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North Carolina State Library ivH^+n no. 2^ Rr-iriigh PROGhnUlNGS OF THE Nineteenth Annual Session OF THE State Literary and Historical Association of North Carolina RALEIGH NOVEMBER 20-21, 1919 Compiled by R. D. W. CONNOR Secretary RALEIGH Edwards & Brouqhton Printing Co. State Printers 1920 The North Carolina Historical Commission J. Bryan Grimes, Chairman, Raleigh. D. H. Hill, Raleigh. T. M. Pittman, Henderson. M. C. S. Noble, Chapel Hill. Frank Wood, Edenton. R. D. W. Connor, Secretary, Raleigh. Officers of the State Literary and Historical Association of North Carolina 1918-1919 President James Sprunt, Wilmington. Pirst Vice-President Miss Mary O. Graham, Raleigh. Second Vice-President C. C. Pearson, Wake Forest. 'bird Vice-President Miss Carrie Jackson, Pittsboro. Secretary-Treasurer R. D. W. Connor, Raleigh. Executive Committee (With Above Officers) Edwin Greenlavt, Chapel Hill. A, L. Brooks, Greensboro. Miss Julia Alexander, Charlotte. Joseph B. Cheshire, Raleigh. Miss Adelaide Fries, Winston-Salem. 1919-1920 President J. G. deR. Hamilton, Chapel Hill. First Vice-President Mrs. S. Westray Battle, Asheville. Second Vice-President T. T. Hicks, Henderson. Third Vice-President Mrs. M. K. Myeks, Washington. Secretary-Treasurer R. D. W. Connor, Raleigh. Executive Committee (With Above Officers) W. K. Boyd, Durham. W. C. Smith, Greensboro. Mrs. H. G. Cooper, Oxford. F. B. McDovtell, Charlotte. Marshall DeLancey Haywood, Raleigh. PU *C-? f^ ll' PURPOSES OF THE STATE LITERARY AND HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION "The collection, preservation, production and dissemination of State litera-ture and history; "The encouragement of public and school libraries; "The establishment of an historical museum; "The inculcation of a literary spirit among our people; "The correction of printed misrepresentations concerning North Carolina; and— "The engendering of an intelligent, healthy State pride in the rising generations," ELIGIBILITY TO MEMBERSHIP—MEMBERSHIP DUES All persons interested in its purposes are invited to become members of the Association. There are two classes of members: "Regular Members," paying one dollar a year, and "Sustaining Members," paying five dollars a year. RECORD OF THE STATE LITERARY AND HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION (Organized October, 1900) Fiscal Paid up Years. Presidents. Secretaries. Membership. 1900-1901 Walter Claek Alex J. Feild 150 1901-1902 Henry G. Connor Alex J. Feild 139 1902-1903 W. L. FoTEAT George S. Fraps 73 1903-1904 C. Alphonso Smith Clarence Poe 127 1904-1905 Robert W. Winston Clarence Poe 109 1905-1906 Charles B. Aycock .Clarence Foe 185 1906-1907 W. D. Pruden Clarence Poe 301 1907-1908 Robert Bingham Clarence Poe 273 1908-1909 Junius Davis Clarence Poe 311 1909-1910 Platt D. Walker Clarence Poe 440 1910-1911 Edward K. Graham Clarence Poe 425 1911-1912 R. D. W. Connor Clarence Poe 479 1912-1913 W. P. Few R. D. W. Connor 476 1913-1914 Archibald Henderson R. D. W. Connor 435 1914-1915 Clarence Poe R. D. W. Connor 412 1915-1916 Howard E. Rondthaler R. D. W. Connor 501 1916-1917 H. A. London R. D. W. Connor 521 1917-1918 Jameis iSprunt R. D. W. Connor 453 1918-1919 James Sprunt R. D. W. Connor 377 1919-1920 J. G. deR. Hamilton R. D. W. Connor 493 THE PATTERSON MEMORIAL CUP Conditions of Award Officially Set Forth by Mrs. Patterson. To the President and Executive Committee of th^e Literary and Historical Association of North Carolina: As a memorial to my father, and with a view to stimulating effort among the writers of North Carolina, and to awaken among the people of the State an interest in their own literature, I desire to p-resent to your society a loving cup upon the following stipulations, which I trust will meet with your approval, and will be found to be just and practicable: 1. The cup will be known as the "William Houston Patterson Memorial Cup." 2. It will be awarded at each annual meeting of your association for ten successive years, beginning with October, 1905. 3. It will be given to that resident of the State who during the twelve months from September 1st of the previous year to September 1st of the year of the award has displayed, either in prose or poetry, without regard to its length, the greatest excellence and the highest literary skill and genius. The work must be published during the said twelve months, and no manu-script nor any unpublished writings will be considered. 4. The name of the successful competitor will be engraved upon the cup, with the date of award, and it will remain in his possession until October 1st of the following year, when it shall be returned to the Treasurer of the Association, to be by him held in trust until the new award of your annual meeting that month. It will become the permanent possession of the one winning it oftenest during the ten years, provided he shall have won it three times. Should no one at the expiration of that period, have won it so often, the competition shall continue until that result is reached. The names of only those competitors who shall be living at the time of the final award shall be considered in the permanent disposition of the cup. 5. The Board of Award shall consist of the President of the Literary and Historical Association of North Carolina, who will act as chairman, and of the occupants of the Chairs of English Literature at the University of North Carolina, at Davidson College, at Wake Forest College, and at the State College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts at Raleigh, and of the Chairs of History at the University of North Carolina and at Trinity College. 6. If any of these gentlemen should decline or be unable to serve, their successors shall be appointed by the remaining members of the Board, and these appointees may act for the whole unexpired term or for shorter time, as the Board may determine. Notice of the inability of any member to act must be given at the beginning of the year during which he declines to serve, so that there may be a full committee during the entire term of each year. 7. The publication of a member of the Board will be considered and passed upon in the same manner as that of any other writer. Mes. J. Lindsay Patteeson. SUPPLEMENTAEY RESOLUTION According to a resolution adopted at the 1908 session of the Literary and Historical Association, it is also provided that no author desiring to have his work considered in connection with the award of the cup shall communi-cate with any member of the committee, either personally or through a representative. Books or other publications to be considered, together with any communications regarding them, must be sent to the Secretary of the Association and by him pTesented to the chairman of the committee for consideration. AWARDS OF THE PATTERSOJST MEMORIAL CUP 1905 — John Charles McNeill, for poems later reprinted in book form as "Songs, Merry and Sad." 1906—Edwin Mims, for "Life of Sidney Lanier." 1907 Kemp Plummer Battle, for "History of the "University of North Caro-lina." 1908 Samuel A'Court Ashe, for "History of North Carolina, Vol. I." 1909 Clarence Poe, for "A Southerner in Europe." 1910—R. D. W. Connor, for "Cornelius Harnett: An Essay in North Carolina History." 1911 Archibald Henderson, for "George Bernard Shaw: His Life and Works." 1912 Clarence Poe, for "Where Half the World is Waking Up." 1913 Horace Kephart, for "Our Southern Highlanders." 1914—J. G. deR. Hamilton, for "Reconstruction in North Carolina." 1915—WiLiJAM Louis Poteat, for "The New Peace." 1916—No Award. 1917—Mrs. Olive Tilford Dargan, for "The Cycle's Rim." 1918—No Award. 1919—No Award. WHAT THE ASSOCIATION HAS ACCOMPLISHED FOR THE STATE-SUCCESSFUL MOVEMENTS INAUGURATED BY IT. 1. Rural libraries. 2. "North Carolina Day" in the schools. 3. The North Carolina Historical Commission. 4. Vance statue in Statuary Hall. 5. Fire-proof State Library Building and Hall of Records. 6. Civil War Battlefields marked to show North Carolina's record. 7. North Carolina's war record defended and war claims vindicated. 8. Patterson Memorial Cup. Contents PAGE Minutes of the Nineteenth Annual Session 9 Restoration of Jerusalem: President's Annual Address. By James Sprunt 11 The Breaking of the Hindenburg Line at the St. Quentin Canal. By Brigadier-General L. D. Tyson 43 A North Carolinian at the Court of St. James During the World War. By Angus W. McLean 61 Contributions of North Carolina Women to the World War. By Archi-bald Henderson 85 Some Economic Effects of the World War. By William H. Glasson .... 96 The Preservation of North Carolina World War Records. By Robert B. House 105 North Carolina Bibliography, 1917-1919. By Mary B. Palmer 109 William Joseph Peele: Philosopher. By Robert W. Winston 113 Edward Kidder Graham: Teacher and Interpreter of Modern Citizen-ship. By Louis R. Wilson 119 Kemp Plummer Battle: His Contribution to North Carolina History. By William C. Smith 126 Members 1918-1919 131 Proceedings and Addresses of the State Literary and Historical Association of North Carolina Minutes of the Nineteenth Annual Session Raleigh, November 20-21, 1919 THURSDAY EYEJSTING, :^ovember 20th. The nineteenth annual session of the State Literary and Historical Association of IsTorth Carolina was called to order in the auditorinni of the Woman's Club, Raleigh, N. C, Thursday evening, JSTovember 20, 1919, at 8:30 o'clock. President James Sprunt in the chair. The session was opened with an invocation by Rev. W. McC. White, Pastor of the First Presbyterian Church, Raleigh, ]^. C. Dr. Sprunt then read the president's annual address o'n ^'The Restoration of Jerusalem." Mr. A. W. McLean being ill at his home in Washington, D. C, his paper on ^^A IsTorth Carolinian at the Court of St. James during the World War" was read by Mr. J. Crawford Biggs. At the conclusion of Mr. McLean's paper an informal reception was held for the members of the State Literary and Historical Association, the IvTorth Carolina Folk Lore Society, and the lN"ort'h Carolina Library Association, in the Woman's Club building. FRIDAY MORN"II^G, N^ovember 21st. The session was called to order in the hall of the State Senate by President Sprunt, at 11 o'clock. The president presented Dr. Archi-bald Henderson, of the University of I^^orth Carolina, who read a paper on "The Contributions of N^orth Carolina Women to the World War." Di". Henderson was followed by Dr. William H. Glasson, of Trinity College, who presented a paper on "Some Economic Effects of the World War." Following Dr. Glasson, Mr. Robert B. House, Col-lector of ]N"orth Carolina World War Records for the IN'orth Carolina Historical Commission, discussed "The Preservation of l^orth Caro-lina's World War Records." In the absence of Miss Mary B. Palmer, who was unavoidably prevented from attending, it was moved and carried that the reading of her paper on "^orth Carolina Bibliography, 1917-1919," be dispensed with and that the paper be printed in the proceedings. 10 I^INETEENTH AnNUAL SeSSIOIST The president announced tliat during tlie past year tlie Association had lost three of its most active memhers by death, and that the rest of the program for the morning session would be in the nature of a memorial service to them. He presented Hon. E.. W. Winston who read a paper entitled "William Joseph Peele: Philosopher." Judge Winston was followed by Dr. Louis R. Wilson, of the University of North Carolina, who presented a paper on "Edward Kidder Graham : Teacher and Interpreter of Modern Citizenship." Mr. William C. Smith, of the I^orth Carolina College for Women, presented a paper on "Kemp Plummer Battle: His Contribution to ISTorth Carolina History." At the conclusion of the exercises the president announced the fol-lowing nominating committee, with instructions to nominate officers for the coming year, and to report at the evening session : Messrs. P. W. Winston, L. P. Wilson, and Bennehan Cameron. FRIDAY EVENING, JSTovember 21st. President Sprunt having been unavoidably called home, the session was called to order by Vice-President Mary O. Graham, in the audi-torium of Meredith College, at 8 o'clock. Miss Graham presented Dr. W. K. Boyd who introduced to the audience Prof. William A. Dun-ning, of Columbia University, who addressed the Association on "The Pise o'f ^Nationalism." Following Dr. Dunning's address Col. Albert L. Cox, formerly of the 113th Field Artillery, 30th Division, A. E. F., presented Brigadier-General L. D. Tyson, of the 30th Division, A. E. F., who read a paper entitled "The Breaking of the Hindenburg Line at the St. Quentin Canal." At the conclusion of General Tyson's paper the IsTominating Com-mittee reported the following nominations, which were unanimously approved: President, J. G. deP. Hamilton, Chapel Hill; First Vice- President, Mrs. S. Westray Battle, Asheville; Second Vice-President, T. T. Hicks, Henderson ; Third Vice-President, Mrs. M. K. Myers, Washington, ^. C; Secretary-Treasurer, P. D. W. Connor. The Association then adjourned sine die. ADDRESSES The Restoration of Jerusalem By James Sprunt President, State Literary and Historical Association When we consider tlie history of the Jewish people, we recognize onr own history; we regard it with the same reverence; we feel in it the same authority; we contemplate in it the same lessons. Their national history crowded into ahont 1,200 years was, in miniature, the history of the nations of the world. It was at once a prediction, a warning, a lesson, a type, and offered a point of departure to all the peoples of the world. Like the refrain to a great epic we read, and the Children of Israel did evil in the sight of the Lord, and He deliv-ered them into the hands of their enemies, and the^n after a season, the Children of Israel cried unto the Lord in their captivity, and He raised up such and such an one, and delivered them from the hands of their oppressors. The chaos that threatens our very existence to-day, as seen in the light of the past, is scarcely more than an incident in reconstruction. Over and over again the old order has died in excesses of bloodshed to give place to the new, and invariably, every man's hand has been against every man. Travailings and groanings of creation precede the birth of every new era. We have far to go before we approach even remotely the disastrous disintegration of the life of Europe that fol-low^ ed the violent overthrow of feudalism, i^tkins says "the fourteenth century was one of the trotibled centuries of history. Every state in Europe was a welter of anarchy; the old mediaeval order was break-ing up in unspeakable confusion. The breaking of the ice-pack in northern seas, with the spring tides beneath and the new risen sun above, is tranquillity itself compared with the confusion of that time. It was indeed a prophetic confusion, a travail rather than a catastro-phe. A new world was in the way of being born, but the pain of its birth was beyond expression."^ To come down to our own continent and our own times. Judge Connor, whose valuable contributions to our State literature always illuminate the higher plane of civic right-eousness, in his admirable address to the Federal Grand Jury on the 11th of N^ovember, reminds us of the apprehension of our own George Washington as the Republic struggled into life,—that the nation was marked with anarchistic tendencies. There has never been a great victory that the victors themselves have not been in a sense, the vic-tims. It has been said that the real German national defeat came in their victory over France in 1870, and surely America, after partici-pating in one of the decisive phases of the late war, has won laurels ^ Pilgrims of the Lonely Road. 12 N'iNETEENTH AnNUAL SeSSIOK that have seetmed tO' turn in her hand into p-oisoined herhs. For in the pride of life and the exultation of power, we have cried out, "our own hand hath gotten us the victory," and He Who delivered the Children of Israel into the hands of their enemies, hath delivered us unto the evil counsels of alien forces, and by them will we be bound until we recognize the might of Jehovah and return to Him in national repentance, to perform the duties enjoined by the prophet Micah of old, "t'o do justly and to love mercy, and to walk humbly with thy God." These were the principles that made America great, and they are the only platform upon which kingdom or republic can build with an everlasting foundation. And as this is true of the Gentile nations, how much more emphatic is it in connection with the destiny of the Jews which is no't controlled by any people nor by any nation; for it is being worked out through a thousand unconscious agencies, to accomplish the purpose which the Almighty announced in the begin-ning; for He Who is our God, is, in a peculiar sense, their God; we, who belong to the great empire of God, know that He was first their King, and that they lived under Him in a theocracy which shall yet be established over all flesh, for when the Son of God shall have put all things under His feet, then will He deliver His kingdom to His Father, "that God may be all and in all." Our theme then, is of paramount importance among the events that stand out' conspicuously after the smoke of battle has cleared. All else fades away in ordered course to the oblivion whence it came, but the Jewish Race is advancing on its pilgrim march from stage to stage, Uo its final consummation. Other nations rise, reach the pin-nacle of greatness, fall and disappear forever; others reach a degree of power and influence, and then decline to a mediocrity that has no renaissance, but the Jews have builded kingdoms, have risen to great-ness, have fallen to ruin, and builded again upon their dead past to come forth again a nation, and have repeated these processes with a pertinacity that gives us in them a picture of the human being in large, because this race is imperishable and is typical of the life of man, and as men look for immortality so, too, shall the Jewish nation be established forever, for the mouth of our God hath spoken it. "Their organic law containing the elements of their polity, though given by God Himself, was yet required to be solemnly ratified by the whole people. This was done on Ebal and Gerizim, and is, perhaps, the first, as it is certainly the grandest constitutional convention, ever held among men. On these two lofty mountains separated by a deep and narrow ravine, all Israel, comprising three millions of souls were assembled; elders, prophets, priests, women and children and 600,000 warriors led by the spears of Judah, and supported by the archers of Benjamin. In this mighty pres- State Literary and Historical Association 13 ence surrounded by the sublime accessions to its grandeur, the law was read by the Levites, line by line, item by item, whilst the tribes on either height signified their acceptance thereof by responsive anthems, which pierced the heavens. Of all the great principles established for the happiness and good government of our race, though hallowed by the blood of the bravest and the best, and approved by centuries of trial, no one had a grander origin, nor more glorious exemplification than this one, that all governments derive their just powers from the consent of the governed. "Throughout the whole system of the Jewish government there ran a broad, genuine and refreshing stream of democracy such as the world then knew little of, and has since but little improved."2 From the beginning, this favored nation was taken under tlie pro-tection of tlie Almiglity Himself, and they were to become a model people, and an example t'o the nations of the earth, as well as to show forth the glory of the trne God. Says Atkins in his delightful book '^Jerusalem Past and Present" : "Thirteen hundred years before Christ (we cannot be too sure about dates) wandering Jewish tribes who had been long in the bitter country to the south of Palestine, succeeded in crossing the Jordan, and fought their way towards the uplands of Judea. "They came under a great sense of Divine leadership, conscious of a mission and different from all their neighbors in the pure austerity of their religious faith. They did battle with the Canaanites for possession of the land, defeating among others, the league of the five kings of Gibeon about three miles northwest of Jerusalem, and established themselves gradually in the strongholds, coming through the very price they had to pay for it, to have such an affection for it as scarce any people has had for any land before or since. They were not able at once to conquer Jerusalem owing to the strength of its natural position. It is really a kind of citadel built by nature upon two rocks separated in olden times by a rather deep ravine. One of these is higher than the other and both fall away so sheerly on three sides, as only to be taken with the instruments of ancient warfare when approached from the north and not at all easily even then. More than that, even though the lower rock were captured, there still remained above it the higher level space which had been from of old the seat of the citadel and the place. "During the confused times of the Book of the Judges while Israel was gaining a measure of national unity and was gradually becoming trans-formed from a nomadic to a field-tilling people, we catch from time to time glimpses of Jerusalem as one sees a mountain summit through the changing clouds. For nearly three hundred years the city was regarded by the Israel-ites as 'the city of the stranger' where it was neither desirable nor safe for an Israelite to tarry, but as we look back over 3,000 years, we see Jerusalem, rising from its gray rocks as though a part of the rock itself, has been built and rebuilt and maintained by three great forces; a strong strategic 2 Vance: The Scattered Nation. 14 J^INETEENTH AnNUAL SeSSION position, the passionate loyalty of the peculiar people whose capital city it became, and the faith and reverence of all the disciples of Jesus Christ/'3 "Palestine is a limestone shoulder of western Asia thrust 2,000 feet above the level of the sea; on the north it is shut in by the high ranges of Lebanon and anti-Lebanon and by the chasm of the Litany. On the south, it is no less enclosed by the arid and inhospitable deserts of the upper part of the Peninsula of Sinai. On the shore of the Mediterranean, it stands as if it had advanced as far as possible towards the west, separated therefrom by that which, when the time arrived, proved to be no barrier but the readiest medium of communication,—^the wide waters of the Great Sea. Thus it was open to all the gradual influences of the rising communities of the West, while it was saved from retrogression and descrepitude which have ultimately been the doom of all purely Eastern States, whose con-nections were limited to the East only. There was, however, one channel and but one, by which it could reach and be reached by the great Oriental empires. The only road by which the great rivals of the ancient world could approach one another,—by which alone Egypt could get to Assyria, and Assyria to Egypt—lay along the broad flat strip of coast which formed the maritime portion of the Holy Land and thence by the Plain of Lebanon to the Euphrates. It was a convenient arena on which in successive ages the hostile powers which contended for the empire of the East fought their battles. It is essentially a mountainous country. The mass of hills which occupies the center of the country is bordered or framed on both sides, east and west by a broad belt of lowland, sunk below its level. The slopes or cliffs which form as it were, the retaining walls of the depression, are furrowed and cleft by the torrent beds which discharge the waters of the hills and form the means of communication between the upper and the lower level. On the west, this lowland interposes between the mountains and the sea, and is the Plain of Philistia and of Sharon. On the east, it is the broad bottom of the Jordan Valley deep down in which rushes the one river of Palestine to its grave in the Dead Sea. "Few things are a more constant source of surprise to the stranger in Palestine, than the manner in which the hill-tops are, throughout, selected for habitation. A town in a valley is a rare exception. Scarce a single eminence of the multitude always in sight but is crowned with its city or village, inhabited or in ruins, often so placed as if not accessibility, but inaccessibility had been the object of its builders. And indeed, such was their object. These groups of naked, forlorn structures, piled irregularly one above another, on the curve of the hill-top, are the lineal descendants, if indeed they do not sometimes contain the actual remains of the 'fenced cities, great and walled up to heaven,' which are frequently mentioned in the records of the Israelite Conquest."4 "Beneath the stretches of the hill and valley there is a great depth of limestone rock of varying degrees of hardness much worn and weathered, and because of its uneven power of resistance, broken and always changing surfaces. Above it all is the light drenched blue of the Syrian sky, and beyond that, all that which the vision of the prophet could discern as to 3 Atkins : Jerusalem Past and Present. * Smith's Bible Dictionary. State Literary and Historical Association 15 the meanings of unseen and eternal things. This limestone shoulder by-one of those coincidences which make history, lies in the path of com-peting empires hard by the cross roads where the races meet. "5 Such was the land where was unfolded the history of a people who not once or twice, hut always, neglected its supreme opportunity. We see them refusing to go into the land that had been promised them because they were afraid they could not take it by arms, and that whole generation of cowards actually died and left their bones in the wilderness before the nation had acquired the necessary forces to undertake a military venture, and meantime, they were being trained in the desert to acquire citizenship, and were changd gradually from a nation of slaves to a nation of property owners. We see them fighting for the land promised them, often being assisted by their God Who took up arms with them and miraculously overcame their foes, and we listen spell-bound to the story of the overthrow of the walls of the stronghold Jericho, which fell at' the sound of the trum-pets, in order to show the might of the King under Whose banner they served. Time after time they are given a demonstration of the power of their God and His superiority over the heathen: the day of miracles came twice to the Jews, first to teach them the might of Jehovah, and second to teach them the divinity of Jesus Christ. They were as difficult to impress the second time as they were the first time. Their whole history is one long recital of a stubborn^ obstinate people who could be trained only after they were completely broken. We owe much to the Jew, for the very traits that were his undoing were avenues through which the soul of man is being taught to-day. How much would our literature be impoverished if there were no Psalter, and yet how could there have been such a collection of heart hymns if David had not gone down into the depths of sin as well as have mounted to the heights of deeply spiritual experience. Their sweet Psalmist is not only a man after God's own heart', but a man who has a word for every man's mood of joy and of sorrow. David's son Solomon, the third king of the Jews, brought the nation to the height of its splendor, glory and achievement,—thus, almost as soon as it began to be a kingdom, it began to wane. Like the Oriental woman and the far eastern rose^, it burst into sudden and magnificent maturity, to decline quickly, and fade away. Solomon has the distinction of being the pride of three great reli-gions of the human family; the most' resplendent of all the Jewish kings, the sage of the Mahometans, and the historical crest of the * Atkins : Jerusalem Past and Present. 16 IN^IN^ETEENTH AnNUAL SeSSION history of tlie Jews from Christian point of view. Around him center ritualistic formulas which inspire masonic societies^ fantasies of all kinds, and to him is attributed a power that can read the secrets of the heart, understand the language of bird and beast, and an authority that can exorcise the genii of the ring and lamp. Solomon's earthly kingdom was about the size of Wales, but his mental kingdom, the whole of Christendom and the entire Moslem world as well as the Plebrew peoples of all lands and times. He built a temple to Jehovah which cost something like 85 billion dollars, i. e., three times the proposed amount of Germany's indemnity to the Allies. One single item in it was 10,000 candlesticks. His bodyguard composed of three score valiant' men, were the tallest and handsomest of the sons of Israel. In the midst of Jerusalem there were 40,000 stalls for horses for his chariots, 12,000 horsemen manned these equipages. His own palace which was twenty years building, was so magnificent that it was talked of wherever Jewish trading vessels went,—far out to Spain on the one hand, and t'o India on the other. His wisdom was as often invoked as his splendor, the Queen of Sheba came from the uttermost parts of the earth to hear the wisdom of Solomon, and 1,000 years later the Lord Jesus Christ alluded t'o his glory. The Queen of Sheba's heart melted within her as well it might at the sight of the most magnificent avenue which was at the southwestern angle of the Temple. It would indeed be difficult to exaggerate the splendor of this approach. A colossal bridge on arches spanned the intervening Valley of t'he Tyropoeon, connecting the ancient City of David with what is called the "Royal Porch of the Temple." From its ruins we can reconstruct this bridge. Each arch spanned 411/2 feet, and the spring-stones measured 24 feet in length by 6 in thickness. It is almost impossible t'o realize these pro-portions except by a comparison with other buildings. A single stone 24 feet long ! Yet these were by no means the largest in the masonry of the Temple. "Beautiful for situation, the joy of the whole ©art'h, is Mount Zion, on the sides of the north, the city of the Great King. . . . Walk about Zion, and go round about her; tell the towers thereof. Mark ye well her bulwarks, consider her palaces." Such was the splendor of t'he city in the days of the native monarchy, but what would the Queen of the East have said if she had been one of the pilgrims in that great yearly company that came up to the feasts in the time of Christ? Eor Herod had made Jerusalem a city of palaces and royally enthroned on commanding heights. "Terrace above terrace it's courts rose, till high above the city, within the enclosure of marble cloisters, cedar-roofed and richly ornamented, State Literary and Historical Association 17 Herod's Temple stood out, a mass of marble and gold, glittering in tlie sunlight against the half encircling green background of Olivet. In all his wanderings the Jew has not seen a city like his own Jerusalem. Although the city was only four miles in circumference and its normal population 600,000, on fest'al occasions from two to three million souls congregated in and around it. For its size an incredibly large area was taken up with the Temple, the plateau of which was artificially leveled at immense labor and cost, and enlarged by gigantic sub-structures. In extent it was more than half greater than Sf. Peter's at Rome and nearly double St. Paul's in London. The Royal Porch which incorporated the palace site of King Solomon was built on an eminence as high as a tall steeple, and longer and higher than the York Cathedral. This detail of the Temple was called the "Porch of the Gentiles." The Eastern Gate which was the main entrance of the Temple was made of dazzling Corinthian brass most richly orna-mented ; and so massive with its double doors that it needed the united, strength of twenty men to open and close them. Between the altar and the Porch of the Temple was the immense laver of brass supported by the twelve colossal lions which was drained every evening and filled every morning by machinery and where twelve priests could wash at the same time. The low-level aqueduct which supplied the Temple, derived its waters from three sources,—from the hills about Hebron, from Etham, and from the three Pools of Solomon. Its total length was over forty miles. The amount of water it con-veyed may be gathered by the fact that the surplusage of the waters of Etham is calculated when drained into the lower pool of Gihon, to have presented when full an "area of nearly four acres of water." ^ Josephus says that the solid marble blocks used in the Temple were 671/2 by 9 feet. These were the stones of which Christ predicted, "not one shall be left upon another." Such was Jerusalem in its magnificence. "But we cannot understand it unless we understand the prophets, nor understand the prophets unless we understand Jerusalem. The endeavor of the prophet to Interpret a weltering world in terms of Divine sover-eignty, carried the Hebrew prophet to his last lonely summit of vision. He stood at the listening outposts of the battle lines of the ancient world, inter-preted the ebb and flow of tides of conquest in terms of the mercy or wrath of God, and heard the voice of God above the roar of every storm, as he heard the voice of God in the quiet places of his own soul. As we strive to find God in the flow of history, to discover His judgments in the rise and fall of people and to discern moral meanings in the shock of embattled nations, we are only doing for our own time, what the prophet did for his, "Through the centuries, the office of the priesthood was magnified, and the Temple worship enriched. We cannot easily over-estimate the degree ® Edersheim: The Temple. _ u on - 2 North Carolina State Library Baleigti 18 N^INETEENTH AnNUAL SeSSION in which the Temple cult with its festivals to which all the people came, unified and even spiritualized the religious life of the people; but the glory of Israel was not in its priests or its temple courts clouded with the smoke of sacrifices; the glory of Jerusalem before it fell before the Chaldean, is the glory of the prophets; strange and lonely men, not always highly consid-ered, who brought the life of the palace, the temple, and the market place up to the judgment seat of a just and sovereign God; men for whom king and high priest and trader were but instruments in the hands of the Most High; men who had no fear of authority if it were unjust, and who breathed a saving compassion for poverty and suffering wherever they saw it; men who stood for justice, righteousness and spiritual worship, and whose voices still sound across the years. If Jerusalem had done nothing else than to offer an occasion to the prophets and furnish a deathles-s illustration of the providence of God as made manifest through the mutations of history, we should ever after be in debt to that city."7 All down tlie ages the propheits continued their warning cry not unlike that of Moses in the beginning,—rather gaining in intensity, and abounding in detail. "I will scatter you among the heathen, and will draw out a sword after you; and your land shall be left desolate, and your cities waste. And upon them that are left of you I will send a faintness into their hearts, in the land of their enemies; and the sound of a shaken leaf shall chase them; and they shall flee as fleeing from a sword; and they shall fall when none pursueth; and ye shall have no power to stand before your enemies. And ye shall perish among the heathen, and the land of your enemies shall eat you up. And they that are left of you shall pine away in their iniquity in your enemies' lands; and also in the iniquities of your fathers, shall they pine away with them. And yet, for all that, when they be in the land of their enemies, I will not cast them away, neither will I abhor them, to destroy them utterly."8 "The children of Israel shall abide many days without a king and with-out a prince, and without a sacrifice, and without an image, and without an ephod, and without a teraphim. Afterward shall the children of Israel re-turn and seek the Lord their God, and David their king; and shall fear the Lord and His goodness in the latter days."9 These prophecies project like a shadow across the lives of the Israel-ites after their capture by E'ebuchadnezzar. What was their later his-tory? Were the prophets justified in making such threats? Did the Jews heed the warnings? During the long Babylonian captivity which came upon them after centuries of infidelity and idolatry, they experienced the same emotions that throbbed through the consciousness of the prodigal son, and gradu-ally came to themselves, learned tO' worship Jehovah with a spiritual '^ Atkins : Jerusalem Past and Present. SLev. 26: 33, 36, 44. 9Hos. 3: 4, 5. State Litekaey and Historical Association 19 turning to Him, and forever abandoned t'he idols whicli liad brought about tbeir downfall, but strange to say, the reaction from idolatry led them into gross sins,—sins similar to those which mar the Church of God to-day. But first let us bridge the gap between the captivity and the times of the Messiah. Under Cyrus a considerable number of the Hebrews were permitted to go back to Palestine under the leadership of such men as Ezra, ;N*ehemiah and Zerubbabel; they rebuilt the temple, though very mod-estly, and built again Jerusalem itself, but when Alexander the Great brought Greece to the height of her power, he took the empire that Cyrus had made powerful, and thus became the over-lord of Palestine. After his death in the partition of his empire, Palestine fell to the lot of the Ptolemies of Egypt and many of them were carried off to Alexandria. Here, under the influence of Greek culture, they became the liberals of their ipeople and split off from the Karaites (who accept no rabbinical teachings but hold the Scriptures to contain all that Jehovah commanded) and the Scribes and Pharisees who reacted t'o the punishments for idolatry and became the great religionists that gave name to punctilious, formal worship. The Greek adherents were the Sadducees of our Lord's time. The Greeks, although they de-stroyed the Temple and laid waste Jerusalem, could not uproot' the Jews for they rallied around Maccabeus and regained their inde-pendence and kept it until 65 B.C. when Rome reached out its iron hand and snatched this much-fought-over country which lay between Egypt on the one hand, and Persia on the other. When the land had suffered what appeared to be everything that had been prophesied, for they had been scattered and their country had been laid waste, it was not even the beginning of sorrows, for now the long expected Deliverer came, the Messiah, in the person of Jesus Christ of N^aza-reth and they did not recognize Him. They chose instead of Him, as some are choosing to-day, the robber Barabbas who represented lawless-ness, plunder, greed and selfishness. "The ruling classes of the Jews were set in their ways and hard in their hearts. Their traditions and their vested interests alike were opposed to everything He had to offer. His freer faith and holier vision challenged them along the whole fron-tiers of their lives, indicted and angered them. They silenced Him by death, and the Jerusalem which rejected Him is remembered chiefly because He walked its streets on His rare visits there," ^^ visits for the most part compulsory by the Jewish Law. Eor our Lord seemed to feel the hostility of the religionists in Jerusalem, and only tarried there for the brief business that called Him thither. Twice He cleansed His " Atkins : Jerusalem Past and Present. 20 I^INETEENTH Al^NUAL SeSSION Father's House, once He wept over the city, and at last He went there to lay down His life, "for it cannot be that a prophet' perish out of Jerusalem." For, as Dr. Van Dyke so happily has it : "Christianity is an out-of-doors religion. From the birth in the grotto at Bethlehem (where Mary and Joseph took refuge because there was no room for them in the inn) to the crowning death on the hill of Calvary outside the city wall, all of its important events took place out of doors. Except the discourse in the upper chamber at Jerusalem, all of its great words, from the sermon on the mount to the last commission to the dis-ciples, were spoken in the open air. How shall we understand it unless we carry it under the free sky, and interpret it in the companionship of nature? where 'there are larks singing in the air, storks parading beside the water-courses, falcons poising overhead, poppies and pink gladioluses and blue corn-cockles blooming through the grain,—an air so pure and soft that it is like a caress,—all seems to speak a language of peace and promise, as if one of the old prophets were telling of the day when Jehovah shall have compassion on His people Israel and restore them. They that dwell under His shadow shall return; they shall revive as the grain, and blossom as the vine; the scent thereof shall be as the wine of Lebanon.' "^^ The Christian will find His Lord out of doors in Palestine, and Jerusalem's "significance lies in the Via Dolorosa down which He passed which has become the holiest street in the world; the hill upon which He was crucified which crowns humanity's devotion, and the sepulchre in which He laid which has been a shrine for Pilgrims for 2,000 years."i2 Jesus of l^azareth uttered prophecies against Jerusalem which were fulfilled during His own generation, and with the fulfillment of them, the utter disfavor of the Jews began and all the vials of wrath prophe-sied by Moses and all the prophets began to be consummated, and have been in process of fulfillment for two thousand years. "Seest Thou these buildings?" asked our Lord when His att'ention was called to the Temple which Herod had reared with great magnificence, "there shall not be left one stone upon another which shall not be thrown down." About the year 70 A.D. Titus besieged the city, and in the bitter struggle that followed, a struggle so awful that it is said the Eoman soldiers rode to their saddle girths in blood, and there were no trees left in the immediate forests because they were used to crucify the remaining Jews who were left in the city, although the majority iu 11 Henry Van Dyke: Out of Doors in the Holy Land. 12 Atkins : Jerusalem Past and Present. State Literaey and Historical Association 21 tlie fortresses killed wives and children and committed suicide, Jeru-salem, although, the center of ravages, was not the only sufferer. "The Romans destroyed town and country; and the inhabitants who escaped from the famine, the pestilence, the sword and captivity, were forcibly expelled from Judea, and fled as houseless wanderers, into all the surrounding regions. But they clung for a time around the land which their forefathers had possessed for so many ages, and on which they looked as an inheritance allotted by Heaven to their race; and they would not relinquish their claim to the possession of it by any single overthrow how-ever great. Unparalleled as were the miseries which they had suffered in the slaughter of their kindred, the loss of their property and their homes, the annihilation of their power, the destruction of their capital city, and the devastation of their country by Titus, yet the fugitive and exiled Jews soon resorted to their native soil; and sixty years had scarcely elapsed, when, deceived by an imposter, allured by the hope of a triumphant Mes-siah, and excited to revolt by intolerable oppression, they strove by a vig-orous and united but frantic effort to reconquer Judea, to cast off the power of the Romans, which had everywhere crushed them, and to rescue themselves and their country from ruin failed utterly and their condition was unutteraJbly worse than before. "13 "The cities shall be wasted without an inhabitant. Every city shall be forsaken, and not a man dwell therein. They were rooted out of their land in anger and in wrath, and in great indignation," said the prophet. Hyamson states that at one time the four inhabitants of Jerusalem were reduced to one man. "A public edict of the emperor Adrian rendered it a capital crime for a Jew to set foot in Jerusalem."i4 After the Roman rule declined the Mohammedans desecrated the sacred places with their mosques and so outraged the Christian world, by the pollution of the scenes of the life of Jesus Christ, that for two hundred years the best blood of Western Europe was spilled to wrest Palestine from the hand of the Turk. All in vain. The prophecies will be fulfilled though the heavens fall; not even Christian nations were permitted to build the land again, it was *'to be trodden down of the Gentiles until the times of the Gentiles should be fulfilled." The Jews have been scattered among the nations—among the people, even from one end of the earth to the other. They have been removed into all the kingdoms of the earth; the whole remnant of them has been scattered unto all the winds; they have been dispersed throughout all countries, and sifted among the nations like as corn is sifted in a sieve, and yet not the least grain has fallen to the earth. "There is not a country on the face of the earth where the Jews are unknown. They are found alike in Europe, Asia, Africa and America. They are citizens of the world without a country. Neither mountain, nor rivers, 13 Keith on the Prophecies. "Tertulius Ap. c. 21 p. 51 and Basnage's Continuation of Josephus, b. 6. c. 9: p. 27. 22 ISTlNETEENTH AnNUAL SeSSIOIST nor deserts, nor oceans, which are the boundaries of other nations, have terminated their wanderings. They abound in Poland, in Holland, in Russia and in Turkey. In Germany, Spain, Italy, France and Britain they are more thinly scattered. In Persia, China, and India on the east and the west of the Ganges, they are few in nuniher among the heathen. They have trod the snows of Siberia, and the sands of the burning desert; and the European traveler hear-s of their existence in regions which he cannot reach, even in the very interior of Africa, south of Timbuctoo. From Moscow to Lisbon, from Japan to Britain, from Borneo to Archangel, from Hindustan to Honduras, no inhabitant nor any nation upon the earth would be known in all the intervening regions, but a Jew alone. "Both kings and people. Heathens, Christians and Mahometans, who are opposite in so many things, have united in the design to ruin this nation, and have not been able to effect it. . . . Their banishment from Judea was only the prelude to their expulsion from city to city, and from^ kingdom to kingdom. Their dispersion over the globe is an irrefragable evidence of this, and manj'- records remain that amply corroborate the fact. Not only did the first and second centuries of the Christian era see them twice rooted out of their land, but each succeeding century has teemed with new calami-ties to the once chosen but now rejected race."i5 "In the fifth century they were expelled from Alexandria which had long been one of their safest places of resort. Justinian abolished their syna-gogues, prohibited them from even entering into caves for the exercise of their worship, rendered their testimony inadmissible, and deprived them of the natural right of bequeathing their property; and when such oppres-sive enactments led to insurrectionary movements among the Jews, their property was confiscated, many of them were beheaded, and so bloody an execution of them prevailed, that, as is expressly related, 'all the Jews of that country trembled.' "^^ "In Spain, conversion, imprisonment, or banishment were their only alter-natives. In France a similar fate awaited them. "They fled from country to country seeking in vain any rest for the sole of their foot. Mahomet, has from the precepts of the Koran, infused into the minds of his followers a spirit of rancour and enmity towards the despised and unbelieving Jews. The Church of Rome ever ranked and treated them as heretics. Philip Augustus expelled them in toto from France. "17 "St. Louis twice banished, and twice recalled them; they were banished seven times from France; they were expelled from Spain. In England they suffered great cruelty and oppression. During the Crusades the whole nation united in the persecution of them. In York, England, 1500, the Jews v/ere refused all quarter and perished by mutual slaughter. Edward I com-pleted their misery, seized all their property and banished them from the kingdom. "18 15 Keith on the Prophecies. 1^ Basanage's History, b. 6. c. 21 No. 9. "Hallam: Vol. 1 pp. 233, 234. 1^ Keith on the Prophecies. State Litebary and Historical Association 23 In Russia where they have been so numerous, they have been period-ically murdered, and even down to the present year the fury of their enemies seems not to have abated. The charaoteristics of the Jews are common to the whole human family. In countries like Russia under the Czarist regime where the government was autocratic, where the Jews were confined to certain areas, where they were limited in business opportunities, where they were denied equal rights under the law, and where they were oppressed for the sake of religion, they have done exactly as might be expected of ordinary mortals, they have made their living in precarious ways, not always within the letter of the law; they have evaded and circum-vented the excessive demands of government, and they have on occa-sion, joined the natural enemies of constituted authority. This re-action to oppression is, however, the normal result of prejudicial and dis-criminatory treatment of any people. In France and in England under more humane laws., we find the Hebrews expanding under the liberal treatment of the government and developing a Disraeli in Britain, a Rothschild in France, and in our own land where they find themselves still more acceptable, a Nathan Straus and a Justice Brandeis. These prominent men indicate their possibilities in development of character when they have the law with them and not against them. Under a benign government they are public-spirited, hospitable and charitable toward the poor of the Gentile woTld and so benevolent to their own race that a Jew never becomes a charge upon the public charity, and seldom is one arraigned in the law courts. More quickly, more exactly and more thoroughly than any race, the Jews respond to treatment, and the nations of the earth who favor them, are promised by Jehovah, blessings of prosperity in their material undertakings. We come now to a consideration of the question, "When did a turn in the affairs of the Jews begin? How was colo'nization made pos-sible ? We find a clue to both questions in Isaiah 40 : 2 : "Speak ye com-fortably to Jerusalem and cry unto her that her warfare is accom-plished, and that her iniquity is pardoned ; for she hath received of the Lord's hand double for all her sins.''^^ It appears, then, that having been outcasts for a period twice as long as that when they enjoyed independent national existence, they would then be re-instated in their own land. The first instance of returning favor toward the Jew occurred in the reign of Queen Victoria when Disraeli became Prime Minister. i^lsa. 40: 2. 24 Nineteenth Annual Session Now if we take the year 1882, the date of the first permanent coloni-zation of Palestine, and consider it as the end of the time of disfavor, and reckon the destruction of Jerusalem in the year of the Babylonian captivity 586 B.C. as the beginning of disfavor, we will have a period of 2468 years. If this doubles the favored time, then by dividing it in half we get 1234 years, the period of favor. Counting backward 1234 years from the Babylonian captivity in 586 B.C. we have the date 1820 B.C. which was the beginning of the nation under Jacob when they received the name Israelites. The time, then, of Disraeli, appears to have been "the set time to favor Zion."20 "The determination of tlie Jewish people to recover a normal national life never limited itself to faith in a miraculous restoration independent of the effort of the Jews themselves (although the conviction that the restoration was certain to come one day was part of the faith of every Jew). A continuous series of efforts to restore the Jewish national life in Palestine marks the centuries of exile. But these were all abortive until the nineteenth century when Jews from Eastern Europe began to drift in, brought thither mainly by the profound emotion of Miss of dying and being buried in the dust of the Holy Land. Every Jew who settled in Palestine was a link between the Diaspora and the land of Israel, for it was the duty and the pleasure of his brethren to maintain in Palestine men given up to meditation and -study and dedicated to the spiritual life. "With Sir Moses Montefiore, whose journeys to Palestine began in the eighteen-thirties, Western Jewry began to occupy itself constructively with the Jewish restoration. There was established a fund for the cultivation of land in Palestine by the Jews. Sir Moses had the idea of obtaining extensive concessions, and so bringing about 'the return of thousands of our brethren to the lands of Israel.' Many years afterwards he summed up the goal of his striving in the following words: 'I do not expect that all Israelites will quit their abodes in those territories in which they feel happy, even as there are Englishmen in Hungary, Germany, America, and Japan; but Palestine must belong to the Jews and Jerusalem is destined to become the city of a Jewish commonwealth.' "The interest of Englishmen in the Jewish people and a Jewish Pales-tine dates back to the Commonwealth. Oliver Cromwell felt as a servant of the Most High God, that he had a mission to the Jews. The same school of thought which permitted the Jews to return to England speculated further upon the Jewish Restoration to Palestine; and this religious interest fed upon the Bible and upon Protestantism, has survived in great strength down to our own day, as it is evident by a whole literature, including a book conceived in this spirit recently published by Sir Andrew Wingate, a distinguished ex-Indian civil servant. The religious element of English interest in Jewish nationalism was fortified by political considerations. The genius of Napoleon revived the statesmanship of Caesar and Alexander, and conceived as they did, of the Jewish people in Palestine as a pillar of empire in the East. When Napoleon started upon his expedition to Syria (1799), he issued a proclamation announcing his wish to restore the scat- 2«Psa. Ill: 3. I State Literary and Historical Association 25 tered hosts of Jewry to their ancient land. There can be little doubt that this seed planted by Napoleon found lodgment in English minds. From Colonel Churchill to Laurence Oliphant can be seen sprouting the idea of serving God and Great Britain as well as the Jewish people, by re-creating Jewish Palestine. It was an alternative solution of the Eastern question, to the maintenance of the decrepit Ottoman empire. This latter solution may be said to have been the orthodox one in the nineteenth century, and to have held the field in official England until the middle of the Great War; but the confiict of the two political conceptions persisted, although in a dormant condition, throughout the century, and in the end it was the larger and nobler that triumphed, "21 "The Colonization movement was in full force in 1882. Among the refugees were seventeen Russian Jews who settled on the site of the Biblical En Hakkore, the scene of one of Samson's exploits about one hour and a half's journey east of Jaffa. These colonists were members of the Bilu, an organization of Russo-Jewish students formed for the colonization of the Holy Land. The immigrants although members of the learned professions and graduates of Universities, worked on the land as common laborers, so intense was their zeal for the colonization of Palestine, so steadfast their faith in ultimate success, "22 A number of philantliropists in western Europe began to take an interest in colo'nizatioUj among tbem Laurence Olipbant, Lord Shafts-bury, Mrs. Finn and Baron Edmund de Rotbscbild wbo started tbe wine industry. Tbis promised very well but when the wine became cheaper on the market than the Jews of Palent'ine could make it, they would have been ruined if Baron Bothschild had not bought up the entire output and sold it, which he did at a loss. After this experi-ment he gave his financial assistance through one of the local societies which insisted on a variety of crops rather than depend entirely upon the vineyards as they had done under the Rothschild patronage. "The pioneers in Palestine had eager sympathizers and ardent well wishers in the lands from which they came. Societies came into existence in many of the Jewish centers of Russia for the practical encouragement and assistance of the colonists. At the same time other societies for the pro-pagation of the nationalistic idea in Jewry were also formed. Of all these societies, that of Odessa was the most important and soon became the leader. Ultimately they all became organized as the Odessa Committee, an institution whose valuable work in and for Palestine has left a permanent mark on the prosperity of the land. Before that time these societies formed part of a world wide movement which became known as the Choveve Zion, or Lovers of Zion. The Choveve Zion, as a practical movement, was not established in England until early in 1890. From that year onwards the movement in England continually gained strength, until the greater Zionist Movement created by Theodore Herzl in 1896, absorbed it. At first the wealthier classes in Anglo-Jewry for the most part held aloof, 2^H. Sacher: A Jewish Palestine, Atlantic Monthly, July, 1919. 2^ Hyamson : Palestine. 26 Nineteenth Annual Session and for some time it drew practically the whole of its strength from the poorer and foreign elements in the population. There were, however, some notable exceptions, and the interest increased as the ideal became better known and the work more effective. Elim d'Avigdor and his kinsman Col. A. E. W. Goldsmid were successively the heads of the movement; and among their most successful lieutenants were Herbert Bentwich and Mr. Joseph Frag. Other well-known English Jews who took a prominent part in the work of the Choveve Zion were the Rev. S. Singer, Sir Joseph Sebag Montefiore, and (the late Lord Swaythling. On the platform of these "lovers of Zion" were also to be found at one religious extreme Dr. Her-mann Adler and at the other Dr. A. Lazy, Sir John Simon and Sir Julian Goldsmid. A young Israel was represented by branches of the Choveve Zion formed at the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge. The English movement, like the greater one in Russia, devoted much of its resources to the assisitance of the existing colonies but in addition it aided in the establishment of more than one new one. In the course of time the Choveve Zion in England presented a petition to the Porte, which was actively supported by both the outgoing Foreign Secretary (Lord Salisbury) and his successor (Lord Rosebery) and had also the practical sympathy of the United States Minister to Turkey. The restrictions on the purchase of land were soon removed, through the influence of Baron Edmund de Rothschild, of Paris, as well as of the British and American Foreign Offices^ and in 1892 the English Society joined forces with its co-workers in Ekaterinoslaw and New York to acquire land in the Hauran, east of the Jordan. In 1893 the whole of the movement throughout the world was brought into closer co-operation by the formation of a central repre-sentative committee at Paris at the instance of the eminent Russo-Jewish physicist Dr. Waldemar Haffkine who was then resident in Paris. The first Zionist Congress opened on the 29th of August, 1897, when 204 dele-gates were present. They came from almost every country of Europe as well as from the United States and Palestine. The outstanding result of the Congress was the adoption of the following program: Zionism sitrives to create for the Jewish people in Palestine a home secured by public law. The Congress contemplates the following means to the attainment of this end: (1) The promotion on suitable lines of the colonization of Palestine by the Jewish agriculitural and industrial workers; (2) The organization and binding together of the whole of Jewry by means of appropriate institutions local and international, in accord-ance with the laws of each country; (3) The strengthening and fostering of Jewish national sentiment and consciousness; (4) Preparatory steps towards obtaining Government's consent, where necessary, to the attainment of the aim of Zionism. "23 23 Hyamson : Palestine. State Literaey and Historical Association 27 Mr. Israel Friedlaender in the "Century Magazine/' April, 1919, says of tlie Zionist Movement: "This fundamental attitude of the Jewish people towards its common-wealth has been essentially retained and developed by modern Zionism. Though refusing to acknowledge the metaphysical basis of the prophetic ideal, they passionately cling to the ideal itself. To them, too, Zion is primarily an opportunity for the Jewish people to express itself in accord-ance with its ancient ideals and aspirations. They realize that while modern Jewry has made great material progress as a result of Jewish emancipation, and while it has contributed far more than its share to the spiritual life of the nations in which the Jews live, it has done very little for its own distinct culture and spiritual development. They point to the fact that to mention a concrete example, while the Jews have furnished an amazingly high quota of musicians and artists to the world, they have failed to develop a distinct Jewish music or a distinct Jewish art. The Zionists, there-fore, are forced to the conviction that if the Jewish people is to remain true to its highest interests, it indispensably needs a center in which it may have a chance to develop its ideals and to express itself in its own manner of life and thought, and thereby add its distinct contribution to the treasury of mankind."24 Our narrative brings us now to tlie beginning of tbe World War. We quote Dr. David Baron in tbe Sunday School Times for February 11, 1918: "It is now a well known fact that the chief instrument in interesting the leading British statesmen and politicians in the national future of the Jewish nation, and in eventually calling forth the momentous 'Declaration' was Dr. Chaim Weizmann, who has recently been elected president of the English Zionist Federation. There is a romance of God's Providence in his career. A Russian by birth, and a student of Chemistry while also an enthusiastic Zionist, he came to England about 25 years ago and soon became prominent in chemical research. Early in the war in a dangerous crisis in the history of the British Empire, he was able by his genius and discoveries to render the greatest service to the cause of Britain and her Allies. "When asked in the course of interviews with members of the British Cabinet, what remuneration he expected, his reply was that he wanted no reward in money, but only the promise that if and when the Allies were victorious they would help the Zionists in the realization of their national aspirations in relation to Palestine. 'Like Esther,' Dr. Baron reminds us, 'it might be said of Dr. Weizmann, who knov/eth whether thou art come to the kingdom for such a time as this'?"25 Anticipating tlie time by a few years, we quote at tbis juncture tbe famous Declaration contained in an official letter written by Arthur ^* Israel Friedlaender : Zionism. 25 David Baron: Sunday School Times. Feb. 17, 1918. 28 I^INETEENTH AnNUAL SeSSION James Balfour, of the British Foreign Office, to Lord Rotliscliild, Yice- Chairman of the English Zionist Federation, in I^ovember, 1918: "His Majesty's Goverment view with favor the establishment in Pales-tine of a national home for the Jewish people and will use their best endeavors to facilitate the achievement of this object." For nearly 2,000 years the Jews have prayed ^aily in their syna-gogues in the four quarters of the world, "Sound the great trumpet for our freedom, and lift up a banner to gather our captives and gather us together from the four quarters of the earth. And to Jerusalem Thy city, return Thou in mercy and dwell therein as Thou hast promised. Rebuild it speedily, in our day as an everlasting building, and set up therein the throne of David. Blessed art Thou, Lord, Who rebuildest Jerusalem." We cannot listen to the pathos of this great petition without being reminded of the promise: "And it shall come to pass that the Lord shall set His hand again a second time to recover the remnant of His people, which shall be left from Assyria, and from Egypt, and from Fathros, and from Gush, and from Elam, and from Shinar, and from Hamath and from the islands of the sea. And He shall set up an ensign for the nations and shall a-ssemble the outcasts of Israel, and gather together the dispersed of Judah from the four corners of the earth. "^'"^ "Who are these that fly as a cloud, and as doves to their windows? Surely the isles shall wait for me, and the ships of Tarshish first, to bring thy sons from far, their silver and their gold with them, unto the name of the Lord Thy God, and to the Holy One of Israel, because He hath glorified thee. And the sons of strangers shall build up thy walls, and their kings shall minister unto thee; for in my wrath I smote thee but in my favor have I had mercy on thee. "27 "Turn ye to the stronghold, ye prisoners of hope."28 "And I will bring again the captivity of my people Israel, and they shall build the waste cities and inhabit theim."29 And the sons of strangers shall huild up thy walls, and their hings shall minister to thee. ''God has His mysteries of grace," and in the working out of His plans, kings and peasants bow to His will; even the unlawful ambitio'n of men flaunted in the very face of the Deity is turned into the accomplishment of the unalterable plans and pur-pose of the great God. 2« Isa. 11: 11 12. 27Isa. 61: 4. 2«Zech. 9: 12. 29 Amos 9: 13. State Literary and Historical Association 29 The world for tlie most part regarded tlie speeclies of tlie German Kaiser witli unconcealed amusement when lie went on his famous pil-grimage to the Holy Land via Constantinople. He was at great pains to proclaim so close a brotherhood-of-man policy between himself and the unholy Turk^ that his very photograph in Turkish uniform^ was widespread through the Ottoman empire^ and he was said to have adopted the faith. There was much method in this madness; there was method in his Palestine plans. In Turkey he challenged the power of Britain, in Syria he challenged the power of France. It took years of persistent posing and speech-making before he could substantially weaken Great Britain's influence in Turkey, and it took years of German colonizing before the dwellers in Palestine really understood his schemes there. It was not enough that he planted colonies at Jaffa and Jerusalem, not enough that he should declare himself at the tomb of Saladin the "Protector of Islam," nor that he should costume him-self like a crusader of old, and with all the magnificence of the great Frederick Barbarossa, that he had a breach made in the wall large enough and imposing enough for him and his retinue to pass through gloriously. There was still a worse infamy,—on the top of the Mount of Olives he caused to be erected a great hospice with apparent benevo-lent intent, and in it and upon it was installed the most powerful wire-less apparatus in the whole world; on top of Mount Zion he built a German Church on a solid concrete foundation; at the Damascus gate a hospital- "^he German language was imposed upon the school chil-dren through Turkish influence, and the Jews were persecuted and rose in rebellion over the insult and the curtailment of their privileges. We are remembering that not until 1896 did the Germans make any noticeable progress in Asia Minor. It was that year that Germany declined t'o join a league for the enforcement of toleration of the Armenian. The Kaiser saw that he could gain rather than lose by encouraging the Sultan in his nefarious schemes, and as the Berlin- Bagdad project was then the goal of his ambition, he was bending every energy in secret to gain his objective, the while he was lulling the world to sleep with his peaceful cradle songs. "It is probably little understood how many and varied are the schemes comprised in the expression, the Berlin-to-Bagdad-Concessions. Not only were the actual financial concessions wrung from Abdul Hamid's Gov-ernment as the blood money in payment for which he would be permitted to continue his orgy of lust and murder—such as would undoubtedly bring the whole of Turkey under German Dominion and make Constantinople practically a German city—but the forest, mining and other rights con-nected with the scheme would insure the Asiatic possessions of Turkey coming directly under German influence and control. 30 ISTlNETEEISTTH AnIS^UAL SeSSIOI^ "The pressing on of the building of the railway at the rate of a mile a day just before the outbreak of the war, to a great German naval port at Koweit was to give Germany a direct outlet to the Persian Gulf and the shores of India; Afghanistan was to be bribed, and with the occupation of Persia, and the advance through Afghanistan, and by sea from Koweit, it would not be hard, the Germans thought, to destroy once and for all, the British dominion in India. This scheme was to be aided, if not entirely accomplished by means of a Jehad or Holy War, launched as it afterwards was, from Constantinople, at which the Faithful in all countries were to rise and to push the infidel—excluding only the German allies of Turkey — into the sea. The extension of the railways to Palestine made progress possible towards the Suez Canal and Egypt. The linking up of the German possessions in East and West Africa was to cut the line of the Cape-to-Cairo Railroad, disposing forever of that 'far-fetched Hritish scheme,' leaving the German free to strike north and south at his future convenience until finally Africa became his own. The economic control of Russia was no dream, as we have seen in later days; and thus with a great capital at Bagdad, a vast Eastern Empire was to be established and German power to rule without let or hindrance from Hamburg to Singapore."^° After the first Balkan War, Germany v^as bothered witli the new Servia and Bosnia which rose out of it. Eventually Bosnia was elimi-nated, and Servia alone blocked her progress to the far East. Busrah, the natural port of Mesopotamia, is not a suitable terminus for the Berlin-Bagdad Bailway, and Germany v^shed to possess the harbor of Koweit. The Persian Sheik, loyal to the British Government, would not consent, and Germany began a long process of entangling Great Britain and Persia in endless difficulties over the matter until the former was about to sign an agreement with the Kaiser giving him the coveted port when the war broke out. Palestine itself formed no part in the great offensive and defensive plans of Great Britain,—indeed it was unimportant except for its geographical position lying between the Mohammedan bloc on the East and the Egyptian bloc on the "West, but it was the fact that the Suez Canal, the vital artery of Great Britain was menaced, that the defense of Egypt was undertaken. Then it was found that the enemy could not cross the Sinai Desert except by certain routes, clearly defined by the position of the springs and wells, and that only along the northern route which skirts the Mediterranean coast, was the water-supply sufficient to maintain any large body of troops. So a plan was formed to go out into the desert and secure control of the water, which could be done with far fewer troops than were necessary to defend the long line of the canal. The scheme succeeded. The Turks were slowly and steadily driven back from the water-bearing areas and a Wardlaw Milne: The Key to the War. State Literary and Historical Associatiojn- 31 large force was freed and sent to France. The Sinai Desert, v/liicli was in the main a struggle against nature, has, since the days of Moses, stood as an almost impenetrable harrier hotween Egypt and the East, and it was after the failure of his Syrian campaign that Napo-leon who had crossed most of the frontiers of Europe, announced his opinion that a desert is the most effective defensive barrier against military aggression. "Why then," asks Major-General Sir Frederick Maurice who was with General Allenby, "did we go into the Sinai Peninsula to meet the Turks instead of leaving them to face the difficulties of the desert? The Turks were building a railway from the frontier of Palestine and if they had been allowed to extend it and to make at their leisure arrangements for storing water, we should have had an attack upon Egypt in force, which was most undesirable to await passively. Furthermore, it was of the highest importance to keep open the Suez Canal at all times, as through it passed large numbers of men and tons of foodstuffs and materials, coming from Australasia and India. "We therefore m.oved eastward along the coast route into the Sinai Peninsula, building a broad gauge railroad as we went and we were very soon brought up against a very serious difficulty. It was discovered that the brackish water of the pools and v/ells suited to the stomachs of the Arabs and the Turks, was not potable for Europeans and their animals. Water, then for the army, had to be brought from Egypt, and a pipe line with innumerable pumping stations and reservoirs was constructed across the desert, Britain, busy making up her arrears in the supply of muni-tions of war, could not at that time make pipes of the required size and they were furnished by the United States and carried over 4,000 miles to their destination. The considerable army at Gaza was, for the most part, drinking water borne through these pipes from the Nile in Egypt,"3i It will be rememberd that the Turks were defeated before Kut but later General Townsend's expedition failed of its objective. His whole campaign was for the defense of India, but when the enemy deter-mined to recapture Bagdad it brought AUenby's forces which were protecting Egypt into conjunction with the aims of Townsend's cam-paign. To break the concentration of the Turks and Germans which had Aleppo for the objective, it was decided, says Maurice, "That it would be more effective and more economical of power, . . . to strike from the frontier of Palestine than to reinforce our troops in Mesopotamia, the most distant of our theatres of war, where our troops were already more than 500 miles from the coast. Accordingly the prepa-rations for attack upon the strongly entrenched positions which the enemy had constructed between Gaza and Heersheba were made as secretly as possible. 21^ Maj.-Gen. Frederick Maurice: War in the Far East. 32 JSTlNETEENTH AnNUAL SeSSION "The hardships which the troops had to endure were severe, many of them having only one bottle full of water for 48 hours of great heat and choking dust. As soon as the flanking movements had made progress, the line of Gaza was assaulted and the Turks fell back in disorder. The P'ur-suit was continued relentlessly as far north as Jaffa, the eager cavalry giving the enemy no time to rally, and bringing off a number of brilliant charges. "The Turkish army was completely broken up and lost 10,000 prisoners and 80 guns. Our troops had out-distanced their supply columns, and a halt had perforce to be called to bring up food and munitions and stores before they could move into the hills of Judea toward Jerusalem. "32 What was tlie state of affairs in Palestine at this time? What had been happening in that distant and silent land? Madam Ben Yehudah in a notable article entitled Palestine Before the War, gives us a careful chronicle: "In 1913, the year before the war, the 35th year from the beginning of the Jewish National Movement in Palestine, first under the terrible regime of Sultan Abdul Hamid, and later under the Young Turkish Constitution, Jewish life in Palestine began to define itself as national in character. "The number of Jews in the Holy Land had increased approximately to 150,000. In the principal cities, Jerusalem, Safed, Tiberias, the Hebrews formed the majority of the population, counting 80,000 in Jerusalem alone. In Judea, Samaria and Galilee they were in possession of extensive lands, and they had founded over 60 colonies. . . . These were the marvel of the natives. From afar off the houses could be seen rising in the midst of verdure, like oases in a desert. The dwellings were well constructed. The wide streets were adorned with dignified public buildings, schools and hospitals. "Domestic industries had arisen including wine, silk-worms, olive oil and soap. Orange, almond and apricot orchards charmed the eye. The per-fume plantations of roses (for making ottar of roses), geraniums and other flowers resembled a Paradise. Cultivated fields extended so far that the aspect was like a sea of verdure, where formerly had been the desert wilderness. "Machine shops and factories were opened for the production of articles of building construction, household utensils, and agricultural implements. Arts and crafts w^ere developed (in the Bezalel Schools) : knitting, weav-ing, basketry, metal work, lace, pottery, wood carving, jewelry. Commerce increased. The oranges, almonds and especially the wines of Palestine won renown in the markets of Egypt, and on distant shores. "Jews from various parts of the world began to unite in the Holy Land, and to become assimilated. Thus a new and healthy generation sprang into being,—straight, well formed, filled with the pride of race and love of country. "The Hebrew tongue was the common language of this generation and fired the Hebrew soul with patriotism. •''^ Maj.-Gen. Sir Frederick Maurice: War in the Far East. State Literary and Historical Association 3^ "The old Turkish Government under Abdul Hamid made no objection to this development of the Hebrew language, which they considered of 'no importance.' But they systematically impeded the progress of the Jews in every other direction. They issued decrees against Jewish ownership of land and colonization, against the planting of orchards and the draining of marshes. "There was a remarkable harmony between the various Jewish divisions; the devout orthodox, the free thinkers, and the Nationalists, now called Zionists, all seemed in accord. "The various Jewish schools united in reunions for festivals and excur-sions, under the flag of the Zionists, and speaking one common language, Hebrew. "There was a general sense of happiness and prosperity. "The Jews awaited the opening of their fine Polytechnic schools at Haifa as an auspicious event, an expression of the Jewish National idea before the world, but especially from Russia, America and Germany. The cura-torium was directed by a committee in Berlin. Instruction in Hebrew had been assured, therefore, when a courier arrived from Berlin, announcing: that the instruction should be in German, the news was like a thunder-bolt." Later this matter of the language set the Jews in two hostile camps, but the Zionists who declared for Hebrew were much stronger, and opened up schools of their own in their own language, and the German schools fell into decay. "However," continues Madam Ben Yehudah, "the season was prosperous, the harvests were promising. And there was an unusual flood of tourists. Among the visitors arrived the Baron Edmund de Rothschild, the cele-brated patron of the Jewish colonies. The Jewish youths and maidens went to meet them clothed in the national colors, white and blue, and mounted on horseback. The populace of Jerusalem received Baron Roths-child with greater honors than they had bestowed on Emperor William himself. The Zionists created a national guard to surround him. Other visitors were Mr. and Mrs. Julius Rosenwald who paid almost exclusive attention to the Nationalists. Finally there arrived in Jerusalem Mr. and Mrs. Morgenthau. All the foreign powers as well as the Turkish officials in Jerusalem did homage to the Jewish representative of the United States, and this increased the prestige of the Jews in the Holy Land. "The Ambassador was impressed by the renaissance of Jewish life in Palestine, but he regretted the internecine conflict over the language ques-tion. Mr. and Mrs. Morgenthau gave a great dinner to which most of the eminent Moslems and Christians and the noted Jews of the opposing par-ties were invited. Several diplomatic speeches were made regarding the amicable relations between the Jews, Moslems and Christians, America and Turkey, but the two separate companies among the Jews remained divided. "Devout Jews assembled on the Fast of Ab at the Wailing Place where they were accustomed to assemble each year, to mourn for the destruction of Jerusalem. They watered the ancient foundation stones with their tears and entreated the Lord of Hosts saying, 'Turn Thou us unto Thee, Lord, and we shall be turned. Renew our days as of old.' 3 34 J^INETEENTH AnNUAL SeSSION "In this Jewish prayer, all Jewish hearts of the world unite. In the utterance of this prayer one era was terminated, and a new era was ushered in,—for upon the very day of the Fast of Ab, the Great War was declared in Europe. "From the beginning of the Great War, Palestine suffered because lew ships visited the native ports and soon there was a scarcity of necessities, either because the goods had not arrived, or had been hoarded by the merchants. Although Turkey herself was not at war, the day after the Germans commenced hostilities in Europe, the Turks mobilized their troops and commandeered all the horses, camels and mules. They unharnessed horses and left carriages standing in the middle of the streets. The usual means of communication were cut off. Turkish officials visited the villages and returned driving flocks of young men who were drafted into the army. To arouse enthusiasm, a public ovation was given to the drafted men in the streets. "In Jaffa there appeared a gigantic young Arab who was surrounded by dervishes flourishing naked swords. With a hoarse cry he shouted: 'The religion of Mohammed advances by the sword' and this refrain was repeated by the populace with savage cries. "To inflame his followers, he cried again: 'The sword demands blood! Allah preserve our Sultan'! "This Arab demonstration knew no bounds, and the common people fled in terror. In Jerusalem evil days were foreseen. People began to hoard their supplies for the years ahead. The Syrian Christians were in a panic. In their houses they hid themselves, trembling with fear and saying that they would be the flrst to be massacred, partly on account of their well-known friendship for the French and the English. The Armenians declared that the greatest peril awaited them, for of a certainty they had been marked in advance for the slaughter. They pointed out that the Jews were well organized and had some protectors because at the request of Mr. Morgenthau the United States battleship Tennessee, under the never-to-be-forgotten Captain Decker, had been sent to Palestine with supplies for the Jews. A little later on the North Carolina arrived with Mr. Maurice Wertheim with $50,000 in gold for the relief of the Jews. Almost every one who could do so, left the country. "The consulates of France, England and Russia were surrounded by spies so that anyone, even entering the doors, was immediately under the suspicion of the Turks; while the German Consulate was the meeting place of government officials . . . who became insolent and began a syste-matic persecution of the Jews. . . . From the beginning of the war the inhabitants of Palestine cherished the hope that Great Britain would find a pretext to take possession of Palestine, and they were heartbroken after all their troubles, that England did not intervene, and then Turkey declared -war on the side of Germany. One of the flrst steps was the announcement of the 'Jehad.' It was imagined that the whole Moslem population of the world, 300,000,000 strong, would rise under the green banner of Mahomet, and humanity itself would be in danger. "The terror in Jerusalem was extreme. A few courageous Jews and Christians approached certain Mohammedans and earnestly inquired what the Jehad would signify to themselves. The explanation was brief, as fol-lows: State Literaey and Historical Association 35 " 'It signifies that every faithful Moslem is required to slay at least four unbelievers.' "To impress the p-ublic, the authorities ordered forty fanatical Circas-sians, fully armed, to ride on horseback through the streets of Jerusalem. Silently they passed, brandishing naked scimitars. This was to the inhabi-tants of the city the only visible sign of the Holy War. "In the spring of 1915 news arrived that the Turkish Army had suc-cessfully traversed the desert. A later dispatch announced the crossing of the Suez Canal—this occasion was celebrated by the illumination of Jeru-salem. Almost immediately, however, the news arrived of the defeat of the Turks. The Mohammedans were crestfallen. The Germans failed to conceal their disdain for the Turkish prowess and their scorn for the Turkish Army. Jews and Christians avoided being seen on the streets, fearing to be accused of joy, and in their houses they trembled in dread of the homecoming of the defeated army. "Djemal Fasha shut himself up in the wall of the Augusta Victoria Me-morial on the Mount of Olives, and refused to see any one, not even the most eminent personages. Thus closed ignominiously one scene in the oriental dream of power which Kaiser Wilhelm had dreamed for himself in Jerusalem. In this very Augusta Memorial there is a great throne room in which two thrones stand. "In 1916 a second expedition was launched against the Suez Canal with an army of 250,000 men under the command of the German, Von Kress, but it was not more successful than the first enterprise. . . . Not only the Moslems, but even the Germans began to perceive tha;t their star was waning in the Holy Land. Notwithstanding, the immense German propaganda waged continuously for ten years before the war, to convince the Arabs that the land belonged to the Arabians, the ancient tradition now revived concerning the destiny of the Jews to possess the land, persecutions increased in vio-lence. Great suffering was inflicted to induce the Zionists to betray the English. "Gaza was taken by the British and recovered by the Turks, remaining in their handw seven months. In June, 1917, General Allenby captured Beer-sheba and then Gaza. Ludd surrendered, Ramleh fell; on November 16th Jaffa was captured. Victorious British troops then marched upon Jerusalem. "For three years the Holy City had suffered privations and sorrows. It was as if the plague had raged within its walls. Most of the houses were closed because the inhabitants were dead, or deported, exiled or in prison. Deserted were the streets. One dreaded to be seen out of doors for fear of falling victim to the rage of the Turks. "People hid themselves in cellars and subterranean passages, where life continued underground by the light of olive oil lamps. "Even in these hiding places one heard the roar of Turkish cannon, which was directed against the Tomb of Samuel, where the English had fortified themselves. One passionate desire filled the hearts of Jews and Christians alike, as they waited for the hour of deliverance. Their faith in the vic-torious strength of the British failed not. They prayed that God would deliver them by a miracle, and show His hand as in the former days. "In the meantime, Turkish cannon was destroying the Tomb of Samuel, and the English were making a movement whose object was to encircle 36 Nineteenth Annual Session Jerusalem. The Turks and the Germans commanded that the city should be defended, and they sent for reinforcements from Damascus, The garrison was not sufficiently strong in numbers or in morale to sustain the attack without aid. When the reinforcements failed to arrive, the Turks perceived that they would be obliged to evacuate. In great haste they arrested every one whom they caught on the streets, including the Dutch Consul and a distinguished Austrian physician, a member of the Hoard of Health. "In these terrible days in Jerusalem, Jews and Christians fasted and prayed. Their common sorrow and desolation drew them nearer to one another. They sought concealment in the darkest cellars and deepest sub-terranean passages. "It was in this darkness and dread that the Jews awaited the coming of their great festival of light and gladness, Han-uc-ca, the Feast of Deliverance in former days, and now approaching as the day of destruction. The women, weeping, prepared the oil for the sacred lights and even the men wept, saying that this v/ould be the last time they should keep the feast in Jerusalem! They strained their ears to hear the horses' hoofs, and the tread of the soldiers coming to arrest them and drive them forth. The women pressed their children to their breasts, crying: 'They are coming to take us! The persecutors, the assassins!' "Then suddenly other women came rushing from the outside down into the depths crying: " 'HOSANNA! HOSANNA! The British, the British have arrived!' "Weeping and shouting for joy, Jews and Christians, trembling over one another, emerged and rushed forth from the caverns, holes and underground passages. "With loud cries, with outstretched hands, they blessed the company of their deliverers, who advanced in a glory of light, for all Jerusalem was illuminated by the crimson light of the setting sun ... in the very begin-ning of Hanucca, the Feast of the Miracle of Lights. "At noon on the 8th of December, 1917, a representative of General Allenby, Commander-in-Chief of the British forces operating in Palestine, received from the Mayor of Jerusalem, the surrender of the city. "On December 10th, at noon. General Allenby made his official entry into the city by the Jaffa road."33 "General Allenby entered the town on foot. Small detachments of in-fantry and cavalry, drawn from Britain's far-flung battle line, were drawn up outside, while French and Italian soldiers were marshalled inside the Jaffa Gate as the Commander-in-Chief, accompanied by the representatives of America, France and Italy, passed through it. "The breach in the wall made for the Kaiser's entry in 1898—a breach still unrepaired—is near by. But General Allenby came in by the door. There is a profound significance in the contrasting ways in which England and Germany entered the city, for the open gate stands for order and obedi-ence to the law, while the breached wall represents pride, arrogance and force. There is, moreover, an ancient saying as to the character of those who prefer some other way of coming in than by the door."34 23 Madam Ben Yehudah: Jerusalem—Its Future and Redemption, ^ Atkins : Jerusalem Past and Present. State Literary and Historical Association 37 l^o't a gun was fired into the city of Jerusalem, it was t'aken without bloodshed, without violence, and as for the twenty-fourth time Jeru-salem passed from one power to the other, it had the backing of the Jews themselves, for hundreds of them enlist'ed under the Allies' banner at Jaffa, and their blood flowed with that of their deliverers as they fought their way to Jerusalem. To the inhabitants of the city Gen-eral Allenby made the following announcement : "Since your city is regarded with affection by the adherents of three of the greatest religions of mankind, and its soil has been consecrated by the prayers and pilgrimages of multitudes of devout people of these three re-ligions for many centuries, therefore, do I make known to you, that every sacred building, monument, holy spot, shrine, traditional site, endowment, pious bequest, or customary place of prayer of whatever form belonging to the great religions of mankind will be maintained and protected according to the existing customs and beliefs of those to whose faiths they are sacred." Thus has Jerusalem passed into hands of the nation that has, of all others, the greatest genius for governing colonials. One who does not antagonize the natives, one who do'es not countenance religious persecu-tion, one that fears the God of the Jews, and honors His great and terrible name. After the occupation of the city, the first problem of improvement encountered was that of the water supply. "That part of Palestine south of Keersheba has been piped with water from the Nile by British Royal Engineers with American equipment—the realization, it is said, of a dream thousands of years old. ISeveral millions of gallons a day are pumped from the canal near Kantara across the Suez Canal into Palestine. ... On the western slopes of Palestine the valleys form excellent reservoir sites for collecting the winter rains, though they would often have to be treated to prevent loss by percolation. The problem of the water supply of Jerusalem has been attacked by such noted men as Hezekiah—who constructed a tunnel which is today an 'almost unexplain-able' engineering feat—Solomon, Pontius Pilate and Herod. In the spring of 1918, the British, using much of the Roman work, installed a six-inch line from the springs of Wady-el-Arub, about sixteen miles south of Jerusalem, through which more than 200,000 gallons a day are now flowing into the city."35 "The tank which Pontius Pilate began was never completed, because the Roman Government frowned upon the heavy cost of the water system which he proposed. The British, immediately upon their capture of the Holy City, began the repair and completion of this tank, which has a capacity of 5,000,000 gallons. An aqueduct leads to it from an inexhaustible spring."36 ^ Capt. Carson of the American Red Cross: Journal of the American Medical Asson., Aus. 2, 1919, p. 341. 36 C. W. Whitehair: The Last Crusade. 38 !N"iNETEE]srTH Anntjal Session And it lias come to pass in our days that the Christians of the world have conceived a great desire to see the redemption of the ancient people of the Lord. As though a veil had been lifted from their hearts also, and the Jew, once despised and persecuted, has found favor in the sight of the worshippers of Jesus of N'azareth, because their hearts have been moved by their sufferings and by their faithful love of the traditions, and greater than this—because a large part of the Church of God pray-ing earnestly THY KINGDOM COME, believe that it can come only after the Jews have been turned again home. "Thus saith the Lord of Hosts : In those days it shall come to pass that ten men shall lay hold out of all languages of the nations, even shall take hold of the skirt of him that is a Jew, saying, ^We will go vdth you ; for we have heard that God is with you.' '^'^^ We have indeed heard that God is with the Jew. "The sons also of them that afflicted thee shall come bending unto thee ; and all they that have despised thee shall bow themselves down at the soles of thy feet ; and they shall call thee the City of the Lord, the Zion of the Holy One of Israel."^ ^ At the Peace Conference there was, strangely enough, a Council of Ten drawn from as many nations, and many Christian bodies see in the concurrence of these national representatives to the proposition of giv-ing the Jews freedom to live in Palestine developing their own culture unmolested, a fulfillment of the prophecy. "There shall yet old men and old women dwell in the streets of Jeru-salem, and every man with his staff in his hand for very age. And the streets of the city shall be full of boys and girls playing in the streets thereof. Behold I will save my people from the east country and from the west country and I will bring them, and they shall dwell in the midst of Jerusalem; and they shall be my people, and I will be their God, in truth and in righteousness."39 Spiritual Israel even the chosen of the Lord Jesus Christ whom He has gathered out of the world to be witnesses to Him is speeding the Jew upon his way home. This unity of aim was rather conspicu-ously set forth in a Christmas verse which appeared in 1918 after the armistice was signed: "Adown the hills of Palestine, Across the silver sea. The tidings of the angels tell Of peace that is to be; For all the hills of Palestine Are safe in iChristian hands, And peace on earth begins again In far-off Jewish Lands."40 s-^Zech. 8:23. 38Isa. 60:14. seZech. 8: 4, 5, 7, 8, 40 Jane D. Wood. iState Literaky and Historical Association 39 Out of t'lie confusion and disorder and clasli of interest there is one unity of purpose, one unity of desire,—the only spiritual result of its kind of the war,—the wish of Jew and Protestant alike, that Palestine should become again, sacred to the Lord of Hosts. The whole earth looks to it' for a spiritual authority, not as though the mouth of man should proclaim from it a new law, or that man should utter infallible things, but that the pure reign of the great God Who spoke on Sinai, should be set up in righteousness, and that the Moral Law should be revealed in the teachings of the Messiah Whom the Church expects a second time, and Whom the orthodox Jews still expect with a pathetic longing. It' is well, however, to discriminate carefully between the very optim-istic views of the American Jews and the aspirations of the Zionist Commission in Palestine. American Jewry looks upon the Balfour Declaration as a virtual restoration of the Holy Land to Jewish political control under the mandatory of one of the Great Powers. This is the extreme view, and it is probably fed on the hopes of millions of Chris-tians who would feel that such a condition indicated the consummation of the age, and the fulfillment of the "times of the Gentiles," but on the other hand, those who are facing facts, know that there is a great gulf between such a degree of national independence, and mere release from the bondage of Turkish oppression, which is the only substantial result of British victory in Palestine at the present time. The Zionist Commission in the Holy Land is occupied with relief work for the poor Jews, is caring for the interrupted work of the colonies of which there are 60, and trying to unite the various contending factions of the Jews, and treating from time to time with the Arabs who are very strongly entrenched to the East', and more or less antagonistic to the Jews. The Hebrews in Palestine have no voice in the emergency government administered by Great Britain; they are consulted when any measures are to be introduced which may affect them, but other-wise they are considered one of the many ethnical groups of people dwelling in the land. It would be very unwise at the present to seek to change this condition. Britain has encouraged the Arabs to set up a kingdom of their own as a foil against the great Mohammedan world which is seeking quietly and persistently to unite all its divisions through a process of spiritual revival to fit them for the great struggle to which they are looking that will settle the supremacy of the rival religions of the world. This Arab State is composed of two genera-tions of Syrians who have been trained under the liberal teaching of American professors in the great American University. They are 40 jN"ineteenth Annual Session strongly contesting the rising power of tlie Jews wkicli will frustrate their attempt t'o form a Greater Syria^ especially as their seaport Haifa, is in the confines of 'Palestine. But owing to the treaty or Triple Alliance which has been formed by agreement with the United States, France and Great Britain, there will be no divided authority, nor any division among those three great Powers which are virtually underwriting the security of the Jewish ISTation. The latest advices from London (October 29, 1919) state that Great Britain is arranging with Prince Peisal, son of the King of Hedjaz, and with France, the Protector of Upper Syria, for the withdrawal of all British troops in the whole territory of occupation including Palestine, and the assumption of the duties of war-time emergency by the French and the Arabs, pending the conclusion of the Treaty of Peace. The underlying significance of this is that a big stride toward complete understanding has been reached by the two great powers in question. French sovereigp-ty and Arab aspirations have been recognized by the British, and in thus giving them the con-trol of the disputed territory under pledge of protection for the Jews, Great Britain will be able to build her railroad line of communication from the Suez Canal through friendly countries with no danger of having to guard it in time of unrest. It would be quite impossible to construct it through Central Europe where she might find at any time the line cut by hostile German partisans. If the French by an understanding with the British, occupy the whole of Syria, Great Britain will be free to continue her railroad from Suez along the coastal plain as far as Mount Carmel, then cross the Jordan eastward south of Galilee, across the plains of Hauran to Aleppo where it will link up with the Bagdad Railroad which proceeds further eastward to India. Thus are the commercial and political moves of two nations which have been for generations friendly to the Jewish people tending toward the gradual up-building of a Greater Syria that will be in harmony with the moderate aspirations of the Jews, giving a homeland to as many as the country in its very limited size can accommodate without encroaching on the rights of the Arabs whose progress has advanced more rapidly and who have established a prior claim to a part of the disputed territory. It is estimated that 60 per cent of the Hebrews are Zionists or ISTationals. They look for the restoration of the Jews to Palestine with a national language and with a degree of national independence under a protectorate; 25 per cent of the Hebrews are the Mizrachrists or Karaites, who represent the strictly spiritual element which rely V State Literary and Historical Association 41 solely upon ttie Word of God. These look for tlie Messiab. to come to deliver them; 15 per cent are Polay Zionists, the working classes, pro- Ally, radical and convinced that' they will be re-established in their land, with the same measure of national independence that was theirs under David, their most beloved King. This last class does a great deal of harm to the whole cause, and their indiscretions have caused many bitter encounters between their sect' and the Moslems in Jeru-salem. The Jews themselves are perfectly aware of this prejudice, and the wisest are not forcing any issues at present. On September 12, 1919, there was held in Chicago, the 22nd annual convention of the Zionists of America. At this great meeting addresses were made by Justice Brandeis, Felix Frankfurter, Mrs. Mary Fels, Dr. Stephen Wise, Dr. Harry Friedenwald, Bernard Bosenblatt and others. It is significant of this great conference, that the report brought in after all plans had been discussed and all views had been presented, and all aspirations had been voiced, was moderate and exhibited a spirit of wisdom most encouraging to all the well wishers of the move-ment. 1st. A campaign is to be waged vigorously against malaria in advance of any extensive investment by the Jewish ^N'ational Fund, the Zionist Commonwealth and other purchasing corporations of the Zionist movement. 2nd. Afforestation is recommended to prevent en-croachment of sand to stabilize the rainfall and provide a timber sup-ply and irrigation. 3rd. Strong financial support to* the Hebrew University is urged. 4th. Lines of development must be agricultural, industrial and commercial to provide for the incoming population in large numbers. 5th. Jewish settlements are to be confined to tracts now vacant or neglected. 6th. There must' be no private speculation and monopoly of the soil, no commercial exploitation. 7th. Since the Arabs own about one-half the land, over 90 per cent of whom are illiterate and could not quickly be adapted to the new system of land tenure and taxation, it is proposed temporarily to ignore Arab real estate and apply progressive principles to the Turkish crown lands acquired by British conquest, and to the property of non-Arab popu-lation. Political aspirations were entirely suppressed, and the most that is hoped at present', is a liberal protectorate. The Convention delighted those whose expectations are based on the material building up a foundation for the spiritual; the convention was a disappoint-ment for those who hoped to see the Zionists go in and possess the land as the Israelites did of old, relying on the hand of the great Jehovah to lead them on. 42 JSTlNETEENTH AnNUAL SeSSION Shrouded in impenetrable mystery, the land invit'es every shade of political and religious opinion, invites every devout pilgrim, invites every civil disaster. And it may be, O Jerusalem, that thy children shall come again to thee in peace, and that for poverty, thou mayest obtain riches, for ashes—beauty; for desolation—prosperity; and it may be that this new era is but a rift in the gray cloud of thy tragic destiny,—that pagan nations may envy thy dawning power only to wrest it from thee ; that thy children may return to be scatt'ered again, that thy walls may be rebuilded to be thrown down stone for stone, but like the mountains of Judea, thou shalt abide with thy hallowed history, with thine im-perishable past, with thy romantic, storied places, with thy sacred shrines, adding this last thrilling episode las a climax to the age ; but thy name shall be deathless. For however it may fare with thy streets, thy gates, thy walls, — the eyes of the whole earth shall look forever toward Mt. Zion for the glorious appearing of the holy Jerusalem which shall be let down from heaven, a city four square and of heavenly beauty, adorned like a bride for her husband, the joy of the whole earth, where shall be seen the King in His beauty and with Him shall come the great consumma-tion, for Jerusalem shall satisfy the craving of the humble and of the great, and shall be not only the desire of the nations, but the home of the soul. 3"" 0/?/r. ca/ips us ft OTS S JhlsTu^N/Mf L Vs/AS THS MAIN L—*, TvtiNsi Ini?icateo THUg % N ,H \ 4 V f^^ Breaking of the Hindenburg Line at the St. Quentin Canal By Former Brigadier-General L. D. Tyson" Commanding 59th Brigade, 30th Division, A. E. F. In giving this account of the Breaking of the Hindenburg Line along the St. Quentin Canal, I wish to state, in the first instance, that I have made it as accurate as possible from the information that is now obtainable. It' must be remembered that the "War Department has not yet pub-lished the official records of the War, and it is almost impossible at this time to secure the reports of officers engaged in the operations described. In cases where I have not the personal knowledge, and where it was not possible to get access to all the report's desired, infor-mation has been obtained from newspapers and other sources, espe-cially from the Stars and Stripes, the practically official newspaper of t'he American Expeditionary Forces, which was published in Paris during the World War by American newspaper men. The latter news-paper had an excellent opportunity of securing accurate information, and access to official reports, that have not yet been published. The breaking of the Hindenburg Line along the St. Quentin Canal cannot be claimed by any one Division. It was a part of a large operation, and the American t'roops were acting as a Corps and, there-fore, the only fair and proper way to describe the operation, so far as the American troops are concerned, is to give an account of what the 27th and 30th Divisions, composing the Second American Corps, accom-plished. As I was an officer of the 30th Division, in order that there shall be no possibility of claim that I have been partial, and in the belief that the account of The Breaking of the Hindenburg Line as given in the Stars and Stripes is accurate, and written from authentic informa-tion, if not from the actual reports, I have thought best to take many facts and much matter from accounts appearing in that newspaper. After the great drive of the Germans on the Western front in France and Belgium, beginning on t'he 21st of March, 1917, and their tremen-dous successes, the British and French realized if they did not have assistance from America, and prompt assistance, the war would prob-ably be won by the Germans. To this end, it is reported, they made such representations to Presi-dent Wilson of their dire necessity, that he agreed to send ten Ameri-can Divisions to l^orthern France with all possible dispatch, provided ships could be obtained. 44 l^INETEENTH AnNUAL SeSSION The Britisli promised, and did furnish, a large amount of shipping. These ten American Divisions were transported as rapidly as possible into IN'orthorn France. Among them were the 27th and 30th Divisions, both ISTational Guard Divisions; the 27th Division being largely from New York State and having been trained at Camp Wadsworth, near Spartanburg, S. C, and the other, the 30th Division, being composed, at that time, almost entirely of men from I^orth Carolina, South Caro-lina and Tennessee, and having been trained at Camp Sevier, near Greenville, S. C. While the great majority of the men in these two divisions were INTational Guard troops, there were many draft men, but the draft men in the 30th came almost exclusively from the three states of ITorth Carolina, South Carolina and Tennessee. Afterwards both Divisions received thousands of replacements in France, and these came from many states, nearly every state in the Union being represented. The 27th Division arrived in France May 10, 1918'. The 30th Division arrived in France May 24, 1918. It will be interesting, perhaps, here to give a short historical sketch of the units of these Divisions, so far as known. The 27th Division was commanded throughout its entire career by Major-General John F. O'Ryan of 'New York, who belonged to the J^Tat'ional Guard before the war, and was the only Major-General who was mustered in from a ISTational Guard Division and served throughout the war. The 30th Division was commanded by a large number of general officers. It was first commanded by Major-General John F. Morrison, United States Army, then by Brigadier-General W. S. Scott, United States Army, then by Major-General Clarence P. Townsley, United States Army, then by Brigadier-General S. L. Faison, United States Army, who commanded it from the 1st of January, until the 1st of May, 1918. Brigadier-General L. D. Tyson, commanding the 59th Brigade, was placed in command of the Division on May 1, 1918, and took it to France and was in command until the 27th of May, 1918. On the arrival of the Division in France the command was taken over by Major-General George W. Read, United States Army, who commanded it until about the 15th of June, when he was relieved and placed in command of the 2nd American Corps in France. The Division was then commanded by Brigadier-General Faison until about the 18th of July, when Major-General E. M. Lewis, United States Army, succeeded to the command and he commanded it from that time until the return of the Division home in March, 1919. State Literary and Historical Association 45 It will tlius be seen that the SOth Division liad more commanding officers during its career tlian perhaps any other Division in the whole of the American Army. ' Brigadier-General Faison and Brigadier-General Tyson, both natives of North Carolina, were with the Division from the time it was formed in September, 1917, until it was mustered out. General Faison commanded the Division for a longer period during its training than any other General Officer, and to him great credit must be given for his untiring energy and zeal in bringing this Division up to its high state of efficiency, which it showed in the subsequent operations in which it was engaged. Of the ten American Divisions which arrived in the northern part of France in May and June, 1918, the 27th and 30th were selected to remain in l^orthern France, and were both attached to and placed in training with the British, their services being very greatly needed at the time on the depleted British front from Ypres south to Armen-tieres. The British forces and morale at that time were at the lowest ebb perhaps during the w'hole war. The presence of these American DiA^'i-sions greatly enhanced the morale of the British on this front and put new hope and new life into them. The Americans arrived just in time, for I believe if they had arrived 60 to 90 days later the war would have been won by the Germans. The days which these two Divisions spent in this area were very har-rowing ones, and especially so during the time they were in the front line trenches during the last two weeks in August. There was no sector on the whole British front, or perhaps on the entire front, which was more subjected to the enemy's fire for years than was the imme-diate sector in which they were placed at that time. They suffered many casualties while holding these lines. The 27th Division consisted of the 53rd and 54th Infantry Brigades, the 53rd Brigade containing the 105th and 106th Infantry Regiments, and the 105th Machine Gun Battalion. The 54th Brigade containing the 107th and 108th Infantry regiments and the 106th Machine Gun Battalion. The Division also had the 102nd Engineer Regiment, the 104th Machine Gun Battalion and other special troops. The 52nd Field Artillery Brigade, which was the Artillery Brigade of the Divi-sion, was never with the Division, being in service elsewhere, and the Division was always supported in action by the British or Australian Artillery. 46 J^INETEENTH AnI^UAL SeSSION" These regiments o£ this Division had been formed by combining the various J^ational Guard units of l^ew York State that' existed before the outbreak of the war. The 30th Division consisted of the 59th and 60th Infantry Brigades, the 59th Brigade containing the 117th and the llSt'h Infantry Regi-ments and the 114th Machine Gun Battalion, the 60th Brigade con-taining the 119th and 120th Infantry Regiments and the 115t'h Ma-chine Gun Battalion. The Division also bad the 105th Engineer Regi-ment, the 113th Machine Gun Battalion and other special troops. The 55ith Field Artillery Brigade, which was the Artillery Brigade of the Division, was never with the Division in France, being in service with the American Expeditionary Forces in the south and on the American front. This Division was always supported by British and Australian Artillery. The 117th Infantry was the old 3rd Tennessee. The 118th Infantry was the old 1st South Carolina. The 119th Infantry was the old 2nd I^orth Carolina, together with some of the old 1st l^orth Carolina Infantry and about 1500 men from the old 2nd Tennessee Infantry, both of which were broken up at Camp Sevier, S. C. The 120th Infantry was the old 3rd N'orth Carolina Infantry, together with a considerable number of the old 1st I^orth Carolina Infantry, and about 500 officers and men of the old 2nd Tennessee Infantry. The 105th Engineers was made up largely of the old 1st l!^orth Caro-lina Infantry. These two Divisions were assigned, in June, 1918, to the Second United States Army Corps, and operated with this Corps thereafter during active service. This Corps was communded throughout by Major-General George W. Read, United States Army. After about five weeks of preliminary training, and before the com-pletion of the training period which they had expected to enjoy in France, the two American Divisions were transferred to the Second British Army, under General Plumer, and sent to Belgium, the 27th being attached to the 19th British Corps and the 30th to the 2nd British Corps, and both assigned to the support positions known as the East and West Poperinghe Defense System, immediately in the rear of the Ypres and Dickebush Sectors in Belgium. The situation on this part of the front at the time, early in July, was extremely critical, as the powerful forces of the Army Group of Crown Prince Rupprecht of Bavaria, which had already, in April, driven deeply through the British lines about Armentieres and cap- State Literary and Historical Association 47 tured the commanding eminence of Mount Kemmel, were daily ex-pected to begin another desperate drive for the capture of the Channel ports to the northwest, and the vitally important Bethune coal fields I'o the southwest. Should the Germans make a successful beginning of such a drive and get through the British front lines, the brunt of the attack would fall upon these partly trained American divisions. Fortunately, the attack never came, the enemy elected inst'ead to open an offensive east and west of Eeims and then, on July 18th at last definitely losing the initiative in the great counter attack of Mar-shal Foch along the Marne. But, while lying under the observation of Mount Kemmel and the enemy's accurate artillery fire in July and early August, the American Divisions rapidly became veterans and ready for any work. After the middle of August they took over front line sectors from the British divisions, the 30th Division taking the Canal Sector from the southern outskirts of Ypres to Yoormezeele, and the 27th taking the Dickebush sector, from Yoormezeele t'o a point northwest of Mount Kemmel. Owing to the gradual withdrawal of German divisions to meet the great Allied attacks further south, it became possible, on August 31st, for the Second British Army to begin a local offensive operation which, in so far as the American divisions were concerned, resulted, on that and the following day, in the 30th Division advancing about 1,500 yards, taking Lock 'No. 8 on the Ypres Canal, Lankho'f Farm and the village of Yoormezeele, while the 27th Division advanced about 2,000 yards, occupying Yierstraadt Ridge, and the northern slopes of Mount Kemmel. I have mentioned the activities and training of these Divisions in this sector in order to show how deeply they had impressed themselves upon the British during these operations, and, for that reason they were withdrawn from the front line between September 3rd and 5th and sent to training areas further south, where they received instruction particularly in operating offensively with tanks, and about September 23rd and 24th were assembled as the Second American Army Corps under General Rawlinson of the 4th British Army, and put into the sector fronting the Hindenburg Line about midway between Cambrai and St. Quentin at the point where it was said the German defenses were the strongest of any place on the entire German front, and which the Germans considered impregnable. The front now occupied by the British at that point was very nearly that which they had held previous to the German attack of March 21, 1918', and from which they had been driven back nearly to Amiens. Starting in about August 1st to recover once more that 48 ]N"lNETEENTH AnNUAL SeSSION devastated stretch of the valley of the So'mme between its junction with the Ancre and St. Quentin, which had been first lost in 1914, regained in 1915, and then lost again in the spring of 1918, with true British determination they had pushed on, foot by foot, for nearly two months, against the most bitter opposition, until they were once more occu-pying all but the foremost of their old trenches before the Hindenburg Line between St. Quentin and Cambrai. The plans for the great offensive involving the Allied forces on every front' were now perfect and, as has been previously pointed out, the initial attack of Marshal Haig's British Armies was to be made on September 27th, the day after the advance of the First American and Fourth French Armies on both sides of the Argonne. The British effort was to begin with an assault by the First and Third Armies on a 13 mile front before Cambrai, to be followed by an extension of the attack southward to St. Quentin by the Fourth British Army (of which the 27th and 30th Divisions composing the 2nd American Corps were a part) and still south of these by the First French Army. When its turn came General Rawlinson's Fourth Army was to go in on a front of 12 miles, from Holnon north to Yendheuille, with the E^inth British Corps on the right, the second American Corps in the center, supported by the Australian Corps under General Monash, and the Third British Corps on the left. The 27th and 30th American Divisions relieved the 18th and 75th British Divisions in the front line, opposite Bony and Bellicourt, on the night of September 24th and 23rd, 1918, respectively. The attack which they were to make had been planned by the Aus-tralian Corps which had been fighting since August 8th and had pushed the Germans back from Yillers Bretonneux to the Hindenburg Line, and the 3rd and 5th Australian Divisions were to support the Americans closely and relieve them when the first objectives had been obtained. During this time it was necessary to straighten out the American Corps line which was in front of the Hindenburg Line. If you will observe the accompanying map you will see that there is a, broken line running "A.B.C.D.E." This was a line which was actually occupied by the 27th and 30th Divisions when they were first put into the line in front of the Hindenburg System. You will, also, observe the broken line "X.Y.Z." and the straight line above it "U.Y.W." The broken line is the line that it was in-tended the troops should occupy on the morning of the day when the attack was to be made, called the Jumping Off Line, and the straight State Literary and Historical Association 49 line is tlie line which was to be what is known as the Barrage Line, that is to say, the line where the shrapnel and shells should fall at the zero hour. It was considered by the Australian General who had planned this attack, that these curved lines ''A.B.C.D.E." occupied by the 30th Division and the 27th Division, should be straightened out by being pushed forward to the broken line ^'X.Y.Z." which was to be the Jumping Off Line, and that this was to be done before the day of the final attack. To this end an attack was ordered to be made by the troops occupying the front line indioated by the line '^A.B.O.D.E." on the morning of the 27th, after bombardment had been laid on the territory between the bent line and the dotted line. It is perhaps necessary to say that in battles of this war the greatest degree of accuracy was required in every attack. The most minute and detailed orders were given so every single thing that could be-thought of before, and provided for, was thought out and issued in the form of orders, down to the very lowest ranks, and everything wa& explained to the officers and men, so there would be no confusion when the battle was on. The location and destination of each unit, from the Corps Head-quarters down to Regiments and Battalions, were set down on maps so, with map and compass, each officer would know exactly where he and his men were expected to go. In this instance the sectors of the Divisions were laid out on maps and by consulting the map it will be seen that the 30th was on the right and the 27th on the left. The 30th had the sector bounded by the lines "B.O.F." on the right and "G.H." on the left, and the 27th had its sector bounded by the lines ''G.H." on the right and "W.K." on the left. The final battle plans were announced for the great attack which was to take place on the 29th of September. It was provided in this plan of battle that the 27th and the 30th Divisions, constituting the 2nd American Corps, should attack on the morning of the 29th at 5.50 A. M., the zero hour, and drive forward and break the Hindenburg Line and penetrate and go forward to Bony and Guoy and to Bellicourt and I^auroy, the 30th Division to go for-ward and capture Bellicourt and J^auroy and penetrate to the dotted line shown on the map "M.N"." and the 27th was to drive forward and go through the tovms of Bony and Guoy to the dotted line "L.M.,'' the dotted line "L.M.N.'^ being the objective of the two Divisions. After the attack had been launched and the lines had been broken and the objectives had been taken by these two Divisions, the Australian 4 50 N'iNETEENTH AwNUAL SeSSION Corps was to move forward and go through the American Divisions to points further to the east, the 3rd Australian Corps t'O' advance and go through the 27th Division to an objective beyond that laid out for the 27th Division, and the 5th Australian Division to advance and go through the 30th Division to an objective further east. The 9th British Corps was to attack on the right of the 30th Division and the 3rd British Corps to attack on the left of the 27th. It was further provided in the Corps orders that there should be an intense bombardment of the positions in front of the 27th and 30th American Divisions, beginning on the 27th of September, and that this bombardment should last' for 60 hours and should be composed of regular shells and a certain number of gas and smoke shells. Thi
Object Description
Description
Title | Proceedings of the ninteenth annual session of the State Literary and Historical Association of North Carolina |
Other Title | Proceedings of the 19th annual session of the State Literary and Historical Association of North Carolina |
Date | 1920 |
Table Of Contents | Includes Breaking of the Hindenburg line at the St. Quentin canal; North Carolinian at the court of St. James during the World War; Contributions of North Carolina women to the World War; Some economic effects of the World War; Preservation of North Carolina World War records; William Joseph Peele: Philosopher; Edward Kidder Graham: Teacher and interpreter of modern citizenship; Kemp Plummer Battle: His contribution to North Carolina history. |
Digital Characteristics-A | 141 p.; 11.57 MB |
Series | Publications of the North Carolina Historical Commission; Bulletin no. 26 of the North Carolina Historical Commission |
Pres File Name-M | pubs_slnc_serial_minutesncliterary1919.pdf; publicationsofno1920nort.pdf |
Pres Local File Path-M | Preservation_content\StatePubs\pubs_slnc\images_master |
Full Text | North Carolina State Library ivH^+n no. 2^ Rr-iriigh PROGhnUlNGS OF THE Nineteenth Annual Session OF THE State Literary and Historical Association of North Carolina RALEIGH NOVEMBER 20-21, 1919 Compiled by R. D. W. CONNOR Secretary RALEIGH Edwards & Brouqhton Printing Co. State Printers 1920 The North Carolina Historical Commission J. Bryan Grimes, Chairman, Raleigh. D. H. Hill, Raleigh. T. M. Pittman, Henderson. M. C. S. Noble, Chapel Hill. Frank Wood, Edenton. R. D. W. Connor, Secretary, Raleigh. Officers of the State Literary and Historical Association of North Carolina 1918-1919 President James Sprunt, Wilmington. Pirst Vice-President Miss Mary O. Graham, Raleigh. Second Vice-President C. C. Pearson, Wake Forest. 'bird Vice-President Miss Carrie Jackson, Pittsboro. Secretary-Treasurer R. D. W. Connor, Raleigh. Executive Committee (With Above Officers) Edwin Greenlavt, Chapel Hill. A, L. Brooks, Greensboro. Miss Julia Alexander, Charlotte. Joseph B. Cheshire, Raleigh. Miss Adelaide Fries, Winston-Salem. 1919-1920 President J. G. deR. Hamilton, Chapel Hill. First Vice-President Mrs. S. Westray Battle, Asheville. Second Vice-President T. T. Hicks, Henderson. Third Vice-President Mrs. M. K. Myeks, Washington. Secretary-Treasurer R. D. W. Connor, Raleigh. Executive Committee (With Above Officers) W. K. Boyd, Durham. W. C. Smith, Greensboro. Mrs. H. G. Cooper, Oxford. F. B. McDovtell, Charlotte. Marshall DeLancey Haywood, Raleigh. PU *C-? f^ ll' PURPOSES OF THE STATE LITERARY AND HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION "The collection, preservation, production and dissemination of State litera-ture and history; "The encouragement of public and school libraries; "The establishment of an historical museum; "The inculcation of a literary spirit among our people; "The correction of printed misrepresentations concerning North Carolina; and— "The engendering of an intelligent, healthy State pride in the rising generations," ELIGIBILITY TO MEMBERSHIP—MEMBERSHIP DUES All persons interested in its purposes are invited to become members of the Association. There are two classes of members: "Regular Members," paying one dollar a year, and "Sustaining Members," paying five dollars a year. RECORD OF THE STATE LITERARY AND HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION (Organized October, 1900) Fiscal Paid up Years. Presidents. Secretaries. Membership. 1900-1901 Walter Claek Alex J. Feild 150 1901-1902 Henry G. Connor Alex J. Feild 139 1902-1903 W. L. FoTEAT George S. Fraps 73 1903-1904 C. Alphonso Smith Clarence Poe 127 1904-1905 Robert W. Winston Clarence Poe 109 1905-1906 Charles B. Aycock .Clarence Foe 185 1906-1907 W. D. Pruden Clarence Poe 301 1907-1908 Robert Bingham Clarence Poe 273 1908-1909 Junius Davis Clarence Poe 311 1909-1910 Platt D. Walker Clarence Poe 440 1910-1911 Edward K. Graham Clarence Poe 425 1911-1912 R. D. W. Connor Clarence Poe 479 1912-1913 W. P. Few R. D. W. Connor 476 1913-1914 Archibald Henderson R. D. W. Connor 435 1914-1915 Clarence Poe R. D. W. Connor 412 1915-1916 Howard E. Rondthaler R. D. W. Connor 501 1916-1917 H. A. London R. D. W. Connor 521 1917-1918 Jameis iSprunt R. D. W. Connor 453 1918-1919 James Sprunt R. D. W. Connor 377 1919-1920 J. G. deR. Hamilton R. D. W. Connor 493 THE PATTERSON MEMORIAL CUP Conditions of Award Officially Set Forth by Mrs. Patterson. To the President and Executive Committee of th^e Literary and Historical Association of North Carolina: As a memorial to my father, and with a view to stimulating effort among the writers of North Carolina, and to awaken among the people of the State an interest in their own literature, I desire to p-resent to your society a loving cup upon the following stipulations, which I trust will meet with your approval, and will be found to be just and practicable: 1. The cup will be known as the "William Houston Patterson Memorial Cup." 2. It will be awarded at each annual meeting of your association for ten successive years, beginning with October, 1905. 3. It will be given to that resident of the State who during the twelve months from September 1st of the previous year to September 1st of the year of the award has displayed, either in prose or poetry, without regard to its length, the greatest excellence and the highest literary skill and genius. The work must be published during the said twelve months, and no manu-script nor any unpublished writings will be considered. 4. The name of the successful competitor will be engraved upon the cup, with the date of award, and it will remain in his possession until October 1st of the following year, when it shall be returned to the Treasurer of the Association, to be by him held in trust until the new award of your annual meeting that month. It will become the permanent possession of the one winning it oftenest during the ten years, provided he shall have won it three times. Should no one at the expiration of that period, have won it so often, the competition shall continue until that result is reached. The names of only those competitors who shall be living at the time of the final award shall be considered in the permanent disposition of the cup. 5. The Board of Award shall consist of the President of the Literary and Historical Association of North Carolina, who will act as chairman, and of the occupants of the Chairs of English Literature at the University of North Carolina, at Davidson College, at Wake Forest College, and at the State College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts at Raleigh, and of the Chairs of History at the University of North Carolina and at Trinity College. 6. If any of these gentlemen should decline or be unable to serve, their successors shall be appointed by the remaining members of the Board, and these appointees may act for the whole unexpired term or for shorter time, as the Board may determine. Notice of the inability of any member to act must be given at the beginning of the year during which he declines to serve, so that there may be a full committee during the entire term of each year. 7. The publication of a member of the Board will be considered and passed upon in the same manner as that of any other writer. Mes. J. Lindsay Patteeson. SUPPLEMENTAEY RESOLUTION According to a resolution adopted at the 1908 session of the Literary and Historical Association, it is also provided that no author desiring to have his work considered in connection with the award of the cup shall communi-cate with any member of the committee, either personally or through a representative. Books or other publications to be considered, together with any communications regarding them, must be sent to the Secretary of the Association and by him pTesented to the chairman of the committee for consideration. AWARDS OF THE PATTERSOJST MEMORIAL CUP 1905 — John Charles McNeill, for poems later reprinted in book form as "Songs, Merry and Sad." 1906—Edwin Mims, for "Life of Sidney Lanier." 1907 Kemp Plummer Battle, for "History of the "University of North Caro-lina." 1908 Samuel A'Court Ashe, for "History of North Carolina, Vol. I." 1909 Clarence Poe, for "A Southerner in Europe." 1910—R. D. W. Connor, for "Cornelius Harnett: An Essay in North Carolina History." 1911 Archibald Henderson, for "George Bernard Shaw: His Life and Works." 1912 Clarence Poe, for "Where Half the World is Waking Up." 1913 Horace Kephart, for "Our Southern Highlanders." 1914—J. G. deR. Hamilton, for "Reconstruction in North Carolina." 1915—WiLiJAM Louis Poteat, for "The New Peace." 1916—No Award. 1917—Mrs. Olive Tilford Dargan, for "The Cycle's Rim." 1918—No Award. 1919—No Award. WHAT THE ASSOCIATION HAS ACCOMPLISHED FOR THE STATE-SUCCESSFUL MOVEMENTS INAUGURATED BY IT. 1. Rural libraries. 2. "North Carolina Day" in the schools. 3. The North Carolina Historical Commission. 4. Vance statue in Statuary Hall. 5. Fire-proof State Library Building and Hall of Records. 6. Civil War Battlefields marked to show North Carolina's record. 7. North Carolina's war record defended and war claims vindicated. 8. Patterson Memorial Cup. Contents PAGE Minutes of the Nineteenth Annual Session 9 Restoration of Jerusalem: President's Annual Address. By James Sprunt 11 The Breaking of the Hindenburg Line at the St. Quentin Canal. By Brigadier-General L. D. Tyson 43 A North Carolinian at the Court of St. James During the World War. By Angus W. McLean 61 Contributions of North Carolina Women to the World War. By Archi-bald Henderson 85 Some Economic Effects of the World War. By William H. Glasson .... 96 The Preservation of North Carolina World War Records. By Robert B. House 105 North Carolina Bibliography, 1917-1919. By Mary B. Palmer 109 William Joseph Peele: Philosopher. By Robert W. Winston 113 Edward Kidder Graham: Teacher and Interpreter of Modern Citizen-ship. By Louis R. Wilson 119 Kemp Plummer Battle: His Contribution to North Carolina History. By William C. Smith 126 Members 1918-1919 131 Proceedings and Addresses of the State Literary and Historical Association of North Carolina Minutes of the Nineteenth Annual Session Raleigh, November 20-21, 1919 THURSDAY EYEJSTING, :^ovember 20th. The nineteenth annual session of the State Literary and Historical Association of IsTorth Carolina was called to order in the auditorinni of the Woman's Club, Raleigh, N. C, Thursday evening, JSTovember 20, 1919, at 8:30 o'clock. President James Sprunt in the chair. The session was opened with an invocation by Rev. W. McC. White, Pastor of the First Presbyterian Church, Raleigh, ]^. C. Dr. Sprunt then read the president's annual address o'n ^'The Restoration of Jerusalem." Mr. A. W. McLean being ill at his home in Washington, D. C, his paper on ^^A IsTorth Carolinian at the Court of St. James during the World War" was read by Mr. J. Crawford Biggs. At the conclusion of Mr. McLean's paper an informal reception was held for the members of the State Literary and Historical Association, the IvTorth Carolina Folk Lore Society, and the lN"ort'h Carolina Library Association, in the Woman's Club building. FRIDAY MORN"II^G, N^ovember 21st. The session was called to order in the hall of the State Senate by President Sprunt, at 11 o'clock. The president presented Dr. Archi-bald Henderson, of the University of I^^orth Carolina, who read a paper on "The Contributions of N^orth Carolina Women to the World War." Di". Henderson was followed by Dr. William H. Glasson, of Trinity College, who presented a paper on "Some Economic Effects of the World War." Following Dr. Glasson, Mr. Robert B. House, Col-lector of ]N"orth Carolina World War Records for the IN'orth Carolina Historical Commission, discussed "The Preservation of l^orth Caro-lina's World War Records." In the absence of Miss Mary B. Palmer, who was unavoidably prevented from attending, it was moved and carried that the reading of her paper on "^orth Carolina Bibliography, 1917-1919," be dispensed with and that the paper be printed in the proceedings. 10 I^INETEENTH AnNUAL SeSSIOIST The president announced tliat during tlie past year tlie Association had lost three of its most active memhers by death, and that the rest of the program for the morning session would be in the nature of a memorial service to them. He presented Hon. E.. W. Winston who read a paper entitled "William Joseph Peele: Philosopher." Judge Winston was followed by Dr. Louis R. Wilson, of the University of North Carolina, who presented a paper on "Edward Kidder Graham : Teacher and Interpreter of Modern Citizenship." Mr. William C. Smith, of the I^orth Carolina College for Women, presented a paper on "Kemp Plummer Battle: His Contribution to ISTorth Carolina History." At the conclusion of the exercises the president announced the fol-lowing nominating committee, with instructions to nominate officers for the coming year, and to report at the evening session : Messrs. P. W. Winston, L. P. Wilson, and Bennehan Cameron. FRIDAY EVENING, JSTovember 21st. President Sprunt having been unavoidably called home, the session was called to order by Vice-President Mary O. Graham, in the audi-torium of Meredith College, at 8 o'clock. Miss Graham presented Dr. W. K. Boyd who introduced to the audience Prof. William A. Dun-ning, of Columbia University, who addressed the Association on "The Pise o'f ^Nationalism." Following Dr. Dunning's address Col. Albert L. Cox, formerly of the 113th Field Artillery, 30th Division, A. E. F., presented Brigadier-General L. D. Tyson, of the 30th Division, A. E. F., who read a paper entitled "The Breaking of the Hindenburg Line at the St. Quentin Canal." At the conclusion of General Tyson's paper the IsTominating Com-mittee reported the following nominations, which were unanimously approved: President, J. G. deP. Hamilton, Chapel Hill; First Vice- President, Mrs. S. Westray Battle, Asheville; Second Vice-President, T. T. Hicks, Henderson ; Third Vice-President, Mrs. M. K. Myers, Washington, ^. C; Secretary-Treasurer, P. D. W. Connor. The Association then adjourned sine die. ADDRESSES The Restoration of Jerusalem By James Sprunt President, State Literary and Historical Association When we consider tlie history of the Jewish people, we recognize onr own history; we regard it with the same reverence; we feel in it the same authority; we contemplate in it the same lessons. Their national history crowded into ahont 1,200 years was, in miniature, the history of the nations of the world. It was at once a prediction, a warning, a lesson, a type, and offered a point of departure to all the peoples of the world. Like the refrain to a great epic we read, and the Children of Israel did evil in the sight of the Lord, and He deliv-ered them into the hands of their enemies, and the^n after a season, the Children of Israel cried unto the Lord in their captivity, and He raised up such and such an one, and delivered them from the hands of their oppressors. The chaos that threatens our very existence to-day, as seen in the light of the past, is scarcely more than an incident in reconstruction. Over and over again the old order has died in excesses of bloodshed to give place to the new, and invariably, every man's hand has been against every man. Travailings and groanings of creation precede the birth of every new era. We have far to go before we approach even remotely the disastrous disintegration of the life of Europe that fol-low^ ed the violent overthrow of feudalism, i^tkins says "the fourteenth century was one of the trotibled centuries of history. Every state in Europe was a welter of anarchy; the old mediaeval order was break-ing up in unspeakable confusion. The breaking of the ice-pack in northern seas, with the spring tides beneath and the new risen sun above, is tranquillity itself compared with the confusion of that time. It was indeed a prophetic confusion, a travail rather than a catastro-phe. A new world was in the way of being born, but the pain of its birth was beyond expression."^ To come down to our own continent and our own times. Judge Connor, whose valuable contributions to our State literature always illuminate the higher plane of civic right-eousness, in his admirable address to the Federal Grand Jury on the 11th of N^ovember, reminds us of the apprehension of our own George Washington as the Republic struggled into life,—that the nation was marked with anarchistic tendencies. There has never been a great victory that the victors themselves have not been in a sense, the vic-tims. It has been said that the real German national defeat came in their victory over France in 1870, and surely America, after partici-pating in one of the decisive phases of the late war, has won laurels ^ Pilgrims of the Lonely Road. 12 N'iNETEENTH AnNUAL SeSSIOK that have seetmed tO' turn in her hand into p-oisoined herhs. For in the pride of life and the exultation of power, we have cried out, "our own hand hath gotten us the victory," and He Who delivered the Children of Israel into the hands of their enemies, hath delivered us unto the evil counsels of alien forces, and by them will we be bound until we recognize the might of Jehovah and return to Him in national repentance, to perform the duties enjoined by the prophet Micah of old, "t'o do justly and to love mercy, and to walk humbly with thy God." These were the principles that made America great, and they are the only platform upon which kingdom or republic can build with an everlasting foundation. And as this is true of the Gentile nations, how much more emphatic is it in connection with the destiny of the Jews which is no't controlled by any people nor by any nation; for it is being worked out through a thousand unconscious agencies, to accomplish the purpose which the Almighty announced in the begin-ning; for He Who is our God, is, in a peculiar sense, their God; we, who belong to the great empire of God, know that He was first their King, and that they lived under Him in a theocracy which shall yet be established over all flesh, for when the Son of God shall have put all things under His feet, then will He deliver His kingdom to His Father, "that God may be all and in all." Our theme then, is of paramount importance among the events that stand out' conspicuously after the smoke of battle has cleared. All else fades away in ordered course to the oblivion whence it came, but the Jewish Race is advancing on its pilgrim march from stage to stage, Uo its final consummation. Other nations rise, reach the pin-nacle of greatness, fall and disappear forever; others reach a degree of power and influence, and then decline to a mediocrity that has no renaissance, but the Jews have builded kingdoms, have risen to great-ness, have fallen to ruin, and builded again upon their dead past to come forth again a nation, and have repeated these processes with a pertinacity that gives us in them a picture of the human being in large, because this race is imperishable and is typical of the life of man, and as men look for immortality so, too, shall the Jewish nation be established forever, for the mouth of our God hath spoken it. "Their organic law containing the elements of their polity, though given by God Himself, was yet required to be solemnly ratified by the whole people. This was done on Ebal and Gerizim, and is, perhaps, the first, as it is certainly the grandest constitutional convention, ever held among men. On these two lofty mountains separated by a deep and narrow ravine, all Israel, comprising three millions of souls were assembled; elders, prophets, priests, women and children and 600,000 warriors led by the spears of Judah, and supported by the archers of Benjamin. In this mighty pres- State Literary and Historical Association 13 ence surrounded by the sublime accessions to its grandeur, the law was read by the Levites, line by line, item by item, whilst the tribes on either height signified their acceptance thereof by responsive anthems, which pierced the heavens. Of all the great principles established for the happiness and good government of our race, though hallowed by the blood of the bravest and the best, and approved by centuries of trial, no one had a grander origin, nor more glorious exemplification than this one, that all governments derive their just powers from the consent of the governed. "Throughout the whole system of the Jewish government there ran a broad, genuine and refreshing stream of democracy such as the world then knew little of, and has since but little improved."2 From the beginning, this favored nation was taken under tlie pro-tection of tlie Almiglity Himself, and they were to become a model people, and an example t'o the nations of the earth, as well as to show forth the glory of the trne God. Says Atkins in his delightful book '^Jerusalem Past and Present" : "Thirteen hundred years before Christ (we cannot be too sure about dates) wandering Jewish tribes who had been long in the bitter country to the south of Palestine, succeeded in crossing the Jordan, and fought their way towards the uplands of Judea. "They came under a great sense of Divine leadership, conscious of a mission and different from all their neighbors in the pure austerity of their religious faith. They did battle with the Canaanites for possession of the land, defeating among others, the league of the five kings of Gibeon about three miles northwest of Jerusalem, and established themselves gradually in the strongholds, coming through the very price they had to pay for it, to have such an affection for it as scarce any people has had for any land before or since. They were not able at once to conquer Jerusalem owing to the strength of its natural position. It is really a kind of citadel built by nature upon two rocks separated in olden times by a rather deep ravine. One of these is higher than the other and both fall away so sheerly on three sides, as only to be taken with the instruments of ancient warfare when approached from the north and not at all easily even then. More than that, even though the lower rock were captured, there still remained above it the higher level space which had been from of old the seat of the citadel and the place. "During the confused times of the Book of the Judges while Israel was gaining a measure of national unity and was gradually becoming trans-formed from a nomadic to a field-tilling people, we catch from time to time glimpses of Jerusalem as one sees a mountain summit through the changing clouds. For nearly three hundred years the city was regarded by the Israel-ites as 'the city of the stranger' where it was neither desirable nor safe for an Israelite to tarry, but as we look back over 3,000 years, we see Jerusalem, rising from its gray rocks as though a part of the rock itself, has been built and rebuilt and maintained by three great forces; a strong strategic 2 Vance: The Scattered Nation. 14 J^INETEENTH AnNUAL SeSSION position, the passionate loyalty of the peculiar people whose capital city it became, and the faith and reverence of all the disciples of Jesus Christ/'3 "Palestine is a limestone shoulder of western Asia thrust 2,000 feet above the level of the sea; on the north it is shut in by the high ranges of Lebanon and anti-Lebanon and by the chasm of the Litany. On the south, it is no less enclosed by the arid and inhospitable deserts of the upper part of the Peninsula of Sinai. On the shore of the Mediterranean, it stands as if it had advanced as far as possible towards the west, separated therefrom by that which, when the time arrived, proved to be no barrier but the readiest medium of communication,—^the wide waters of the Great Sea. Thus it was open to all the gradual influences of the rising communities of the West, while it was saved from retrogression and descrepitude which have ultimately been the doom of all purely Eastern States, whose con-nections were limited to the East only. There was, however, one channel and but one, by which it could reach and be reached by the great Oriental empires. The only road by which the great rivals of the ancient world could approach one another,—by which alone Egypt could get to Assyria, and Assyria to Egypt—lay along the broad flat strip of coast which formed the maritime portion of the Holy Land and thence by the Plain of Lebanon to the Euphrates. It was a convenient arena on which in successive ages the hostile powers which contended for the empire of the East fought their battles. It is essentially a mountainous country. The mass of hills which occupies the center of the country is bordered or framed on both sides, east and west by a broad belt of lowland, sunk below its level. The slopes or cliffs which form as it were, the retaining walls of the depression, are furrowed and cleft by the torrent beds which discharge the waters of the hills and form the means of communication between the upper and the lower level. On the west, this lowland interposes between the mountains and the sea, and is the Plain of Philistia and of Sharon. On the east, it is the broad bottom of the Jordan Valley deep down in which rushes the one river of Palestine to its grave in the Dead Sea. "Few things are a more constant source of surprise to the stranger in Palestine, than the manner in which the hill-tops are, throughout, selected for habitation. A town in a valley is a rare exception. Scarce a single eminence of the multitude always in sight but is crowned with its city or village, inhabited or in ruins, often so placed as if not accessibility, but inaccessibility had been the object of its builders. And indeed, such was their object. These groups of naked, forlorn structures, piled irregularly one above another, on the curve of the hill-top, are the lineal descendants, if indeed they do not sometimes contain the actual remains of the 'fenced cities, great and walled up to heaven,' which are frequently mentioned in the records of the Israelite Conquest."4 "Beneath the stretches of the hill and valley there is a great depth of limestone rock of varying degrees of hardness much worn and weathered, and because of its uneven power of resistance, broken and always changing surfaces. Above it all is the light drenched blue of the Syrian sky, and beyond that, all that which the vision of the prophet could discern as to 3 Atkins : Jerusalem Past and Present. * Smith's Bible Dictionary. State Literary and Historical Association 15 the meanings of unseen and eternal things. This limestone shoulder by-one of those coincidences which make history, lies in the path of com-peting empires hard by the cross roads where the races meet. "5 Such was the land where was unfolded the history of a people who not once or twice, hut always, neglected its supreme opportunity. We see them refusing to go into the land that had been promised them because they were afraid they could not take it by arms, and that whole generation of cowards actually died and left their bones in the wilderness before the nation had acquired the necessary forces to undertake a military venture, and meantime, they were being trained in the desert to acquire citizenship, and were changd gradually from a nation of slaves to a nation of property owners. We see them fighting for the land promised them, often being assisted by their God Who took up arms with them and miraculously overcame their foes, and we listen spell-bound to the story of the overthrow of the walls of the stronghold Jericho, which fell at' the sound of the trum-pets, in order to show the might of the King under Whose banner they served. Time after time they are given a demonstration of the power of their God and His superiority over the heathen: the day of miracles came twice to the Jews, first to teach them the might of Jehovah, and second to teach them the divinity of Jesus Christ. They were as difficult to impress the second time as they were the first time. Their whole history is one long recital of a stubborn^ obstinate people who could be trained only after they were completely broken. We owe much to the Jew, for the very traits that were his undoing were avenues through which the soul of man is being taught to-day. How much would our literature be impoverished if there were no Psalter, and yet how could there have been such a collection of heart hymns if David had not gone down into the depths of sin as well as have mounted to the heights of deeply spiritual experience. Their sweet Psalmist is not only a man after God's own heart', but a man who has a word for every man's mood of joy and of sorrow. David's son Solomon, the third king of the Jews, brought the nation to the height of its splendor, glory and achievement,—thus, almost as soon as it began to be a kingdom, it began to wane. Like the Oriental woman and the far eastern rose^, it burst into sudden and magnificent maturity, to decline quickly, and fade away. Solomon has the distinction of being the pride of three great reli-gions of the human family; the most' resplendent of all the Jewish kings, the sage of the Mahometans, and the historical crest of the * Atkins : Jerusalem Past and Present. 16 IN^IN^ETEENTH AnNUAL SeSSION history of tlie Jews from Christian point of view. Around him center ritualistic formulas which inspire masonic societies^ fantasies of all kinds, and to him is attributed a power that can read the secrets of the heart, understand the language of bird and beast, and an authority that can exorcise the genii of the ring and lamp. Solomon's earthly kingdom was about the size of Wales, but his mental kingdom, the whole of Christendom and the entire Moslem world as well as the Plebrew peoples of all lands and times. He built a temple to Jehovah which cost something like 85 billion dollars, i. e., three times the proposed amount of Germany's indemnity to the Allies. One single item in it was 10,000 candlesticks. His bodyguard composed of three score valiant' men, were the tallest and handsomest of the sons of Israel. In the midst of Jerusalem there were 40,000 stalls for horses for his chariots, 12,000 horsemen manned these equipages. His own palace which was twenty years building, was so magnificent that it was talked of wherever Jewish trading vessels went,—far out to Spain on the one hand, and t'o India on the other. His wisdom was as often invoked as his splendor, the Queen of Sheba came from the uttermost parts of the earth to hear the wisdom of Solomon, and 1,000 years later the Lord Jesus Christ alluded t'o his glory. The Queen of Sheba's heart melted within her as well it might at the sight of the most magnificent avenue which was at the southwestern angle of the Temple. It would indeed be difficult to exaggerate the splendor of this approach. A colossal bridge on arches spanned the intervening Valley of t'he Tyropoeon, connecting the ancient City of David with what is called the "Royal Porch of the Temple." From its ruins we can reconstruct this bridge. Each arch spanned 411/2 feet, and the spring-stones measured 24 feet in length by 6 in thickness. It is almost impossible t'o realize these pro-portions except by a comparison with other buildings. A single stone 24 feet long ! Yet these were by no means the largest in the masonry of the Temple. "Beautiful for situation, the joy of the whole ©art'h, is Mount Zion, on the sides of the north, the city of the Great King. . . . Walk about Zion, and go round about her; tell the towers thereof. Mark ye well her bulwarks, consider her palaces." Such was the splendor of t'he city in the days of the native monarchy, but what would the Queen of the East have said if she had been one of the pilgrims in that great yearly company that came up to the feasts in the time of Christ? Eor Herod had made Jerusalem a city of palaces and royally enthroned on commanding heights. "Terrace above terrace it's courts rose, till high above the city, within the enclosure of marble cloisters, cedar-roofed and richly ornamented, State Literary and Historical Association 17 Herod's Temple stood out, a mass of marble and gold, glittering in tlie sunlight against the half encircling green background of Olivet. In all his wanderings the Jew has not seen a city like his own Jerusalem. Although the city was only four miles in circumference and its normal population 600,000, on fest'al occasions from two to three million souls congregated in and around it. For its size an incredibly large area was taken up with the Temple, the plateau of which was artificially leveled at immense labor and cost, and enlarged by gigantic sub-structures. In extent it was more than half greater than Sf. Peter's at Rome and nearly double St. Paul's in London. The Royal Porch which incorporated the palace site of King Solomon was built on an eminence as high as a tall steeple, and longer and higher than the York Cathedral. This detail of the Temple was called the "Porch of the Gentiles." The Eastern Gate which was the main entrance of the Temple was made of dazzling Corinthian brass most richly orna-mented ; and so massive with its double doors that it needed the united, strength of twenty men to open and close them. Between the altar and the Porch of the Temple was the immense laver of brass supported by the twelve colossal lions which was drained every evening and filled every morning by machinery and where twelve priests could wash at the same time. The low-level aqueduct which supplied the Temple, derived its waters from three sources,—from the hills about Hebron, from Etham, and from the three Pools of Solomon. Its total length was over forty miles. The amount of water it con-veyed may be gathered by the fact that the surplusage of the waters of Etham is calculated when drained into the lower pool of Gihon, to have presented when full an "area of nearly four acres of water." ^ Josephus says that the solid marble blocks used in the Temple were 671/2 by 9 feet. These were the stones of which Christ predicted, "not one shall be left upon another." Such was Jerusalem in its magnificence. "But we cannot understand it unless we understand the prophets, nor understand the prophets unless we understand Jerusalem. The endeavor of the prophet to Interpret a weltering world in terms of Divine sover-eignty, carried the Hebrew prophet to his last lonely summit of vision. He stood at the listening outposts of the battle lines of the ancient world, inter-preted the ebb and flow of tides of conquest in terms of the mercy or wrath of God, and heard the voice of God above the roar of every storm, as he heard the voice of God in the quiet places of his own soul. As we strive to find God in the flow of history, to discover His judgments in the rise and fall of people and to discern moral meanings in the shock of embattled nations, we are only doing for our own time, what the prophet did for his, "Through the centuries, the office of the priesthood was magnified, and the Temple worship enriched. We cannot easily over-estimate the degree ® Edersheim: The Temple. _ u on - 2 North Carolina State Library Baleigti 18 N^INETEENTH AnNUAL SeSSION in which the Temple cult with its festivals to which all the people came, unified and even spiritualized the religious life of the people; but the glory of Israel was not in its priests or its temple courts clouded with the smoke of sacrifices; the glory of Jerusalem before it fell before the Chaldean, is the glory of the prophets; strange and lonely men, not always highly consid-ered, who brought the life of the palace, the temple, and the market place up to the judgment seat of a just and sovereign God; men for whom king and high priest and trader were but instruments in the hands of the Most High; men who had no fear of authority if it were unjust, and who breathed a saving compassion for poverty and suffering wherever they saw it; men who stood for justice, righteousness and spiritual worship, and whose voices still sound across the years. If Jerusalem had done nothing else than to offer an occasion to the prophets and furnish a deathles-s illustration of the providence of God as made manifest through the mutations of history, we should ever after be in debt to that city."7 All down tlie ages the propheits continued their warning cry not unlike that of Moses in the beginning,—rather gaining in intensity, and abounding in detail. "I will scatter you among the heathen, and will draw out a sword after you; and your land shall be left desolate, and your cities waste. And upon them that are left of you I will send a faintness into their hearts, in the land of their enemies; and the sound of a shaken leaf shall chase them; and they shall flee as fleeing from a sword; and they shall fall when none pursueth; and ye shall have no power to stand before your enemies. And ye shall perish among the heathen, and the land of your enemies shall eat you up. And they that are left of you shall pine away in their iniquity in your enemies' lands; and also in the iniquities of your fathers, shall they pine away with them. And yet, for all that, when they be in the land of their enemies, I will not cast them away, neither will I abhor them, to destroy them utterly."8 "The children of Israel shall abide many days without a king and with-out a prince, and without a sacrifice, and without an image, and without an ephod, and without a teraphim. Afterward shall the children of Israel re-turn and seek the Lord their God, and David their king; and shall fear the Lord and His goodness in the latter days."9 These prophecies project like a shadow across the lives of the Israel-ites after their capture by E'ebuchadnezzar. What was their later his-tory? Were the prophets justified in making such threats? Did the Jews heed the warnings? During the long Babylonian captivity which came upon them after centuries of infidelity and idolatry, they experienced the same emotions that throbbed through the consciousness of the prodigal son, and gradu-ally came to themselves, learned tO' worship Jehovah with a spiritual '^ Atkins : Jerusalem Past and Present. SLev. 26: 33, 36, 44. 9Hos. 3: 4, 5. State Litekaey and Historical Association 19 turning to Him, and forever abandoned t'he idols whicli liad brought about tbeir downfall, but strange to say, the reaction from idolatry led them into gross sins,—sins similar to those which mar the Church of God to-day. But first let us bridge the gap between the captivity and the times of the Messiah. Under Cyrus a considerable number of the Hebrews were permitted to go back to Palestine under the leadership of such men as Ezra, ;N*ehemiah and Zerubbabel; they rebuilt the temple, though very mod-estly, and built again Jerusalem itself, but when Alexander the Great brought Greece to the height of her power, he took the empire that Cyrus had made powerful, and thus became the over-lord of Palestine. After his death in the partition of his empire, Palestine fell to the lot of the Ptolemies of Egypt and many of them were carried off to Alexandria. Here, under the influence of Greek culture, they became the liberals of their ipeople and split off from the Karaites (who accept no rabbinical teachings but hold the Scriptures to contain all that Jehovah commanded) and the Scribes and Pharisees who reacted t'o the punishments for idolatry and became the great religionists that gave name to punctilious, formal worship. The Greek adherents were the Sadducees of our Lord's time. The Greeks, although they de-stroyed the Temple and laid waste Jerusalem, could not uproot' the Jews for they rallied around Maccabeus and regained their inde-pendence and kept it until 65 B.C. when Rome reached out its iron hand and snatched this much-fought-over country which lay between Egypt on the one hand, and Persia on the other. When the land had suffered what appeared to be everything that had been prophesied, for they had been scattered and their country had been laid waste, it was not even the beginning of sorrows, for now the long expected Deliverer came, the Messiah, in the person of Jesus Christ of N^aza-reth and they did not recognize Him. They chose instead of Him, as some are choosing to-day, the robber Barabbas who represented lawless-ness, plunder, greed and selfishness. "The ruling classes of the Jews were set in their ways and hard in their hearts. Their traditions and their vested interests alike were opposed to everything He had to offer. His freer faith and holier vision challenged them along the whole fron-tiers of their lives, indicted and angered them. They silenced Him by death, and the Jerusalem which rejected Him is remembered chiefly because He walked its streets on His rare visits there," ^^ visits for the most part compulsory by the Jewish Law. Eor our Lord seemed to feel the hostility of the religionists in Jerusalem, and only tarried there for the brief business that called Him thither. Twice He cleansed His " Atkins : Jerusalem Past and Present. 20 I^INETEENTH Al^NUAL SeSSION Father's House, once He wept over the city, and at last He went there to lay down His life, "for it cannot be that a prophet' perish out of Jerusalem." For, as Dr. Van Dyke so happily has it : "Christianity is an out-of-doors religion. From the birth in the grotto at Bethlehem (where Mary and Joseph took refuge because there was no room for them in the inn) to the crowning death on the hill of Calvary outside the city wall, all of its important events took place out of doors. Except the discourse in the upper chamber at Jerusalem, all of its great words, from the sermon on the mount to the last commission to the dis-ciples, were spoken in the open air. How shall we understand it unless we carry it under the free sky, and interpret it in the companionship of nature? where 'there are larks singing in the air, storks parading beside the water-courses, falcons poising overhead, poppies and pink gladioluses and blue corn-cockles blooming through the grain,—an air so pure and soft that it is like a caress,—all seems to speak a language of peace and promise, as if one of the old prophets were telling of the day when Jehovah shall have compassion on His people Israel and restore them. They that dwell under His shadow shall return; they shall revive as the grain, and blossom as the vine; the scent thereof shall be as the wine of Lebanon.' "^^ The Christian will find His Lord out of doors in Palestine, and Jerusalem's "significance lies in the Via Dolorosa down which He passed which has become the holiest street in the world; the hill upon which He was crucified which crowns humanity's devotion, and the sepulchre in which He laid which has been a shrine for Pilgrims for 2,000 years."i2 Jesus of l^azareth uttered prophecies against Jerusalem which were fulfilled during His own generation, and with the fulfillment of them, the utter disfavor of the Jews began and all the vials of wrath prophe-sied by Moses and all the prophets began to be consummated, and have been in process of fulfillment for two thousand years. "Seest Thou these buildings?" asked our Lord when His att'ention was called to the Temple which Herod had reared with great magnificence, "there shall not be left one stone upon another which shall not be thrown down." About the year 70 A.D. Titus besieged the city, and in the bitter struggle that followed, a struggle so awful that it is said the Eoman soldiers rode to their saddle girths in blood, and there were no trees left in the immediate forests because they were used to crucify the remaining Jews who were left in the city, although the majority iu 11 Henry Van Dyke: Out of Doors in the Holy Land. 12 Atkins : Jerusalem Past and Present. State Literaey and Historical Association 21 tlie fortresses killed wives and children and committed suicide, Jeru-salem, although, the center of ravages, was not the only sufferer. "The Romans destroyed town and country; and the inhabitants who escaped from the famine, the pestilence, the sword and captivity, were forcibly expelled from Judea, and fled as houseless wanderers, into all the surrounding regions. But they clung for a time around the land which their forefathers had possessed for so many ages, and on which they looked as an inheritance allotted by Heaven to their race; and they would not relinquish their claim to the possession of it by any single overthrow how-ever great. Unparalleled as were the miseries which they had suffered in the slaughter of their kindred, the loss of their property and their homes, the annihilation of their power, the destruction of their capital city, and the devastation of their country by Titus, yet the fugitive and exiled Jews soon resorted to their native soil; and sixty years had scarcely elapsed, when, deceived by an imposter, allured by the hope of a triumphant Mes-siah, and excited to revolt by intolerable oppression, they strove by a vig-orous and united but frantic effort to reconquer Judea, to cast off the power of the Romans, which had everywhere crushed them, and to rescue themselves and their country from ruin failed utterly and their condition was unutteraJbly worse than before. "13 "The cities shall be wasted without an inhabitant. Every city shall be forsaken, and not a man dwell therein. They were rooted out of their land in anger and in wrath, and in great indignation," said the prophet. Hyamson states that at one time the four inhabitants of Jerusalem were reduced to one man. "A public edict of the emperor Adrian rendered it a capital crime for a Jew to set foot in Jerusalem."i4 After the Roman rule declined the Mohammedans desecrated the sacred places with their mosques and so outraged the Christian world, by the pollution of the scenes of the life of Jesus Christ, that for two hundred years the best blood of Western Europe was spilled to wrest Palestine from the hand of the Turk. All in vain. The prophecies will be fulfilled though the heavens fall; not even Christian nations were permitted to build the land again, it was *'to be trodden down of the Gentiles until the times of the Gentiles should be fulfilled." The Jews have been scattered among the nations—among the people, even from one end of the earth to the other. They have been removed into all the kingdoms of the earth; the whole remnant of them has been scattered unto all the winds; they have been dispersed throughout all countries, and sifted among the nations like as corn is sifted in a sieve, and yet not the least grain has fallen to the earth. "There is not a country on the face of the earth where the Jews are unknown. They are found alike in Europe, Asia, Africa and America. They are citizens of the world without a country. Neither mountain, nor rivers, 13 Keith on the Prophecies. "Tertulius Ap. c. 21 p. 51 and Basnage's Continuation of Josephus, b. 6. c. 9: p. 27. 22 ISTlNETEENTH AnNUAL SeSSIOIST nor deserts, nor oceans, which are the boundaries of other nations, have terminated their wanderings. They abound in Poland, in Holland, in Russia and in Turkey. In Germany, Spain, Italy, France and Britain they are more thinly scattered. In Persia, China, and India on the east and the west of the Ganges, they are few in nuniher among the heathen. They have trod the snows of Siberia, and the sands of the burning desert; and the European traveler hear-s of their existence in regions which he cannot reach, even in the very interior of Africa, south of Timbuctoo. From Moscow to Lisbon, from Japan to Britain, from Borneo to Archangel, from Hindustan to Honduras, no inhabitant nor any nation upon the earth would be known in all the intervening regions, but a Jew alone. "Both kings and people. Heathens, Christians and Mahometans, who are opposite in so many things, have united in the design to ruin this nation, and have not been able to effect it. . . . Their banishment from Judea was only the prelude to their expulsion from city to city, and from^ kingdom to kingdom. Their dispersion over the globe is an irrefragable evidence of this, and manj'- records remain that amply corroborate the fact. Not only did the first and second centuries of the Christian era see them twice rooted out of their land, but each succeeding century has teemed with new calami-ties to the once chosen but now rejected race."i5 "In the fifth century they were expelled from Alexandria which had long been one of their safest places of resort. Justinian abolished their syna-gogues, prohibited them from even entering into caves for the exercise of their worship, rendered their testimony inadmissible, and deprived them of the natural right of bequeathing their property; and when such oppres-sive enactments led to insurrectionary movements among the Jews, their property was confiscated, many of them were beheaded, and so bloody an execution of them prevailed, that, as is expressly related, 'all the Jews of that country trembled.' "^^ "In Spain, conversion, imprisonment, or banishment were their only alter-natives. In France a similar fate awaited them. "They fled from country to country seeking in vain any rest for the sole of their foot. Mahomet, has from the precepts of the Koran, infused into the minds of his followers a spirit of rancour and enmity towards the despised and unbelieving Jews. The Church of Rome ever ranked and treated them as heretics. Philip Augustus expelled them in toto from France. "17 "St. Louis twice banished, and twice recalled them; they were banished seven times from France; they were expelled from Spain. In England they suffered great cruelty and oppression. During the Crusades the whole nation united in the persecution of them. In York, England, 1500, the Jews v/ere refused all quarter and perished by mutual slaughter. Edward I com-pleted their misery, seized all their property and banished them from the kingdom. "18 15 Keith on the Prophecies. 1^ Basanage's History, b. 6. c. 21 No. 9. "Hallam: Vol. 1 pp. 233, 234. 1^ Keith on the Prophecies. State Litebary and Historical Association 23 In Russia where they have been so numerous, they have been period-ically murdered, and even down to the present year the fury of their enemies seems not to have abated. The charaoteristics of the Jews are common to the whole human family. In countries like Russia under the Czarist regime where the government was autocratic, where the Jews were confined to certain areas, where they were limited in business opportunities, where they were denied equal rights under the law, and where they were oppressed for the sake of religion, they have done exactly as might be expected of ordinary mortals, they have made their living in precarious ways, not always within the letter of the law; they have evaded and circum-vented the excessive demands of government, and they have on occa-sion, joined the natural enemies of constituted authority. This re-action to oppression is, however, the normal result of prejudicial and dis-criminatory treatment of any people. In France and in England under more humane laws., we find the Hebrews expanding under the liberal treatment of the government and developing a Disraeli in Britain, a Rothschild in France, and in our own land where they find themselves still more acceptable, a Nathan Straus and a Justice Brandeis. These prominent men indicate their possibilities in development of character when they have the law with them and not against them. Under a benign government they are public-spirited, hospitable and charitable toward the poor of the Gentile woTld and so benevolent to their own race that a Jew never becomes a charge upon the public charity, and seldom is one arraigned in the law courts. More quickly, more exactly and more thoroughly than any race, the Jews respond to treatment, and the nations of the earth who favor them, are promised by Jehovah, blessings of prosperity in their material undertakings. We come now to a consideration of the question, "When did a turn in the affairs of the Jews begin? How was colo'nization made pos-sible ? We find a clue to both questions in Isaiah 40 : 2 : "Speak ye com-fortably to Jerusalem and cry unto her that her warfare is accom-plished, and that her iniquity is pardoned ; for she hath received of the Lord's hand double for all her sins.''^^ It appears, then, that having been outcasts for a period twice as long as that when they enjoyed independent national existence, they would then be re-instated in their own land. The first instance of returning favor toward the Jew occurred in the reign of Queen Victoria when Disraeli became Prime Minister. i^lsa. 40: 2. 24 Nineteenth Annual Session Now if we take the year 1882, the date of the first permanent coloni-zation of Palestine, and consider it as the end of the time of disfavor, and reckon the destruction of Jerusalem in the year of the Babylonian captivity 586 B.C. as the beginning of disfavor, we will have a period of 2468 years. If this doubles the favored time, then by dividing it in half we get 1234 years, the period of favor. Counting backward 1234 years from the Babylonian captivity in 586 B.C. we have the date 1820 B.C. which was the beginning of the nation under Jacob when they received the name Israelites. The time, then, of Disraeli, appears to have been "the set time to favor Zion."20 "The determination of tlie Jewish people to recover a normal national life never limited itself to faith in a miraculous restoration independent of the effort of the Jews themselves (although the conviction that the restoration was certain to come one day was part of the faith of every Jew). A continuous series of efforts to restore the Jewish national life in Palestine marks the centuries of exile. But these were all abortive until the nineteenth century when Jews from Eastern Europe began to drift in, brought thither mainly by the profound emotion of Miss of dying and being buried in the dust of the Holy Land. Every Jew who settled in Palestine was a link between the Diaspora and the land of Israel, for it was the duty and the pleasure of his brethren to maintain in Palestine men given up to meditation and -study and dedicated to the spiritual life. "With Sir Moses Montefiore, whose journeys to Palestine began in the eighteen-thirties, Western Jewry began to occupy itself constructively with the Jewish restoration. There was established a fund for the cultivation of land in Palestine by the Jews. Sir Moses had the idea of obtaining extensive concessions, and so bringing about 'the return of thousands of our brethren to the lands of Israel.' Many years afterwards he summed up the goal of his striving in the following words: 'I do not expect that all Israelites will quit their abodes in those territories in which they feel happy, even as there are Englishmen in Hungary, Germany, America, and Japan; but Palestine must belong to the Jews and Jerusalem is destined to become the city of a Jewish commonwealth.' "The interest of Englishmen in the Jewish people and a Jewish Pales-tine dates back to the Commonwealth. Oliver Cromwell felt as a servant of the Most High God, that he had a mission to the Jews. The same school of thought which permitted the Jews to return to England speculated further upon the Jewish Restoration to Palestine; and this religious interest fed upon the Bible and upon Protestantism, has survived in great strength down to our own day, as it is evident by a whole literature, including a book conceived in this spirit recently published by Sir Andrew Wingate, a distinguished ex-Indian civil servant. The religious element of English interest in Jewish nationalism was fortified by political considerations. The genius of Napoleon revived the statesmanship of Caesar and Alexander, and conceived as they did, of the Jewish people in Palestine as a pillar of empire in the East. When Napoleon started upon his expedition to Syria (1799), he issued a proclamation announcing his wish to restore the scat- 2«Psa. Ill: 3. I State Literary and Historical Association 25 tered hosts of Jewry to their ancient land. There can be little doubt that this seed planted by Napoleon found lodgment in English minds. From Colonel Churchill to Laurence Oliphant can be seen sprouting the idea of serving God and Great Britain as well as the Jewish people, by re-creating Jewish Palestine. It was an alternative solution of the Eastern question, to the maintenance of the decrepit Ottoman empire. This latter solution may be said to have been the orthodox one in the nineteenth century, and to have held the field in official England until the middle of the Great War; but the confiict of the two political conceptions persisted, although in a dormant condition, throughout the century, and in the end it was the larger and nobler that triumphed, "21 "The Colonization movement was in full force in 1882. Among the refugees were seventeen Russian Jews who settled on the site of the Biblical En Hakkore, the scene of one of Samson's exploits about one hour and a half's journey east of Jaffa. These colonists were members of the Bilu, an organization of Russo-Jewish students formed for the colonization of the Holy Land. The immigrants although members of the learned professions and graduates of Universities, worked on the land as common laborers, so intense was their zeal for the colonization of Palestine, so steadfast their faith in ultimate success, "22 A number of philantliropists in western Europe began to take an interest in colo'nizatioUj among tbem Laurence Olipbant, Lord Shafts-bury, Mrs. Finn and Baron Edmund de Rotbscbild wbo started tbe wine industry. Tbis promised very well but when the wine became cheaper on the market than the Jews of Palent'ine could make it, they would have been ruined if Baron Bothschild had not bought up the entire output and sold it, which he did at a loss. After this experi-ment he gave his financial assistance through one of the local societies which insisted on a variety of crops rather than depend entirely upon the vineyards as they had done under the Rothschild patronage. "The pioneers in Palestine had eager sympathizers and ardent well wishers in the lands from which they came. Societies came into existence in many of the Jewish centers of Russia for the practical encouragement and assistance of the colonists. At the same time other societies for the pro-pagation of the nationalistic idea in Jewry were also formed. Of all these societies, that of Odessa was the most important and soon became the leader. Ultimately they all became organized as the Odessa Committee, an institution whose valuable work in and for Palestine has left a permanent mark on the prosperity of the land. Before that time these societies formed part of a world wide movement which became known as the Choveve Zion, or Lovers of Zion. The Choveve Zion, as a practical movement, was not established in England until early in 1890. From that year onwards the movement in England continually gained strength, until the greater Zionist Movement created by Theodore Herzl in 1896, absorbed it. At first the wealthier classes in Anglo-Jewry for the most part held aloof, 2^H. Sacher: A Jewish Palestine, Atlantic Monthly, July, 1919. 2^ Hyamson : Palestine. 26 Nineteenth Annual Session and for some time it drew practically the whole of its strength from the poorer and foreign elements in the population. There were, however, some notable exceptions, and the interest increased as the ideal became better known and the work more effective. Elim d'Avigdor and his kinsman Col. A. E. W. Goldsmid were successively the heads of the movement; and among their most successful lieutenants were Herbert Bentwich and Mr. Joseph Frag. Other well-known English Jews who took a prominent part in the work of the Choveve Zion were the Rev. S. Singer, Sir Joseph Sebag Montefiore, and (the late Lord Swaythling. On the platform of these "lovers of Zion" were also to be found at one religious extreme Dr. Her-mann Adler and at the other Dr. A. Lazy, Sir John Simon and Sir Julian Goldsmid. A young Israel was represented by branches of the Choveve Zion formed at the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge. The English movement, like the greater one in Russia, devoted much of its resources to the assisitance of the existing colonies but in addition it aided in the establishment of more than one new one. In the course of time the Choveve Zion in England presented a petition to the Porte, which was actively supported by both the outgoing Foreign Secretary (Lord Salisbury) and his successor (Lord Rosebery) and had also the practical sympathy of the United States Minister to Turkey. The restrictions on the purchase of land were soon removed, through the influence of Baron Edmund de Rothschild, of Paris, as well as of the British and American Foreign Offices^ and in 1892 the English Society joined forces with its co-workers in Ekaterinoslaw and New York to acquire land in the Hauran, east of the Jordan. In 1893 the whole of the movement throughout the world was brought into closer co-operation by the formation of a central repre-sentative committee at Paris at the instance of the eminent Russo-Jewish physicist Dr. Waldemar Haffkine who was then resident in Paris. The first Zionist Congress opened on the 29th of August, 1897, when 204 dele-gates were present. They came from almost every country of Europe as well as from the United States and Palestine. The outstanding result of the Congress was the adoption of the following program: Zionism sitrives to create for the Jewish people in Palestine a home secured by public law. The Congress contemplates the following means to the attainment of this end: (1) The promotion on suitable lines of the colonization of Palestine by the Jewish agriculitural and industrial workers; (2) The organization and binding together of the whole of Jewry by means of appropriate institutions local and international, in accord-ance with the laws of each country; (3) The strengthening and fostering of Jewish national sentiment and consciousness; (4) Preparatory steps towards obtaining Government's consent, where necessary, to the attainment of the aim of Zionism. "23 23 Hyamson : Palestine. State Literaey and Historical Association 27 Mr. Israel Friedlaender in the "Century Magazine/' April, 1919, says of tlie Zionist Movement: "This fundamental attitude of the Jewish people towards its common-wealth has been essentially retained and developed by modern Zionism. Though refusing to acknowledge the metaphysical basis of the prophetic ideal, they passionately cling to the ideal itself. To them, too, Zion is primarily an opportunity for the Jewish people to express itself in accord-ance with its ancient ideals and aspirations. They realize that while modern Jewry has made great material progress as a result of Jewish emancipation, and while it has contributed far more than its share to the spiritual life of the nations in which the Jews live, it has done very little for its own distinct culture and spiritual development. They point to the fact that to mention a concrete example, while the Jews have furnished an amazingly high quota of musicians and artists to the world, they have failed to develop a distinct Jewish music or a distinct Jewish art. The Zionists, there-fore, are forced to the conviction that if the Jewish people is to remain true to its highest interests, it indispensably needs a center in which it may have a chance to develop its ideals and to express itself in its own manner of life and thought, and thereby add its distinct contribution to the treasury of mankind."24 Our narrative brings us now to tlie beginning of tbe World War. We quote Dr. David Baron in tbe Sunday School Times for February 11, 1918: "It is now a well known fact that the chief instrument in interesting the leading British statesmen and politicians in the national future of the Jewish nation, and in eventually calling forth the momentous 'Declaration' was Dr. Chaim Weizmann, who has recently been elected president of the English Zionist Federation. There is a romance of God's Providence in his career. A Russian by birth, and a student of Chemistry while also an enthusiastic Zionist, he came to England about 25 years ago and soon became prominent in chemical research. Early in the war in a dangerous crisis in the history of the British Empire, he was able by his genius and discoveries to render the greatest service to the cause of Britain and her Allies. "When asked in the course of interviews with members of the British Cabinet, what remuneration he expected, his reply was that he wanted no reward in money, but only the promise that if and when the Allies were victorious they would help the Zionists in the realization of their national aspirations in relation to Palestine. 'Like Esther,' Dr. Baron reminds us, 'it might be said of Dr. Weizmann, who knov/eth whether thou art come to the kingdom for such a time as this'?"25 Anticipating tlie time by a few years, we quote at tbis juncture tbe famous Declaration contained in an official letter written by Arthur ^* Israel Friedlaender : Zionism. 25 David Baron: Sunday School Times. Feb. 17, 1918. 28 I^INETEENTH AnNUAL SeSSION James Balfour, of the British Foreign Office, to Lord Rotliscliild, Yice- Chairman of the English Zionist Federation, in I^ovember, 1918: "His Majesty's Goverment view with favor the establishment in Pales-tine of a national home for the Jewish people and will use their best endeavors to facilitate the achievement of this object." For nearly 2,000 years the Jews have prayed ^aily in their syna-gogues in the four quarters of the world, "Sound the great trumpet for our freedom, and lift up a banner to gather our captives and gather us together from the four quarters of the earth. And to Jerusalem Thy city, return Thou in mercy and dwell therein as Thou hast promised. Rebuild it speedily, in our day as an everlasting building, and set up therein the throne of David. Blessed art Thou, Lord, Who rebuildest Jerusalem." We cannot listen to the pathos of this great petition without being reminded of the promise: "And it shall come to pass that the Lord shall set His hand again a second time to recover the remnant of His people, which shall be left from Assyria, and from Egypt, and from Fathros, and from Gush, and from Elam, and from Shinar, and from Hamath and from the islands of the sea. And He shall set up an ensign for the nations and shall a-ssemble the outcasts of Israel, and gather together the dispersed of Judah from the four corners of the earth. "^'"^ "Who are these that fly as a cloud, and as doves to their windows? Surely the isles shall wait for me, and the ships of Tarshish first, to bring thy sons from far, their silver and their gold with them, unto the name of the Lord Thy God, and to the Holy One of Israel, because He hath glorified thee. And the sons of strangers shall build up thy walls, and their kings shall minister unto thee; for in my wrath I smote thee but in my favor have I had mercy on thee. "27 "Turn ye to the stronghold, ye prisoners of hope."28 "And I will bring again the captivity of my people Israel, and they shall build the waste cities and inhabit theim."29 And the sons of strangers shall huild up thy walls, and their hings shall minister to thee. ''God has His mysteries of grace," and in the working out of His plans, kings and peasants bow to His will; even the unlawful ambitio'n of men flaunted in the very face of the Deity is turned into the accomplishment of the unalterable plans and pur-pose of the great God. 2« Isa. 11: 11 12. 27Isa. 61: 4. 2«Zech. 9: 12. 29 Amos 9: 13. State Literary and Historical Association 29 The world for tlie most part regarded tlie speeclies of tlie German Kaiser witli unconcealed amusement when lie went on his famous pil-grimage to the Holy Land via Constantinople. He was at great pains to proclaim so close a brotherhood-of-man policy between himself and the unholy Turk^ that his very photograph in Turkish uniform^ was widespread through the Ottoman empire^ and he was said to have adopted the faith. There was much method in this madness; there was method in his Palestine plans. In Turkey he challenged the power of Britain, in Syria he challenged the power of France. It took years of persistent posing and speech-making before he could substantially weaken Great Britain's influence in Turkey, and it took years of German colonizing before the dwellers in Palestine really understood his schemes there. It was not enough that he planted colonies at Jaffa and Jerusalem, not enough that he should declare himself at the tomb of Saladin the "Protector of Islam," nor that he should costume him-self like a crusader of old, and with all the magnificence of the great Frederick Barbarossa, that he had a breach made in the wall large enough and imposing enough for him and his retinue to pass through gloriously. There was still a worse infamy,—on the top of the Mount of Olives he caused to be erected a great hospice with apparent benevo-lent intent, and in it and upon it was installed the most powerful wire-less apparatus in the whole world; on top of Mount Zion he built a German Church on a solid concrete foundation; at the Damascus gate a hospital- "^he German language was imposed upon the school chil-dren through Turkish influence, and the Jews were persecuted and rose in rebellion over the insult and the curtailment of their privileges. We are remembering that not until 1896 did the Germans make any noticeable progress in Asia Minor. It was that year that Germany declined t'o join a league for the enforcement of toleration of the Armenian. The Kaiser saw that he could gain rather than lose by encouraging the Sultan in his nefarious schemes, and as the Berlin- Bagdad project was then the goal of his ambition, he was bending every energy in secret to gain his objective, the while he was lulling the world to sleep with his peaceful cradle songs. "It is probably little understood how many and varied are the schemes comprised in the expression, the Berlin-to-Bagdad-Concessions. Not only were the actual financial concessions wrung from Abdul Hamid's Gov-ernment as the blood money in payment for which he would be permitted to continue his orgy of lust and murder—such as would undoubtedly bring the whole of Turkey under German Dominion and make Constantinople practically a German city—but the forest, mining and other rights con-nected with the scheme would insure the Asiatic possessions of Turkey coming directly under German influence and control. 30 ISTlNETEEISTTH AnIS^UAL SeSSIOI^ "The pressing on of the building of the railway at the rate of a mile a day just before the outbreak of the war, to a great German naval port at Koweit was to give Germany a direct outlet to the Persian Gulf and the shores of India; Afghanistan was to be bribed, and with the occupation of Persia, and the advance through Afghanistan, and by sea from Koweit, it would not be hard, the Germans thought, to destroy once and for all, the British dominion in India. This scheme was to be aided, if not entirely accomplished by means of a Jehad or Holy War, launched as it afterwards was, from Constantinople, at which the Faithful in all countries were to rise and to push the infidel—excluding only the German allies of Turkey — into the sea. The extension of the railways to Palestine made progress possible towards the Suez Canal and Egypt. The linking up of the German possessions in East and West Africa was to cut the line of the Cape-to-Cairo Railroad, disposing forever of that 'far-fetched Hritish scheme,' leaving the German free to strike north and south at his future convenience until finally Africa became his own. The economic control of Russia was no dream, as we have seen in later days; and thus with a great capital at Bagdad, a vast Eastern Empire was to be established and German power to rule without let or hindrance from Hamburg to Singapore."^° After the first Balkan War, Germany v^as bothered witli the new Servia and Bosnia which rose out of it. Eventually Bosnia was elimi-nated, and Servia alone blocked her progress to the far East. Busrah, the natural port of Mesopotamia, is not a suitable terminus for the Berlin-Bagdad Bailway, and Germany v^shed to possess the harbor of Koweit. The Persian Sheik, loyal to the British Government, would not consent, and Germany began a long process of entangling Great Britain and Persia in endless difficulties over the matter until the former was about to sign an agreement with the Kaiser giving him the coveted port when the war broke out. Palestine itself formed no part in the great offensive and defensive plans of Great Britain,—indeed it was unimportant except for its geographical position lying between the Mohammedan bloc on the East and the Egyptian bloc on the "West, but it was the fact that the Suez Canal, the vital artery of Great Britain was menaced, that the defense of Egypt was undertaken. Then it was found that the enemy could not cross the Sinai Desert except by certain routes, clearly defined by the position of the springs and wells, and that only along the northern route which skirts the Mediterranean coast, was the water-supply sufficient to maintain any large body of troops. So a plan was formed to go out into the desert and secure control of the water, which could be done with far fewer troops than were necessary to defend the long line of the canal. The scheme succeeded. The Turks were slowly and steadily driven back from the water-bearing areas and a Wardlaw Milne: The Key to the War. State Literary and Historical Associatiojn- 31 large force was freed and sent to France. The Sinai Desert, v/liicli was in the main a struggle against nature, has, since the days of Moses, stood as an almost impenetrable harrier hotween Egypt and the East, and it was after the failure of his Syrian campaign that Napo-leon who had crossed most of the frontiers of Europe, announced his opinion that a desert is the most effective defensive barrier against military aggression. "Why then," asks Major-General Sir Frederick Maurice who was with General Allenby, "did we go into the Sinai Peninsula to meet the Turks instead of leaving them to face the difficulties of the desert? The Turks were building a railway from the frontier of Palestine and if they had been allowed to extend it and to make at their leisure arrangements for storing water, we should have had an attack upon Egypt in force, which was most undesirable to await passively. Furthermore, it was of the highest importance to keep open the Suez Canal at all times, as through it passed large numbers of men and tons of foodstuffs and materials, coming from Australasia and India. "We therefore m.oved eastward along the coast route into the Sinai Peninsula, building a broad gauge railroad as we went and we were very soon brought up against a very serious difficulty. It was discovered that the brackish water of the pools and v/ells suited to the stomachs of the Arabs and the Turks, was not potable for Europeans and their animals. Water, then for the army, had to be brought from Egypt, and a pipe line with innumerable pumping stations and reservoirs was constructed across the desert, Britain, busy making up her arrears in the supply of muni-tions of war, could not at that time make pipes of the required size and they were furnished by the United States and carried over 4,000 miles to their destination. The considerable army at Gaza was, for the most part, drinking water borne through these pipes from the Nile in Egypt,"3i It will be rememberd that the Turks were defeated before Kut but later General Townsend's expedition failed of its objective. His whole campaign was for the defense of India, but when the enemy deter-mined to recapture Bagdad it brought AUenby's forces which were protecting Egypt into conjunction with the aims of Townsend's cam-paign. To break the concentration of the Turks and Germans which had Aleppo for the objective, it was decided, says Maurice, "That it would be more effective and more economical of power, . . . to strike from the frontier of Palestine than to reinforce our troops in Mesopotamia, the most distant of our theatres of war, where our troops were already more than 500 miles from the coast. Accordingly the prepa-rations for attack upon the strongly entrenched positions which the enemy had constructed between Gaza and Heersheba were made as secretly as possible. 21^ Maj.-Gen. Frederick Maurice: War in the Far East. 32 JSTlNETEENTH AnNUAL SeSSION "The hardships which the troops had to endure were severe, many of them having only one bottle full of water for 48 hours of great heat and choking dust. As soon as the flanking movements had made progress, the line of Gaza was assaulted and the Turks fell back in disorder. The P'ur-suit was continued relentlessly as far north as Jaffa, the eager cavalry giving the enemy no time to rally, and bringing off a number of brilliant charges. "The Turkish army was completely broken up and lost 10,000 prisoners and 80 guns. Our troops had out-distanced their supply columns, and a halt had perforce to be called to bring up food and munitions and stores before they could move into the hills of Judea toward Jerusalem. "32 What was tlie state of affairs in Palestine at this time? What had been happening in that distant and silent land? Madam Ben Yehudah in a notable article entitled Palestine Before the War, gives us a careful chronicle: "In 1913, the year before the war, the 35th year from the beginning of the Jewish National Movement in Palestine, first under the terrible regime of Sultan Abdul Hamid, and later under the Young Turkish Constitution, Jewish life in Palestine began to define itself as national in character. "The number of Jews in the Holy Land had increased approximately to 150,000. In the principal cities, Jerusalem, Safed, Tiberias, the Hebrews formed the majority of the population, counting 80,000 in Jerusalem alone. In Judea, Samaria and Galilee they were in possession of extensive lands, and they had founded over 60 colonies. . . . These were the marvel of the natives. From afar off the houses could be seen rising in the midst of verdure, like oases in a desert. The dwellings were well constructed. The wide streets were adorned with dignified public buildings, schools and hospitals. "Domestic industries had arisen including wine, silk-worms, olive oil and soap. Orange, almond and apricot orchards charmed the eye. The per-fume plantations of roses (for making ottar of roses), geraniums and other flowers resembled a Paradise. Cultivated fields extended so far that the aspect was like a sea of verdure, where formerly had been the desert wilderness. "Machine shops and factories were opened for the production of articles of building construction, household utensils, and agricultural implements. Arts and crafts w^ere developed (in the Bezalel Schools) : knitting, weav-ing, basketry, metal work, lace, pottery, wood carving, jewelry. Commerce increased. The oranges, almonds and especially the wines of Palestine won renown in the markets of Egypt, and on distant shores. "Jews from various parts of the world began to unite in the Holy Land, and to become assimilated. Thus a new and healthy generation sprang into being,—straight, well formed, filled with the pride of race and love of country. "The Hebrew tongue was the common language of this generation and fired the Hebrew soul with patriotism. •''^ Maj.-Gen. Sir Frederick Maurice: War in the Far East. State Literary and Historical Association 3^ "The old Turkish Government under Abdul Hamid made no objection to this development of the Hebrew language, which they considered of 'no importance.' But they systematically impeded the progress of the Jews in every other direction. They issued decrees against Jewish ownership of land and colonization, against the planting of orchards and the draining of marshes. "There was a remarkable harmony between the various Jewish divisions; the devout orthodox, the free thinkers, and the Nationalists, now called Zionists, all seemed in accord. "The various Jewish schools united in reunions for festivals and excur-sions, under the flag of the Zionists, and speaking one common language, Hebrew. "There was a general sense of happiness and prosperity. "The Jews awaited the opening of their fine Polytechnic schools at Haifa as an auspicious event, an expression of the Jewish National idea before the world, but especially from Russia, America and Germany. The cura-torium was directed by a committee in Berlin. Instruction in Hebrew had been assured, therefore, when a courier arrived from Berlin, announcing: that the instruction should be in German, the news was like a thunder-bolt." Later this matter of the language set the Jews in two hostile camps, but the Zionists who declared for Hebrew were much stronger, and opened up schools of their own in their own language, and the German schools fell into decay. "However," continues Madam Ben Yehudah, "the season was prosperous, the harvests were promising. And there was an unusual flood of tourists. Among the visitors arrived the Baron Edmund de Rothschild, the cele-brated patron of the Jewish colonies. The Jewish youths and maidens went to meet them clothed in the national colors, white and blue, and mounted on horseback. The populace of Jerusalem received Baron Roths-child with greater honors than they had bestowed on Emperor William himself. The Zionists created a national guard to surround him. Other visitors were Mr. and Mrs. Julius Rosenwald who paid almost exclusive attention to the Nationalists. Finally there arrived in Jerusalem Mr. and Mrs. Morgenthau. All the foreign powers as well as the Turkish officials in Jerusalem did homage to the Jewish representative of the United States, and this increased the prestige of the Jews in the Holy Land. "The Ambassador was impressed by the renaissance of Jewish life in Palestine, but he regretted the internecine conflict over the language ques-tion. Mr. and Mrs. Morgenthau gave a great dinner to which most of the eminent Moslems and Christians and the noted Jews of the opposing par-ties were invited. Several diplomatic speeches were made regarding the amicable relations between the Jews, Moslems and Christians, America and Turkey, but the two separate companies among the Jews remained divided. "Devout Jews assembled on the Fast of Ab at the Wailing Place where they were accustomed to assemble each year, to mourn for the destruction of Jerusalem. They watered the ancient foundation stones with their tears and entreated the Lord of Hosts saying, 'Turn Thou us unto Thee, Lord, and we shall be turned. Renew our days as of old.' 3 34 J^INETEENTH AnNUAL SeSSION "In this Jewish prayer, all Jewish hearts of the world unite. In the utterance of this prayer one era was terminated, and a new era was ushered in,—for upon the very day of the Fast of Ab, the Great War was declared in Europe. "From the beginning of the Great War, Palestine suffered because lew ships visited the native ports and soon there was a scarcity of necessities, either because the goods had not arrived, or had been hoarded by the merchants. Although Turkey herself was not at war, the day after the Germans commenced hostilities in Europe, the Turks mobilized their troops and commandeered all the horses, camels and mules. They unharnessed horses and left carriages standing in the middle of the streets. The usual means of communication were cut off. Turkish officials visited the villages and returned driving flocks of young men who were drafted into the army. To arouse enthusiasm, a public ovation was given to the drafted men in the streets. "In Jaffa there appeared a gigantic young Arab who was surrounded by dervishes flourishing naked swords. With a hoarse cry he shouted: 'The religion of Mohammed advances by the sword' and this refrain was repeated by the populace with savage cries. "To inflame his followers, he cried again: 'The sword demands blood! Allah preserve our Sultan'! "This Arab demonstration knew no bounds, and the common people fled in terror. In Jerusalem evil days were foreseen. People began to hoard their supplies for the years ahead. The Syrian Christians were in a panic. In their houses they hid themselves, trembling with fear and saying that they would be the flrst to be massacred, partly on account of their well-known friendship for the French and the English. The Armenians declared that the greatest peril awaited them, for of a certainty they had been marked in advance for the slaughter. They pointed out that the Jews were well organized and had some protectors because at the request of Mr. Morgenthau the United States battleship Tennessee, under the never-to-be-forgotten Captain Decker, had been sent to Palestine with supplies for the Jews. A little later on the North Carolina arrived with Mr. Maurice Wertheim with $50,000 in gold for the relief of the Jews. Almost every one who could do so, left the country. "The consulates of France, England and Russia were surrounded by spies so that anyone, even entering the doors, was immediately under the suspicion of the Turks; while the German Consulate was the meeting place of government officials . . . who became insolent and began a syste-matic persecution of the Jews. . . . From the beginning of the war the inhabitants of Palestine cherished the hope that Great Britain would find a pretext to take possession of Palestine, and they were heartbroken after all their troubles, that England did not intervene, and then Turkey declared -war on the side of Germany. One of the flrst steps was the announcement of the 'Jehad.' It was imagined that the whole Moslem population of the world, 300,000,000 strong, would rise under the green banner of Mahomet, and humanity itself would be in danger. "The terror in Jerusalem was extreme. A few courageous Jews and Christians approached certain Mohammedans and earnestly inquired what the Jehad would signify to themselves. The explanation was brief, as fol-lows: State Literaey and Historical Association 35 " 'It signifies that every faithful Moslem is required to slay at least four unbelievers.' "To impress the p-ublic, the authorities ordered forty fanatical Circas-sians, fully armed, to ride on horseback through the streets of Jerusalem. Silently they passed, brandishing naked scimitars. This was to the inhabi-tants of the city the only visible sign of the Holy War. "In the spring of 1915 news arrived that the Turkish Army had suc-cessfully traversed the desert. A later dispatch announced the crossing of the Suez Canal—this occasion was celebrated by the illumination of Jeru-salem. Almost immediately, however, the news arrived of the defeat of the Turks. The Mohammedans were crestfallen. The Germans failed to conceal their disdain for the Turkish prowess and their scorn for the Turkish Army. Jews and Christians avoided being seen on the streets, fearing to be accused of joy, and in their houses they trembled in dread of the homecoming of the defeated army. "Djemal Fasha shut himself up in the wall of the Augusta Victoria Me-morial on the Mount of Olives, and refused to see any one, not even the most eminent personages. Thus closed ignominiously one scene in the oriental dream of power which Kaiser Wilhelm had dreamed for himself in Jerusalem. In this very Augusta Memorial there is a great throne room in which two thrones stand. "In 1916 a second expedition was launched against the Suez Canal with an army of 250,000 men under the command of the German, Von Kress, but it was not more successful than the first enterprise. . . . Not only the Moslems, but even the Germans began to perceive tha;t their star was waning in the Holy Land. Notwithstanding, the immense German propaganda waged continuously for ten years before the war, to convince the Arabs that the land belonged to the Arabians, the ancient tradition now revived concerning the destiny of the Jews to possess the land, persecutions increased in vio-lence. Great suffering was inflicted to induce the Zionists to betray the English. "Gaza was taken by the British and recovered by the Turks, remaining in their handw seven months. In June, 1917, General Allenby captured Beer-sheba and then Gaza. Ludd surrendered, Ramleh fell; on November 16th Jaffa was captured. Victorious British troops then marched upon Jerusalem. "For three years the Holy City had suffered privations and sorrows. It was as if the plague had raged within its walls. Most of the houses were closed because the inhabitants were dead, or deported, exiled or in prison. Deserted were the streets. One dreaded to be seen out of doors for fear of falling victim to the rage of the Turks. "People hid themselves in cellars and subterranean passages, where life continued underground by the light of olive oil lamps. "Even in these hiding places one heard the roar of Turkish cannon, which was directed against the Tomb of Samuel, where the English had fortified themselves. One passionate desire filled the hearts of Jews and Christians alike, as they waited for the hour of deliverance. Their faith in the vic-torious strength of the British failed not. They prayed that God would deliver them by a miracle, and show His hand as in the former days. "In the meantime, Turkish cannon was destroying the Tomb of Samuel, and the English were making a movement whose object was to encircle 36 Nineteenth Annual Session Jerusalem. The Turks and the Germans commanded that the city should be defended, and they sent for reinforcements from Damascus, The garrison was not sufficiently strong in numbers or in morale to sustain the attack without aid. When the reinforcements failed to arrive, the Turks perceived that they would be obliged to evacuate. In great haste they arrested every one whom they caught on the streets, including the Dutch Consul and a distinguished Austrian physician, a member of the Hoard of Health. "In these terrible days in Jerusalem, Jews and Christians fasted and prayed. Their common sorrow and desolation drew them nearer to one another. They sought concealment in the darkest cellars and deepest sub-terranean passages. "It was in this darkness and dread that the Jews awaited the coming of their great festival of light and gladness, Han-uc-ca, the Feast of Deliverance in former days, and now approaching as the day of destruction. The women, weeping, prepared the oil for the sacred lights and even the men wept, saying that this v/ould be the last time they should keep the feast in Jerusalem! They strained their ears to hear the horses' hoofs, and the tread of the soldiers coming to arrest them and drive them forth. The women pressed their children to their breasts, crying: 'They are coming to take us! The persecutors, the assassins!' "Then suddenly other women came rushing from the outside down into the depths crying: " 'HOSANNA! HOSANNA! The British, the British have arrived!' "Weeping and shouting for joy, Jews and Christians, trembling over one another, emerged and rushed forth from the caverns, holes and underground passages. "With loud cries, with outstretched hands, they blessed the company of their deliverers, who advanced in a glory of light, for all Jerusalem was illuminated by the crimson light of the setting sun ... in the very begin-ning of Hanucca, the Feast of the Miracle of Lights. "At noon on the 8th of December, 1917, a representative of General Allenby, Commander-in-Chief of the British forces operating in Palestine, received from the Mayor of Jerusalem, the surrender of the city. "On December 10th, at noon. General Allenby made his official entry into the city by the Jaffa road."33 "General Allenby entered the town on foot. Small detachments of in-fantry and cavalry, drawn from Britain's far-flung battle line, were drawn up outside, while French and Italian soldiers were marshalled inside the Jaffa Gate as the Commander-in-Chief, accompanied by the representatives of America, France and Italy, passed through it. "The breach in the wall made for the Kaiser's entry in 1898—a breach still unrepaired—is near by. But General Allenby came in by the door. There is a profound significance in the contrasting ways in which England and Germany entered the city, for the open gate stands for order and obedi-ence to the law, while the breached wall represents pride, arrogance and force. There is, moreover, an ancient saying as to the character of those who prefer some other way of coming in than by the door."34 23 Madam Ben Yehudah: Jerusalem—Its Future and Redemption, ^ Atkins : Jerusalem Past and Present. State Literary and Historical Association 37 l^o't a gun was fired into the city of Jerusalem, it was t'aken without bloodshed, without violence, and as for the twenty-fourth time Jeru-salem passed from one power to the other, it had the backing of the Jews themselves, for hundreds of them enlist'ed under the Allies' banner at Jaffa, and their blood flowed with that of their deliverers as they fought their way to Jerusalem. To the inhabitants of the city Gen-eral Allenby made the following announcement : "Since your city is regarded with affection by the adherents of three of the greatest religions of mankind, and its soil has been consecrated by the prayers and pilgrimages of multitudes of devout people of these three re-ligions for many centuries, therefore, do I make known to you, that every sacred building, monument, holy spot, shrine, traditional site, endowment, pious bequest, or customary place of prayer of whatever form belonging to the great religions of mankind will be maintained and protected according to the existing customs and beliefs of those to whose faiths they are sacred." Thus has Jerusalem passed into hands of the nation that has, of all others, the greatest genius for governing colonials. One who does not antagonize the natives, one who do'es not countenance religious persecu-tion, one that fears the God of the Jews, and honors His great and terrible name. After the occupation of the city, the first problem of improvement encountered was that of the water supply. "That part of Palestine south of Keersheba has been piped with water from the Nile by British Royal Engineers with American equipment—the realization, it is said, of a dream thousands of years old. ISeveral millions of gallons a day are pumped from the canal near Kantara across the Suez Canal into Palestine. ... On the western slopes of Palestine the valleys form excellent reservoir sites for collecting the winter rains, though they would often have to be treated to prevent loss by percolation. The problem of the water supply of Jerusalem has been attacked by such noted men as Hezekiah—who constructed a tunnel which is today an 'almost unexplain-able' engineering feat—Solomon, Pontius Pilate and Herod. In the spring of 1918, the British, using much of the Roman work, installed a six-inch line from the springs of Wady-el-Arub, about sixteen miles south of Jerusalem, through which more than 200,000 gallons a day are now flowing into the city."35 "The tank which Pontius Pilate began was never completed, because the Roman Government frowned upon the heavy cost of the water system which he proposed. The British, immediately upon their capture of the Holy City, began the repair and completion of this tank, which has a capacity of 5,000,000 gallons. An aqueduct leads to it from an inexhaustible spring."36 ^ Capt. Carson of the American Red Cross: Journal of the American Medical Asson., Aus. 2, 1919, p. 341. 36 C. W. Whitehair: The Last Crusade. 38 !N"iNETEE]srTH Anntjal Session And it lias come to pass in our days that the Christians of the world have conceived a great desire to see the redemption of the ancient people of the Lord. As though a veil had been lifted from their hearts also, and the Jew, once despised and persecuted, has found favor in the sight of the worshippers of Jesus of N'azareth, because their hearts have been moved by their sufferings and by their faithful love of the traditions, and greater than this—because a large part of the Church of God pray-ing earnestly THY KINGDOM COME, believe that it can come only after the Jews have been turned again home. "Thus saith the Lord of Hosts : In those days it shall come to pass that ten men shall lay hold out of all languages of the nations, even shall take hold of the skirt of him that is a Jew, saying, ^We will go vdth you ; for we have heard that God is with you.' '^'^^ We have indeed heard that God is with the Jew. "The sons also of them that afflicted thee shall come bending unto thee ; and all they that have despised thee shall bow themselves down at the soles of thy feet ; and they shall call thee the City of the Lord, the Zion of the Holy One of Israel."^ ^ At the Peace Conference there was, strangely enough, a Council of Ten drawn from as many nations, and many Christian bodies see in the concurrence of these national representatives to the proposition of giv-ing the Jews freedom to live in Palestine developing their own culture unmolested, a fulfillment of the prophecy. "There shall yet old men and old women dwell in the streets of Jeru-salem, and every man with his staff in his hand for very age. And the streets of the city shall be full of boys and girls playing in the streets thereof. Behold I will save my people from the east country and from the west country and I will bring them, and they shall dwell in the midst of Jerusalem; and they shall be my people, and I will be their God, in truth and in righteousness."39 Spiritual Israel even the chosen of the Lord Jesus Christ whom He has gathered out of the world to be witnesses to Him is speeding the Jew upon his way home. This unity of aim was rather conspicu-ously set forth in a Christmas verse which appeared in 1918 after the armistice was signed: "Adown the hills of Palestine, Across the silver sea. The tidings of the angels tell Of peace that is to be; For all the hills of Palestine Are safe in iChristian hands, And peace on earth begins again In far-off Jewish Lands."40 s-^Zech. 8:23. 38Isa. 60:14. seZech. 8: 4, 5, 7, 8, 40 Jane D. Wood. iState Literaky and Historical Association 39 Out of t'lie confusion and disorder and clasli of interest there is one unity of purpose, one unity of desire,—the only spiritual result of its kind of the war,—the wish of Jew and Protestant alike, that Palestine should become again, sacred to the Lord of Hosts. The whole earth looks to it' for a spiritual authority, not as though the mouth of man should proclaim from it a new law, or that man should utter infallible things, but that the pure reign of the great God Who spoke on Sinai, should be set up in righteousness, and that the Moral Law should be revealed in the teachings of the Messiah Whom the Church expects a second time, and Whom the orthodox Jews still expect with a pathetic longing. It' is well, however, to discriminate carefully between the very optim-istic views of the American Jews and the aspirations of the Zionist Commission in Palestine. American Jewry looks upon the Balfour Declaration as a virtual restoration of the Holy Land to Jewish political control under the mandatory of one of the Great Powers. This is the extreme view, and it is probably fed on the hopes of millions of Chris-tians who would feel that such a condition indicated the consummation of the age, and the fulfillment of the "times of the Gentiles," but on the other hand, those who are facing facts, know that there is a great gulf between such a degree of national independence, and mere release from the bondage of Turkish oppression, which is the only substantial result of British victory in Palestine at the present time. The Zionist Commission in the Holy Land is occupied with relief work for the poor Jews, is caring for the interrupted work of the colonies of which there are 60, and trying to unite the various contending factions of the Jews, and treating from time to time with the Arabs who are very strongly entrenched to the East', and more or less antagonistic to the Jews. The Hebrews in Palestine have no voice in the emergency government administered by Great Britain; they are consulted when any measures are to be introduced which may affect them, but other-wise they are considered one of the many ethnical groups of people dwelling in the land. It would be very unwise at the present to seek to change this condition. Britain has encouraged the Arabs to set up a kingdom of their own as a foil against the great Mohammedan world which is seeking quietly and persistently to unite all its divisions through a process of spiritual revival to fit them for the great struggle to which they are looking that will settle the supremacy of the rival religions of the world. This Arab State is composed of two genera-tions of Syrians who have been trained under the liberal teaching of American professors in the great American University. They are 40 jN"ineteenth Annual Session strongly contesting the rising power of tlie Jews wkicli will frustrate their attempt t'o form a Greater Syria^ especially as their seaport Haifa, is in the confines of 'Palestine. But owing to the treaty or Triple Alliance which has been formed by agreement with the United States, France and Great Britain, there will be no divided authority, nor any division among those three great Powers which are virtually underwriting the security of the Jewish ISTation. The latest advices from London (October 29, 1919) state that Great Britain is arranging with Prince Peisal, son of the King of Hedjaz, and with France, the Protector of Upper Syria, for the withdrawal of all British troops in the whole territory of occupation including Palestine, and the assumption of the duties of war-time emergency by the French and the Arabs, pending the conclusion of the Treaty of Peace. The underlying significance of this is that a big stride toward complete understanding has been reached by the two great powers in question. French sovereigp-ty and Arab aspirations have been recognized by the British, and in thus giving them the con-trol of the disputed territory under pledge of protection for the Jews, Great Britain will be able to build her railroad line of communication from the Suez Canal through friendly countries with no danger of having to guard it in time of unrest. It would be quite impossible to construct it through Central Europe where she might find at any time the line cut by hostile German partisans. If the French by an understanding with the British, occupy the whole of Syria, Great Britain will be free to continue her railroad from Suez along the coastal plain as far as Mount Carmel, then cross the Jordan eastward south of Galilee, across the plains of Hauran to Aleppo where it will link up with the Bagdad Railroad which proceeds further eastward to India. Thus are the commercial and political moves of two nations which have been for generations friendly to the Jewish people tending toward the gradual up-building of a Greater Syria that will be in harmony with the moderate aspirations of the Jews, giving a homeland to as many as the country in its very limited size can accommodate without encroaching on the rights of the Arabs whose progress has advanced more rapidly and who have established a prior claim to a part of the disputed territory. It is estimated that 60 per cent of the Hebrews are Zionists or ISTationals. They look for the restoration of the Jews to Palestine with a national language and with a degree of national independence under a protectorate; 25 per cent of the Hebrews are the Mizrachrists or Karaites, who represent the strictly spiritual element which rely V State Literary and Historical Association 41 solely upon ttie Word of God. These look for tlie Messiab. to come to deliver them; 15 per cent are Polay Zionists, the working classes, pro- Ally, radical and convinced that' they will be re-established in their land, with the same measure of national independence that was theirs under David, their most beloved King. This last class does a great deal of harm to the whole cause, and their indiscretions have caused many bitter encounters between their sect' and the Moslems in Jeru-salem. The Jews themselves are perfectly aware of this prejudice, and the wisest are not forcing any issues at present. On September 12, 1919, there was held in Chicago, the 22nd annual convention of the Zionists of America. At this great meeting addresses were made by Justice Brandeis, Felix Frankfurter, Mrs. Mary Fels, Dr. Stephen Wise, Dr. Harry Friedenwald, Bernard Bosenblatt and others. It is significant of this great conference, that the report brought in after all plans had been discussed and all views had been presented, and all aspirations had been voiced, was moderate and exhibited a spirit of wisdom most encouraging to all the well wishers of the move-ment. 1st. A campaign is to be waged vigorously against malaria in advance of any extensive investment by the Jewish ^N'ational Fund, the Zionist Commonwealth and other purchasing corporations of the Zionist movement. 2nd. Afforestation is recommended to prevent en-croachment of sand to stabilize the rainfall and provide a timber sup-ply and irrigation. 3rd. Strong financial support to* the Hebrew University is urged. 4th. Lines of development must be agricultural, industrial and commercial to provide for the incoming population in large numbers. 5th. Jewish settlements are to be confined to tracts now vacant or neglected. 6th. There must' be no private speculation and monopoly of the soil, no commercial exploitation. 7th. Since the Arabs own about one-half the land, over 90 per cent of whom are illiterate and could not quickly be adapted to the new system of land tenure and taxation, it is proposed temporarily to ignore Arab real estate and apply progressive principles to the Turkish crown lands acquired by British conquest, and to the property of non-Arab popu-lation. Political aspirations were entirely suppressed, and the most that is hoped at present', is a liberal protectorate. The Convention delighted those whose expectations are based on the material building up a foundation for the spiritual; the convention was a disappoint-ment for those who hoped to see the Zionists go in and possess the land as the Israelites did of old, relying on the hand of the great Jehovah to lead them on. 42 JSTlNETEENTH AnNUAL SeSSION Shrouded in impenetrable mystery, the land invit'es every shade of political and religious opinion, invites every devout pilgrim, invites every civil disaster. And it may be, O Jerusalem, that thy children shall come again to thee in peace, and that for poverty, thou mayest obtain riches, for ashes—beauty; for desolation—prosperity; and it may be that this new era is but a rift in the gray cloud of thy tragic destiny,—that pagan nations may envy thy dawning power only to wrest it from thee ; that thy children may return to be scatt'ered again, that thy walls may be rebuilded to be thrown down stone for stone, but like the mountains of Judea, thou shalt abide with thy hallowed history, with thine im-perishable past, with thy romantic, storied places, with thy sacred shrines, adding this last thrilling episode las a climax to the age ; but thy name shall be deathless. For however it may fare with thy streets, thy gates, thy walls, — the eyes of the whole earth shall look forever toward Mt. Zion for the glorious appearing of the holy Jerusalem which shall be let down from heaven, a city four square and of heavenly beauty, adorned like a bride for her husband, the joy of the whole earth, where shall be seen the King in His beauty and with Him shall come the great consumma-tion, for Jerusalem shall satisfy the craving of the humble and of the great, and shall be not only the desire of the nations, but the home of the soul. 3"" 0/?/r. ca/ips us ft OTS S JhlsTu^N/Mf L Vs/AS THS MAIN L—*, TvtiNsi Ini?icateo THUg % N ,H \ 4 V f^^ Breaking of the Hindenburg Line at the St. Quentin Canal By Former Brigadier-General L. D. Tyson" Commanding 59th Brigade, 30th Division, A. E. F. In giving this account of the Breaking of the Hindenburg Line along the St. Quentin Canal, I wish to state, in the first instance, that I have made it as accurate as possible from the information that is now obtainable. It' must be remembered that the "War Department has not yet pub-lished the official records of the War, and it is almost impossible at this time to secure the reports of officers engaged in the operations described. In cases where I have not the personal knowledge, and where it was not possible to get access to all the report's desired, infor-mation has been obtained from newspapers and other sources, espe-cially from the Stars and Stripes, the practically official newspaper of t'he American Expeditionary Forces, which was published in Paris during the World War by American newspaper men. The latter news-paper had an excellent opportunity of securing accurate information, and access to official reports, that have not yet been published. The breaking of the Hindenburg Line along the St. Quentin Canal cannot be claimed by any one Division. It was a part of a large operation, and the American t'roops were acting as a Corps and, there-fore, the only fair and proper way to describe the operation, so far as the American troops are concerned, is to give an account of what the 27th and 30th Divisions, composing the Second American Corps, accom-plished. As I was an officer of the 30th Division, in order that there shall be no possibility of claim that I have been partial, and in the belief that the account of The Breaking of the Hindenburg Line as given in the Stars and Stripes is accurate, and written from authentic informa-tion, if not from the actual reports, I have thought best to take many facts and much matter from accounts appearing in that newspaper. After the great drive of the Germans on the Western front in France and Belgium, beginning on t'he 21st of March, 1917, and their tremen-dous successes, the British and French realized if they did not have assistance from America, and prompt assistance, the war would prob-ably be won by the Germans. To this end, it is reported, they made such representations to Presi-dent Wilson of their dire necessity, that he agreed to send ten Ameri-can Divisions to l^orthern France with all possible dispatch, provided ships could be obtained. 44 l^INETEENTH AnNUAL SeSSION The Britisli promised, and did furnish, a large amount of shipping. These ten American Divisions were transported as rapidly as possible into IN'orthorn France. Among them were the 27th and 30th Divisions, both ISTational Guard Divisions; the 27th Division being largely from New York State and having been trained at Camp Wadsworth, near Spartanburg, S. C, and the other, the 30th Division, being composed, at that time, almost entirely of men from I^orth Carolina, South Caro-lina and Tennessee, and having been trained at Camp Sevier, near Greenville, S. C. While the great majority of the men in these two divisions were INTational Guard troops, there were many draft men, but the draft men in the 30th came almost exclusively from the three states of ITorth Carolina, South Carolina and Tennessee. Afterwards both Divisions received thousands of replacements in France, and these came from many states, nearly every state in the Union being represented. The 27th Division arrived in France May 10, 1918'. The 30th Division arrived in France May 24, 1918. It will be interesting, perhaps, here to give a short historical sketch of the units of these Divisions, so far as known. The 27th Division was commanded throughout its entire career by Major-General John F. O'Ryan of 'New York, who belonged to the J^Tat'ional Guard before the war, and was the only Major-General who was mustered in from a ISTational Guard Division and served throughout the war. The 30th Division was commanded by a large number of general officers. It was first commanded by Major-General John F. Morrison, United States Army, then by Brigadier-General W. S. Scott, United States Army, then by Major-General Clarence P. Townsley, United States Army, then by Brigadier-General S. L. Faison, United States Army, who commanded it from the 1st of January, until the 1st of May, 1918. Brigadier-General L. D. Tyson, commanding the 59th Brigade, was placed in command of the Division on May 1, 1918, and took it to France and was in command until the 27th of May, 1918. On the arrival of the Division in France the command was taken over by Major-General George W. Read, United States Army, who commanded it until about the 15th of June, when he was relieved and placed in command of the 2nd American Corps in France. The Division was then commanded by Brigadier-General Faison until about the 18th of July, when Major-General E. M. Lewis, United States Army, succeeded to the command and he commanded it from that time until the return of the Division home in March, 1919. State Literary and Historical Association 45 It will tlius be seen that the SOth Division liad more commanding officers during its career tlian perhaps any other Division in the whole of the American Army. ' Brigadier-General Faison and Brigadier-General Tyson, both natives of North Carolina, were with the Division from the time it was formed in September, 1917, until it was mustered out. General Faison commanded the Division for a longer period during its training than any other General Officer, and to him great credit must be given for his untiring energy and zeal in bringing this Division up to its high state of efficiency, which it showed in the subsequent operations in which it was engaged. Of the ten American Divisions which arrived in the northern part of France in May and June, 1918, the 27th and 30th were selected to remain in l^orthern France, and were both attached to and placed in training with the British, their services being very greatly needed at the time on the depleted British front from Ypres south to Armen-tieres. The British forces and morale at that time were at the lowest ebb perhaps during the w'hole war. The presence of these American DiA^'i-sions greatly enhanced the morale of the British on this front and put new hope and new life into them. The Americans arrived just in time, for I believe if they had arrived 60 to 90 days later the war would have been won by the Germans. The days which these two Divisions spent in this area were very har-rowing ones, and especially so during the time they were in the front line trenches during the last two weeks in August. There was no sector on the whole British front, or perhaps on the entire front, which was more subjected to the enemy's fire for years than was the imme-diate sector in which they were placed at that time. They suffered many casualties while holding these lines. The 27th Division consisted of the 53rd and 54th Infantry Brigades, the 53rd Brigade containing the 105th and 106th Infantry Regiments, and the 105th Machine Gun Battalion. The 54th Brigade containing the 107th and 108th Infantry regiments and the 106th Machine Gun Battalion. The Division also had the 102nd Engineer Regiment, the 104th Machine Gun Battalion and other special troops. The 52nd Field Artillery Brigade, which was the Artillery Brigade of the Divi-sion, was never with the Division, being in service elsewhere, and the Division was always supported in action by the British or Australian Artillery. 46 J^INETEENTH AnI^UAL SeSSION" These regiments o£ this Division had been formed by combining the various J^ational Guard units of l^ew York State that' existed before the outbreak of the war. The 30th Division consisted of the 59th and 60th Infantry Brigades, the 59th Brigade containing the 117th and the llSt'h Infantry Regi-ments and the 114th Machine Gun Battalion, the 60th Brigade con-taining the 119th and 120th Infantry Regiments and the 115t'h Ma-chine Gun Battalion. The Division also bad the 105th Engineer Regi-ment, the 113th Machine Gun Battalion and other special troops. The 55ith Field Artillery Brigade, which was the Artillery Brigade of the Division, was never with the Division in France, being in service with the American Expeditionary Forces in the south and on the American front. This Division was always supported by British and Australian Artillery. The 117th Infantry was the old 3rd Tennessee. The 118th Infantry was the old 1st South Carolina. The 119th Infantry was the old 2nd I^orth Carolina, together with some of the old 1st l^orth Carolina Infantry and about 1500 men from the old 2nd Tennessee Infantry, both of which were broken up at Camp Sevier, S. C. The 120th Infantry was the old 3rd N'orth Carolina Infantry, together with a considerable number of the old 1st I^orth Carolina Infantry, and about 500 officers and men of the old 2nd Tennessee Infantry. The 105th Engineers was made up largely of the old 1st l!^orth Caro-lina Infantry. These two Divisions were assigned, in June, 1918, to the Second United States Army Corps, and operated with this Corps thereafter during active service. This Corps was communded throughout by Major-General George W. Read, United States Army. After about five weeks of preliminary training, and before the com-pletion of the training period which they had expected to enjoy in France, the two American Divisions were transferred to the Second British Army, under General Plumer, and sent to Belgium, the 27th being attached to the 19th British Corps and the 30th to the 2nd British Corps, and both assigned to the support positions known as the East and West Poperinghe Defense System, immediately in the rear of the Ypres and Dickebush Sectors in Belgium. The situation on this part of the front at the time, early in July, was extremely critical, as the powerful forces of the Army Group of Crown Prince Rupprecht of Bavaria, which had already, in April, driven deeply through the British lines about Armentieres and cap- State Literary and Historical Association 47 tured the commanding eminence of Mount Kemmel, were daily ex-pected to begin another desperate drive for the capture of the Channel ports to the northwest, and the vitally important Bethune coal fields I'o the southwest. Should the Germans make a successful beginning of such a drive and get through the British front lines, the brunt of the attack would fall upon these partly trained American divisions. Fortunately, the attack never came, the enemy elected inst'ead to open an offensive east and west of Eeims and then, on July 18th at last definitely losing the initiative in the great counter attack of Mar-shal Foch along the Marne. But, while lying under the observation of Mount Kemmel and the enemy's accurate artillery fire in July and early August, the American Divisions rapidly became veterans and ready for any work. After the middle of August they took over front line sectors from the British divisions, the 30th Division taking the Canal Sector from the southern outskirts of Ypres to Yoormezeele, and the 27th taking the Dickebush sector, from Yoormezeele t'o a point northwest of Mount Kemmel. Owing to the gradual withdrawal of German divisions to meet the great Allied attacks further south, it became possible, on August 31st, for the Second British Army to begin a local offensive operation which, in so far as the American divisions were concerned, resulted, on that and the following day, in the 30th Division advancing about 1,500 yards, taking Lock 'No. 8 on the Ypres Canal, Lankho'f Farm and the village of Yoormezeele, while the 27th Division advanced about 2,000 yards, occupying Yierstraadt Ridge, and the northern slopes of Mount Kemmel. I have mentioned the activities and training of these Divisions in this sector in order to show how deeply they had impressed themselves upon the British during these operations, and, for that reason they were withdrawn from the front line between September 3rd and 5th and sent to training areas further south, where they received instruction particularly in operating offensively with tanks, and about September 23rd and 24th were assembled as the Second American Army Corps under General Rawlinson of the 4th British Army, and put into the sector fronting the Hindenburg Line about midway between Cambrai and St. Quentin at the point where it was said the German defenses were the strongest of any place on the entire German front, and which the Germans considered impregnable. The front now occupied by the British at that point was very nearly that which they had held previous to the German attack of March 21, 1918', and from which they had been driven back nearly to Amiens. Starting in about August 1st to recover once more that 48 ]N"lNETEENTH AnNUAL SeSSION devastated stretch of the valley of the So'mme between its junction with the Ancre and St. Quentin, which had been first lost in 1914, regained in 1915, and then lost again in the spring of 1918, with true British determination they had pushed on, foot by foot, for nearly two months, against the most bitter opposition, until they were once more occu-pying all but the foremost of their old trenches before the Hindenburg Line between St. Quentin and Cambrai. The plans for the great offensive involving the Allied forces on every front' were now perfect and, as has been previously pointed out, the initial attack of Marshal Haig's British Armies was to be made on September 27th, the day after the advance of the First American and Fourth French Armies on both sides of the Argonne. The British effort was to begin with an assault by the First and Third Armies on a 13 mile front before Cambrai, to be followed by an extension of the attack southward to St. Quentin by the Fourth British Army (of which the 27th and 30th Divisions composing the 2nd American Corps were a part) and still south of these by the First French Army. When its turn came General Rawlinson's Fourth Army was to go in on a front of 12 miles, from Holnon north to Yendheuille, with the E^inth British Corps on the right, the second American Corps in the center, supported by the Australian Corps under General Monash, and the Third British Corps on the left. The 27th and 30th American Divisions relieved the 18th and 75th British Divisions in the front line, opposite Bony and Bellicourt, on the night of September 24th and 23rd, 1918, respectively. The attack which they were to make had been planned by the Aus-tralian Corps which had been fighting since August 8th and had pushed the Germans back from Yillers Bretonneux to the Hindenburg Line, and the 3rd and 5th Australian Divisions were to support the Americans closely and relieve them when the first objectives had been obtained. During this time it was necessary to straighten out the American Corps line which was in front of the Hindenburg Line. If you will observe the accompanying map you will see that there is a, broken line running "A.B.C.D.E." This was a line which was actually occupied by the 27th and 30th Divisions when they were first put into the line in front of the Hindenburg System. You will, also, observe the broken line "X.Y.Z." and the straight line above it "U.Y.W." The broken line is the line that it was in-tended the troops should occupy on the morning of the day when the attack was to be made, called the Jumping Off Line, and the straight State Literary and Historical Association 49 line is tlie line which was to be what is known as the Barrage Line, that is to say, the line where the shrapnel and shells should fall at the zero hour. It was considered by the Australian General who had planned this attack, that these curved lines ''A.B.C.D.E." occupied by the 30th Division and the 27th Division, should be straightened out by being pushed forward to the broken line ^'X.Y.Z." which was to be the Jumping Off Line, and that this was to be done before the day of the final attack. To this end an attack was ordered to be made by the troops occupying the front line indioated by the line '^A.B.O.D.E." on the morning of the 27th, after bombardment had been laid on the territory between the bent line and the dotted line. It is perhaps necessary to say that in battles of this war the greatest degree of accuracy was required in every attack. The most minute and detailed orders were given so every single thing that could be-thought of before, and provided for, was thought out and issued in the form of orders, down to the very lowest ranks, and everything wa& explained to the officers and men, so there would be no confusion when the battle was on. The location and destination of each unit, from the Corps Head-quarters down to Regiments and Battalions, were set down on maps so, with map and compass, each officer would know exactly where he and his men were expected to go. In this instance the sectors of the Divisions were laid out on maps and by consulting the map it will be seen that the 30th was on the right and the 27th on the left. The 30th had the sector bounded by the lines "B.O.F." on the right and "G.H." on the left, and the 27th had its sector bounded by the lines ''G.H." on the right and "W.K." on the left. The final battle plans were announced for the great attack which was to take place on the 29th of September. It was provided in this plan of battle that the 27th and the 30th Divisions, constituting the 2nd American Corps, should attack on the morning of the 29th at 5.50 A. M., the zero hour, and drive forward and break the Hindenburg Line and penetrate and go forward to Bony and Guoy and to Bellicourt and I^auroy, the 30th Division to go for-ward and capture Bellicourt and J^auroy and penetrate to the dotted line shown on the map "M.N"." and the 27th was to drive forward and go through the tovms of Bony and Guoy to the dotted line "L.M.,'' the dotted line "L.M.N.'^ being the objective of the two Divisions. After the attack had been launched and the lines had been broken and the objectives had been taken by these two Divisions, the Australian 4 50 N'iNETEENTH AwNUAL SeSSION Corps was to move forward and go through the American Divisions to points further to the east, the 3rd Australian Corps t'O' advance and go through the 27th Division to an objective beyond that laid out for the 27th Division, and the 5th Australian Division to advance and go through the 30th Division to an objective further east. The 9th British Corps was to attack on the right of the 30th Division and the 3rd British Corps to attack on the left of the 27th. It was further provided in the Corps orders that there should be an intense bombardment of the positions in front of the 27th and 30th American Divisions, beginning on the 27th of September, and that this bombardment should last' for 60 hours and should be composed of regular shells and a certain number of gas and smoke shells. Thi |
OCLC number | 19882765 |