ammonium sulfate. While a rate of 90 pounds of nitrogen is the most
economically effective, in some trials 120 pounds of nitrogen were needed when
late-season rainfall was excessive. Lower rates also may be effective but perform
inconsistently. Research also suggests that ammonium sulfate is a more effective
source than ammonium nitrate. Split applications may be more efficient than a
single application. Best results are obtained when applications are made early in the
season. Peanuts grown on deep, sandy soils often respond to nitrogen fertilization
and may lap middles more quickly, even when inoculation is adequate. Rapid canopy
closure results in cooler soil temperatures in the pegging zone. When soils have high
temperatures, pegs cannot survive.
Table 3-7. Peanut Response to Ammonium Sulfate in New Ground with Observable
Nitrogen Deficiency in Leaves. Data are pooled over 10 experiments from 2007–
2014. Ammonium sulfate cost of $0.29/lb and peanut price of $0.28/lb ($560/ton).
Ammonium
Sulfate
Rate
Actual
Nitrogen
Rate
Ammonium
Sulfate or
Inoculant
Cost
Actual
Peanut
Yield
Peanut Yield
above No-
Inoculant and
No-Ammonium
Sulfate Control
Economic
Return above
Inoculant or
Ammonium
Sulfate Cost
lb/acre lb/acre $/acre lb/acre lb/acre $/acre
0 0 0 3,161 – –
285 60 83 3,867 692 111
428 90 124 4,163 991 154
571 120 166 4,225 1,061 131
714 150 207 4,261 1,094 99
Inoculant 0 8 4,335 1,261 345
Potassium and Phosphorus
The most efficient and easiest way to apply potassium is to apply it to the crop
preceding peanuts. This usually increases the yield of the preceding crop and allows
the potassium to leach into the area where the peanut root system obtains most of
its nutrients. However, if North Carolina Department of Agriculture and Consumer
Services soil test recommendations indicate that potassium and phosphorus are
needed, then the appropriate levels of these nutrients should be applied.
Many growers and researchers feel that high levels of soil potassium in the fruiting
zone (the upper 2 or 3 inches of soil) result in more pod rot and interfere with the
uptake of calcium by pegs and pods, which results in a higher percentage of “pops”
28 | 2017 Peanut Information
and calcium deficiency in the seeds. If the potassium level is high in the fruiting zone,
a higher rate of gypsum may be needed.
Most of the peanut soils in North Carolina have adequate levels of phosphorus for
good peanut production. Once a medium or higher level of phosphorus is achieved, it
remains quite stable over a number of years. The addition of phosphorus-containing
fertilizer to peanuts is generally not needed if it is applied to other crops in the
rotation. However, soil testing is the only way to be sure.
Calcium
Perhaps the most critical element in the production of large-seeded Virginia market
type peanuts is calcium. Lack of calcium uptake by peanuts causes “pops” and is
often reflected as darkened plumules in the seed. Seeds with dark plumules usually
fail to germinate.
Calcium must be available for both vegetative growth and pod growth. Calcium
moves upward in the peanut plant but does not move downward. Thus, calcium does
not move to the peg and pod and developing kernels. The peg and developing pod
absorb calcium directly from soil, so it must be readily available in the soil.
Adequate soil calcium is usually available for good plant growth but not for pod
development for good quality peanuts. It is important to provide calcium in the
fruiting zone through gypsum applications. Gypsum should be applied to all Virginia
market types, regardless of the soil characteristics or soil nutrient levels. The calcium
supplied through gypsum application is relatively water soluble (compared to other
calcium sources) and more readily available for uptake by peanut pegs and pods.
Each pod must absorb adequate calcium to develop normally.
Gypsum product materials vary in elemental calcium content. Studies show that all
forms of gypsum effectively supply needed calcium when used at rates that provide
equivalent calcium levels uniformly in the fruiting zone. General recommendations for
application rates are given in Table 3-8.
Table 3-8. Gypsum Sources and Application Rates
Source % CaSO4*
Application Rate (lb/acre)
Band (16-18 in) Broadcast
USG Ben Franklin 85 600 —
USG 420 Granular 83 — 1,215
USG 500 70 — 1,300
Super Gyp 85 85 — 1,200
TG Phosphogypsum 50 — 2,000
Agri Gypsum 60 — 1,800
Gyp Soil 85 — 1,200
*Guaranteed analysis percentage in registration with North Carolina Department of
Agriculture and Consumer Services.
2017 Peanut Information | 29
The use of gypsum on large-seeded peanuts is very effective in improving peanut
seed quality and grades. Some research data indicate that high rates of gypsum
may control or reduce the pod rot disease complex. Gypsum should not be broadcast
before land preparation or before planting because too much rain may leach the
calcium below the fruiting zone.
Best results are obtained when gypsum is applied in late June or early July. The
availability of calcium supplied by gypsum application is also influenced by the
amount of rainfall. Moisture is needed to make gypsum soluble and calcium available
to the peanut fruit. In unusually dry years, peanuts may show symptoms of calcium
deficiency, even when recommended rates of gypsum are applied.
Increasingly, there are questions concerning the need to apply gypsum as
supplemental calcium to peanuts. Sometimes peanuts do not respond to
supplemental calcium. Sometimes peanuts respond well to half the amount given in
Table 3-8. The interactions of environmental conditions, seed size, soil series, native
fertility, and soil moisture are unpredictable. However, for a consistent response over
a wide range of soil characteristics and weather conditions, the full rate of gypsum is
recommended for Virginia market types. Growers are encouraged to evaluate peanut
response to gypsum on their own farms before leaving off this input or reducing
rates below those presented in Table 3-8. Data from twelve trials (Table 3-9) indicate
that gypsum at rates below those recommended in Table 3-8 can, in some cases, be
effective.
Table 3-9. Pod Yield Following Application of Gypsum at 0.5 and 1 Times (X) the
Recommended Use Rate for Virginia Market Types.
Pod Yield (lb/acre)
No. of
Trials
Pod Yield (lb/acre)
No
Gypsum
0.5X
Gypsum
1.0X
Gypsum
Actual yield 12 3,970 4,510 4,590
Increase in yield over no-gypsum control — — 540 620
In some years, for example 2013, excessive rainfall occurred during June and July
after gypsum had been applied. If rainfall exceeding 5 inches occurs over a short
period of time within a few weeks after gypsum is applied, growers should consider
applying a rate of 0.5X the normal use rate to make sure sufficient calcium is in soil
during the entire period of reproductive growth. Likewise, if growers cannot get into
fields to apply gypsum on time due to wet soils, gypsum still needs to be applied
even if application is delayed until early to mid-August. While liquid calcium products
are available, they are not a substitute for gypsum.
There is also a question of whether or not the gypsum rate needs to be increased for
extremely large-seeded Virginia market type varieties, such as Gregory. Results from
2001 to 2005 at two locations, during each year, indicated that a rate of gypsum 1.5
times the recommended rate did not increase pod yield over the normal use rate in
30 | 2017 Peanut Information
most experiments. While the data did indicate that the large-seeded variety Gregory
was more responsive to gypsum than the much smaller-seeded variety NC-V 11,
there was no advantage to applying gypsum at rates exceeding those rates listed in
Table 3-8.
In recent years, runner market type varieties referred to as “jumbo runners”
have become more popular. These varieties, such as Georgia 06G, will require
supplemental calcium compared to the smaller-seeded runners like Georgia Green.
Growers should apply at least half the rate recommended for Virginia market types
(Table 3-8).
Manganese and Boron
Two other elements often found to be deficient in peanuts are manganese and boron.
Manganese deficiency usually occurs when soil is overlimed. Increasing the soil pH
reduces the plant’s uptake of manganese. The symptom of manganese deficiency is
interveinal chlorosis. This symptom can be confused with carryover of atrazine (from
corn) or Cotoran/Meturon (from cotton). A deficiency can be corrected by a foliar
application of manganese sulfate. The usual practice is to apply 3.5 to 4 pounds per
acre of dry material when the deficiency is observed.
Boron plays an important role in kernel quality and flavor. Boron deficiency may occur
in peanuts produced on deep, sandy soils. Deficient kernels are referred to as having
“hollow hearts.” The inner surfaces of the cotyledons are depressed and darkened,
so they are graded as damaged kernels. A general recommendation is to apply 0.5
pound of actual boron per acre as a foliar spray in early July. Several formulations
of boron are available. Some growers apply boron with their preplant incorporated
herbicides, and others have boron added to their fertilizers.
Growers are advised to make sure boron and manganese sources provide sufficient
elemental boron. Several liquid boron and manganese formulations are available.
Although liquid sources are more convenient to use than some dry products, some
of the liquid products contain only a fraction of the needed boron or manganese. The
amount of formulated product needed to supply 0.5 pound elemental boron per acre
is provided in Table 3-10. Similarly, the amount of formulated manganese product
needed to supply 1.0 pound of manganese per acre or two applications of 0.5 pounds
of manganese spaced 10 to 14 days apart is provided in Table 3-11. Lower rates of
boron or manganese are often applied for “maintenance.” Growers should make sure
the product they purchase supplies the amount of boron or manganese the plant
needs.
2017 Peanut Information | 31
Table 3-10. Amount of Formulated Product Needed to Provide Equivalent Amounts
of Elemental Boron per Acre
Source
Amount Needed to Supply
0.5 lb Boron per Acre
Boric acid 3.0 lb
Disodium octaborate (Solubor, 17.5% boron) 2.8 lb
Liquid (9.0% boron) 2.2 qt
Table 3-11. Amount of Formulated Manganese Products Needed to Provide
Equivalent Amounts of Elemental Manganese per Acre
Source
Amount Needed to Supply
1.0 lb Manganese per Acre
Manganese sulfate (Techmangum, 27% manganese) 3.7 lb
Manganese sulfate (8% manganese) 1.2 gal
The percentage of element (in this case, manganese or boron) or the weight of
the element per unit volume of product can be used to determine the amount of
liquid product needed to correct a nutrient deficiency. For example, if 1 pound of
manganese is needed per acre, the following formulas can be used to determine the
amount of 8% water-soluble manganese product needed per acre.
Step 1. Figure the weight of manganese per gallon by multiplying the
percentage of manganese in product in pounds by the weight of product in
pounds per gallon:
% manganese in product × lb product per gal = lb manganese per gal
Step 2. Figure the gallons of manganese product per acre by dividing the
desired amount of manganese in pounds per acre by the weight of the
manganese per gallon:
desired lb manganese per acre = gal manganese product per acre
lb manganese per gal
Example:
Step 1.
0.08 × 10.5 lb manganese sulfate per gal = 0.84 lb manganese sulfate per gal
Step 2.
1 lb manganese per acre desired = 1.2 gal 8% manganese product per acre
0.84 lb manganese per gal
32 | 2017 Peanut Information
LAND PREPARATION
Historically, peanut growers have planted into conventionally prepared seedbeds to
obtain a smooth, uniform, residue-free seedbed for planting. The effectiveness of
burial of old crop residue and weed seed in the long-term suppression of soilborne
diseases and short-term suppression of some weed problems was noted when
the moldboard plow was used. However, only 7% of acres were treated this way,
based on a 2009 survey in North Carolina (Table 3-12, in part because newer
plant protection products are very effective. There is also a growing trend toward
reduced-tillage crop production in North Carolina, and some growers are successfully
using these practices for peanut. There has also been a significant decrease in the
number of growers using moldboard plowing. Changes in tillage systems over the
past decade are presented in Table 3-12.
Table 3-12. Percentage of Farmers Using Certain Tillage Practices on at Least a
Portion of Their Farms
Tillage 1998 2004 2009 2014
Disk 90 78 71 75
Chisel 25 23 27 12
Moldboard plow 58 17 7 5
Field cultivate 75 55 42 44
Rip and bed 49 39 40 55
Bed 44 35 32 25
Reduced tillage 10 23 41 20
There is concern about stratification of nutrients in reduced-tillage systems. For
example, repeated applications of potassium in reduced-tillage cotton may result in
excessive amounts of this nutrient in the pegging zone when peanuts are planted
in a reduced-tillage system. Growers are encouraged to test soils for excessive
potassium levels and incorporate this nutrient with tillage, if needed.
Many peanut growers bed their peanut fields either in the fall or the spring. Many
growers prefer planting on raised beds rather than flat planting. The beds often give
faster germination and early growth, provide drainage, and may reduce pod losses
during digging. While reduced-tillage systems can be as successful as conventional-tillage
systems, reduced-tillage systems often have less consistent yields than
conventional-tillage systems. However, most peanut production has shifted to sandy
soils that respond more favorably to reduced-tillage systems. A summary of peanut
response to tillage is presented in Table 3-13.
2017 Peanut Information | 33
Table 3-13. Peanut Yield Response to Tillage Practices in North Carolina, 1999
to 2013. A positive value indicates that yield of peanut in conventional tillage
exceeded yield of peanut in reduced tillage.
No. of
Trials Years
Actual Yield
Difference
(lb/acre)
Yield
Difference
(%)
Range of
Yield Difference
(%)
65 1997–2013 +132 +3.4 -16.1 to +27.5
Table 3-14. Advisory Index for Determining the Risk of Peanut Yield in Reduced-
Tillage Systems Being Lower Than Yield in Conventional-Tillage Systems
Soil series
Roanoke and Craven…40 points
Goldsboro and Lynchburg…20 points
Norfolk…10 points
Conetoe and Wanda…0 points
Pod loss on finer-textured soils, such as those on the Roanoke and
Craven series, is often greater than on coarser-textured soils, such as
Conetoe and Wanda series, regardless of tillage system. Difficulty in
digging can increase when these soils become hard in the fall if rainfall
is limited.
Soil series
Your score:
Tillage intensity
No tillage into flat ground…35 points
Strip tillage into flat ground…10 points
Strip tillage into stale seedbeds…0 points
Peanut response to reduced-tillage systems is invariably correlated
with the degree of tillage. Efficient digging can be difficult when
peanuts are planted in flat ground in reduced-tillage systems. Although
fields may appear to be flat and uniformly level, often fields are more
rugged than they appear, and setting up the digger to match unforeseen
contours in the field can be difficult. Strip tillage into flat ground is a
better alternative than no tillage into flat ground, although digging
peanuts planted on flat ground can be more challenging regardless of
the tillage system. Strip tillage into preformed beds often results in
yields approaching those of conventional tillage.
Tillage
intensity
Your score:
Risk of yield being lower in reduced tillage than in conventional
tillage:
35 or Less—Low Risk
40 to 50—Moderate Risk
55 or more—High risk
Total index
value
Your score:
34 | 2017 Peanut Information
Because of concern about digging losses on finer-textured soils, it is recommended
that beds be established in the fall with a grass cover crop with peanuts strip-tilled
into previously prepared beds. Research during 2005 and 2006 demonstrated that
wheat, cereal (cover crop), rye, oats, and triticale can serve equally well as wheat
when used as a cover crop grown the winter and spring prior to planting peanuts.
A risk advisory index has been developed to assist growers in deciding the risk of
peanut yield in reduced-tillage systems being lower than yield in conventional-tillage
systems (Table 3-14). Research also suggests that prior cropping history generally
does not affect peanut response to tillage. However, peanuts are often more
responsive to tillage systems, primarily because of the digging requirement. The risk
advisory index has been modified from the initial version. A positive value indicates
that yield was higher in conventional tillage than in reduced tillage.
PLANTING
Varieties grown in North Carolina can require as many as 160 days for full pod
maturity, depending upon soil moisture and temperature. Along with yield and
market grades, planting date can affect disease and insect development (see
chapters 5 and 6). Less damage from thrips and lower incidence of tomato
spotted wilt virus have been associated with later plantings. Peanut yields are
often the highest when peanuts are planted in mid-May. However, in some years
peanuts planted later can yield quite well. Conditions in the fall, especially night
temperatures, can have a great impact on yield when they prevent peanut pods from
reaching optimum maturity.
Data for the variety Bailey during 2013 to 2016 exposed to three planting dates when
peanut was dug at optimum maturity based on pod mesocarp color are provided in
Table 3-15. Yield differences among planting dates were noted in all years. In most
years planting in mid-May resulted in the highest yields. When peanut was planted
in mid-June following wheat, yield was substantially lower compared with planting
in May (Table 3-16).
Table 3-15. Yield (lb/acre) of the Variety Bailey as Influenced by Planting Dates at
Lewiston-Woodville from 2013 to 2016.
Planting Date 2013 2014 2015 2016
May 3–4 4,955 5,114 4,816 3,848
May 16–19 6,123 4,524 6,337 5,009
May 28 6,352 3,898 4,001 4,481
2017 Peanut Information | 35
Table 3-16. Yield (lb/acre) of the Variety Bailey Planted in Early and Late May and
Following Wheat Harvest in Mid-June at Lewiston-Woodville from 2013 to 2016.
Planting Date 2013 2014 2015 2016
May 2 3,340 3,660 5,590 3,640
May 22 3,470 3,690 3,840 5,016
June 20 3,070 2,930 2,030 3,045
Seeding Rates and Twin Rows
Table 3-17 provides the conversion of seed per foot of row to pounds per acre in
order to establish the desired plant population for a given variety. Germination
percentage is not considered in this conversion, but it should be considered when
planning planting.
Table 3-17. Approximate Pounds of Peanut Seed Required per Acre to Provide 3, 4,
and 5 Seeds per Foot of Row on 36-Inch Rows
Variety Seed/lb
Pounds per Acre (36-inch rows)
3 Seeds/ft 4 Seeds/ft 5 Seeds/ft
Bailey 600 72 95 120
CHAMPS 535 76 102 135
Gregory 450 97 129 161
Sugg 575 76 101 126
Florida 07* 650 64 87 110
Georgia 06G* 650 64 87 110
Sullivan 575 76 101 126
Wynne 500 87 116 145
*Denotes runner market types. All other varieties are Virginia market types.
Table 3-18. Relationship Between In-row Plant Density (Seed per Linear Foot of
Row) and Total Number of Seed per Acre on 30-inch and 36-inch Rows.
Seed per Linear Foot 30 inch rows 36-inch rows
4 69,696 58,080
5 87,120 72,150
6 104,544 87,126
In the Southeast, less tomato spotted wilt virus has been associated with twin
row plantings than with single rows. Similar results have been observed in North
Carolina. Higher plant populations and closer row spacings often result in fewer
symptoms of virus. Pod yield of peanut in twin rows was higher than yield of single
rows by 235 pounds per acre (Table 3-19). Seeding peanuts in narrow rows or at
extremely high seeding rates has not increased yield over twin row plantings that
36 | 2017 Peanut Information
establish a plant population of five plants per foot of row (sum of both twin rows).
Although higher seeding rates are needed, and higher rates of in-furrow insecticide
and inoculant are required, twin rows tend to produce a greater taproot crop rather
than a limb crop. This can improve uniformity of harvested peanuts, and in a dry
season when peanut vines do not lap, this can result in higher yields. One of the
detriments of twin row plantings, especially with the higher plant populations, is
excessive vine growth, which can make digging more difficult.
Table 3-19. Peanut Yield Response to Twin Row Planting
Planting Pattern Pod Yield (pounds/acre)
Single Rows 3,760
Twin Rows 3,995
Difference 235
Number of Trials 20
IRRIGATION
Having adequate water available throughout the peanut life cycle is important for
optimal plant growth and development. Drought or flood can have tremendously
negative impacts on peanut yields and quality. Likewise, pest infestation and
severity of damage from these pests is influenced by available water, either in the
form of rainfall or irrigation. Understanding how environmental conditions, and in
particular irrigation, affect pest complexes is important in developing appropriate
management strategies. Although less than 20% of North Carolina peanut acreage
is irrigated, irrigation is a powerful production tool. Irrigation minimizes risk and
enhances consistency of yield. Additionally, irrigation improves consistency of
pesticide performance and in many ways the predictability of pest complexes. The
major production and pest management practices employed in North Carolina peanut
production are listed in Table 3-20, with brief comments on how irrigation or ample
rainfall affect efforts to manage pests or supply peanuts with adequate nutrition.
Research supported by the North Carolina Peanut Growers Association has been
conducted to determine the feasibility of subsurface drip irrigation. While there are
many logistical issues associated with this approach, data collected at Lewiston-
Woodville in corn, cotton, and peanut indicate that this approach to irrigation is
feasible. As expected, corn yield was affected more than cotton or peanut yield
by irrigation. Peanut yield was maintained more effectively than cotton in dry
years without irrigation. These data give a good indication of yield under growing
conditions where water is not limiting relative to dry-land production for these crops.
DETERMINING MATURITY
Maturity affects flavor, grade, milling quality, and shelf life. Not only do mature
peanuts have the quality characteristics that the consumer desires; they are also
worth more to the producer. However, the indeterminate fruiting pattern of peanuts
2017 Peanut Information | 37
Table 3-20. Impact of Irrigation on Production and Pest Management Strategies
Production or
Pest Management
Practice Benefits of Irrigation or Optimum Rainfall
Land preparation Helps in establishment of seedbeds, either conventional or reduced
tillage.
Seed germination Ensures germination of seed when existing soil moisture is marginal for
complete stand establishment.
Weed
management
Irrigation or adequate rainfall activates preemergence herbicides and
minimizes plant stress. Less moisture stress often enhances control by
postemergence herbicides and enables peanut to recover more rapidly
from herbicide damage.
Insect
management
Important for activation of in-furrow insecticides. Improves plant growth
and root establishment, which is important in absorption of in-furrow
insecticides. Improves peanut recovery from early season insect damage
and insecticide phytotoxicity. Increases likelihood of southern corn
rootworm survival and subsequent damage to pods but can protect
against damage from lesser cornstalk borer. Minimizes potential damage
from corn earworms and armyworms by establishment of a dense canopy
that can withstand damage from feeding. Reduces the likelihood of
spider mite damage by keeping spider mite populations low.
Disease
management
Wet conditions early in the season can favor infection of peanut by CBR,
but can minimize potential for crown rot. Irrigation increases likelihood of
having a favorable microclimate for development of foliar and soilborne
disease. A dense canopy that is supplemented by irrigation increases
humidity within the canopy and minimizes airflow, all of which favor
pathogen and disease development. Symptoms associated with tomato
spotted wilt of peanut are often more pronounced when peanuts are
growing under dry and especially hot conditions. Timely irrigation will
reduce plant stress and possibly enable plants to withstand tomato
spotted wilt more effectively than nonirrigated, water-stressed plants.
Pod maturation
Irrigation buffers against extremes in moisture and reduces stress
(heat and drought), which allows normal flower production and kernel
development. Maturation is more predictable and generally earlier.
Limited rainfall during reproductive growth often causes delays in
maturation and establishment of “multiple crops” or “split crops” on the
same plant. Sufficient rainfall is critical for complete kernel development
and pod fill. Limited soil moisture during flowering can reduce pegging.
Irrigation modeling programs often include soil temperature as a trigger
for irrigation during pegging.
Supplemental
calcium
Kernels need adequate calcium to become mature and completely
developed. Irrigation buffers against drought, which reduces calcium
concentration in soil water and mass flow movement into developing
pegs.
Digging
Ability to supply soil water to improve digging conditions (reduces
hardness of soil), improves digging efficiency, and minimizes pod loss
during the digging process.
38 | 2017 Peanut Information
makes it difficult to determine when optimum maturity occurs. The fruiting pattern
can vary considerably from year to year, mostly because of the weather. Therefore,
each field should be checked before digging begins.
The hull-scrape method, currently the most objective method, requires the use of
a peanut profile board that is available at county Extension centers. The peanut
profile board in Figure 3-1 was developed for runner market types grown in the
southeastern United States. A version of the peanut profile board was developed
for Virginia market types grown in the V-C Region (Figure 3-2). It is important to
follow a specific maturity prediction method to achieve maximum dollar value
for peanuts. Also, expression of the high oleic trait is lower in immature kernels
compared to kernels that are older and more fully developed. To ensure the benefits
and uniformity of high oleic expression in the cultivars Sullivan and Wynne, digging
peanut as close to optimum maturity is advised.
Heat units, or growing degree days (DD), can be a means of determining maturity.
One growing degree day (base 56°F) accumulates when the average daily high
and low temperature is 57°F. If the average daily high and low temperatures were
76°F, then 20 growing degree days accumulate for that day. Research has shown
that 2,520 to 2,770 growing degree days are needed for Virginia market types to
mature if soil moisture is not limiting. Variation in heat unit accumulation for 2009
to 2015 is presented in Table 3-20. Pod maturation generally ceases in the fall
when night temperatures are in the mid- to high 40s for two nights in a row. Even
though day temperatures may increase considerably, the plant seldom recovers from
these cooler night temperatures. In 2011 at Lewiston-Woodville, low temperatures
ranged from 44 to 47°F from October 1 to 4 and essentially eliminated any further
maturation of pods. During 2012 at this location, daily lows of 46°F were noted on
two consecutive days (September 24 and 25). Temperature was between 42 and
45°F on four consecutive days from October 11 to October 14, 2012. However, during
2012 temperature and heat units in early October increased considerably compared
with other years, allowing peanut to continue maturing.
Table 3-21. Average Heat Unit Accumulation per Day (DD56) from May 16 through
November 1 at Lewiston-Woodville for Various Categories
Time period
Average for the Interval Described
2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
May 16–Jun. 15 17.8 19.1 20.7 15.4 17.6 15.9 19.5 16.4
Jun. 16–Jul. 15 20.1 24.5 25.2 23.0 21.2 22.5 25.5 21.7
Jul. 16–Aug. 15 22.9 26.3 28.0 24.8 22.4 18.9 23.5 25.6
Aug. 16–Sep. 15 18.5 20.9 21.3 20.2 20.9 20.0 23.5 21.9
Sep. 16–Oct. 15 11.9 14.4 11.1 20.3 10.6 11.1 12.8 13.9
Oct. 16–Nov. 1 7.1 9.3 1.3 4.5 3.8 2.9 2.8 7.3
2017 Peanut Information | 39
Figure 3-1. The traditional profile board shown below was developed for runner
market type production in the Southeastern United States.
Figure 3-2. The peanut profile board shown below was developed for Virginia
market types.
40 | 2017 Peanut Information
Pod yields from 2012 to 2014 for the variety Bailey are presented over six digging
dates starting in early September and occurring on intervals of approximately one
week (Figure 3-3). While yields increased as digging was delayed during 2012 and
2013 well into October, a more typical yield curve for digging trials was observed in
2014. Many peanut fields had a very “tight” maturity profile during 2014 compared
with previous years. Although this characteristic can increase yield and market
grades, if digging is delayed past the optimum window, yield can decrease more
rapidly. A typical response of peanut to digging date can also be seen for the variety
Gregory and includes both yield and key market grade factors (Figure 3-4). Research
during 2016 compared yield of Bailey, Wynne, and Sullivan planted in mid-May and
dug September 8, 16, and 29 and October 14. Maturity of these varieties varied
little when comparing pod mesocarp color, and there was no interaction of variety
and digging date. When averaged over varieties, delaying digging from September
8 to September 16 resulted in a yield increase from 4,166 pounds per acre to 5,037
pounds per acre. Yield varied only slightly (5,037 versus 4,967 pounds per acre)
when delaying digging from September 16 to September 29. However, when dug
on October 14, yield decreased by 1,037 pounds per acre compared with yield on
September 29. This amount of yield loss was not uncommon in some areas of North
Carolina following Hurricane Matthew. This weather event occurred when maturity
of peanut in many fields was slightly past the optimum digging date. The additional
delay of one more week resulted in shed of many of the mature pods during digging.
Although market grade characteristics often remain high when peanuts are dug later
in the fall, yield is often lower due to pod shed. A balance between digging too soon
and digging before frost or inclement weather needs to be reached to maximize yield
and quality.
At harvest, growers should follow the weather forecast closely and not dig peanuts
when freezing temperatures are expected. It is also important to have adequate
harvesting and curing equipment so that the peanut crop can be handled within a
reasonable period of time. At least three days, and in many cases more than three
days, are needed between the time of digging and frost to allow sufficient drying to
prevent freeze damage.
Digging and harvest capacity for growers are important to consider. The speed at
which growers can plant peanuts is not the same as the time and labor it takes
to dig, combine, dry, and haul peanuts. Most crops require a one-step process to
harvest, while peanuts require two stages. Soil conditions during digging must be
ideal to effectively remove peanuts from the soil and invert vines. Growers need to
realistically determine the amount of time these operations will require.
With respect to digging, it is estimated that with four-row equipment and six-row
equipment, 30 and 40 acres can be dug per day if growers dig for 10 hours a day
driving at 3 mph with no interruptions. A six-row self-propelled combine can harvest
2017 Peanut Information | 41
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
128 135 146 153 160
Yield
ELK
TSMK
Digging Date (days after planting)
Percent of Maximum Yield
Figure 3-4. Pod yield (lb/acre) and percentages of extra large kernels (ELK) and
total sound mature kernels (TSMK) for the variety Gregory to digging date. Data are
from 18 trials during 2003–2013.
Figure 3-3. Response of the variety Bailey to digging date. Peanut was planted
approximately May 3 during 2012, 2013, and 2014.
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
10-Sep 17-Sep 24-Sep 1-Oct 8-Oct 15-Oct
2012
2013
2014
Digging Date
Percent of Maximum Yield
42 | 2017 Peanut Information
20 acres in a day driving at 1.5 mph, while four- and six-row pull-type combines
can harvest 15 to 20 acres in a day, respectively. Weather conditions can have a
tremendous impact on the number of hours peanut can be dug and combined in a
given day, and the estimates provided here relative to time represent a best-case
scenario.
As stated previously, both planting and digging date can have an impact on peanut
yield and quality. Disease can have an impact on peanut response to digging date.
Results with Dr. Barbara Shew from research conducted with the variety Gregory
over six years demonstrate the value of digging peanut at optimum maturity (October
15 and controlling foliar disease (five-spray fungicide program) (Table 3-22). Yield
increased by 400 to 550 lb/acre over the three digging intervals (September 20 to
October 15).
Digging very early resulted in lower yields even when disease was controlled.
The balance between pod loss from disease and immature peanut resulted in no
difference in yield across digging dates. See Chapter 6 for more information on
disease management in peanuts.
Table 3-22. Percent Canopy Defoliation, Pod Yield, and Percentage of Extra Large
Kernels for the Variety Gregory as Influenced by the Interaction of Digging Date
and Fungicide
Digging date
Fungicide program
None 2 sprays 5 sprays
Canopy defoliation (%)
September 20 22 c 9 d 3 e
October 5 38 b 15 d 3 e
October 15 57 a 41 b 4 e
Pod yield (pounds/acre)
September 20 3200 de 3,280 cd 3,540 bc
October 5 3230 d 3,290 cd 3,680 ab
October 15 2930 e 3,330 cd 3,880 a
Extra large kernels (%)
September 20 48 f 48 f 50 e
October 5 51 d 50 e 53 b
October 15 52 c 52 c 54 a
Means followed by the same letter are not significantly different, according to Fisher’s
Protected LSD test at p < 0.05. Data are pooled over six experiments.
2017 Peanut Information | 43
Adequate control of thrips continues to be very important to optimize yield in North
Carolina. A trial was conducted during 2013 with the variety Bailey to determine
the influence of planting date on thrips control and peanut yield with combinations
of Thimet applied in the seed furrow and acephate applied two weeks after peanut
emergence. While several interactions were noted, the value of adequate thrips
control is summarized in Table 3-23. While both Thimet and acephate protected
yield, the combination of both insecticides provided the greatest protection of yield.
Thrips pressure was high during 2013 at this location during all of May and well into
June. During 2014, results were slightly different than in 2013. The value of acephate
was less pronounced in 2014 with the in-furrow treatment the most effective
approach. Thrips injury was higher in 2013 than 2014 and most likely contributed to
the minor impact of acephate on yield. Peanut did not respond to insecticide during
2015. While this was surprising, in some years peanuts are able to recover quickly
from thrips feeding and yield is not reduced. In 2016, either Thimet or acephate
increased yield about the same with the combination of both insecticides increasing
yield only slight more than wither product alone.
Thrips damage is generally more severe with early plantings in North Carolina due
to cooler weather early in the season, which slows peanut growth and allows thrips
damage to have a greater impact on plant recovery. Thrips populations can be lower
when peanuts emerge from later plantings.
In a second trial involving planting dates at this location, the value of treating seed
with fungicide was apparent relative to peanut yield at all three planting dates
(Table 3-24). Yield was most likely lower due to poorer stands and less seedling vigor
when seed was not treated with fungicide. Soil was cold and damp during early
and mid-May. The lower stands and yields when planting during that period of time
were clearly demonstrated when seed without a fungicide treatment were planted.
Drs. Brandenburg and Shew will have more information on thrips management and
seedling disease management in their respective chapters.
44 | 2017 Peanut Information
Table 3-23. Interactions of Thimet and Acephate Spray Programs at Lewiston-Woodville during 2013, 2014, and 2015.
Insecticide 2013 2014 2015 2016
In-furrow
Post-emergence
Thrips
Damage
(Scale 0-5)
Pod Yield in
lb/acre
(yield
increase
over
nontreated
control)
Thrips
Damage
(Scale 0-5)
Pod Yield in
lb/acre
(yield
increase
over
nontreated
control)
Thrips
Damage
(Scale 0-5)
Pod Yield in
lb/acre
(yield
increase
over
nontreated
control)
Thrips
Damage
(Scale 0-5)
Pod Yield in
lb/acre
(yield
increase
over
nontreated
control)
No Thimet No acephate 3.3 5,232 2.3 4,741 2.6 5,238 2.4 4,823
Thimet No acephate 1.1 5,651 (384) 0.7 4,982 (241) 0.8 5,246 (8) 0.7 5,074 (251)
No Thimet acepthate 1.7 5,642 (278) 1.0 4,780 (39) 1.0 5,295 (49) 1.1 5,015 (192)
Thimet acephate 0.5 5,878 (645) 0.4 4,972 (231) 0.3 5,278 (40) 0.3 5,115 (292)
Data are pooled over planting dates.
2017 Peanut Information | 45
Table 3-24. Influence of Planting Date and Fungicide Seed Treatment on Peanut
Stand and Pod Yield at Lewiston-Woodville during 2013, 2014, and 2015. Data are
pooled over insecticide treatments.
Planting Date
Peanut Stand
(Plants/20 ft of row)
Pod yield
(lb/acre)
Fungicide Seed Treatment Fungicide Seed Treatment
No Yes No Yes
2013
May 4 56 80 2,597 4,544
May 16 55 72 4,736 5,420
May 28 71 86 5,273 6,001
2014
May 4 21 52 3,937 4,860
May 19 36 56 4,148 4,476
May 28 17 48 3,022 4,187
2015
May 4 45 95 4,024 4,535
May 19 73 102 5,703 5,803
May 28 75 83 4,912 5,503
2016
May 2 3 77 680 4,735
May 19 3 67 1,336 5,723
May 28 66 80 4,334 4,833
RUNNER MARKET TYPES
There is some demand for runner market type peanut production in North Carolina.
Part of this interest is related to market demand and sheller operations in the region.
Runner production is also appealing to some growers because of potential savings
in production of runners compared with Virginia market type peanuts (approximately
110 pounds of seed for runners versus 125 to 160 pounds of seed for Virginia market
types and lower requirements for supplemental calcium by runner market types).
Yield of runner market types often perform as well as the Virginia types.
46 | 2017 Peanut Information
CULTURAL PRACTICES AND TOMATO SPOTTED WILT VIRUS
Tomato spotted wilt virus can be a problem in North Carolina, with no control
practices available after peanuts have been planted. Planting peanuts in reduced-tillage
systems (no till or strip till), seeding peanuts at higher rates (establishing four
or more plants per row foot in single rows), planting twin rows, applying Thimet or
Phorate in furrow, delaying planting until mid-May, planting tolerant varieties, and
maintaining good soil fertility can lessen the impact of tomato spotted wilt on peanut
growth and yield. However, each of these cultural practices presents a range of
risks and benefits. A tomato spotted wilt virus advisory, AG-638, Managing Tomato
Spotted Wilt Virus in Peanuts in North Carolina and Virginia, was initially prepared in
2003 with an updated version of the advisory provided in Chapter 5.
PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
Apogee and Kudos (prohexadione calcium) are registered for use in peanuts.
Research has demonstrated that prohexadione calcium improves row definition,
which can lead to increased efficiency in the digging and inversion process.
Prohexadione calcium should be applied when 50% of vines from adjacent rows
are touching. Sequential applications (7.2 ounces per acre followed by 7.2 ounces
per acre) spaced two to three weeks apart are generally needed. Include crop oil
concentrate and nitrogen solution (UAN) or ammonium sulfate with prohexadione
calcium. Depending upon growing conditions, soil fertility, frequency of rainfall
and irrigation, and variety selection, row visibility obtained in mid-August may not
be sufficient through digging. Research suggests that in addition to increased row
visibility, prohexadione calcium minimizes pod shed and pod loss during digging
and harvesting operations. When pooled over 121 trials from 1997 to 2014, yield
following two applications of prohexadione calcium was 96 pounds per acre
higher than yield from nontreated peanut (4,223 versus 4,319 pounds per acre).
Some environmental conditions and subsequent vine growth were not excessive
in some of the trials in this data set, suggesting that the yield difference may
be underestimated. However, in recent years with the variety Bailey, very few
differences in yield with prohexadione calcium have been noted. While Apogee
always improves row visibility, this characteristic has not always translated into yield
increases with prohexadione calcium. The lack of yield response may be associated
with pod retention for Bailey, which would limit the value of prohexadione calcium in
terms of yield increase.
The peanut industry is transitioning to varieties expressing the high oleic trait
(Sullivan and Wynne). Sullivan may become a widely used variety in the coming
years. The morphological or growth habit of Sullivan is different from that of Bailey
in that its foliage is less robust than Bailey’s growth habit. This characteristic may
minimize the need for prohexadione calcium in terms of row visibility.
2017 Peanut Information | 47
4. PEANUT WEED MANAGEMENT
David L. Jordan
Extension Specialist—Department of Crop and Soil Sciences
Effective weed management is essential for profitable peanut production. Peanuts are
not very competitive with weeds and thus require higher levels of weed control than
most other agronomic crops to avoid yield losses. Weeds may also decrease digging
efficiency, so effective late-season weed control can minimize losses during harvest.
A weed management program in peanuts consists of good weed control in rotational
crops; cultivation, if needed; establishment of a satisfactory stand and growing a
competitive crop; and proper selection and use of herbicides. Finally, weeds interfere
with fungicide movement into the peanut canopy, often referred to as deposition, and
this can negatively affect disease control.
CROP ROTATION
Rotate peanuts with corn or cotton to help manage various pests, including weeds.
Crop rotation allows the use of different herbicides on the same field in different
years. Crop and herbicide rotation, along with good weed control in the rotational
crops, helps prevent the buildup of problem weeds and helps keep the overall
weed population at lower levels. Crop rotation will also help reduce the chance of
developing populations of weeds that are resistant to herbicides.
CULTIVATION
Cultivation is an excellent way to supplement chemical weed control. One or
two “non-dirting” cultivations can improve weed control. Additionally, cultivation
in combination with banded herbicide applications can reduce costs. However,
cultivation can damage the crop and reduce yield if not done properly. Moving soil
onto the lower branches and around the base of the plants causes physical damage
and enhances development of stem and pod diseases. Deep cultivation also destroys
residual herbicide barriers and brings up additional weed seeds. Cultivate when
peanuts are small. Set sweeps to run flat and shallow to avoid throwing soil onto the
peanut plants. Generally, in-season cultivation of peanuts is not recommended.
WEED SCOUTING
All fields, regardless of the crop being grown, should be surveyed for weeds between
mid-August and the first killing frost. Record the weed species present and note the
general level of infestation of each species (light, moderate, or heavy). Weeds present
in the fall will be the ones most likely to be problems the following year. Knowing
48 | 2017 Peanut Information
what problems to expect allows you to better plan a weed management program for
the following crop.
Scout peanut fields weekly from planting through mid-July to determine if or when
postemergence herbicide treatment is needed. Proper weed identification is necessary
because species respond differently to various herbicides. Contact your county
Extension center for aid in weed identification. Timely application of postemergence
herbicides is critical for effective control. Cultivation may be more appropriate if
herbicide-resistant biotypes increase in prevalence.
WebHADSS (Herbicide Application Decision Support System), a computer-based
program designed to assist in making decisions pertaining to postemergence herbicide
applications, is available online through NC State Extension (www.webhadss.ncsu.
edu). Weed density, predicted crop value, predicted weed-free crop yield, herbicide
and application costs, and herbicide efficacy are used to develop a ranking of the
economics of herbicide options for a specific weed complex. This approach does not
consider the long-term effect of weed seed production if weeds are not controlled.
More importantly, allowing herbicide-resistant biotypes to reproduce, especially when
they are first appearing in fields, can result in a tremendous long-term problem. The
patchiness of weeds in each field and the time needed to scout fields are limitations
to this approach. However, this decision support system is beneficial in explaining
herbicide options. Listed below are the competitive index values assigned to weeds
typically found in North Carolina peanut fields (Table 4-1). Cocklebur, with a ranking of
10, is considered the most competitive weed in peanut.
Table 4-1. Competitive Indices for Weeds in Peanut*
Weed Rank Weed Rank
Common cocklebur 10.0 Fall panicum 1.8
Jimsonweed 5.8 Florida pusley 1.5
Common lambsquarters 5.2 Tropic croton 1.2
Smartweed 4.7 Dayflower 1.2
Redroot pigweed 4.0 Common purslane 1.2
Common ragweed 3.8 Prickly sida 1.2
Sicklepod 3.6 Horsenettle 1.1
Pitted morningglory 3.6 Yellow nutsedge 0.3
Entireleaf morningglory 3.2 Purple nutsedge 0.2
Velvetleaf 3.0 Goosegrass 0.2
Broadleaf signalgrass 1.8 Crabgrass 0.2
Eclipta 1.8
*10 = most competitive weed
2017 Peanut Information | 49
The combined effect of interference by the weed complex is used to predict yield loss
in the WebHADSS program. For example, a weed complex containing one Palmer
amaranth, five yellow nutsedge, four broadleaf signalgrass, and one sicklepod per
100 square feet (33 feet of row with rows spaced 3 feet apart) would reduce peanut
yield by 16%, based on a projected weed-free yield of 4,500 pounds per acre (Table
4-2). Using WebHADSS and given a crop value of $535 per ton, adequate growing
conditions (good soil moisture for satisfactory herbicide performance), and large size
weeds (at least 4 inches tall), WebHADSS would provide the suggestions in Table
4-3 with various economic returns. In this example, peanuts were planted May 6 and
emerged May 14. The field was scouted June 4 and herbicide sprayed soon thereafter.
Although issues relative to accuracy and time required for weed scouting do exist, the
WebHADSS program does allow a relatively quick and clear comparison of herbicide
options while taking herbicide efficacy, herbicide cost, and economic return from that
investment into account.
Table 4-2. Potential Yield and Economic Losses if Weeds Are Not Controlled as
Compared to Weed-Free Peanuts*
Weed Species Population
Yield Loss
(lb per acre)
Yield Loss
(% of weed-free
yield)
Economic Loss
($ per acre)
Palmer amaranth 1 180 4.0 48
Sicklepod 1 162 3.6 43
Signalgrass 4 324 7.2 87
Yellow nutsedge 5 66 1.5 18
Total Estimated Loss 734 16.3 196
*Anticipated yield of 4,500 pounds per acre and crop value of $535 per ton farmer stock
peanuts.
Table 4-3. Ranking of Selected Herbicide Options Considering Efficacy and
Economics*
Herbicide
Gain by Applying
Herbicide
($ per acre)
Cost of Weed
Control
($ per acre)
Paraquat 170 5.1
Cadre + 2,4-DB 144 29
Clethodim then Storm + 2,4-DB 121 33
*Herbicide options other than these were listed. Includes adjuvant and application costs.
Follow up applications of herbicides would be needed in most fields to obtain season-long
weed control.
50 | 2017 Peanut Information
COMMENTS ON PEANUT HERBICIDES
Preplant Burndown Herbicides
Glyphosate (various formulations) and Gramoxone SL (other formulations are
available) are relatively nonselective herbicides that control many of the winter
weeds present in reduced tillage fields (Table 4-4). Harmony Extra and 2,4-D (various
formulations) can also be applied. Harmony Extra can be applied no closer to planting
than 45 days before planting. 2,4-D should be applied at least 30 days before planting.
Preplant Incorporated, Preemergence, and Postemergence Herbicides
Numerous herbicides are labeled for use in peanuts (Tables 4-5, 4-6, 4-7). Timely
application of the appropriate herbicide at the correct rate is essential for successful
weed control in peanuts. Additional information on feeding restrictions of peanut hay
(Table 4-8), suggested rain-free period to maintain control (Table 4-9), and rotation
restrictions on herbicide use (Table 4-10) are provided.
Reduced Rates of Herbicides
When crop prices are low, producers are looking for ways to reduce production
costs. One possibility is to reduce the application rate of herbicides. Under certain
environmental conditions and with certain weed species or weed complexes, specific
herbicides can be applied below the manufacturer’s suggested use rate without
sacrificing weed control. However, growers are cautioned that herbicides applied at
reduced rates often do not control weeds adequately when environmental conditions
(soil moisture in particular) do not favor herbicide activity. Applying herbicides at
reduced rates to large weeds or weeds that are “hardened” often results in poor
control as well. Weeds can also be more difficult to control if they were injured by
herbicide with previous treatment. Using reduced rates will require that growers apply
herbicides in a more timely manner and when weeds are not stressed. Regardless
of the previously mentioned factors relative to reduced rates, manufacturers of
herbicides will not back up their products when they are applied below the suggested
use rate. Liability falls exclusively to the grower.
COMPATIBILITY OF AGROCHEMICALS
Compatibility is an important consideration when applying two or more products in
the same tank. See Chapter 9 for more information on agrochemical compatibility.
Consult product labels, Chapter 9, and your local Extension agent for more information
on agricultural chemical compatibility.
2017 Peanut Information | 51
Table 4-4. Weed Responses to Herbicides Applied Prior to Peanut Planting in
Reduced Tillage Systems1,3
Species
Gramoxone SL
Glyphosate
2,4-D
Glyphosate +
Harmony Extra
Glyphosate +
2,4-D
Glyphosate +
Valor SX2
Bluegrass GE E N E E E
Buttercup E E G E E E
Chickweed E E P E E E
Curly dock NP E F E FG G
Geranium GE PF PF GE F GE
Henbit E E FG E E E
Horseweed PF GE GE E E E
Mustard FG FG GE GE E E
Primrose PF F E FG E G
Ryegrass G E N E E E
Small grains GE E N E E E
Swinecress P FG F GE G E
1 Gramoxone SL can be applied after peanut emergence; see notes in Table 4-7. Glyphosate
(various formations) can be applied at or before ground cracking. 2,4-D (various
formulations) should be applied 3 or more weeks before planting. Harmony Extra cannot be
applied closer than 45 days prior to planting. See specific product labels for tank mixtures
with these herbicides.
2 Valor SX can be applied prior to planting up to 2 days after planting. See product label for
information on sprayer cleanout.
3 E = excellent control, 90% or better; G = good control, 80 to 90%; F = fair control, 50 to 80%;
P = poor control, 25 to 50%; N = no control, less than 25%.
52 | 2017 Peanut Information
CHEMICAL WEED CONTROL IN PEANUTS
Control of witchweed is part of the State/Federal Quarantine Program. Contact the
N.C. Department of Agriculture, Plant Industry Division, at 1-800-206-9333.
Table 4-5. Chemical Weed Control in Peanuts
Herbicide and
Formulation
Pounds Active
Ingredient
Per Acre Precautions and Remarks
Preplant Incorporated, Annual grasses and small-seeded broadleaf weeds
alachlor, MOA 15
(Intrro 4 EC)
2 to 3
(2 to 3 qt)
Incorporate no deeper than 2 inches; see label
for specific instructions. Unless shallowly
incorporated, Intrro is more consistently
effective when applied preemergence. Weak
on Texas panicum. Do not apply more than 3
qt of Intrro per acre per season. Before using
Intrro, check with buyers to determine if there
are marketing restrictions on Intrro-treated
peanuts.
acetochlor, MOA 15
(Warrant 3 ME)
0.94 to 1.5
(1.25 to 2 qt)
Apply and incorporate in top 2 inches of soil. Do
not apply more than 4 qt of Warrant per acre
per year.
ethalfluralin, MOA 3
(Sonalan 3 EC)
0.56 to 0.75
(1.5 to 2 pt)
Controls common annual grasses including
Texas panicum. Use 3 pt Prowl or 2 pt
ethalfluralin for control of broadleaf signalgrass,
Texas panicum, and fall panicum. Incorporate
3 inches deep for Texas panicum; otherwise,
incorporate 2 to 3 inches deep. See labels for
maximum waiting period between application
and incorporation. Immediate incorporation is
best. Dual Magnum, Outlook, or Warrant may
be tank mixed with Prowl or Sonalanto suppress
yellow nutsedge.
pendimethalin, MOA 3
(Prowl H2O 3.8 EC)
(Prowl 3.3 EC)
0.71 to 1.43
(1.5 to 3 pt)
(1.7 to 3.5 pt)
Peplant Incorporated, Annual grasses, small-seeded broadleaf weeds, and nutsedge
dimethenamid, MOA 15
(Outlook 6.0 L)
0.75 to 1
(16 to 21 fl oz)
Apply and incorporate in top 2 inches of soil
within 14 days of planting. Use high rate of Dual
Magnum, Dual, or Outlook for yellow nutsedge
and broadleaf signalgrass. Not effective on
purple nutsedge. Weak on Texas panicum. May
be tank mixed with Prowl or Sonalan.
metolachlor, MOA 15
(Dual Magnum 7.62 EC)
(Dual 8 EC)
0.95 to 1.27
(1 to 1.33 pt)
(1.5 to 2 pt)
2017 Peanut Information | 53
Table 4-5. Chemical Weed Control in Peanuts
Herbicide and
Formulation
Pounds Active
Ingredient
Per Acre Precautions and Remarks
Preplant Incorporated, Broadleaf weeds and suppression of nutsedge
diclosulam, MOA 2
(Strongarm 84 WDG)
0.024
(0.45 oz)
Effective on common cocklebur, morningglory,
common ragweed, eclipta, and common
lambsquarters. Suppresses yellow and purple
nutsedge. Does not control sicklepod. More
effective when applied in combination with
Dual, Outlook, Warrant, Prowl, or Sonalan. See
label for rotation restrictions, especially corn
and grain sorghum. Growers are cautioned that
Strongarm can occasionally injure cotton the
following year on soils with a shallow hardpan
(less than 10 inches) and/or loam soils. Cotton
grown under early season stress resulting from
conditions such as excessively cool, wet, dry,
or crusted soils may be particularly susceptable
to carryover of Strongarm. The rotation interval
between applying Strongarm to peanut and
then planting cotton is 18 months in Camden,
Currituck, Pasquotank, and Perquimans
counties. Some weed species have developed
resistance to Strongarm including common
rageweed and Palmer amaranth.
Preplant Incorporated, Annual grasses, broadleaf weeds, and suppression of nutsedge
diclosulam, MOA 2
Strongarm
+
pendimethalin, MOA 3
(Prowl H2O 3.8 EC)
(Prowl 3.3 EC)
or
ethalfluralin, MOA 3
(Sonalan 3 EC)
or
metolachlor, MOA 15
(Dual Magnum 7.62 EC)
(Dual 8 EC)
or
dimethenamid
(Outlook 6.0 L)
or
acetochlor
(Warrant 3 ME)
0.024
(0.45 oz)
+
0.71 to 1.43
(1.5 to 3 pt)
(1.7 to 3.5 pt)
or
0.56 to 0.75
(1.5 to 2 pt)
or
0.95 to 1.27
(1 to 1.33 pt)
(1.5 to 2 pt)
or
0.75 to 1
(16 to 21 fl oz)
or
0.95 to 1.5
(1.24 to 2 qt)
Effective on annual grasses, common cocklebur,
common ragweed, eclipta, morningglory, and
common lambsquarters. Supresses purple and
yellow nutsedge. Does not control sicklepod.
See Strongarm label for rotation restrictions.
54 | 2017 Peanut Information
Table 4-5. Chemical Weed Control in Peanuts
Herbicide and
Formulation
Pounds Active
Ingredient
Per Acre Precautions and Remarks
PPI followed by PRE, Annual grasses, broadleaf weeds, and supression of nutsedge
pendimethalin, MOA 3
(Prowl H2O 3.8 EC)
(Prowl 3.3 EC)
or
ethalfluralin, MOA 3
(Sonalan 3 EC)
or
metolachlor, MOA 15
(Dual Magnum 7.62 EC)
(Dual 8 EC)
or
dimethenamid, MOA 15
(Outlook 6.0L)
or
acetochlor, MOA 15
(Warrant 3 ME)
followed by
diclosulam, MOA 2
(Strongarm 84 WDG)
or
flumioxazin, MOA 14
(Valor SX 51 WDG)
0.71 to 1.43
(1.5 to 3 pt)
(1.7 to 3.5 pt)
or
0.56 to 0.75
(1.5 to 2 pt)
or
0.95 to 1.27
(1 to 1.33 pt)
(1.5 to 2 pt)
or
0.75 to 1
(16 to 21 oz)
or
0.95 to 1.5
(1.24 to 2 qt)
0.024
0.45 oz
or
0.063
(2 oz)
Controls most broadleaf weeds. Will not control
sicklepod and is marginal on certain large-seeded
broadleaf weeds. Do not incorporate
Valor SX. Valor SX should be applied to the soil
surface immediately after planting. Significant
injury can occur if flumioxazin is incorporated
or applied 3 or more days after planting.
Significant injury from Valor SX has been noted
in some years even when applied according
to label recommendations. However, injury is
generally transient and does not affect yield.
See previous comments about cotton response
to Strongarmapplied the previous year on some
soils. Up to 3 oz per acre of Valor SX can be
applied to peanut but injury potential increases.
See product label for sprayer cleanup before
other uses.
Split application (PPI + POST), Most broadleaf weeds and nutsedge
imazethapyr, MOA 2
(Pursuit 2 AS)
0.031 + 0.031
(2 + 2 oz)
Effective on most common broadleaf weeds
and yellow and purple nutsedge. Does not
control eclipta, lambsquarters, ragweed, or
croton. Pursuit will usually control seedling
johnsongrass and foxtails. For control of other
annual grasses, Pursuit may be tank mixed
with Dual Magnum, Dual, Outlook, Prowl
H2O, Prowl, or Sonalan and incorporated.
See label for incorporation directions and
rotational restrictions. Some weed species
have developed resistance to Pursuit. Research
in N.C. has generally shown more effective
control of a broader spectrum of weeds with
split applications of half of the Pursuit applied
preplant incorporated followed by the other half
applied early postemergence.
2017 Peanut Information | 55
Table 4-5. Chemical Weed Control in Peanuts
Herbicide and
Formulation
Pounds Active
Ingredient
Per Acre Precautions and Remarks
Preemergence, Annual grasses and small-seeded broadleaf weeds
alachlor, MOA 15
(Intrro 4 EC)
2 to 3
(2 to 3 qt)
Apply as soon after planting as possible. All four
herbicides are weak on Texas panicum. Before
using Inntro, check with buyers to determine
if there are marketing restrictions on Intrro-treated
peanuts.
dimethenamid, MOA 15
(Outlook 6.0 L)
0.75 to 1
(16 to 21 fl oz)
metolachlor, MOA 15
(Dual Magnum 7.62 EC)
(Dual 8 EC)
0.95 to 1.27
(1 to 1.33 pt)
(1.5 to 2 pt)
acetochlor
(Warrant 3 ME)
0.95 to 1.5
(1.25 to 2 qt)
Preemergence, Broadleaf weeds
flumioxazin, MOA 14
(Valor SX 51 WDG)
0.063
2 oz
Apply within 2 days after planting. Significant
injury can occur if Valor SX is incorporated or
applied 3 or more days after seeding. Controls
carpetweed, common lambsquarters, Florida
pusley, nightshade, pigweeds, prickly sida, and
spotted spurge. Does not control sicklepod,
yellow and purple nutsedge, or annual grasses.
Morningglory control is marginal where Valor
SX is applied at 2 oz per acre. Significant
injury from Valor SX has been noted in some
years even when applied according to label
recommendations. However, injury is generally
transient and does not affect yield. Injury may
occur if excessive and forceful rainfall occurs
when peanut is emerging. Peanut recovers from
injury by midseason in most instances. Up to 3
oz per acre of Valor SX can be applied to peanut,
but injury potential increases. See product label
for comments on sprayer cleanup before other
uses.
56 | 2017 Peanut Information
Table 4-5. Chemical Weed Control in Peanuts
Herbicide and
Formulation
Pounds Active
Ingredient
Per Acre Precautions and Remarks
Preemergence, Annual grasses, broadleaf weeds, and suppression of nutsedge
flumioxazin, MOA 14
(Valor SX 51 WDG)
+
metolachlor, MOA 15
(Dual Magnum 7.62 EC)
(Dual 8 EC)
or
dimethenamid, MOA 15
(Outlook 6.0L)
or
acetlochlor, MOA 15
(Warrant 3 ME)
0.063
(2 oz)
+
0.95 to 1.27
(1 to 1.33 pt)
1.5 to 2 pt)
or
0.75 to 1
(16 to 21 fl oz)
or
0.94 to 1.5
(1.25 to 2 qt)
Apply within 2 days after planting. Significant
injury can occur if applied 3 or more days after
planting. The combination of Valor SX and Dual,
Dual Magnum, Warrant, or Outlook does not
control sicklepod but will control annual grasses
(except Texas panicum) and will suppress
yellow nutsedge. Valor SX and Warrant will
not suppress yellow nutsedge. Significant
injury from Valor SX has been noted in some
years even when applied according to label
recommendations. However, injury is generally
transient and does not affect yield. Injury may
occur if excessive and forceful rainfall occurs
when peanut is emerging. Peanut recovers from
injury by midseason in most instances. Up to 3
oz per acre of Valor SX can be applied to peanut
but injury potential increases. See product label
for comments on sprayer cleanup before other
uses.
diclosulam, MOA 2
(Strongarm 84 WDG)
0.024
(0.45 oz)
Effective on common cocklebur, morningglory,
common ragweed, eclipta, and common
lambsquarters. Suppresses yellow and purple
nutsedge. Does not control sicklepod. More
effective when applied in combination with
Dual, Dual Magnum, Outlook, Prowl, Sonalan,
or Warrant. See label for rotation restrictions,
especially corn and grain sorghum. See previous
comments on possible cotton injury from
Strongarm applied the previous year on some
soils.
sulfentrazone, MOA 14 +
carfentrazone, MOA 14
(Spartan Charge (0.35 +
3.15 F)
0.07 to 0.12
(3 to 5 fl oz)
Do not apply Spartan Charge after peanuts
crack soil. Application immediately after
planting is advised. See label for specific
rates based on soil texture and organic matter
content. See product label for comments on
applicaton with other herbicides. Rotation
restriction for planting cotton following Spartan
Charge at recommended rates for peanut is 12
months.
2017 Peanut Information | 57
Table 4-5. Chemical Weed Control in Peanuts
Herbicide and
Formulation
Pounds Active
Ingredient
Per Acre Precautions and Remarks
Preemergence, Annual grasses, broadleaf weeds, and suppression of nutsedge
(continued)
diclosulam, MOA 2
(Strongarm 84 WDG)
+
metolachlor, MOA 15
(Dual Magnum 7.62 EC)
(Dual 8 EC)
or
dimethenamid, MOA 15
(Outlook 6.0 L)
or
acetolchlor, MOA 15
(Warrant 3 ME)
0.024
(0.45 oz)
+
0.95 to 1.27
(1 to 1.33 pt)
1.5 to 2 pt)
or
0.75 to 1
(16 to 21 oz)
or
0.94 to 1.5
(1.25 to 2 qt)
Effective on annual grasses, common cocklebur,
common ragweed, eclipta, morningglory, and
common lambsquarters. Supresses purple and
yellow nutsedge. Does not control sicklepod.
See label for rotation restrictions. Some
weed species have developed resistance
to Strongarm. See previous comments on
carryover potential to cotton on some soils and
restrictions on planting corn or grain sorghum
after use in peanut.
Preemergence, Most annual broadleaf weeds and nutsedge
imazethapyr, MOA 2
(Pursuit 2 AS)
0.063
(4 fl oz)
Effective on most common broadleaf weeds and
yellow and purple nutsedge. Does not control
ragweed, eclipta, lambsquarters, or croton.
Pursuit may be tank mixed with Dual, Dual
Magnum, Warrant, ot Outlook for annual grass
control. See label for rotational restrictions.
Some weed species have developed resistance
to Pursuit. Research in N.C. has generally shown
more effective control of a broader spectrum
of weeds with split applications of half of the
Pursuit applied preplant incorporated followed
by the other half applied early postemergence.
Cracking stage, Emerged annual grasses and broadleaf weeds
paraquat, MOA 22
(Gramoxone 2.5 SL)
(Parazone 3 SL)
0.13
(8 oz)
(5.4 oz)
Apply at ground cracking for control of small
emerged annual grasses and broadleaf weeds.
May be tank mixed with Dual, Dual Magnum,
Outlook, or Warrant for residual control. Tank
mix may increase injury to emerged peanuts.
Add 1 pint nonionic surfactant per 100 gallons
spray solution. Follow all safety precautions on
label. Applying Basagran at 0.5 pt per acre will
reduce injury.
58 | 2017 Peanut Information
Table 4-5. Chemical Weed Control in Peanuts
Herbicide and
Formulation
Pounds Active
Ingredient
Per Acre Precautions and Remarks
Cracking stage and Postemergence, Additional residual control of annual grasses and
certain small-seeded broadleaf weeds
alachlor, MOA 15
(Intrro 4 EC)
2 to 3
(2 to 3 qt)
Use as a supplement to preplant or
preemergence herbicides to provide additional
residual control of annual grasses and certain
small-seeded broadleaf weeds such as pigweed
and eclipta. This treatment will not control
emerged grasses or broadleaf weeds. See
product labels for recommended tank mixtures
with contact and systemic herbicides with foliar
activity on weeds.
dimethenamid, MOA 15
(Outlook 6.0L)
0.75 to 1
(16 to 21 oz)
metolachlor, MOA 15
(Dual Magnum 7.62 EC)
(Dual 8 EC)
0.95
1 pt
1.5 pt
acetochlor, MOA 15
(Warrant 3 ME)
0.95 to 1.5
(1.25 to 2 qt)
Cracking stage, Most annual broadleaf weeds and nutsedge
imazethapyr, MOA 2
(Pursuit 2 AS)
0.063
(4 oz)
Effective on most common broadleaf weeds and
yellow and purple nutsedge. Does not control
ragweed, eclipta, lambsquarters, or croton.
If weeds are emerged, add surfactant or crop
oil according to label directions. See label for
rotational restrictions. Pursuit may be tank
mixed with paraquat. Some weed species have
developed resistance to Pursuit.
Cracking stage, Some emerged broadleaf weeds and suppression of eclipta and
yellow nutsedge
diclosulam, MOA 2
(Strongarm 84 WDG)
0.024
(0.45 oz)
Strongarm can be applied through the cracking
stage. Add 1 quart nonionic surfactant per 100
gallons. The spectrum of weeds controlled
is much narrower when applied to emerged
weeds. Strongarm will not control emerged
common lambsquarters or pigweeds but will
control common ragweed and morningglories
and will suppress yellow nutsedge and eclipta.
See product labels for information on mixing
Strongarm with other herbicides. Some
weed species have developed resistance to
Strongarm. See product label for carryover
potential to cotton, corn, and grain sorghum.
Strongarm suppresses emerged marestail
and dogfennel more effectively than other
postemergene broadleaf herbicides when
applied to small weeds.
2017 Peanut Information | 59
Table 4-5. Chemical Weed Control in Peanuts
Herbicide and
Formulation
Pounds Active
Ingredient
Per Acre Precautions and Remarks
Postemergence, Annual broadleaf weeds
acifluorfen, MOA 14
(Ultra Blazer 2 L)
0.25 to 0.38
(1 to 1.5 pt)
Apply when weeds are small and actively
growing. Use minimum of 20 GPA and high
pressure (40 to 60 psi). See label for species
controlled, maximum weed size to treat, and
addition of surfactant. Do not apply more than 2
pints per acre per season. May make sequential
applications of 0.25 pound followed by 0.25
pound per acre. Allow at least 15 days between
sequential applications.
acifluorfen, MOA 14
(Ultra Blazer 2 L)
+
2,4-DB, MOA 4
(Butyrac 200 2 L)
0.25 to 0.38
(1 to 1.5 pt)
+
0.25
(16 fl oz)
Addition of 2,4-DB to Ultra Blazer improves
control of certain weeds when weed size
exceeds that specified on the Ultra Blazer label.
See label suggestions on use of surfactant or
crop oil. Apply when peanuts are at least 2
weeks old and before pod filling begins.
bentazon, MOA 6
(Basagran 4 L)
0.75 to 1
(1.5 to 2 pt)
Apply when weeds are small and actively
growing. Use minimum of 20 GPA and high
pressure (40 to 60 psi). See label for addition
of oil concentrate, species controlled, and
maximum weed size to treat. Basagran may
also be applied at 1 pint per acre for control
of cocklebur, jimsonweed, and smartweed 4
inches or less. Do not apply more than 4 pints of
bentazon per acre per season.
bentazon, MOA 6
(Basagran 4 L)
+
acifluorfen, MOA 14
(Ultra Blazer 2 L)
0.5 to 1
(1 to 2 pt)
+
0.25 to 0.38
(1 to 1.5 pt)
See above comments for Ultra Blazer and
Basagran. See labels for weeds controlled,
maximum weed size to treat, and use of
adjuvants. Can be applied as a tank mixture or
as Storm 4L.
bentazon, MOA 6
+
acifluorfen, MOA 14
(Storm 4L)
0.5
+
0.25
(1.5 pt)
These rates of bentazon and acifluorfen (Ultra
Blazer and Basagran) may not provide consistent
control of lambsquarters, prickly sida, spurred
anoda, and morningglory.
60 | 2017 Peanut Information
Table 4-5. Chemical Weed Control in Peanuts
Herbicide and
Formulation
Pounds Active
Ingredient
Per Acre Precautions and Remarks
Postemergence, Annual broadleaf weeds (continued)
bentazon, MOA 6
(Basagran 4 L)
+
acifluorfen, MOA 14
(Ultra Blazer 2 L)
+
2,4-DB, MOA 4
(Butyrac 200 2 L)
0.5
(1 pt)
+
0.25
(1 pt)
+
0.125 to 0.25
(8 to 16 fl oz)
Adding 2,4-DB will improve control of larger
morningglory, cocklebur, common ragweed,
pigweed, jimsonweed, and citron. Add
surfactant or crop oil according to label
directions. Apply when peanuts are at least 2
weeks old. Do not apply after pod filling begins.
See comments for Ultra Blazer and Basagran
alone.
bentazon, MOA 6
(Basagran 4 L)
+
2,4-DB, MOA 4
(Butyrac 200 2 L)
0.75 to 1
1.5 to 2 pt)
+
0.125
(8 fl oz)
Addition of 2,4-DB to Basagran improves control
of morningglories. See above comments for
Basagran. Add surfactant or crop oil according
to label directions. Do not make more than two
applications per year. Apply when peanuts are
at least 2 weeks old and not within 45 days of
harvest.
imazapic, MOA 2
(Cadre 2 AS)
(Impose 2 AS)
0.063
(4 fl oz)
Controls most broadleaf weeds except
ragweed, croton, lambsquarters, and eclipta.
Apply before weeds exceed 2 to 4 inches;
see label for specific weed sizes to treat.
Add nonionic surfactant at 1 quart per 100
gallons or crop oil concentrate at 1 quart per
acre. A soil-applied grass control herbicide
should be used. However, Cadre will usually
control escaped broadleaf signalgrass, large
crabgrass, fall panicum, and Texas panicum
but not goosegrass. Cadre can be mixed with
Cobra, Ultra Blazer, and 2,4-DB. See label for
rotational restrictions. Some weed species have
developed resistance to Cadre.
imazethapyr, MOA 2
(Pursuit 2 L)
0.063
(4 fl oz)
Effective on most common broadleaf weeds and
yellow and purple nutsedge. Does not control
eclipta, lambsquarters, ragweed, or croton.
Apply when weeds are 3 inches tall or less.
Add surfactant or crop oil according to label
directions. See label for rotational restrictions.
Pursuit rmay be tank mixed with Basagran, Ultra
Blazer, Gramoxone, and 2,4-DB. Some weed
species have developed resistance to Pursuit.
2017 Peanut Information | 61
Table 4-5. Chemical Weed Control in Peanuts
Herbicide and
Formulation
Pounds Active
Ingredient
Per Acre Precautions and Remarks
Postemergence, Annual broadleaf weeds (continued)
2,4-DB, MOA 4
(Buryrac 200 2 L)
0.2 to 0.25
(12 to 16 fl oz)
Effective on cocklebur and morningglory; pitted
morningglory may be only partially controlled.
Best results achieved when applied to small
weeds. May use two applications per year. Do
not apply within 45 days before harvest.
lactofen, MOA 14
(Cobra 2 EC)
0.2
(12.5 fl oz)
Apply after peanuts have at least six true
leaves. Apply to actively growing peanut.
Controls most annual broadleaf weeds. See
label for species controlled and maximum
weed size to treat. Add nonionic surfactant at 1
quart per 100 gallons or crop oil concentrate or
methylated seed oil at 1 to 2 pints per acre. See
label on when to use various adjuvants. Allow
at least 14 days between applications. Can be
tank mixed with Basagran, Pursuit, Cadre, 2,4-
DB, and/or Select.
lactofen, MOA 14
(Cobra 2 EC)
+
bentazon, MOA 6
(Basagran 4 L)
0.2
(12.5 fl oz)
+
0.75 to 1
(1.5 to 2 pt)
See above comments for Basagran and
Lactofen alone. See labels for weeds controlled,
maximum weed size to treat, and use of
adjuvants.
lactofen, MOA 14
(Cobra 2 EC)
+
bentazon, MOA 6
(Basagran 4 L)
+
2.4-DB, MOA 4
(Butyrac 200 2 L)
0.2
(12.5 fl oz)
+
0.75 to 1
(1.5 to 2 pt)
+
0.125 to 0.25
(8-16 fl oz)
Adding 2,4-DB will improve control of larger
morningglory, cocklebur, common ragweed,
jimsonweed, and citron. See above comments
for bentazon, lactofen, and 2,4-DB. See labels
for weeds controlled, maximum weed size to
treat, and use of adjuvants.
lactofen, MOA 14
(Cobra 2 EC)
+
imazapic, MOA 2
(Cadre 2 AS)
(Impose 2 AS)
0.2
(12.5 fl oz)
+
0.063
(4 fl oz)
See above comments for imazapic and lactofen.
See labels for weeds controlled, maximum
weed size to treat, and use of adjuvants. Some
weed species have developed resistance to
Cadre.
lactofen, MOA 14
(Cobra 2 EC)
+
imazethapyr, MOA 2
(Pursuit 2 AS)
0.2
(12.5 fl oz)
+
0.063
(4 fl oz)
See above comments for imazethapyr and
lactofen. See labels for weeds controlled,
maximum weed size to treat, and use of
adjuvants. Some weed species have developed
resistance to Pursuit.
62 | 2017 Peanut Information
Table 4-5. Chemical Weed Control in Peanuts
Herbicide and
Formulation
Pounds Active
Ingredient
Per Acre Precautions and Remarks
Postemergence, Annual broadleaf weeds (continued)
paraquat, MOA 22
(Gramoxone 2 SL)
(Parazone 3 SL)
0.13
(8 fl oz)
(5.4 fl oz)
See label for weeds controlled and maximum
weed size to treat; best results if weeds 1
inches or less. A postemergence application
may be made following an at-crack application.
Do not make more than two applications per
season, do not apply later than 28 days after
ground cracking, and do not apply if peanuts
are under stress or have significant injury from
thrips feeding. Gramoxone is more effective
when applied within 2 weeks after peanut
emergence. Add 1 pint of nonionic surfactant
per 100 gallons of spray solution. Will cause
foliar burn on peanuts, but peanuts recover,
and yield is not affected. Follow all safety
precautions on label.
paraquat, MOA 22
(Gramoxone 2 SL)
(Parazone 3 SL)
+
bentazon, MOA 6
(Basagran 4 L)
0.13
(8 oz)
(5.4 oz)
+
0.25 to 0.75
(0.5 to 1.5 pt)
See previous comments for paraquat alone.
Adding Basagran improves control of
common ragweed, prickly sida, smartweed,
lambsquarters, and cocklebur and reduces
injury to peanuts from paraquat. May be applied
any time from ground cracking up to 28 days
after ground cracking. Add 1 pint of nonionic
surfactant per 100 gallons of spray solution.
paraquat, MOA 22
(Gramoxone 2 SL)
(Parazone 3 SL)
+
bentazon, MOA 6
+
acifluorfen, MOA 14
(Storm 4 L)
0.13
(8 fl oz)
(5.4 fl oz)
+
0.5
+
0.25
1 pt
See previous comments for paraquat alone.
Storm improves control of common ragweed,
smartweed, lambsquarters, common cocklebur,
tropic croton, and spurred anoda. May be
applied anytime from ground cracking up to
28 days after ground cracking. Add 0.5 pint of
nonionic surfactant per 100 gallons of spray
solution. The mixture of Gramoxone SL and
Storm is more injurious than these herbicides
applied alone.
2017 Peanut Information | 63
Table 4-5. Chemical Weed Control in Peanuts
Herbicide and
Formulation
Pounds Active
Ingredient
Per Acre Precautions and Remarks
Postemergence, Florida beggarweed
chlorimuron, MOA 2
(Classic 0.25 DF)
0.008
(0.5 oz)
Use only for control of Florida beggarweed.
Apply from 60 days after crop emergence
to within 45 days of harvest. Application to
peanuts less than 60 days old will result in crop
injury and yield reduction. Apply before Florida
beggarweed has begun to bloom and before it
has reached 10 inches tall. Larger beggarweed
may only be suppressed. Add 1 quart of nonionic
surfactant per 100 gallons spray solution;
do not add crop oil. May be tank mixed with
2,4-DB; see label for rates and precautions.
Recommended as a salvage treatment only.
Postemergence, Yellow nutsedge
bentazon, MOA 6
(Basagran 4 L)
0.75 to 1
(1.5 to 2 pt)
Apply when nutsedge is 6 to 8 inches tall. A
repeat application 7 to 10 days later may be
needed. Adding crop oil concentrate at 1 quart
per acre will increase control. Do not apply
more than 2 pints of Basagran per season. Not
effective on purple nutsedge.
Postemergence, Yellow and purple nutsedge
imazapic, MOA 2
(Cadre 2 AS)
(Impose 2 AS)
0.063
(4 fl oz)
Apply postemergence when nutsedge is 4
inches or less. Add nonionic surfactant at 1
quart per 100 gallons or crop oil concentrate
at 1 quart per acre. See label for rotational
restrictions.
imazethapyr, MOA 2
(Pursuit 2 AS)
0.063
(4 fl oz)
Apply before nutsedge is larger than 3 inches
tall. Add surfactant at 1 quart per 100 gallons
or crop oil concentrate at 1 quart per acre. Do
not mix with Basagran for nutsedge control.
See label for rotational restrictions. A split
application with half of the Pursuit applied
preplant incorporated and half applied early
postemergence may be more effective than
applying all of the