The Bulletin
of the
North Carolina Department of Agriculture
James A. Graham, Commissioner
Number 235, May 1979
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Foreword 3
The Bottom Four Leaves Crisis 4
Tobacco Outlook 1979 , 5
Cigarettes Bear Highest Tax 6
Quality— Key to Flue-Cured Tobacco Future 8
State Market Summary 1978-79 10
Selling Flue-Cured Tobacco In 1000 Pound Bales 12
Summary of N. C. Dealers and Warehouse Resales 13
Producer and Gross Sales of Flue-Cured
Tobacco by States 1978 13
Flue-Cured Movement In and Out of N. C 14
Burley Movement In and Out of N. C 14
Flue-Cured Stabilization Receipts
By Types and Markets— 1 978 15
Burley Stabilization Receipts For
N. C. and Total U. S. 1978-79 15
N. C. Tobacco Warehouse Sales Report
For Season 1978-79 16
N. C. Burley Crops 1930-1978 18
N. C. Flue-Cured Crops 1930-1978 19
N. C. Flue-Cured Tobacco Allotments— 1979 20
N. C. Burley Tobacco Allotments—1979 22
N. C. Tobacco Warehouses and Operators
By Types and Markets—1978 23
Tobacco Organizations and Agencies 30
N. C. Board of Agriculture 31
Domestic Tax Paid Cigarette Consumption
By Kinds 1978 32
For free distribution by the Tobacco Affairs Section,
Division of Marketing, North Carolina Department
of Agriculture, Raleigh, N. C.
Curtis F. Tarleton, Director, Division of Marketing
John H. Cyrus, Chief, Tobacco Affairs Section
Bobby R. Gentry, Tobacco Marketing Specialist
Foreword
The Thirtieth Annual issue of the
North Carolina Tobacco Report has
been edited by J. H. Cyrus, Chief of
Tobacco Affairs Section, and Bobby
R. Gentry, Tobacco Marketing Spe-cialist,
Division of Marketing, North
Carolina Department of Agriculture.
Mr. Cyrus, who was the second
Tobacco Marketing Specialist to be
hired by the Department, organized
and started publishing the Tobacco
Report in 1949 during his first year
with the State Department of Agri-culture.
Down through the past 30 years the contents of this publi-cation
has been expanded to include information and data of cur-rent
interest and value to all segments of the entire tobacco indus-try.
Every year it seems that tobacco is faced with a crisis situation.
This year's tobacco problem is one that should cause a major con-cern
to every flue-cured tobacco grower, because it is a threat to his
price support program. The current problem stems from a surplus
of around 200 million pounds of priming (P) and nondescript (N)
tobacco from the bottom of the stalk now held by Stabilization. At
the present time there seems to be little or no demand for these P
and N grades in Stabilization stocks because it is a domestic type
tobacco, and most domestic companies have bought their needs
from the warehouse floor.
Thus, it appears that it is up to each tobacco grower to eliminate
these low P and N grades from the auction sale in order to create a
domestic demand for the surplus P and N grades now held by the
grower owned Stabilization. It is imperative that Stabilization sell
this bottom stalk tobacco within the next year or two or the farmer
owned Stabilization will surely suffer severe losses on this tobacco,
which could mean sure death to the farmer's price support program.
Therefore, I urge all flue-cured tobacco growers to leave their
bottom 4 leaves in the field in 1979, whether you have signed up in
the 4-leaf program or not. We have reached the point where all
growers may have to make a sacrifice in order to save his price
support program.
As in the past we recognize the following agencies and organiza-tions
for their contribution of some of the data in this publication:
The Cooperative Crop Reporting Service; Agricultural Marketing
Service, USDA; Flue-Cured Tobacco Cooperative Stabilization;
and the Tobacco Tax Council.
Commissioner of Agriculture
The Bottom Four Leaves Crisis
Commissioner of Agriculture, Jim Graham, urgently warns flue-cured
tobacco growers that the time is at hand when they may have
to sacrifice any short term gains from harvesting the bottom 4
leaves, in order to maintain the life supporting long range benefits
from their tobacco price support program, which has stabilized
prices and kept them in business for more than 45 years.
The 200 million pounds of bottom stalk priming and nondescript
grades held by Stabilization presents the most serious threat to the
tobacco price support program sincethechangetoacreage pound-age
in 1965, which was necessary in order to control the build up of
a record surplus and improve quality. It should be emphasized that
unless this surplus of P and N tobacco can be sold within the next
year or two, it will almost surely have to be sold at a great loss to
Stabilization, because of the high interest rates.
The problem stems from the fact that these bottom stalk P and N
grades are strictly domestic tobacco with no apparent export
demand, and growers have marketed considerably more of this
tobacco than the domestic trade could absorb. Thus, in order to
create a market demand for this two and one-half years surplus of P
and N tobacco held by Stabilization, growers must withhold this
bottom stalk tobacco from the market by leaving the bottom 4 leaves
in the field.
It cannot be over emphasized that this problem of surplus bottom
stalk tobacco has developed into a crisis situation that could
destroy the price support program. All flue-cured tobacco growers
must be brought to the realization that once their farmer owned
Stabilization starts loosing money and fails to repay the Commodity
Credit Corporation loans, the price support to growers will then
become a subsidy paid for with tax money. If this happens, with all
of the anti-tobacco moves in the nation today, it will be very difficult
for the tobacco state delegations in the U. S. Congress to get
enough backing from their colleagues from non-tobacco states to
continue funds for the tobacco price support program.
Mr. Tobacco Farmer, 1979 has brought your price support pro-gram
to another cross roads. Before you start your 1979 flue-cured
harvest, STOP! and THINK! Which road will you take, the road to
future stability paved with the bottom 4 leaves left in the field to
strengthen your price support program, or the dead end road made
more bumpy by the harvesting and marketing of bottom stalk
tobacco, which will add to the surplus and could lead to the tragic
wreck of the price support program? So, whether you have signed
up to leave the bottom 4 leaves or not, you are urged to participate
in leaving the bottom stalk leaves in the field in 1979 for your own
future economic welfare.
Tobacco Outlook — 1979
The 1979 crops of flue-cured and burley tobacco will be smaller
than in 1978. Based on growers intention of planting, the 1979 flue-cured
crop will be about 10 percent smaller and the burley crop
about 3 percent less than last years.
The effective U. S. flue-cured quota for 1979 is 1,070 million
pounds compared to 1,182 million in 1978. The effective burley
quota is 652 million pounds down slightly from the 668 million of
the previous year. The beginning carryoverstocksof flue-cured will
be up about 2 percent at the start of the 1979 marketing season,
because of the large 1978 crop. However, the total supply of flue-cured
for the 1979 market year will be down more than 100 million
pounds due to a smaller 1979 crop. There will be practically no
change in the burley carryover stocks at the beginning of the 1979
market year, nor the total supply based on the burley quota and
expected production for 1979.
In North Carolina, the 1979 effective quota of flue-cured is 706
million pounds, down from 797 million last year. North Carolina
growers sold 102 percent of their effective quota in 1978, which
amounted to 810 million pounds. Thus, North Carolina will likely
sell around 100 million pounds less tobacco in 1979 even if they
produce 100 percent of their quota.
Even with a much shorter flue-cured crop, N. C. growers have the
potential for another good year in 1979. However, the outlook
hinges on another favorable growing season that will produce a
good quality crop to meet the export and domestic demand for
quality tobacco. With an 8 cents per pound increase in the average
price support which pushed it up to $129.30 per hundred, and the
prospects for a strong market demand that is expected to set a new
record market average price. North Carolina flue-cured growers will
probably produce another billion dollarcrop in 1979, but it will likely
fall short of last year's record $1,080 million.
The 1979 N. C. effective burley quota will remain at last year's
level of about 27 million pounds. However, around 7 million pounds
of this quota has not been produced during recent years. The survey
on intentions of planting by burley growers indicate they will plant
200 acres less in 1979than in 1978. Nevertheless, with an increase in
the burley price support to $133.30 per hundred, N. C. burley grow-ers
will likely set a new record market average price and a record
gross income of around $27 million from their 1979 burley crop.
Cigarettes Bear The Highest Tax
By J. H. Cyrus
Almost without exception, cigarettes bear the highest tax of any
item the United States consumer buys, according to data compiled
by the Tobaco Tax Council. Nearly one-half of the average per pack
cost of cigarettes sold throughout the nation goes for federal, state
and local cigarette taxes. Also, in many jurisdictions, a sales tax is
placed on top of all the other taxes.
If it were not for these burdensome taxes, consumers throughout
the United States would pay only 28 cents a pack or $2.80 per carton
for their cigarettes. This price would cover all of the cost of produc-tion
and provide a reasonable profit for everyone involved in bring-ing
cigarettes to the marketplace, including the farmer, the manu-facturers,
the wholesaler and the retailer. With the high taxes, a car-ton
of cigarettes ranges generally from about $3.70 to $6.60 de-pending
on the state in which they were purchased. This means that
the individual who smokes a pack a day can pay anywhere from
$40.00 to $116.00 more a year in taxes than his nonsmoking neigh-bor.
Yet, the smoker gets no more returns from the additional taxes
than the nonsmoker.
Information compiled by the Tobacco Tax Council shows that if
all goods and services were taxed at the same rate as cigarettes,
their cost would be increased on an average by 79 percent. For
example, at those rates a $6000 automobile would cost $1 0,740, and
a $600 television set would sell for $1,074, a $50 watch would be
priced at $89.50, and a 20 cent bar of candy would cost 36 cents. If
all things were taxed at this rate, Americans would be able to buy
only the bare necessities of life.
The adjoining chart shows thedistribution of theconsumerdollar
for cigarettes. It is quite noticeable that tobacco growers only re-ceive
8.4 cents of the consumer dollar, while taxes take up 38.8
cents of the dollar. When all cigarette taxes at all levels were col-lected
for fiscal year 1978, the grand total was over six billion
dollars.
Since North Carolina grows more tobacco and manufactures
more cigarettes than any other state, it is considered the anchor
state in the fight to curb the rise in cigarette taxes nationwide. It is
noticeable that since North Carolina has held the line on cigarette
tax in recent years, there have been fewer increases in cigarette
taxes throughout the 50 states and local jurisdiction.
Thus, it behooves North Carolina to take the lead in holding the
line on cigarette tax, because an increase in this state would likely
set off another round of cigarette tax increases throughout the
nation, which would price cigarettes out of reach of many more
customers. Of course, any decline in consumption would reduce
the demand for the farmer's tobacco, which would result in a loss in
his income.
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Quality — Key to Flue-Cured Tobacco Future
When Governor James B. Hunt, Jr. and his task force visited
Europe in the spring of 1978, they visited several tobacco com-panies
to put in a plug for North Carolina tobacco. They were ex-pecting
to hear complaints that the price of our tobacco was too
high. However, their complaints were not about prices at all. They
were more concerned about the deteriorating quality of U. S. flue-cured
tobacco. The Governor was so impressed and concerned
about the quality problem that he arranged for a group of tobacco
farm leaders to visit Europe in the fall of 1978 so they could see and
hear about the problem first hand.
Prior to these visits to Europe, the N. 0. Department of Agriculture
had recognized the need for improving the uniformity and grade
quality of flue-cured tobacco for both the export and domestic
markets. In order to cope with the problem, a project was initiated
early in 1978, and a full time position was established under a Fed-eral-
State matching fund program to work with the problems.
To get the project going a 1978 graduate from N. C. State Uni-versity,
Bobby Gentry, who has a double major in Agricultural
Engineering technology and Vocational Agricultural Education,
with experience in tobacco, was hired to develop a quality improve-ment
program.
It appears that many of the quality complaints by both the export
and domestic trade are related to the way tobacco is handled
through the rapidly increasing use of mechanical harvesters and
bulk curers. Based on a 1978 survey, approximately 39 percent of
the North Carolina flue-cured crop was harvested mechanically,
and about 58 percent was cured in bulk curers.
While mechanically harvested and bulk cured tobacco generally
is comparable in quality to hand harvested tobacco, it does have a
tendency to be less uniform, and quite often contains more foreign
matter, immature and inferior leaves. In many cases this reduces
the grade quality and also the market value to growers.
The initial ground workforaquality improvement project was laid
during the 1978 marketing season by enlisting the cooperation of
several large mechanized tobacco farmers, who had improvised
cleaning equipment to remove sand and picking line conveyors to
provide economical means, for picking suckers, immature and
inferior leaves, and other foreign matter from the cured tobacco.
Several pieces of equipment that was in use in 1978 was observed
and studied for possible improvements, and the operation of each
was documented on color audio-video movie films and slides, in
order to develop information on optional equipment already in use
to improve the preparation of tobacco for market.
The objective of this project is to assist growers, especially those
with large mechanized operations, in selecting and establishing a
system best suited to their individual operations for cleaning and
picking cured tobacco. Also, smaller growers who still use conven-
tional stick curing are being encouraged to pick and clean up
tobacco as it is removed from the sticks and put into burlap sheets
for market. The effect of this project over the next several years
should result in an improvement in uniformity and grade quality of
all tobacco properly handled for market.
It is fully recognized that the success of this project depends a
great deal on the response of buying companies in distinguishing
between tobacco well prepared in clean, uniform lots and that
poorly prepared by compensating growers for their efforts. Other-wise,
there will be no incentive for growers to put forth this extra
effort.
In preliminary test marketing in 1978, there was evidence that
buyers will compensate for clean, uniform grades of tobacco. For
example, in one test two sheets of tobacco straight from the curing
barn with no preparation to improve it was sold in a regular auction
sale. The sheets weighted 145 pounds and 99 pounds respectively.
Each of the two sheets sold for $1.05 per pound. The sales were
rejected and the individual sheets of tobacco were carried through a
cleaning and picking process. After being cleaned and picked, the
heavier sheet weighed 130 pounds and the other one 89 pounds.
The tobacco was then resold through the auction for $1.45 and
$1.41 per pound respectively. The picking and cleaning process
took 3 man-hours or approximately $9.00 worth of labor. Thus, the
net profit on the two sheets of tobacco amounted to $48.79.
Of course, the net gains from picking and cleaning will vary with
each individual barn of tobacco depending upon the condition of
the tobacco coming from the barn. However, initial work in this
project indicates that many barns of tobacco can be greatly im-proved
in grade quality, which will improve the image of U. S. flue-cured
tobacco and add extra income to growers efforts.
One version of cleaning and
picking line conveyor adopted
to mechanical harvesting and
big box bulk curing to gettobac-co
more uniform and improve
grade quality
state Market Summary 1978-79
Tobacco farmers in North Carolina experienced a gratifying
tobacco season in 1978. Following two years of adverse weather
conditions, this season's quality crop set a record dollar value and
average price.
Many tobacco farmers had a late start in their tobacco season be-cause
of a shortage of plants and a cool and wet land preparation
and transplanting period. The remainder of the season was favor-able
for the tobacco to produce a record breaking crop. The
tobacco offered for sale showed a dramatic improvement in quality,
which reflected in a 30 to 60 percent increase in offerings of fair
quality or better, and also a decrease of 14 to 20 percent in nonde-script
grades.
Flue-cured markets in N. C. averaged a record high of $133.45 per
hundred pounds, an increase of $16.38 per hundred pounds from
the previous year. Tobacco farmers sold 801,066,042 pounds in
N. C. markets for a record return to growers of $1,069,038,967. In
1977, producers sales were 712,341,786 pounds which sold for
$833,953,533, averaging $117.07 per hundred.
TYPE 73—Markets in area B began auctions on July 26 and
operated for 54 sales days, the same as the previous year. Markets
began closing on October 2nd with final sales being held on
October 31st.
Quality was considerably better due mainly to a 14 percent de-crease
in nondescript grades which reflects the wide participation
in the bottom 4-leaf program in that area. Fifty four percent of the
grades were in mature or ripe grades.
Grade Price Averages were higher in over half the cases, with
gains from $4-$23 per hundred pounds. However, leaf grades
showed the smallest gains because of the sharp increase in volume
of good quality up-stalk leaf tobacco in the 1978 crop. The season
average price for Type 13 markets was $1 36.1 6 per hundred pounds,
up $11.32 from the previous years average price.
Producers sales were 112,734,757 pounds and returned to the
growers $153,504,232. In 1977, producers sold 96,965,953 pounds
for $121,056,481.
Stabilization received 4,936,080 pounds or 4.38 percent of pro-ducers
sales. In 1977, stabilization received 9,195,168 pounds or
9.48 percent of producers sales.
TYPE 72—These markets in Area began auctions on August 1
and operated for 59 sales days, the same as the previous year.
Markets began closing on November 6, with final sales on Novem-ber
14.
Quality improved tremendously with 67 percent of grades being
fair quality and better, and a 22 percent drop in nondescript grades,
from the 1977 season.
10
Because of the abundance of supply, grade price averages for
better quality leaf tobacco were down generally $1-$5 per hundred
pounds compared to 1977 when there was very little good leaf avail-able.
Type 12 markets averaged $134.20 per hundred pounds for the
season, up $15.68 per hundred pounds from the 1977 average price.
Producers sales were 437,339,128 pounds which returned to the
growers $586,891,858. In 1977, 370,468,041 pounds sold for
$439,097,186.
Stabilization received 24,742,013 pounds for 5.66 percent of
producers sales. In 1977, Stabilization received 54,602,218 pounds
or 14.73 percent of producer sales.
TYPE 77—These markets opened in stages according to market-ing
area groupings. Type 1 1 markets included in marketing Area C,
opened August 1 , Area D, August 8, and Area E, August 1 5. Markets
began closing on October 18, with final sales being held on No-vember
21 , for a season span of 63 sales days, 6 less than the pre-vious
year.
Quality of the 1978 crop improved sharply from the preceding
year, with 63 percent of the crop being fair quality or better and a
16 percent drop in nondescript grades. Type 11 markets averaged
$130.94 per hundred pounds, up $19.14 per hundred pounds from
the previous year.
Producers sales were 250,992,157 pounds and returned to the
growers $328,642,877. In 1977, producers sold 244,907,792 pounds
for a return of $273,799,866.
Stabilization received 16,700,509 pounds or 6.65 percent of pro-ducers
sales last season. In 1977, Stabilization received 70,790,749
pounds or 28.90 percent of producers sales.
TYPE 37—Burley markets held opening sales on November 21 and
operated for 22 sales days, with final sales on January 11.
Quality showed some improvement on North Carolina markets
over last year even with a drouth during mid-season.
Grade Price Averages were up on all grades, with increases rang-ing
from $5-$10 per hundred pounds. North Carolina Type 31 mar-kets
sold 17,349,406 pounds for producers, averaging $127.31 per
hundred pounds for a return of $22,231,295.
The burley stabilization pool received 12.55 percent of producer
sales under loan this season compared to 11.78 percent the pre-vious
year.
11
Selling Flue-Cured Tobaco
In 1000 Pound Bales
During the 1978 Marketing Season, Albert H. Graves, Industrial
Engineer, U. S. Department of Agriculture, did research on selling
1000 pound bales of farmer tobacco at the Carolina Warehouse in
Fuquary-Varina.The 66 participating growers were scheduled to
bring in generally 4 to 6 sheets of tobacco that would total around
1000 pounds.
As the tobacco arrived at the warehouse, it was unloaded by
chain hoist and lined up on a gravity conveyor. At the end of the
gravity conveyor, the sheets of tobacco were flipped onto a power
conveyor belt, and spread out so that it could be inspected and
graded by an official Government Grader. A sample of tobacco was
taken from each sheet making up the 1000 pound bale, and placed
in a plastic bag that stayed with each bale to be used as a represen-tative
sample of the bale during the auction sale.
The tobacco was then pressed into a 43" x 43" cube held by
crossed steel bands with a burlap sheet placed on the bottom and
top and tied together on the sides by the 4 corners. The bales were
then weighed and placed on the sale floor. (Seeadjoining picture of
Bales on sales floor)
Ten bales were auctioned at each sale. Approximately 185,000
pounds of baled tobacco was sold during the season foran average
of $1.33 per pound. The season average for the warehouse was
$1.30 and the Fuquay market averaged $1.32 per pound.
12
SUMMARY OF N. C. DEALERS AND
WAREHOUSE RESALES — 1978
Type Pounds Dollars
Percentage
Resale
TYPE 13
Dealer
Warehouse
TYPE 12
Dealer
Warehouse
TYPE 11
Dealer
Warehouse
Total Flue-Cured Resales
TYPE 31
Dealer
Warehouse
Total Burley Resales
711,293 $ 835,440 0.58
8,462,574 11,644,012 6.94
4,954,166 $ 6,230,249 1.06
23,313,053 31,428,720 5.00
1,403,763 $ 1,599,149 0.52
16,591,032 22,410,391 6.17
55,435,881 $78,405,640 6.47
251.470 $ 311,781 1.29
1,836,571 2,353,422 9.45
2,088,041 $ 2,665,203 10.74
PRODUCER AND GROSS SALES OF FLUE—CURED
TOBACCO BY STATES 1978
Producer Sales
Pounds Average/cwt
Gross Sales
Pounds Average/cwt
North Carolina 801,066,042 $133.45 856,501,923 $133.47
Virginia 117,006,840 133.67 122,116,342 133,72
South Carolina 138,465,566 137.61 150,336,234 137.74
Georgia 126,362,280 142.35 139,112,143 142.02
Florida 18,925,961 145.28 200,997,877 144.60
Total 1,201,826,689 $135.07 1,289,064,591 135.10
13
FLUE-CURED MOVEMENT IN AND OUT
OF NORTH CAROLINA
N.C. Tobacco Sold Out of State Out of State Tobacco Sold In N.C.
(Pounds) (Pounds)
1978 1977 1978 1977
Virginia 22,890,000 19,874,000 6,661,000 6,687,000
South Carolina 5,584,000 4,869,000 13,121,000 11,485,000
Total 28,474,000 24,743,000 19,782,000 18,172,000
BURLEY TOBACCO MOVEMENT IN AND OUT
OF NORTH CAROLINA
N.C. Tobacco Sold Out of State OutofStateTobaccoSoldlnN.C.
(Pounds) (Pounds)
1978 1977 1978 1977
Tennessee 4,461,270 5,301,893 665,957 682,511
Virginia 20,181 55,995 1,110,380 1,230,689
W. Virginia — — 11,613 18,005
Georgia — — 28,170 44,835
South Carolina — — 734 272
Total 4,481,451 5,357,888 1,816,854 1,976,312
14
FLUE-CURED STABILIZATION RECEIPTS
BY TYPES AND STATES — 1978
Type
Producer Stabilization Percentage
Sales (lbs) Receipts (lbs) Stab. Received
Va. Total 11 117,006,840 9,021,520 7.71
N.C. 11 250,992,157 16,700,509 6.65
N.C. 12 437,339,128 24,742,013 5.66
N.C. 13 112,734,757 4,936,080 4.38
N.C. Total 11 -13 801,066,042 55,400,122 6.92
S.C. Total 13 136,465,566 4,218,744 3.09
Ga. Total 14 126,362,280 3,845,970 3.04
Fla. Total 14 18,925,961 126,457 0.67
Total All Types 11 -14 1,201,826,689 63,591,293 5.29
BURLEY STABILIZATION RECEIPTS
FOR N.C. AND TOTAL U.S. — 1978-79
State Type
Producer Stabilization Percentage
Sales (lbs) Receipts (lbs) Stab. Received
N.C.
U.S. Total
31
31
18,456,006
591,981,584
2,177,942
67,589,541
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NORTH CAROLINA BURLEY CROPS
1930-1978*
Yield Per
Year No. Acres Acre Production Value Average
(Pounds) (1,000 lbs.) (1,000 Dollars) Price
1930 7,200 750 5,400 853 , 15.80
1931 7,100 710 5,041 464 9.20
1932 6,500 735 4,778 726 15.20
1933 9,200 785 7,222 715 9.90
1934 5,500 870 4,785 809 17.50
1935 5,200 925 4,810 1,025 21.30
1936 6,000 900 5,400 2,095 38.80
1937 9,000 975 8,775 1,787 21.40
1938 8,600 900 7,740 1,308 16.90
1939 8,100 1,070 8,667 1,447 16.70
1940 6,500 1.050 6,825 1,242 18.20
1941 6,200 1,075 6,665 2,093 31.40
1942 6,600 1,150 7,590 3,211 42.30
1943 8,500 1,225 10,412 5,102 49.00
1944 12,000 1,390 16,680 8,157 48.90
1945 13,000 1,500 19,500 7,568 38.30
1946 9,800 1,475 14,455 5,999 41.50
1947 9,600 1,560 14,976 6,335 42.30
1948 10,300 1,680 17,304 8,012 46.30
1949 10,800 1,440 15,552 6,750 43.40
1950 10,500 1,700 17,850 9,175 51.40
1951 12,200 1,750 21,350 11,572 54.20
1952 12,000 1,680 20,160 9,818 48.70
1953 1 1 ,400 1,800 20,520 11,019 53.70
1954 12,700 1,920 24,384 12,680 52.00
1955 9,800 1,900 18,620 10,651 57.20
1956 9,400 1,850 17,390 10,747 61.80
1957 9,600 1,975 18,960 11,073 58.40
1958 9,300 2,000 18,600 11,978 64.60
1959 9,800 2,060 20,188 11,426 56.60
1960 9,500 1,940 18,430 12,016 65.20
1961 10,400 2,090 21,736 14,346 66.00
1962 1 1 ,000 2,185 24,035 14,421 60.00
1963 1 1 ,000 2,285 25,135 13,573 54.00
1964 9,700 2,165 21.000 12,054 57.40
1965 8,900 2,030 18,067 12,159 67.30
1966 7,900 2,320 18,328 12,371 67.50
1967 7,800 2,010 15,678 11,037 70.40
1968 7,900 2,385 18,842 13,868 73.60
1969 7,900 2,570 20,303 13,928 68.60
1970 7,300 2,545 18,579 13,544 72.90
1971 7,000 2,065 14,455 11,535 79.80
1972 7,700 2.450 18,865 14,658 77.70
1973 7,500 2,440 18,300 16,781 91.70
1974 8,000 2,370 18,960 20,477 106.70
1975 9,500 2,440 23,180 23,736 102.40
1976 9,000 2,200 19,800 21,701 109.60
1977 9,600 2,450 23,520 26,389 112.20
"1978 8,500 2,400 20,400 26,112 128.00
*Source N. C. and USDA Crop Reporting Service
•"Preliminary for 1978
Note; Since 1965, production is pounds produced and does not reflect pounds not sold
or pounds carried forward to next season.
NORTH CAROLINA FLUE-CURED CROPS
1930-1978*
Yield Per
Year No. Acres Acre Production Value Average
(Pounds) (1,000 lbs.) (1,000 Dollars) Price
1930 768,000 757 581,200 74,733 12.90
1931 688,500 692 476,382 42,024 8.80
1932 462,500 624 288,750 34,949 12.10
1933 667,800 794 530,133 85,530 16.10
1934 486,500 847 412,055 177,999 28.60
1935 612,500 635 572,625 116,418 20.30
1936 591,000 765 451,975 101,856 22.50
1937 675,000 883 595,815 143,058 24.00
1938 603,500 844 509,470 115,428 22.70
1939 843,000 964 812,540 123,893 15.20
1940 498,000 1,038 516,835 85,792 16.60
1941 488,000 928 452,825 132,291 29.20
1942 539,000 1,052 566,810 221,538 39.10
1943 580,000 935 542,200 219,074 40.40
1944 684,000 1,077 736,990 317,628 43.10
1945 722,000 1,100 794,310 349,148 44.00
1946 802,000 1,138 912,970 451,639 49.50
1947 783,000 1,139 892,205 374,513 42.00
1948 594,000 1,239 739,380 368.040 49.80
1949 621,000 1,178 731,530 352,508 48.20
1950 640,000 1,441 858,140 477,508 55.60
1951 735,000 1,331 978,375 523,358 53.50
1952 735,000 1,222 898,090 448,582 49.90
1953 674,000 1,235 832,305 447,076 53.70
1954 686,000 1,204 889,490 483,003 54.30
1955 653,000 1,499 978,775 520,845 53.20
1956 579,000 1,661 961,495 496,324 51.60
1957 443,000 1,469 50,780 358,442 55.10
1958 429,000 1,718 736,855 427,307 58.00
1959 458,500 1,533 702,942 407,055 57.90
1960 457,500 1,836 839,870 512,731 61.10
1961 463,000 1,797 832,215 541 ,468 65.10
1962 483,000 1,890 912,810 549,594 60.20
1963 460,500 1,999 920,660 535,622 58.18
1964 416,000 2,282 949,450 549,875 57.90
1965 375,000 1,840 690,050 442,796 64.20
1966 409,500 1,859 761 ,360 506,605 66.50
1967 395,400 2,071 818,997 523,809 64.00
1968 350,500 1,850 648,533 430,613 66.45
1969 378,500 1,838 695,665 502,305 72.20
1970 383,800 2,076 796,941 571,211 71.70
1971 339,000 2,102 712,960 552,544 77.50
1972 332,000 1,993 661,520 566,267 85.60
1973 376,000 2,111 793,615 700,410 88.30
1974 390,000 1,975 770,260 813,427 105.60
1975 470,000 1,987 933,815 931,779 99.80
1976 439,000 2,012 883,130 977,736 110.70
1977 383,000 1,883 721 ,005 843,277 117.00
"1978 390,000 2,120 826,920 1,826,920 133.30
'Source N. C. and USDA Crop Reporting Service
"Preliminary for 1978
Note: Since 1965, production is pounds produced and does not reflect pounds not sold
or pounds carried forward to the next season.
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21
N. C. BURLEY TOBACCO ALLOTMENTS* — 1979
Number Base Effective
County Farms Poundage Poundage Rank
Alleghany 622 665,699 692,126 9
Ashe 2,766 2,693,726 3,262,413 4
Avery 258 296,725 371,731 10
Buncombe 3,053 3,325,046 4,145,568 2
Burke 12 7,150 14,121 21
Caldwell 12 7,800 16,268 20
Cherokee 192 144,617 243,588 14
Clay 252 179,003 269,904 12
Cleveland 9 5,331 10,662 22
Davidson 2 1,587 3,174 26
Gaston 2 799 1,598 27
Graham 712 681,693 988,903 8
Granville 1 288 576 29
Haywood 1,950 2,097,636 2,536,659 5
Henderson 128 82,762 145,323 16
Jackson 232 200,658 377,741 11
McDowell 59 42,507 80,932 18
Macon 274 164,015 298,556 13
Madison 3,153 5,133,368 5,657,540 1
Mitchell 998 1,268,831 1,888,004 7
Polk 5 2,276 2,381 25
Rutherford 60 31,075 60,108 19
Stokes 1 472 944 28
Surry 7 2,824 4,299 24
Swain 150 110,839 205,046 15
Transylvania 82 50,600 90,164 17
Watauga 1,787 1,910,020 2,226,486 6
Wilkes 4 2,925 4,802 23
Yancey 1,957
18,740
2,718,046
21,828,318
3,527,347
TOTAL 27,126,964 1-29
'Source: USDA Agricultural Stabilization and Conservation Service
22
NORTH CAROLINA TOBACCO WAREHOUSES AND OPERATORS
BY TYPE AND MARKETS—1978
TYPE 13
Chadbourn
Jimmy Green—Jimmy Green
Producers—Horace Cox, Kenneth O. Ray, Jack Cox
Chadbourn—J. G. McNeill, Mgr.
Clarkton
New Clarkton— Maynard Talley, E. C. Wood
Clarkton Farmers Exchange, Inc.—Howard Watts, Sr., President
Bright Leaf—Jimmy Green
Fair Bluff
Fair Bluff—E. D. Meares, Howard Enzor
New Farmers—Roger Hammond, Leo Hayes, A. E. Carmichael, Jr., Sarah Bullock
Planters Job., Inc.—Carl Mears, Sr., T. C. Parham, Henry McNeill, C. T. Waddell
Powell's— B. A. Powell, Albert H. Powell
Fairmont
Planters—Mitchell—Harry Mitchell, Jack Mitchell, W. M. Daniel, N. B. Tuck
Twin State—Landis Joyce, Lynn Floyd, R. Hoke Smith, Jr., J. Garth Lewis
Big Five-Peoples—Carl Britt, Beasley Strickland, Danny Nance, Kenneth Hardin,
R. Clemon Britt
Big Brick—A. D. Lewis, Jr.
Carolina—A. W. McDaniel
Holiday-Frye—Ernest H. Frye, Joseph W. Holliday, John Monroe Holliday,
Joe Frye
Liberty—Landis Joyce, Lynn Floyd, R. Hoke Smith, Jr., J. Garth Lewis
Tobacco Land—Ralph P. Britt, J. Q. Rogers
Square Deal—Chan L. Smith, Mrs. W. G. Bassett
Growers—Horace Sutton, President
Fayetteville
Big Farmers—W. Clifton McNeill, James Gillis, Kathryn Morgan, Scottie Godwin
Lumberton
Star—Russell Teater, David Stephenson
Lumbee—Ralph Hunt, Howard Oxendine
Smith-Dixie—Jack Pait, Andy Pait
Cooperative—L. D. West, Mgr.
Hedgepeth—A. G. Thornton, Jr., E. H. Collins
Liberty—R. H. Livermore, Jr., R. H. Livermore, III, H. D. Goode, Mgr.
Carolina—J. L. Townsend, Jr., James Johnson
First American Cooperative—Clint Locklear, Mgr.
23
Tabor City
R. C. Coleman—R. C. Coleman, Sr. & Jr., Joe Coleman, Joey Coleman,
Ricky Coleman
New Tabor—H. B. Buffkin, Jr., Earl McDaniels, Milton demons
Planters— Don B. Watson
Whiteville
Crutchfield's— Ernest Smith, Joe T. Smith, Gaither E. Crutchfield, Mgr.,
Jimmy Dale Smith
Columbus County—A. D. Gray, Jr., A. D. Gray, III, R. Coke Gray
Lea's Big Dixie—W. Townes Lee, Jr., A. O. King, Jr., Wray King
Golden Leaf—Jimmy D. Smith, Ernest W. Smith
Nelson's Jim D. Smith, Milton Gore
Moore's—C. E. Jeffcoat, Jack E. Burroughs
Smith's—Ernest Smith, Joe T. Smith
Liberty—J. Water Hooks
United Producers Cooperative—Ashley Wynne, Mgr., James T. Campbell, Pres.
Type 12
Ahoskie
Basnight's—Harold G. Veazey, Herbert Jenkins, Jr., Lyman L. Wilkins, Jr.,
Farmers—Shirley S. Pierce, W. M. Odom, Wilbur Hobgood
Clinton
Farmers— L. D. Starling
Carolina— L. D. Starling, Garrett Strickland, Mrs. N. L. Daughtry,
Bright Leaf—Albert G. Thornton, Jr.
Ross—Clarence Kirven, Jr., Ellen R. Kirven, C. Ross Kirven
Sampson—Carlton B. Barefoot, Leslie S. Hobbs
Barwick-Butler—C. Marion Butler, Hugh B. Barwick, James H. Butler
Dunn
Big Four—O. G. Calhoun, John G. Calhoun, Harold UpChurch
Lee's-Planter— Leiand Lee
New Dunn— Ray A. Owen, Jr., Dan Honeycutt
Tri-County—John H. Wall
Tew's— Roy V. Tew
Farmers—Wade Ashworth, Cleo Jones, Joseph K. Adams
Farmville
Bell's— R. A. Bell & Brothers
Pierce—Robert P. Pierce
Planters— H. D. Pegram, Ralph C. Tucker, Jr., William O. Newell, Mark Mozingo,
B. S. Correll
Farmers— Charles Sutton, Jr.
New Blue—W. A. Allen
Worthington—Chester Worthington, Jr.
24
Goldsboro
Farmers—Rudy Hill, Elaine Stanley
Victory— Richard A. Gray
Carolina— Durwood M. Price
Gold Leaf—W. W. Barnes, Willie Strickland
Big Three— Max A. Parrish, Max Futrell, N. C. Newman
Big Brick—J. R. Musgrave, Jr.
Planters— Cecil Bryan, Phillip Bryan, Luby Bryan
Gurley— Dean Gurley
Greenville
Raynor, Forbes & Clark—W. C. Clark, Jr., P. R. Harrington, III, Norman S. Porter,
W. C. Clark, III, Robert A. Halstead
New Greenville—Hugh Hardee, Jr., Wayne Stokes, Rob Jones, Jr.
Cannon's—William T. Cannon, Jr., T. R. Cannon, Samuel Adams,
Sammy Harrell, Jr.
Keel's—J. A. Worthington, J. B. Worthington, Fenner Allen, A. T. Venters
New Carolina—William H. Mills, Laddie Avery
Growers—J. L. Tripp
Star-Planters— F. Harding Sugg, James C. Mills, Alton Haddock, Ralph Davenport
Hudson—W. Larry Hudson
Farmers— H. L. Watson, T. J. Warren
New Independent—T. W. Pruitt, W. A. Pruitt, W. E. Pruit, J. B. Belcher,
Jack S. Warren
Kinston
Central—W. I. Herring, Sr., W. I. Herring, Jr., Dennis M. Bailey
New Central—W. I. Herring, Sr., W. I. Herring, Jr., Dennis M. Bailey
Farmers—New Dixie—John T. Jenkins, Sr. & Jr., L. B. Jenkins, II
Growers— Robert T. Gray, P. G. Sutton, Jr.,
Gold Leaf— R. E. Wooten, Jr., William L. Davis, Mgr.
H. & H-D.W. Hodges, Jr., Virgil Harper
Knott's— H. Graham Knott, W. E. Brewer
Robersonville
Gray-Red Front-Central—Vernon L. Hardee, Harry T. Gray, Jack Sharp
Hardee—H. Edwin Lee
Rocky Mount
Cobb & Carlton—W. E. Cobb, Jr., J. C. Carlton
Farmers, Inc.-I & 2—George B. Watson, Alfred Hicks, Joe Coleman
Fenner's, Inc.—Mrs. Mary Ellen Parker, Julian B. Fenner, William E. Fenner, II
Planters-Cooperative—S. S. Edmondson, Jr.
Works—R. J. Works, Jr., A. B. Raynor
Peoples—Guy E. Barnes, W. Eugene Simmons
Smith's—Jimmie D. Smith, Jr.
Smithfield
Stephenson—Jerry Joe Stephenson, Joe G. Stephenson
Farmers—W. T. Kennedy, N. Leo Daughtry
Riverside-Planters— Gilbert D. Stephenson, Helen C. Stephenson
Carolina Farmers—M. A. Morgan, Toby Lee, Mgr.
Gold Leaf— R. A. Pearce, Sr., R. A. Pearce, Jr.
Wallace—Robert F. Wallace, Lawrence H. Wallace, II
25
Tarboro
Clark's—George L, Proctor, W. G. Clark, W. S. Clark
Victory—William V. Leggett, Margaret Y. Leggett
Farmers 1 & 2—Walter F. Walker, Mrs. W. G. Maples, Fred L. Walston
Wallace
Hussey's—Joseph D. Bryant
Sheffield's— Homer M. Boney, Jr., Wendell Teachey, John Sheffield
Blanchard & Farrior—R. H. Lanier
New Duplin—Hilton Maready
Washington
Bright Belt—Tommy N. Cox, Harry L. Roberts
Sermons & Douglas—Wayland J. Sermons, James C. Douglas
Hassell's—Malcolm P. Hassell
Gravely's—W. A. Gravely, Sr., C. Stephen Gravely, Bennie Ray Hopkins
Wendell
Farmers—James H. Bryan
Northside—Norman Dean, C. P. Southerland
Liberty—H. H. Eddins
Banner— E. C. Rogers, Carson Jones
Growers—Clyde C. Holmes
Planters—Jessie L. Raybon
Williamston
Rogers—C. Urbin Rogers, J. Rossell Rogers, John R. Rogers, John M. Rogers,
New Dixie—J. Elmo Lilley, J. Elmo Lilley, Jr., William C. Lilley, Stephen C. Lilley
Wilson
Big Dixie—W. Cecil Thompson, W. C. Edmundson
Liberty—J. T. Worthington, R. D. Oldham, W. Cecil Moore
Barnes—Thurman G. Barnes, Randy Barnes
Centre Brick—S. M. Cozart, Fred M. Eagles, U. H. Cozart
The Producers—Thurman B. Pate, William Liles, James B. Belcher, ElmaS. Farmer
Clark—Jesse Harris
Bob Clark—Charles R. Clark
Gold Leaf—J. R. Boykin, Jr., James W. Pittman
Wainwright's 1 & 2—George L. Wainwright
Smith's A-B-C & New Planters # 1—S. Grady Deans, John F. Deans,
Louise S. Deans
Growers—Clifford B. Aycock, Mgr.
Windsor
Planters— C. B. Griffin, Burges U. Griffin
Farmers—William B. Davis
Center—Jerry H. Shackelford, J. R. Freshwater
26
Type 11
Aberdeen
Planters—W. Fentress Phillips
New Aberdeen—J. A. Richardson, Mary Jo Hicks, Mary Richardson
Gallimore & Lambeth—W. C. Gallimore, P. P. Gallimore, Mike Lambeth
Carthage
McConnell's—George W. Mabe, Paul Wilson
Farmers—W. M. Carter, Jr., W. M. Carter, Sr.
Carthage Cooperative— Frank Bryant, Mgr.
Victory— Earl J. Ennis, E. C, Layton
Durham
Liberty—Walker S. Stone
Planters—J. M. Talley, R. L. Dale, Durwood Thomas, Bobby L. Thomas
CCF #1— James K. Spell, Mgr.
Star Brick—William W. Cozart, Willie L. Currin, Morris W. Currin
Roycroft-Currin— H. Randolph Currin
Ellerbe
Richmond Co.—Mike Long, Sidney Wise
Farmers— Bobby D. Oldham, William C. Moore, Joe Langdon
Fuquay-Varina
Carolina—Larry C. Knott, Douglass E. Knott
Roberts— Nellie C. Roberts
Planters— Billy Adams, J. C. Adams, W. C. Lipscomb
Fuquay-Cooperative—Leo Matthews, Mgr.
New Deal— Daniel B. Brisson
Gold Leaf—J. W. Dale, Jr., Jimmy L. Tilley, Leroy J. Stephenson
Henderson
High Price-Big Banner—C. E. Jeffcoat, R. E. Tanner
Farmers & Alston's—Walter J. Alston, Jr.
Liberty—G. T. Robertson, S. E. Southerland
Gold Leaf—James H. O'Brien
Ellington's—John A. Ellington, F. H. Ellington
Big Dollar—M. L. Hight, T. E. Barham
Louisburg
Ford—Charles E. Ford, Charles E. Ford, Jr.
Star—James D. Speed, R. C. Pearce
Big Franklin—James B. Cottrell, Donald Cottrell, S. T. Cottrell
27
Oxford
Yeargin—W. W. Yeargin
Mitchell— David J. Mitchell
Granville—Roy Crews
Fleming—Dan T. Currin, E. C. Finch
Johnson-High Price-Owen—C. R. Watkins, Jr., Joseph C. Hamme,
John S. Watkins, Jr., Thomas J. Currin, C. B. Wilkins, M. A. Goods
The Farmers—James C. Blackwell, Winston Pruitt, James Belcher, Tom Belcher,
Frank Belcher, Mrs. James W. Satterwhite, James Frazier
Sanford
Farmers Coop.—Gilbert P. Matthews, Mgr.
Castleberry—C. N. Castleberry, Jr.
Morgan's— E. L. Morgan
Twin City—W. M. Carter, Sr., T. W. Mansfield
Warrenton
Centre—Tommy Wagner, Edward M. Moody, W. Edward Radford
Farmers— H. J. Carter, G. H. Limer
Currin—W. J. Renn, Mrs. Betty E. Currin
High Dollar—M. P. Carroll, C. G. Stainback
Thompson's— Mrs. C. E. Thompson, V. T. Grissom, Glenn R. Riggan
Boyd's—Owen Robertson, Jr. -
Burlington
Newman & Robertson—N. C. Newman, Joe F. Robertson, Jr.
Farmers—W. N. McCauley
Carolina—C. R. McCauley, III
Greensboro
Coleman Greensboro—R. C. Coleman, Sr., & Jr., Joe Coleman, Joey Coleman,
Ricky Coleman
Guilford—Harold Ensley, W. B. Hull
Madison
Carolina— Lee McCollum, John Neal, C. J. Corn
New Madison—Ray White, Thomas Johnson, Paul Covington, Charles H. Joyce,
Osley Joyce
Sharpe-Smith-Farmers—S. H. Price, Fred S. Williams, R. Jack Neal
Mebane
Piedmont—W. L. Hopkins, Jr., J. M. Hopkins
Farmers—Jule R. Allen
IVIt. Airy
Dixie & New Farmers—Harold Y. Hodges, Sr. & Jr., Fred E. Chilton,
F. V. Dearmin, Boyd Cain
Hunter's—Dean Hunter, Max M. Hunter
Gold Leaf— Robert L. Nichols
Carolina-Virginia Farmers Coop., Thomas Marshall, Mgr.
28
ReidsvJIe
New Farmers—G. E. Smith, Steve Smith, S. L. Fairchild, Phillip Carter
North State Farmers Coop.—Albert L. Robertson, Mgr.
Smothers—T. Garland Smothers
Sands-Leader— Larry Sands
Roxboro
Hyco—Frank J. Hester, Jr., Frank J. Hester, III
Winstead— L. Dan Winstead
Growers— Roy S. Carver, T. Elmo Mitchell
Planters—T. O. Pass, Jr.
CCF Farmers— Lindsey T. Wagstaff, Mgr.
Four Acres—H. W. Winstead, H. W. Winstead, Jr.
Stoneville
Joyce's—Otis P. Joyce, Sr., William R. Joyce, Otis P. Joyce, Jr. James L. Albert
Piedmont—Clarence Peeples, R. N. Linville, Robert H. Rakestraw,
C. Garland Rakestraw
Winston-Salem
Carolina-Star—Kenneth Chilton
Growers—J. T. Harris, C. R. Harris
Pepper's—Charlie F. Hutchens, Dan Hutchens
Old Belt Farmers Coop., Inc.—Robert S. White, Mgr.
New Piedmont—Christopher T. Rosser, James D. East, W. V. Neal
Cook's—D. L. Cook, C. B. Strickland, H. Penn Thomas
Taylor's—Lawrence E. Pope
Big Winston—Jack Carter, Taylor Carter
Yadkinville
Miller—J. A. Miller, Sr., J. A. Miller, Jr.
Northwest N. C. Farmers—R. A. Owens, C. Kenneth Gray
Yadkin County— B. G. Wall, Richard T. Flinchum, Edwin Freeman
Cook's—Gilbert Cook, Locksley Hall
BURLEY BELT
Asheville
Day's—Charlie Day
Dixie Burley— R. A. Owen
Planters—J. W. Stewart
Boone
Mountain Burley—Joe Coleman, Joey Coleman, Ricky Coleman Lavelle Coleman
West Jefferson
Tri-State Burley— Rex Taylor
Farmers Burley—Mary Jo Hicks, J. T. Worthington
29
TOBACCO ORGANIZATIONS AND AGENCIES
The Tobacco Institute
1776 K Street, N. W.
Washington, D. C. 20006
Tobacco Growers Information Committee
P. O. Box 12046
Raleigh, N. C. 27605
P. O. Box 10603
Raleigh, N. C. 27605
Tobacco Associates
1101-17th St. N. W.
Washington, D. C. 20036
Tobacco Tax Council
P. O. Box 8269
Richmond, Va. 23226
Bright Belt Warehouse Assoc.
P. O. Box 12005
Raleigh, N. C. 27605
Leaf Tobacco Exporters Assoc. &
Tobacco Association of United States
3716 National Drive
Raleigh, N. C. 27612
Flue-Cured Coop. Stabilization Corp.
P. O. Box 12300
Raleigh, N. C. 27605
USDA Agricultural Marketing Service
P. O. Box 27846 Grading Service
Raleigh, N. C. 27611 Market News
USDA-ASCS
P. O. Box 27327
Raleigh, N. C. 27611
USDA-Agricultural Research
P. O. Box 5906
Raleigh, N. C. 27606
N. C. Agri-Business Council
Suite 211 Koger Executive Center
Raleigh, N. C. 27612
N. C. State University Extension Service
P. O. Box 5155
Raleigh, N. C. 27606
N. C. Tobacco Foundation
NCSU Box 5067
Raleigh, N. C. 27607
N. C. Department of Agriculture
P. O. Box 27647 Tobacco Affairs Section
Raleigh, N. C. 27611 Weights & Measure
(202) 457-4800
(800) 424-9876
(919) 832-3766
(202) 659-1160
(919) 821-7670
(804) 282-4275
(919) 828-8988
(919) 782-5151
(919) 821-4560
(919) 755-4551
(919) 755-4550
(919) 755-4294
(919) 737-3101
(919) 782-4063
(919) 737-3331
(919) 737-2846
(919) 733-7125
(919) 733-6152
(919) 733-3313
30
STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE
James A. Graham: Commissioner
Ex-Officio Chairman
L. P. Britton, Jr Ahoskie
Dr. Ben Harrington Raleigh
Evelyn M. Hill Edneyville
Donald R. Kincaid Lenoir
Sam McLawhorn Grifton
Henry Smith Farmville
Fred Snow Dobson
James L. Sutherland Laurinburg
Windell L. Talley Stanfield
Sherrill Williams Newton Grove
31
DOMESTIC TAX PAID CIGARETTE CONSUMPTION
BY KINDS 1978
TOTAL DOMESTIC CONSUMPTION
616 BILLION CIGARETTES
32