Cultivator : an informational bulletin of the Agricultural Safety and Health Division |
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Beth Rodman will take the helm of the Agricultural Safety and Health Bureau on Sept. 5, 2017, replacing Bureau Chief Regina Cullen. Cullen, who led the bureau for almost 28 years, will retire Sept. 1, 2017. “It’s been a pleasure to work with the agricultural community for these many years. I’ve seen lots of changes and I really think together we moved farmworker housing and farm safety forward,” said Cullen. “I’m proud of what we accomplished together. We are a small, hard-working group of people, we know North Carolina and work well with our growers. On-site farm training taught me a lot. I have utmost respect for the hard-working people who run their agricultural enterprises, it’s a challenge. I also have respect for those hard-working people who labor in the fi elds. Most of us would be unable or unwilling to work those physically demanding tasks. Beth knows what we do and how to do it – I am delighted she will take the lead role.” Beth Rodman previously served as Agricultural Safety and Health housing inspector in 2008 through 2014, and is very familiar with procedures and with farmers and their farming operations. For the last several years she has worked for the N.C. Department of Transportation, conducting small or minority owned business compliance investigations. She holds a degree from East Carolina University in international business. “I am really looking forward to coming back to the Department of Labor, to the Ag Safety Bureau and working Cherie Berry Commissioner of Labor Agricultural Safety and Health Bureau Regina Cullen Bureau Chief 1101 Mail Service Center Raleigh, NC 27699-1101 1-800-NC-LABOR (1-800-625-2267) www.nclabor.com Stay in touch with today’s workplace issues. Sign up to receive a free subscription to the NC Labor Ledger at www.nclabor.com/news/ledger.htm August 2017 Volume 38 Rodman Named New ASH Bureau Chief Regina Cullen to Retire Sept. 1 Inside This Edition New Safety DVDs Available ASH District Map Worker Protection Standard Update continued on page 2 “I really think together we moved farmworker housing and farm safety forward.” — Regina Cullen NCDOL Photo Library Regina Cullen NCDOL Photo Library Beth Rodman “I am really looking forward to coming back to the Department of Labor.” — Beth Rodman with my former colleagues,” said Rodman. “I also look forward to seeing the growers I once worked with, and to using the Spanish language again.” The bureau inspects migrant housing throughout the state. The bureau also conducts mid-season investigations, focusing on health and safety issues in the fi eld. Agricultural accident and fatality investigations are part of this effort. Migrant housing is currently registered in more than 80 counties. Thus far in 2017, more than 1,800 housing sites have been inspected and more than 1,700 housing sites certifi ed. The bureau has also created safety videos and on-farm training protocols that are now used throughout the southeast portion of the United States. Rodman Named New ASH Bureau Chief, Regina Cullen to Retire 2 continued from page 1 The Agricultural Safety and Health (ASH) Bureau and the North Carolina State University (NCSU) video team just completed two bilingual agricultural safety digital video disks (DVDs). The video sponsor was the Farm Labor Practices Group (FLPG) and funding was provided by the FLPG and the Tobacco Growers Association of North Carolina. The FLPG is a group of key stakeholders including manufacturers, buyers, growers, government and non-governmental organizations, whose purpose is to facilitate constructive dialogue about farm labor practices. The work of the FLPG is coordinated by Keystone Policy Center (www.keystone.org), an independent non-profi t organization that facilitates collaborative decision-making in areas such as agriculture, health, and education. (Contact Brad Sperber at bsperber@keystone.org with any questions about the FLPG.) GAP Connections, administrator for the U.S. Tobacco GAP Program, will use the DVDs as training tools, and will include the DVDs as part of their training kit resources. The ultimate goal of this DVD is to provide guidance to farmers and farmworkers on the best safety practices and safety and health regulations governing their work activities. The video is intended for audiences in all tobacco producing states in the United States with attention to both fl ue-cured and burley tobacco. Each segment is self-contained, so that one segment can be viewed without viewing others. These instructional videos focus on essential facts, and the 10 bilingual (English and Spanish) segments run from eight to ten minutes each. Topics include tractor safety, fi eld sanitation, fork lift safety, green tobacco sickness, heat stress prevention, pesticide information, tobacco baler safety, tobacco harvester safety, tobacco production, and labor wage and hour and housing regulations. Each segment has three guided questions that appear prior to the start of the segment. The questions are repeated at the conclusion of the segment, and the correct responses are provided during that time. Because each video is short, they will not cover all aspects of the topic but will focus on the most critical elements with resource information provided at the end. The FLPG and GAP Connections will oversee distributing the DVDs throughout the tobacco producing states in the U.S. If you are interested in obtaining the DVDs, you can go to shop.gapconnections. com and purchase the DVDs online. To purchase online you will need a member account. Not a member? You can sign-up for a free account and get access to the store. The account allows you to log back in and view receipts and purchases as well as take part in any of our training events. If you prefer to purchase via phone call GAP Connections’ offi ces at 865-622-4606. Copies are $10 plus tax for members. Jane Chadwell, executive director for GAP Connections, explains, “This cost covers the cost of production – the cost of materials, and the processing and shipping fees. We want it to go out to as many farms in as many tobacco producing states as possible. These DVDs promote safe, practical work practices. They need to be in use.” Brad Sperber, Keystone Policy Center, indicates that these videos are available on YouTube as well. “This will provide easy access to those who prefer to use the internet to obtain information.” This is the link for YouTube: www.youtube.com/channel/UCriIrFd-nB18hTsynFya_yA Ken Ellzey, the NCSU media specialist who produced most of the titles on the DVD, commented on his role, “I produce videos for the College of Agriculture and Life Sciences at NCSU and typically do projects that directly connect to our college or NC State Extension. Regina’s projects connect directly to agriculture and the type of work Extension does, and Extension was often involved in the projects. We have produced six DVDs over the years, covering housing, Gold Star Growers, and various safety topics. It’s been a successful partnership. “ Francisco Rodriguez, who did the Spanish language reading, and much of the writing of the Spanish language scripts, explained that this was a very important effort for him. “I do the inspections. I know what it’s like, both in the housing and in the fi elds. If we can prevent one accident, I will be a happy man.” New Safety DVDs Available “I do the inspections. I know what it’s like, both in the housing and in the fi elds. If we can prevent one accident, I will be a happy man.” — Francisco Rodriguez Caution: Farmer at Work! Practice safety when operating farm machinery on public roads. I really enjoy preoccupancy inspections, working with the growers to ensure that the housing and the farm sites are safe for everyone. It is a great opportunity to share information and to answer questions. —Kathy 3 ! " ## One of the most important parts of my job here in the western part of the state is to keep in touch with growers and to make sure that everyone is properly registered. It takes teamwork and cooperation to improve worker housing. —Lauren My job as an agricultural safety and health offi cer is to verify that the grower takes measures to protect himself, his family, and his employees. That way he can continue his wonderful and important work of producing food for us here in North Carolina and beyond. Safety fi rst! —Francisco I think it’s important for growers to register their sites early, and have them clean and ready for an inspection at least 30 days before they need a housing certifi cate. When I hear “Well, just walk through the site and tell me what I need to fi x!” I get worried. —Drew A good night’s sleep means a more productive work day for everyone. When it’s hot outside, cool temperatures inside the labor camp provide your workers with the opportunity to rest completely, and to lower their body temperature. —Johana Want to improve your housing? A coat of paint will make a great fi rst impression. —Alan By Gwen Minton and Pat Jones, NC Department of Agriculture, Pesticide Programs North Carolina growers are concerned about the current changes involving respirators and pesticide application. Pat Jones and Gwen Minton share questions and answers with you that may be helpful. What are the EPA pesticide label requirements for respirators? EPA adopted certain Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) requirements for respirator use that affect soil fumigation labels and the 2015 Worker Protection Standard (WPS) revisions. The goal of the respirator requirements is to ensure that the pesticide applicator/handler Is physically capable of wearing a respirator Receives the intended protection by having the respirator fi t properly Selects the correct respirator Knows how to use the respirator correctly What pesticide label language triggers OSHA respirator requirements? When label language includes a statement such as “A NIOSH-approved dust mist fi ltering respirator with MSHA/NIOSH approval number prefi x TC-21C or a NIOSH-approved respirator with and R, P or HE fi lter,” then the OSHA requirements apply. These requirements include: Medical evaluation Annual fi t testing Annual respirator training What is the medical evaluation? The medical evaluation must be conducted to determine whether the handler is physically able to use a respirator. The evaluation is conducted by using a medical questionnaire or exam performed by a physician or other licensed health-care professional (PLHCP). The medical information may be obtained by evaluating written responses or by conducting a medical examination. The questionnaire must be based on OSHA’s Part A of Appendix C to 1910.134. The PLHCP’s fi nal medical determination must be based on information covered by the questionnaire. The medical evaluation is required one time. However, another evaluation could be needed if: Most PLHCP’s will only issue medical release for a specifi ed length of time (1-3 years) Signs/symptoms of respiratory distress during respirator use The Worker Protection Standard and Respirator Use: An Update continued on page 4 Agricultural Safety and Health Bureau Recommendation from the PLHCP Recommendation from the fi t-test Workplace changes Applicator’s medical situation changes Documentation The PLHCP will provide a medical release to allow the applicator/ handler to wear a respirator. Recordkeeping Maintain a copy of the written medical release for at least 2 years. What is the purpose of a fi t-test and is it required each year? The purpose of fi t testing is to ensure the respirator that is being used fi ts the applicator’s/handler’s face correctly. An adequate seal is required between the user’s face and the respirator to provide the intended protection. The fi t test is required annually. Fit testing must follow OSHA protocols. Qualitative fi t test: This inexpensive, easy-to-perform test relies on the respirator user’s response to a test agent such as banana oil, saccharin, or irritant smoke. If the user detects the agent while wearing the respirator, the facepiece-to face seal is not successful and the test fails. A user who cannot successfully complete the test must be tested with another facepiece, make, size or brand. This method does not require specialized equipment or a trained person to conduct the test. Quantitative fi t test: An instrument samples the concentration of a test agent in the ambient atmosphere and inside the user’s facepiece. With this information, a quantitative fi t factor can be calculated that indicates how well the facepiece fi ts the user: the higher the number the better the fi t. This method is more accurate than a qualitative test but also more expensive. The quantitative fi t test requires special equipment, and a trained person must conduct the test. Recordkeeping A written record of the fi t test must be maintained for 2 years. The elements required: Name of applicator/handler Type of fi t test performed Make, model and size of the respirator tested Date of the fi t test Fit test results Does WPS require respirator training? The WPS revisions require that handlers be provided with training in the use of the respirator specifi ed on the pesticide product labeling and that they demonstrate knowledge of the following: Why the respirator is necessary and how improper fi t, usage, or maintenance can compromise the protective effect of the respirator How to select cartridges and canisters and know the schedule for changing How to use the respirator effectively in emergency situations, including situations in which the respirator malfunctions How to inspect, put on and remove, use, and check the seals of the respirator Respirator maintenance and storage procedures How to recognize medical signs and symptoms that may limit or prevent the effective use of respirators. Recordkeeping A written record of the respirator training must be maintained for 2 years and should contain: Name and signature of handler trained Date of training Trainer’s name Training topics Is an emergency eye fl ush station required at all decontamination sites? No, emergency eye fl ushing supplies must be provided at any site where handlers are mixing or loading a pesticide that requires protective eyewear or are mixing or loading any pesticide using a closed system operating under pressure. The supplies that must be available are: A system capable of delivering gently running water at a rate of at least 0.4 gallons per minute for at least 15 minutes At least 6 gallons of water in containers suitable for providing gently running water for eye fl ushing for 15 minutes. The container(s) must be able to dispense a gentle steady fl ow of water. Additionally, when applying a pesticide that requires protective eyewear, 1 pint of water must be immediately available to each handler/ applicator in a portable container. For additional information or questions concerning respirator requirements please contact: The NC Department of Agriculture Pesticide Section at (919) 733-3556 or Robin Tutor with the NC Agromedicine Institute at (252) 744-1008. The Worker Protection Standard and Respirator Use Printed 8/17 1,200 copies of this public document were printed at a cost of $250, or $.20 per copy. All photographs, graphics and illustrations are property of the N.C. Department of Labor or are used by permission/license of their respective copyright holders. Learn more about our Gold Star Grower recognition program! www.nclabor.com Follow NCDOL on: continued from page 3
Object Description
Description
Title | Cultivator : an informational bulletin of the Agricultural Safety and Health Division |
Other Title | Informational bulletin of the Agricultural Safety and Health Division |
Date | 2017-08 |
Description | Volume 38 (August 2017) |
Digital Characteristics-A | 1.06 MB; 4 p. |
Digital Format | application/pdf |
Pres File Name-M | pubs_32473253_serial_cultivator201708v38 |
Full Text | Beth Rodman will take the helm of the Agricultural Safety and Health Bureau on Sept. 5, 2017, replacing Bureau Chief Regina Cullen. Cullen, who led the bureau for almost 28 years, will retire Sept. 1, 2017. “It’s been a pleasure to work with the agricultural community for these many years. I’ve seen lots of changes and I really think together we moved farmworker housing and farm safety forward,” said Cullen. “I’m proud of what we accomplished together. We are a small, hard-working group of people, we know North Carolina and work well with our growers. On-site farm training taught me a lot. I have utmost respect for the hard-working people who run their agricultural enterprises, it’s a challenge. I also have respect for those hard-working people who labor in the fi elds. Most of us would be unable or unwilling to work those physically demanding tasks. Beth knows what we do and how to do it – I am delighted she will take the lead role.” Beth Rodman previously served as Agricultural Safety and Health housing inspector in 2008 through 2014, and is very familiar with procedures and with farmers and their farming operations. For the last several years she has worked for the N.C. Department of Transportation, conducting small or minority owned business compliance investigations. She holds a degree from East Carolina University in international business. “I am really looking forward to coming back to the Department of Labor, to the Ag Safety Bureau and working Cherie Berry Commissioner of Labor Agricultural Safety and Health Bureau Regina Cullen Bureau Chief 1101 Mail Service Center Raleigh, NC 27699-1101 1-800-NC-LABOR (1-800-625-2267) www.nclabor.com Stay in touch with today’s workplace issues. Sign up to receive a free subscription to the NC Labor Ledger at www.nclabor.com/news/ledger.htm August 2017 Volume 38 Rodman Named New ASH Bureau Chief Regina Cullen to Retire Sept. 1 Inside This Edition New Safety DVDs Available ASH District Map Worker Protection Standard Update continued on page 2 “I really think together we moved farmworker housing and farm safety forward.” — Regina Cullen NCDOL Photo Library Regina Cullen NCDOL Photo Library Beth Rodman “I am really looking forward to coming back to the Department of Labor.” — Beth Rodman with my former colleagues,” said Rodman. “I also look forward to seeing the growers I once worked with, and to using the Spanish language again.” The bureau inspects migrant housing throughout the state. The bureau also conducts mid-season investigations, focusing on health and safety issues in the fi eld. Agricultural accident and fatality investigations are part of this effort. Migrant housing is currently registered in more than 80 counties. Thus far in 2017, more than 1,800 housing sites have been inspected and more than 1,700 housing sites certifi ed. The bureau has also created safety videos and on-farm training protocols that are now used throughout the southeast portion of the United States. Rodman Named New ASH Bureau Chief, Regina Cullen to Retire 2 continued from page 1 The Agricultural Safety and Health (ASH) Bureau and the North Carolina State University (NCSU) video team just completed two bilingual agricultural safety digital video disks (DVDs). The video sponsor was the Farm Labor Practices Group (FLPG) and funding was provided by the FLPG and the Tobacco Growers Association of North Carolina. The FLPG is a group of key stakeholders including manufacturers, buyers, growers, government and non-governmental organizations, whose purpose is to facilitate constructive dialogue about farm labor practices. The work of the FLPG is coordinated by Keystone Policy Center (www.keystone.org), an independent non-profi t organization that facilitates collaborative decision-making in areas such as agriculture, health, and education. (Contact Brad Sperber at bsperber@keystone.org with any questions about the FLPG.) GAP Connections, administrator for the U.S. Tobacco GAP Program, will use the DVDs as training tools, and will include the DVDs as part of their training kit resources. The ultimate goal of this DVD is to provide guidance to farmers and farmworkers on the best safety practices and safety and health regulations governing their work activities. The video is intended for audiences in all tobacco producing states in the United States with attention to both fl ue-cured and burley tobacco. Each segment is self-contained, so that one segment can be viewed without viewing others. These instructional videos focus on essential facts, and the 10 bilingual (English and Spanish) segments run from eight to ten minutes each. Topics include tractor safety, fi eld sanitation, fork lift safety, green tobacco sickness, heat stress prevention, pesticide information, tobacco baler safety, tobacco harvester safety, tobacco production, and labor wage and hour and housing regulations. Each segment has three guided questions that appear prior to the start of the segment. The questions are repeated at the conclusion of the segment, and the correct responses are provided during that time. Because each video is short, they will not cover all aspects of the topic but will focus on the most critical elements with resource information provided at the end. The FLPG and GAP Connections will oversee distributing the DVDs throughout the tobacco producing states in the U.S. If you are interested in obtaining the DVDs, you can go to shop.gapconnections. com and purchase the DVDs online. To purchase online you will need a member account. Not a member? You can sign-up for a free account and get access to the store. The account allows you to log back in and view receipts and purchases as well as take part in any of our training events. If you prefer to purchase via phone call GAP Connections’ offi ces at 865-622-4606. Copies are $10 plus tax for members. Jane Chadwell, executive director for GAP Connections, explains, “This cost covers the cost of production – the cost of materials, and the processing and shipping fees. We want it to go out to as many farms in as many tobacco producing states as possible. These DVDs promote safe, practical work practices. They need to be in use.” Brad Sperber, Keystone Policy Center, indicates that these videos are available on YouTube as well. “This will provide easy access to those who prefer to use the internet to obtain information.” This is the link for YouTube: www.youtube.com/channel/UCriIrFd-nB18hTsynFya_yA Ken Ellzey, the NCSU media specialist who produced most of the titles on the DVD, commented on his role, “I produce videos for the College of Agriculture and Life Sciences at NCSU and typically do projects that directly connect to our college or NC State Extension. Regina’s projects connect directly to agriculture and the type of work Extension does, and Extension was often involved in the projects. We have produced six DVDs over the years, covering housing, Gold Star Growers, and various safety topics. It’s been a successful partnership. “ Francisco Rodriguez, who did the Spanish language reading, and much of the writing of the Spanish language scripts, explained that this was a very important effort for him. “I do the inspections. I know what it’s like, both in the housing and in the fi elds. If we can prevent one accident, I will be a happy man.” New Safety DVDs Available “I do the inspections. I know what it’s like, both in the housing and in the fi elds. If we can prevent one accident, I will be a happy man.” — Francisco Rodriguez Caution: Farmer at Work! Practice safety when operating farm machinery on public roads. I really enjoy preoccupancy inspections, working with the growers to ensure that the housing and the farm sites are safe for everyone. It is a great opportunity to share information and to answer questions. —Kathy 3 ! " ## One of the most important parts of my job here in the western part of the state is to keep in touch with growers and to make sure that everyone is properly registered. It takes teamwork and cooperation to improve worker housing. —Lauren My job as an agricultural safety and health offi cer is to verify that the grower takes measures to protect himself, his family, and his employees. That way he can continue his wonderful and important work of producing food for us here in North Carolina and beyond. Safety fi rst! —Francisco I think it’s important for growers to register their sites early, and have them clean and ready for an inspection at least 30 days before they need a housing certifi cate. When I hear “Well, just walk through the site and tell me what I need to fi x!” I get worried. —Drew A good night’s sleep means a more productive work day for everyone. When it’s hot outside, cool temperatures inside the labor camp provide your workers with the opportunity to rest completely, and to lower their body temperature. —Johana Want to improve your housing? A coat of paint will make a great fi rst impression. —Alan By Gwen Minton and Pat Jones, NC Department of Agriculture, Pesticide Programs North Carolina growers are concerned about the current changes involving respirators and pesticide application. Pat Jones and Gwen Minton share questions and answers with you that may be helpful. What are the EPA pesticide label requirements for respirators? EPA adopted certain Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) requirements for respirator use that affect soil fumigation labels and the 2015 Worker Protection Standard (WPS) revisions. The goal of the respirator requirements is to ensure that the pesticide applicator/handler Is physically capable of wearing a respirator Receives the intended protection by having the respirator fi t properly Selects the correct respirator Knows how to use the respirator correctly What pesticide label language triggers OSHA respirator requirements? When label language includes a statement such as “A NIOSH-approved dust mist fi ltering respirator with MSHA/NIOSH approval number prefi x TC-21C or a NIOSH-approved respirator with and R, P or HE fi lter,” then the OSHA requirements apply. These requirements include: Medical evaluation Annual fi t testing Annual respirator training What is the medical evaluation? The medical evaluation must be conducted to determine whether the handler is physically able to use a respirator. The evaluation is conducted by using a medical questionnaire or exam performed by a physician or other licensed health-care professional (PLHCP). The medical information may be obtained by evaluating written responses or by conducting a medical examination. The questionnaire must be based on OSHA’s Part A of Appendix C to 1910.134. The PLHCP’s fi nal medical determination must be based on information covered by the questionnaire. The medical evaluation is required one time. However, another evaluation could be needed if: Most PLHCP’s will only issue medical release for a specifi ed length of time (1-3 years) Signs/symptoms of respiratory distress during respirator use The Worker Protection Standard and Respirator Use: An Update continued on page 4 Agricultural Safety and Health Bureau Recommendation from the PLHCP Recommendation from the fi t-test Workplace changes Applicator’s medical situation changes Documentation The PLHCP will provide a medical release to allow the applicator/ handler to wear a respirator. Recordkeeping Maintain a copy of the written medical release for at least 2 years. What is the purpose of a fi t-test and is it required each year? The purpose of fi t testing is to ensure the respirator that is being used fi ts the applicator’s/handler’s face correctly. An adequate seal is required between the user’s face and the respirator to provide the intended protection. The fi t test is required annually. Fit testing must follow OSHA protocols. Qualitative fi t test: This inexpensive, easy-to-perform test relies on the respirator user’s response to a test agent such as banana oil, saccharin, or irritant smoke. If the user detects the agent while wearing the respirator, the facepiece-to face seal is not successful and the test fails. A user who cannot successfully complete the test must be tested with another facepiece, make, size or brand. This method does not require specialized equipment or a trained person to conduct the test. Quantitative fi t test: An instrument samples the concentration of a test agent in the ambient atmosphere and inside the user’s facepiece. With this information, a quantitative fi t factor can be calculated that indicates how well the facepiece fi ts the user: the higher the number the better the fi t. This method is more accurate than a qualitative test but also more expensive. The quantitative fi t test requires special equipment, and a trained person must conduct the test. Recordkeeping A written record of the fi t test must be maintained for 2 years. The elements required: Name of applicator/handler Type of fi t test performed Make, model and size of the respirator tested Date of the fi t test Fit test results Does WPS require respirator training? The WPS revisions require that handlers be provided with training in the use of the respirator specifi ed on the pesticide product labeling and that they demonstrate knowledge of the following: Why the respirator is necessary and how improper fi t, usage, or maintenance can compromise the protective effect of the respirator How to select cartridges and canisters and know the schedule for changing How to use the respirator effectively in emergency situations, including situations in which the respirator malfunctions How to inspect, put on and remove, use, and check the seals of the respirator Respirator maintenance and storage procedures How to recognize medical signs and symptoms that may limit or prevent the effective use of respirators. Recordkeeping A written record of the respirator training must be maintained for 2 years and should contain: Name and signature of handler trained Date of training Trainer’s name Training topics Is an emergency eye fl ush station required at all decontamination sites? No, emergency eye fl ushing supplies must be provided at any site where handlers are mixing or loading a pesticide that requires protective eyewear or are mixing or loading any pesticide using a closed system operating under pressure. The supplies that must be available are: A system capable of delivering gently running water at a rate of at least 0.4 gallons per minute for at least 15 minutes At least 6 gallons of water in containers suitable for providing gently running water for eye fl ushing for 15 minutes. The container(s) must be able to dispense a gentle steady fl ow of water. Additionally, when applying a pesticide that requires protective eyewear, 1 pint of water must be immediately available to each handler/ applicator in a portable container. For additional information or questions concerning respirator requirements please contact: The NC Department of Agriculture Pesticide Section at (919) 733-3556 or Robin Tutor with the NC Agromedicine Institute at (252) 744-1008. The Worker Protection Standard and Respirator Use Printed 8/17 1,200 copies of this public document were printed at a cost of $250, or $.20 per copy. All photographs, graphics and illustrations are property of the N.C. Department of Labor or are used by permission/license of their respective copyright holders. Learn more about our Gold Star Grower recognition program! www.nclabor.com Follow NCDOL on: continued from page 3 |
OCLC number | 32473253 |