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Natural Heritage Program List of Rare Plant Species of North Carolina 2016 Compiled by Laura Gadd Robinson, Botanist John T. Finnegan, Information Systems Manager North Carolina Natural Heritage Program N.C. Department of Natural and Cultural Resources Raleigh, NC 27699-1651 www.ncnhp.org Ashe Alleghany Camden Surry Northampton Stokes Rockingham Vance Warren Granville Caswell Person Halifax Wilkes Hertford Watauga Perquimans Pasquotank Chowan Gates Avery Yadkin Forsyth Guilford Franklin Alamance Orange Durham Nash Mitchell Currituck Madison Yancey Caldwell Edgecombe Martin Iredell Wake Alexander Davie Burke Davidson McDowell Washington Randolph Chatham Rowan Buncombe Wilson Haywood Catawba Pitt Bertie Johnston Tyrrell Swain Greene Rutherford Lee Cleveland Wayne Jackson Lincoln Harnett Graham Henderson Mecklenburg Cabarrus Moore Montgomery Stanly Beaufort Transylvania Polk Gaston Cherokee Macon Lenoir Dare Sampson Cumberland Clay Union Anson Hyde Hoke Duplin Richmond Pamlico Jones Scotland Robeson Craven Bladen Carteret Columbus Onslow Pender New Hanover Brunswick THE COUNTIES AND PHYSIOGRAPHIC PROVINCES OF NORTH CAROLINA Mountains Piedmont Sandhills Coastal Plain Tidewater Natural Heritage Program List of Rare Plant Species of North Carolina 2016 Compiled by Laura Gadd Robinson, Botanist John T. Finnegan, Information Systems Manager North Carolina Natural Heritage Program N.C. Department of Natural and Cultural Resources Raleigh, NC 27699-1651 www.ncnhp.org This list is dynamic and is revised frequently as new data become available. New species are added to the list, and others are dropped from the list as appropriate. The list is published every two years. Further information may be obtained by contacting the North Carolina Natural Heritage Program, Department of Natural and Cultural Resources, 1651 MSC, Raleigh, NC 27699-1651; by contacting the North Carolina Wildlife Resources Commission, 1701 MSC, Raleigh, NC 27699- 1701; or by contacting the North Carolina Plant Conservation Program, Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, 1060 MSC, Raleigh, NC 27699-1060. Additional i n f o r m a t i o n on rare species, as well as a digital version of this list, can be obtained from the Natural Heritage Program’s website at www.ncnhp.org. Cover Photo of Arethusa bulbosa (Bog Rose) by David McAdoo. TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................. 1 NUMBER OF PLANT TAXA IN NORTH CAROLINA ..................................................... 2 LIST FORMAT ...................................................................................................................... 2 EXPLANATION OF STATUS AND RANK CODES ......................................................... 3 NORTH CAROLINA PLANT RARE LIST ........................................................................ 10 NORTH CAROLINA PLANT WATCH LIST .................................................................... 85 Watch Category 6 (regionally rare) ................................................................................ 132 ENDEMIC PLANTS IN NORTH CAROLINA ................................................................ 134 EXPLOITED PLANT TAXA IN NORTH CAROLINA................................................... 135 POTENTIAL NEW TO NORTH CAROLINA PLANTS ................................................. 136 SIGNIFICANT 2016 REVISIONS TO THE PLANT LISTS ........................................... 141 SCIENTIFIC NAME CHANGES TO THE PLANT LIST SINCE 2014 .......................... 142 INDEX OF SCIENTIFIC NAMES .................................................................................... 143 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This volume is dedicated in memory of John Finnegan (1960 - 2016) for his friendship and 20 years of unfailing service to the State of North Carolina, supporting the conservation of its natural heritage. This list was originally compiled and published by Alan Weakley in 1991, and it has been revised and updated over the years by Alan Weakley, Jame Amoroso, Misty Franklin Buchanan, and Laura Gadd Robinson. Special thanks are given to Misty Buchanan, Richard LeBlond, Harry LeGrand, Suzanne Mason, Shawn Oakley, James Padgett, Linda Rudd, Ed Schwartzman, Michael Schafale, Bruce Sorrie, and Alan Weakley for their involvement in the development of the list, to Paul Davison for assistance with the bryophyte lists, and Gary Perlmutter for assistance with the lichen list. The list of people who have assisted in the preparation of the vascular plant list, provided information to the NCNHP on rare species occurrences, or otherwise contributed to our understanding of the rare flora of the state are too many to mention, but a partial list of recent contributors includes: Mara Alexander, Nell Allen, Jame Amoroso, Herb Amyx, Pat Amyx, Rex Badgett, Chris Baranski, Moni Bates, Arleigh Birchler, Sean Bloom, Alvin Braswell, Ken Bridle, A.J. Bullard, Anne Burroughs, Kevin Caldwell, David Campbell, Angie Carl, Owen Carson, Crystal Cockman, Ed Corey, David Danly, Jamey Donaldson, David Dumond, Marshall Ellis, Bryan England, Rob Evans, Laura Fogo, John Fussell, Lisa Gaffney, Jeff Glitzenstein, Cheryl Gregory, Tom Govus, Janet Gray, Steve Hall, Kerry Heafner, Karin Heiman, Tom Howard, Kimberly Israel, Alicia Jackson, Andrew Jenkins, Claudia Jolls, Dean Kanipe, Gary Kauffman, Josh Kelly, Lisa Kelly, Wesley Knapp, Jay Kranyik, Alexander Krings, Mike Kunz, Lenny Lampel, Michael Lee, Merrill Lynch, Jeff Marcus, Jim Matthews, Carol Ann McCormick, Hervey McIver, Patrick McMillan, William S. Moye, Carl Nordman, Tom Patrick, Cary Paynter, Bob Peet, Derick Poindexter, Gerald Pottern, April Punsalan, Milo Pyne, Lloyd Raleigh, Johnny Randall, Duke Rankin, Evan Raskin, Jerry Reese, Jerry Reynolds, Mark Rose, Tim Savidge, Blanka Shaw, John Shaw, Dale Shew, Roger Shew, Alan Smith, Matt Smith, Jennifer Stanley, Lesley Starke, Sara Strickland, Dale Suiter, Megan Sutton, John Taggart, Craig Ten Brink, Robert Thornhill, Mike Turner, Julie Tuttle, Chris Ulrey, Andy Walker, Wade Wall, Bobby Ward, Allison (Schwarz) Weakley, David Welch, Tom Wentworth, Brenda Wichmann, Chris Wilson, and participants in the N.C. Vegetation Survey. 1 INTRODUCTION The North Carolina Natural Heritage Program (NCNHP) conducts and maintains an inventory of known locations of rare animals and plants in the state as part of its mission to support conservation of natural areas. The primary functions of this inventory list are its use 1) in determining priorities for protection of the state’s most important natural areas and the plants and animals contained therein, 2) in determining priorities for inventory, and 3) by public agencies and private persons for environmental assessment and land management planning. The NCNHP is charged under the Nature Preserves Act (G.S. 143B-135.250 to 143B-135.272) with compiling and maintaining information relevant to the protection of North Carolina’s most important natural areas. NCNHP takes the lead role in North Carolina in the inventory of the state’s natural diversity and the identification of important natural areas and rare species habitats. The list incorporates the most recent federal status designations determined by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) for all animal and plant taxa native to North Carolina. This list also includes North Carolina legal status information from the N.C. Plant Conservation Program (NCPCP), a unit of the Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services and the agency responsible for the listing and protection of North Carolina’s endangered and threatened plants, under provisions of the North Carolina Plant Protection and Conservation Act (N.C. General Statutes - Chapter 106 Article 19B). The NCPCP List of North Carolina’s Endangered, Threatened and Special Concern Plant Species can be found on the website: http://www.ncagr.gov/plantindustry/plant/plantconserve/. NCWRC is responsible for the listing and protection of the state’s nongame species of mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, freshwater fishes, mollusks, and crustaceans, under N.C. General Statutes - Chapter 113 Article 25. The NCNHP, NCPCP, NCWRC, and USFWS work cooperatively to ensure the continued survival of all of North Carolina’s rich flora and fauna. Over the past 25 years and continuing in the future, the advice and protection designations (for example, Endangered, Threatened, and Special Concern) of scientific councils and committees have been considered in the creation of the list. Many species that lack formal legal protection are nonetheless imperiled in North Carolina. Therefore, NCNHP collects data on these species in addition to those classified under the three protection designations above and places them in two categories: Significantly Rare (SR) and Watch List (W). These species receive no special legal protection; rather, the designation is used to convey information about the species’ rarity within the state. The tracking of SR species, along with Endangered, Threatened, and Special Concern species, plays a critical role in how NCNHP evaluates natural areas for their importance in conservation of the state’s native biodiversity. These status categories are defined in this list under “N.C. Status.” NCNHP requests locality and population data on the species listed in this publication. Survey forms can be downloaded from our website. For the most current information about the range of tracked species in North Carolina, visit www.ncnhp.org. Information, including maps and datasets, on animals, plants, and communities nationwide may be found on NatureServe Explorer (www.natureserve.org/). 2 NUMBER OF PLANT TAXA IN NORTH CAROLINA Numbers in the table indicate number of taxa – generally species as well as valid unique varieties and subspecies – for each group and status. Because many taxa have both an N.C. and a U.S. status, totals cannot be added across a complete line. The total number of species in North Carolina is an estimate of the species that do occur or have occurred at one time in the state. GROUP APPROXIMATE NUMBER IN NORTH CAROLINA N.C. STATUS U.S. STATUS E T SC SR E T FSC Vascular Plants 4,239 157 141 110 287 17 9 91 Mosses 440 0 1 1 121 0 0 2 Liverworts 225 0 0 5 57 0 0 8 Hornworts 9 0 0 0 2 0 0 2 Lichens 977 1 1 2 19 1 0 15 Totals 5,890 158 143 118 486 18 9 118 LIST FORMAT Species are grouped by major taxa. Plants are placed in five groups: Vascular Plants, Mosses, Liverworts, Hornworts, and Lichens. Within a given taxon, species are listed alphabetically by scientific name. The following information is presented for each species on the list; “status” indicates the degree of legal recognition (if any); “rank” is a numerical scale of the rarity of a species, regardless of legal protection. Scientific Name. Taxonomy and nomenclature of vascular plants (dicots, monocots, gymnosperms, ferns, and fern allies) generally follows Weakley, A.S. Flora of the Southern and Mid-Atlantic States. 2015. University of North Carolina Herbarium (NCU), N.C. Botanical Garden, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (available online at http://www.herbarium.unc.edu/. Scientific authorities for names have been omitted to save space, but follow Weakley (2015 draft) and J.T. Kartesz’s A Synonymized Checklist and Atlas with Biological Attributes for the Vascular Flora of the United States, Canada, and Greenland. First Edition. (In: Kartesz, J.T. and C.A. Meacham. Synthesis of the North American Flora, Version 1.0. North Carolina Botanical Garden, Chapel Hill, N.C. 1999). Taxonomy and nomenclature of nonvascular plants (mosses, liverworts, hornworts, and lichens) follow Bryophyte Flora of North America, provisional publication, Missouri Botanical Garden (2001), http://www.mobot.org/plantscience/BFNA/bfnamenu.htm. L.E. Anderson, H.A. Crum, and W.R. Buck’s List of the Mosses of North America North of Mexico (Bryologist 93: 448-499 [1990]); L.E. Anderson’s A Checklist of Sphagnum in North America North of Mexico (Bryologist 93: 500-501 [1990]); R. Schuster’s The Hepaticae and Anthocerotae of North America East of the Hundredth Meridian (1966, 1969, 1974, 1980, and 1992); M.L. Hicks’ Liverworts of the Mountains of North Carolina (1982); M.L. Hicks’ Guide to the Liverworts of North Carolina (1992); M.L. Hicks and P.G. Davidson’s Some Rare, Endemic, and Disjunct Liverworts in North Carolina (Castanea 54: 255-261 [1989]); G.B. Perlmutter’s Lichen Checklist for North Carolina (Perlmutter, G.B. 2005. Lichen Checklist for North Carolina, Evansia 22[2]: 51-77), http://lichenportal.org/portal/checklists/checklist.php?cl=1187&pid=103); Brodo, Sharnoff, and Sharnoff’s Lichens of North America (2001); and Esslinger’s Lichen Checklist for North America (Esslinger, T.A. 2015. A Cumulative Checklist for the Lichen-forming Lichenicolous and Allied Fungi of the Continental United States and Canada. first posted 1 December 1997, most recent version [#20] 19 April 2015) https://www.ndsu.edu/pubweb/~esslinge/chcklst/chcklst7.htm. 3 EXPLANATION OF STATUS AND RANK CODES Status Codes In North Carolina, Endangered, Threatened, and Special Concern species have legally protected status through the North Carolina Plant Conservation Program (NCPCP). The Natural Heritage Program maintains computerized records and GIS map files on Significantly Rare species, as well as species considered extirpated in the state. United States Status is designated by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) and the U.S. National Marine Fisheries Service (USNMFS) in accordance with the U.S. Endangered Species Act of 1973 (USESA), as amended. Plants and plant varieties, (including fungi and lichens), animal species and subspecies, and vertebrate populations are considered for Endangered or Threatened status according to the criteria established under the USESA. Proposals and determinations to add taxa or populations to the Lists of Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and plants are published in the Federal Register. Additionally, the USFWS and the USNMFS periodically publish a Notice of Review or Notice of Reclassification in the Federal Register that presents an updated list of plant and animal taxa that are regarded as candidates or proposed for possible addition to the Lists of Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants. Contact the Asheville or Raleigh Ecological Services Field Offices for more information. N.C. STATUS – PLANTS N.C. STATUS CODE STATUS DEFINITION E Endangered Any native or once-native species of higher taxon of plant whose continued existence as a viable component of the state’s flora is determined to be in jeopardy or any species of plant determined to be an Endangered species pursuant to the Endangered Species Act. (GS19B-106:202.12.) T Threatened Any native or once-native resident species of plant which is likely to become an endangered species within the foreseeable future throughout all or a significant portion of its range, or one that is designated as a Threatened species pursuant to the Endangered Species Act. (GS19B-106:202.12.) SC-V Special Concern- Vulnerable Any species or higher taxon of plant which is likely to become a threatened species within the forseeable future. (NCAC 02 NCAC 48F .0401.) SC-H Special Concern- Historical Any species or higher taxon of plant that occurred in North Carolina at one time, but for which all known populations are currently considered to be either historical or extirpated. (NCAC 02 NCAC 48F .0401) SR Significantly Rare This is a NCNHP designation. Any species which has not been listed by the NCPCP as an Endangered, Threatened, or Special Concern species, but which exists in the state (or recently occurred in the state) in small numbers (generally fewer than 100 statewide populations) and has been determined by the NCNHP to need monitoring. Significantly Rare species include species of historical occurrence with some likelihood of rediscovery in the state and species substantially reduced in numbers by habitat destruction, direct exploitation, or disease. Species considered extirpated in the state, with little likelihood of rediscovery, are given no N.C. status 4 N.C. STATUS CODE STATUS DEFINITION listed by the NCWRC or NCPCP as E, T, or SC). SR-L Significantly Rare-Limited The range of the species is limited to North Carolina and adjacent states (endemic or near endemic). These are species that may have 20-50 populations in North Carolina, but fewer than 100 populations rangewide. The preponderance of their distribution is in North Carolina and their fate depends largely on conservation here. SR-T Significantly Rare-Throughout The species is rare throughout its range (fewer than 100 populations total). SR-D Significantly Rare-Disjunct The species is disjunct to North Carolina from a main range in a different part of the country or world. SR-P Significantly Rare-Peripheral The species is at the periphery of its range in North Carolina. These species are generally more common somewhere else in their ranges, occurring in North Carolina peripherally to their main ranges, mostly in habitats that are unusual in North Carolina. SR-O Significantly Rare-Other The range of the species is sporadic or cannot be described by the other Significantly Rare categories. WL Watch List This is an NCNHP designation for any other species believed to be rare and of conservation concern in the state but not warranting active monitoring at this time. U.S. STATUS – PLANTS U.S. STATUS CODE STATUS DEFINITION E Endangered A taxon that is in danger of extinction throughout all or a significant portion of its range (Public Law 93-205 87 Stat. 884). T Threatened A taxon that is likely to become an endangered species within the foreseeable future throughout all or a significant portion of its range (Public Law 93-205 87 Stat. 884). C Candidate Taxa for which the USFWS has on file enough substantial information on biological vulnerability and threat(s) to support proposals to list them as endangered or threatened. Proposed rules have not yet been issued because this action is precluded at present by other listing activity. Development and publication of proposed rules on these taxa are anticipated. The USFWS encourages state and other federal agencies as well as other affected parties to give consideration to these taxa in environmental planning [Federal Register, 5 December 1996 Volume 61(235):64481]. Taxa formerly considered “Category 1” are now considered “Candidate.” FSC Federal Species of Concern “FSC” is an informal term. It is not defined in the federal Endangered Species Act. In North Carolina, the Asheville and Raleigh Field Offices of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service define FSC as those species that appear to be in decline or otherwise in need of conservation and are under consideration for listing or for which there is insufficient information to support listing at this time. Subsumed 5 U.S. STATUS CODE STATUS DEFINITION under the term FSC are all species petitioned by outside parties and other selected focal species identified in USFWS strategic plans, state Wildlife Action Plans, Professional Society Lists (e.g. AFS, FMCS), or NatureServe State Program Lists. Ranking System Natural Heritage Programs and the NatureServe Network have developed a consistent method for evaluating the relative imperilment of both species and ecological communities. These assessments led to the designation of a conservation rank. These ranks provide an estimate of extinction risk. Conservation rank values have been assigned over the past 30 years by the NCNHP, NatureServe, and a large number of collaborators in government agencies, universities, natural history museums, botanical gardens, and other conservation organizations. This information has been developed primarily to help in guiding conservation and informing environmental planning andmanagement. Conservation ranks are either state (S) or global (G) and are based on a one-to-five scale, ranging from critically imperiled (S1 or G1) to demonstrably secure (S5 or G5). These assessments are based on the best available information, considering a variety of factors such as abundance, distribution, population trends, and threats. Global ranks apply to the species throughout its range. The system is widely used by nationwide agencies and organizations, as the best available scientific and objective assessment of a species’ imperilment throughout its range. A rank involving two numbers indicates uncertainty. For example, an S2S3 or a G2G3 rank indicates that the species may be S2 or S3 (or G2 or G3), but that existing data do not allow that determination to be made. N.C. RANK – PLANTS N.C. RANK NUMBER OF EXTANT POPULATIONS DESIGNATION DESCRIPTION S1 1-5 Critically Imperiled Critically imperiled due to extreme rarity or some factor(s) making it especially vulnerable to extirpation (local extinction) from the state. Typically 5 or fewer occurrences or very few remaining individuals (<1,000). S2 6-20 Imperiled Imperiled due to rarity or some factor(s) making it very vulnerable to extirpation from the state. Typically 6 to 20 occurrences or few remaining individuals (1,000 to 3,000). S3 21-100 Vulnerable Vulnerable to extinction either because rare or uncommon, found only in a restricted range (even if abundant at some locations), or due to other factors making it vulnerable to extirpation. Typically 21 to 100 occurrences or between 3,000 to 10,000 individuals. S4 101-1,000 Apparently Secure Apparently secure and widespread, usually with more than 100 occurrences and more than 10,000 6 N.C. RANK NUMBER OF EXTANT POPULATIONS DESIGNATION DESCRIPTION individuals. S5 1,001+ Secure Common, widespread, and abundant. Essentially ineradicable under present conditions. Typically with considerably more than 100 occurrences and more than 10,000 individuals. SH 0? Historical Of historical occurrence, with some expectation that it may be rediscovered. Its presence may not have been verified in the past 20 years. Upon verification of an extant occurrence, SH-ranked elements would typically receive an S1 rank. Note: an element is not automatically assigned an SH (or SX) rank if it has not been verified in the past 20 years; some effort must have been made to locate or relocate occurrences. SX 0 Presumed Extirpated Believed to be extirpated. Has not been located despite intensive searches of historical sites and other appropriate habitat, and virtually no likelihood that it will be rediscovered. SU Unknown Unrankable Currently unrankable due to lack of information or substantially conflicting information about status or trends. More information is needed. SNR Unknown Not Ranked Statewide rank not yet assessed. SNA N/A Not Applicable A conservation rank is not applicable because the element is not a suitable target for conservation for one of these reasons: Hybrid – an interspecific hybrid without conservation value; Exotic Origin – not native to North Carolina; Accidental/Nonregular – outside usual range and not regularly found in North Carolina; Not Confidently Present – never documented as present in NC; Synonym – the taxon is not recognized by the NCNHP. S_? --- Uncertain Denotes inexact or uncertain numeric rank. 7 GLOBAL STATUS - PLANTS GLOBAL RANK NUMBER OF EXTANT POPULATIONS DESIGNATION DESCRIPTION G1 1-5 Critically Imperiled Critically imperiled globally because of extreme rarity or because of some factor(s) making it especially vulnerable to extinction. Typically five or fewer occurrences or very few remaining individuals (<1,000) or acres (<2,000) or linear miles (<10). G2 6-20 Imperiled Imperiled globally because of rarity or because of some factor(s) making it very vulnerable to extinction. Typically 6 to 20 occurrences or few remaining individuals (1,000 to 3,000) or acres (2,000 to 10,000) or linear miles (10 to 50). G3 21-100 Vulnerable Vulnerable globally either because very rare throughout its range, found only in a restricted range (even if abundant at some locations), or other factors making it vulnerable to extinction. Typically 21 to 100 occurrences or between 3,000 and 10,000 individuals. G4 101-1,000 Apparently Secure Uncommon but not rare (although it may be rare in parts of its range, particularly on the periphery) and usually widespread. Apparently not vulnerable in most of its range, but possibly ause for long-term concern. Typically more than 100 occurrences and more than 10,000 individuals. G5 1,001+ Secure Common, widespread, and abundant (although it may be rare in parts of its range, particularly on the periphery). Not vulnerable in most of its range. Typically with considerably more than 100 occurrences and more than 10,000 individuals. GH 0? Historical Known only from historical occurrences, but with some expectation that it may be rediscovered. May still be extant; further searching is needed. GX 0 Presumed Extinct Believed to be extinct throughout its range (e.g., passenger pigeon) with virtually no likelihood that it will be rediscovered. Not located despite intensive searches of historical sites and other appropriate habitat. GU Unknown Unrankable Currently unrankable due to lack of information or due to substantially conflicting information about status or trends; need more information. GNR Unknown Not Ranked Global rank not yet assessed. G_T_ --- Subspecies or Variety Rank The rank of a taxonomic subspecies or variety. As an example, G4T1 would apply to a subspecies of a species with an overall rank of G4, but the subspecies warranting a rank of G1. G_? --- Uncertain Denotes inexact or uncertain numeric rank. 8 GLOBAL RANK NUMBER OF EXTANT POPULATIONS DESIGNATION DESCRIPTION G_Q --- Questionable Taxonomy Taxonomic classification that may reduce conservation priority. Distinctiveness of this entity as a taxon at the current level is questionable. Resolution of this uncertainty may result in change from a species to a subspecies or inclusion of this taxon in another taxon, with the resulting element having a lower-priority conservation status rank. Physiographic Province/Region. The provinces/regions in which the species is known to occur are indicated. This should not be regarded as the only province(s) or regions(s) of the state in which the species could occur; our knowledge of the flora of North Carolina is still very imperfect. The provinces are abbreviated as follows: ABBREVIATION PROVINCE/REGION DESCRIPTION M Mountains (Blue Ridge) All parts of North Carolina west of the foot of the Blue Ridge Escarpment. P Piedmont All parts of North Carolina east of the foot of the Blue Ridge Escarpment and west of the Fall Line, including outlying “foothill” ranges, such as the Brushy, Uwharrie, Sauratown, and South mountains. This province is shallowly underlain by crystalline metamorphic, igneous, or (rarely) consolidated sedimentary rocks. S Sandhills Portions of Cumberland, Harnett, Hoke, Lee, Moore, Richmond, Scotland, and Montgomery counties consisting mostly of deep aeolian sands of the Middendorf and Pinehurst formations (Cretaceous to Tertiary age). The Sandhills are really part of the coastal plain but are here distinguished because of their distinctive geomorphology and vegetation. Areas somewhat resembling the Sandhills region but occurring in other parts of the state (such as Carolina bay rims and aeolian or beach ridge deposits in the outer Coastal Plain) are considered part of the Coastal Plain Province. C Coastal Plain All parts of North Carolina east of the Fall Line, but excluding the Sandhills region and Tidewater. Generally consisting of unconsolidated sands, silts, clays, and peats, though rarely shallowly underlain by consolidated coquina limestone (“marl”). T Tidewater Areas associated with tidal water, such as the ocean and barrier islands, sounds, estuaries, and mainland brackish or salt marshes. 9 Habitat. The known habitats are described; as with provinces, these should not be regarded as the only possible habitats of the species in the state. Counties of Known Occurrence. Following the description of habitats is a listing of the known counties of occurrence in the NCNHP database. We request information about any new occurrences in the state. County names are followed by symbols (defined below) if the species has not been recently verified within the county. * All recorded occurrences in the county are either extirpated, have not been found in recent surveys, or have not been surveyed recently enough to be confident they are still present. Unsurveyed occurrences are regarded as historical after 20-40 years, the number of years depending on the species and the amount of habitat alteration in the area. An asterisk should not be regarded as a definitive statement that the species is gone from the county but indicates that its continued existence is uncertain. + Counties with obscure or undatable records. ? There is some question as to the validity of the county report. The botanical exploration of North Carolina is far from complete, and many additional county records will be found, generally (but not always) in proximity to counties listed. Most species that do not have county of occurrence information are new to the Rare List and county status information had not been compiled at the time of publication. Visit the Natural Heritage Program website for the most up-to- date county occurrence information: www.ncnhp.org. Scientific Name Common Name Region: Habitat Comments (Counties of Occurrence) Status Rank N.C. U.S. N.C. Global 10 NORTH CAROLINA PLANT RARE LIST Vascular Plants Acmella repens Creeping Spotflower SR-D S1 G5T5 CP: low wet areas and floating mats in alluvial forests and swamps (Columbus, Robeson, Wake) Acmispon helleri Carolina Birdfoot-trefoil SC-V S3 G5T3 P: open woods over clay soils, roadsides (Cabarrus, Caswell, Catawba*, Davidson, Davie*, Granville, Iredell*, Mecklenburg, Moore, Person, Randolph, Rockingham, Rowan, Stanly, Union, Wake, Warren*) Aconitum reclinatum Trailing Wolfsbane SR-T S3 G3 M: rich coves, seepage slopes, boulderfields, rocky stream banks, mainly associated with mafic rocks (Ashe, Avery, Buncombe, Caldwell*, Cherokee, Graham, Haywood, Henderson, Jackson, Macon*, Mitchell, Transylvania*, Watauga, Yancey) Adiantum capillus-veneris Venus Hair Fern T S1 G5 C: coquina limestone (marl) outcrops, also adventitious on mortar of old stone walls in Wilmington, New Hanover County (Columbus) Adlumia fungosa Climbing Fumitory SC-V S2 G4 M: coves and cliffs (Alleghany, Buncombe, Graham, Haywood, Henderson, Jackson*, Macon*, Madison, Mitchell, Swain, Yancey) Aeschynomene virginica Sensitive Jointvetch T T S1 G2 TC: freshwater to slightly brackish tidal marshes and wet ditches (Beaufort, Craven, Hyde, Lenoir*) Agalinis virgata Branched Gerardia T S2 G3G4Q CS: savannas and depression pond shores (Brunswick, Carteret, Craven, Duplin*, New Hanover, Onslow, Pender, Scotland) Agastache nepetoides Yellow Giant-hyssop SR-P S1 G5 P: oak--hickory forests, especially over mafic rocks (Buncombe, Caswell, Durham*, Granville, Madison*, Moore, Orange, Polk, Stokes*, Surry*, Transylvania*, Wake*, Warren*) Agrostis altissima Tall Bentgrass C: wet savannas (Brunswick, Carteret, Onslow, Pender) Agrostis mertensii Arctic Bentgrass SR-T E S2 G4 S1 G5 M: high elevation rocky summits and balds (Avery, Mitchell*, Yancey) Scientific Name Common Name Region: Habitat Comments (Counties of Occurrence) Status Rank N.C. U.S. N.C. Global 11 Aletris lutea Yellow Colic-root C: pine savannas (Pender) Allium allegheniense Allegheny Onion SR-P SR-T S1 G4G5 S1 G3? M: rock outcrops and woodlands over mafic rock at moderate to high elevations (Ashe, Caldwell) Allium cuthbertii Striped Garlic T S2 G4 PM: low elevation granitic domes and other rocky sites with circumneutral soils (Alexander, Madison*, Randolph, Richmond, Wilkes) Allium sp. 1 Savanna Onion C: wet savannas (Brunswick, Onslow, Pender) Alnus viridis ssp. crispa Green Alder M: balds (Avery, McDowell, Mitchell) Amaranthus pumilus Seabeach Amaranth SR-L SC-V T FSC T S1S2 S1 S1S2 G1G2 G5T5 G2 T: ocean beaches and island-end flats (Brunswick, Carteret, Currituck, Dare, Hyde*, New Hanover, Onslow, Pender) Amorpha confusa Savanna Indigo-bush T FSC S3 G3T3 C: wet savannas (Bladen*, Brunswick, Columbus, New Hanover*) Amorpha georgiana Georgia Indigo-bush E FSC S2 G3T2 CS: mesic to moist terraces along blackwater streams and ecotones between pocosins and savannas (Cumberland, Harnett, Hoke, Lee, Lenoir*, Moore, Pender, Richmond, Robeson*, Scotland) Amphicarpum muhlenbergianum E Florida Goober Grass C: clay-based Carolina bays (Hoke, Robeson, Scotland) Andropogon mohrii T Bog Bluestem S1 G4 S2 G4? C: wet savannas (Brunswick, Carteret, Columbus, Craven, Onslow, Pender, Robeson*, Scotland, Washington*) Anemone berlandieri Southern Anemone E S2 G4? P: thin soils around rock outcrops, usually on basic soil (Alexander, Anson, Mecklenburg*, Montgomery, Moore, Orange, Polk*, Randolph, Rowan, Rutherford, Stanly, Union) Anemone caroliniana Prairie Anemone E S1 G5 P: clayey woodlands over mafic rocks (Mecklenburg, Rutherford, Stanly*) Scientific Name Common Name Region: Habitat Comments (Counties of Occurrence) Status Rank N.C. U.S. N.C. Global 12 Anthoxanthum hirtum Holy Grass M: bogs (Ashe, Macon, Watauga*) Anticlea glauca White Camas SR-D SR-P S1 G5 S1 G5T4T5 M: calcareous rock outcrops (Buncombe*, McDowell, Yancey) Arabis patens Spreading Rockcress SR-T S1 G3 M: thin soils around limestone and nutrient-rich seepage from amphibolite (Madison, Rutherford, Swain) Arabis pycnocarpa var. adpressipilis Hairy Rockcress E S1 G5T4Q PM: thin soils around basic rock outcrops (Alexander, Buncombe) Arenaria lanuginosa var. lanuginosa Spreading Sandwort SR-P S1 G5T5 TC: maritime grasslands and forests, other sandy sites, shell middens, coquina limestone (marl) outcrops (Beaufort*, Brunswick*, Carteret*, Dare*, Jones, Onslow, Pender*) Arethusa bulbosa Bog Rose E S1 G5 MP: bogs (Alleghany, Ashe*, Avery, Forsyth*, Henderson*, Transylvania) Arisaema stewardsonii Bog Jack-in-the-pulpit SR-P S2 G5T4T5 M: bogs (Alleghany, Ashe, Avery, Catawba, Henderson, Jackson, Macon, McDowell, Mitchell, Rutherford, Transylvania, Watauga, Yancey) Aristida condensata Big Three-awn Grass T S2 G4? C: bay rims with xeric pine-oak scrub (Bladen, Hoke*, New Hanover, Pender, Richmond*, Scotland*) Aristida simpliciflora Chapman's Three-awn C: wet savannas (Brunswick, Columbus, Pender) Aristida tenuispica Hillsboro Three-awn Grass C: xeric sandhill scrub (New Hanover, Pender) Arnoglossum ovatum var. lanceolatum Savanna Indian-plantain E SR-P E S1S2 S1 S2 G3G4 G5T5 G4G5TNR C: wet savannas (Bladen*, Brunswick, Columbus, Jones, Onslow, Pender) Asclepias cinerea Carolina Milkweed C: pine savannas (Columbus*) SR-D SH G4? Scientific Name Common Name Status Rank 13 Region: Habitat Comments (Counties of Occurrence) Asclepias pedicellata Savanna Milkweed N.C. SC-V U.S. N.C. S3 Global G4 C: dry savannas and moist flatwoods (Bladen, Brunswick, Carteret, Columbus, New Hanover, Onslow, Pender, Sampson) Asclepias purpurascens Purple Milkweed SR-T S1? G5? PMC: swamps, bottomlands, edges of moist woods (Bertie*, Burke, Davidson, Durham, Hertford, Johnston, Moore, Pender, Union, Wilkes) Asemeia grandiflora Showy Milkwort SC: sandhills (Hoke, Richmond, Robeson, Scotland) Asplenium bradleyi Bradley's Spleenwort SR-P SR-P S2 G5? S2 G4 PM: acidic rock outcrops and cliffs (Burke, Cleveland*, Gaston, McDowell, Orange, Polk, Rutherford, Stokes) Asplenium heteroresiliens Carolina Spleenwort E FSC S2 G2 C: coquina limestone outcrops (Bladen, Craven, Jones, Onslow*) Asplenium monanthes Single-sorus Spleenwort E S1 G4 M: outcrops near waterfalls in escarpment gorges (Jackson, Transylvania) Asplenium pinnatifidum Lobed Spleenwort SR-P S2 G4 PM: acidic rock outcrops and cliffs (Caldwell*, Henderson, Macon, Madison, Polk, Rutherford, Transylvania, Wilkes) Asplenium ruta-muraria Wall-rue Spleenwort M: limestone outcrops (Burke, Madison, McDowell) Astragalus michauxii Sandhills Milk-vetch SC-V SC-V FSC S1 G5 S3 G3 SC: dry to xeric longleaf pine-oak woodlands and river-deposited sandhills (Bladen, Cumberland, Harnett, Hoke, Moore, New Hanover*, Pender, Richmond, Robeson*, Sampson, Scotland) Athyrium angustum Northern Lady Fern M: rock outcrops and forests at high elevations (Avery) Baccharis glomeruliflora Silverling SR-P SC-H S1 G5T5 S1 G4 T: shrubby areas on margins of brackish marshes (Brunswick, New Hanover*, Pender) Bacopa caroliniana Blue Water-hyssop T S1 G4G5 C: Shallow ponds, marshes, natural lakes, and tidal creeks (Bladen, Brunswick, Columbus, New Hanover, Onslow, Pender) Scientific Name Common Name Status Rank 14 Region: Habitat Comments (Counties of Occurrence) Bacopa innominata Tropical Water-hyssop N.C. SC-H U.S. N.C. SH Global G3G5 C: tidal freshwater marshes (Chowan, New Hanover*, Pender*) Bacopa rotundifolia Round-leaf Water-hyssop C: natural lakes (Hyde*, Pender) Balduina atropurpurea Purple Honeycomb-head C: savannas (Bladen, Brunswick*) Baptisia alba Thick-pod White Wild Indigo SR-D E T FSC S1 G5 S1 G2 S2 G5 PCS: open woodlands, clearings (Anson, Cabarrus, Davidson, Johnston, Montgomery, Randolph, Stanly, Union) Baptisia australis var. aberrans Prairie Blue Wild Indigo E S2 G5T2 P: glades and open forests on basic soils (Cabarrus*, Caswell, Durham, Granville, Montgomery, Orange*, Person*) Baptisia bracteata Creamy Wild Indigo P: open woodlands (McDowell*) Berberis canadensis American Barberry SC-H SC-V SH G4G5T4? S2 G3 PM: open forests and glades on basic soils (Alamance*, Alexander*, Buncombe*, Catawba, Durham, Granville, Guilford*, Haywood*, Iredell*, Macon, Madison, McDowell, Montgomery, Orange*, Person*, Randolph*, Rockingham, Rutherford, Swain*, Transylvania*) Betula cordifolia Mountain Paper Birch SC-V S1 G5T5 M: high elevation forests and landslide scars (Orange, Yancey) Bidens trichosperma Crowned Beggar-ticks SR-P S1 G5? CT: brackish marshes (Beaufort*, Chowan*, Craven*, Dare, Tyrrell*) Boechera missouriensis Missouri Rockcress SC-V S1S2 G5 P: thin soils around basic rock outcrops (Anson, Madison, Stanly, Union) Boltonia asteroides var. glastifolia White Doll's-daisy SR-O S2 G5TNR CS: clay-based Carolina bays, marshes, savannas (Brunswick, Camden*, Columbus, Hoke, New Hanover, Robeson, Scotland) Botrychium lanceolatum var. angustisegmentum Lance-leaf Moonwort MP: cove forests (Burke, Macon, McDowell) SR-P S1 G5T4 Scientific Name Common Name Status Rank 15 Region: Habitat Comments (Counties of Occurrence) Botrychium matricariifolium Daisy-leaf Moonwort N.C. SR-P U.S. N.C. S1 Global G5 MP: cove forests (Avery, Burke, Haywood, Jackson, Mitchell, Swain, Yancey) Botrychium simplex var. simplex Least Moonwort SR-P S2 G5T3T4 M: open, grassy sites (Haywood, Jackson, Mitchell, Transylvania) Bouteloua curtipendula var. curtipendula Sideoats Grama M: dry rocky slopes and bluffs (Swain) Brachyelytrum aristosum Northern Shorthusk SR-P SR-P S1 G5T5 S3 G5 M: northern hardwood forests (Ashe, Avery, Buncombe, Caldwell, Clay, Graham, Haywood, Henderson*, Jackson, Macon, Mitchell, Swain, Transylvania, Watauga) Bromus ciliatus Fringed Brome SR-P S1 G5 M: moist areas near high elevation grassy balds (Alexander, Ashe, Buncombe, Haywood, Henderson, Mitchell*, Transylvania, Watauga) Bromus latiglumis Riverbank Brome M: river floodplains (Alleghany, Ashe, Jackson, Swain) Buchnera americana American Bluehearts SR-P E S1 G5 S1 G5? MPS: glades, open forests, streambanks, probably primarily over mafic or calcareous rocks (Cherokee, Cumberland*, Durham*, Harnett*, Orange*, Polk*, Rowan, Sampson*, Union, Wake*) Buckleya distichophylla Piratebush T FSC S2 G3 M: bluffs, dry slopes, forests on lower slopes (Buncombe, Haywood, Macon, Madison, Mitchell, Swain*) Bulbostylis warei Ware's Hair Sedge SC-H SH G3G4 T: interdunes, riverine sandhills, and other xeric sand deposits (Brunswick*) Calamagrostis cainii Cain's Reedgrass M: high elevation rocky summits (Buncombe, Yancey) Calamagrostis canadensis var. canadensis Canada Reed Grass E SR-P FSC S1 G1 S1 G5T5 M: bogs and moist areas around high elevation rock outcrops (Alleghany, Ashe, Avery, Haywood*, Macon, Mitchell*, Watauga*) Calamagrostis porteri ssp. porteri Porter's Reed Grass SR-P S1 G4T4 M: middle elevation ridgetop forests (Cherokee, Clay, Graham, Jackson, Macon, Mitchell, Rutherford, Surry, Transylvania*) Scientific Name Common Name Status Rank 16 Region: Habitat Comments (Counties of Occurrence) Callitriche terrestris Terrestrial Water-starwort N.C. SR-O U.S. N.C. S2? Global G5 CP: low, wet places (Granville, Moore, Richmond, Stanly, Union) Calopogon multiflorus Many-flower Grass-pink C: savannas (Brunswick, Carteret, Onslow, Pender) Caltha palustris var. palustris Marsh-marigold E FSC E S1 G2G3 S1 G5T5 M: boggy sites (Alleghany, Ashe, Avery*, Buncombe*, Madison*, Watauga, Yancey*) Camassia scilloides Wild Hyacinth T S1 G4G5 CP: rich levees, slopes, and bottomlands (Alleghany, Franklin, Northampton, Vance) Campanula aparinoides var. aparinoides Marsh Bellflower SR-P S2 G5TNR M: bogs and other wet, open sites (Alleghany, Ashe, Avery, Burke, Cherokee, Clay*, Haywood, Henderson, Jackson, Macon, Mitchell*, Transylvania, Wilkes*, Yancey) Campanula rotundifolia Bluebells M: high elevation rocky summits (Ashe) Cardamine clematitis Mountain Bittercress E SR-T S1 G5 S2S3 G3 M: high elevation seeps, shaded outcrops, and streambanks (Avery, Buncombe, Burke, Caldwell, Clay, Graham, Haywood, Jackson, Macon, Mitchell, Swain, Transylvania, Watauga, Yancey) Cardamine dissecta Dissected Toothwort SC-V S2 G4? PM: rich woods, cove forests, bottomlands (Anson, Davidson, Durham, Guilford*, Mecklenburg, Montgomery, Randolph, Rowan*, Rutherford*, Union) Cardamine douglassii Douglass's Bittercress T S2 G5 P: bottomlands, rich lower slopes (Cumberland, Durham, Granville, Harnett, Hertford*, Northampton, Orange*, Wake) Cardamine longii Long's Bittercress SC-V S1 G3? C: tidal marshes and tidal cypress-gum forests (Bladen, Columbus, Craven*, New Hanover, Onslow, Pender, Robeson, Washington) Cardamine micranthera Small-anthered Bittercress E E S2 G2 P: seeps, streamside sandbars, and floodplain depressions (Forsyth*, Stokes) Cardamine rotundifolia Mountain Watercress T S2 G4 MP: seeps, banks of mountain brooks (Alleghany, Ashe, Mitchell, Stokes, Watauga, Yancey) Scientific Name Common Name Status Rank 17 Region: Habitat Comments (Counties of Occurrence) Carex amplisquama Fort Mountain Sedge M: rich woods (Henderson, Polk, Transylvania) Carex arctata Black Sedge N.C. SR-T SR-P U.S. FSC N.C. S2 S1 Global G5T3 G5 M: northern hardwood and spruce forests, bog edges (Ashe, Watauga) Carex argyrantha Hay Sedge M: wet meadows (Ashe) Carex austrodeflexa Canebrake Sedge E SR-L S1 G5 S2 G3G4 CS: streamhead pocosins and floodplains of small blackwater streams (Brunswick, Harnett, Hoke, Moore, Onslow, Pender, Richmond, Scotland) Carex baileyi Bailey's Sedge SR-P S2 G4 M: bogs and seeps (Alleghany, Ashe, Avery, Haywood, Henderson, Jackson, Mecklenburg*, Transylvania, Watauga) Carex barrattii Barratt's Sedge MS: seepage slopes (Harnett*, Henderson*) Carex basiantha Widow Sedge SC-H SR-D SH G4 S1 G5 C: mesic forests, bottomlands, and lower slopes, over calcareous rock (Jones, Pender) Carex bushii Bush's Sedge SR-P S1 G4 PM: open wet areas (Ashe*, Cabarrus, Durham*, Gaston*, Granville*, Johnston*, Nash*, Orange, Rowan, Stanly) Carex buxbaumii Brown Bog Sedge SC-V S2 G5 MP: bogs and fens (Alleghany, Ashe, Avery, Forsyth*, Henderson, Watauga, Yancey) Carex calcifugens Calcium-fleeing Sedge SR-T S2? G3 C: mesic deciduous forests and maritime woodlands (Brunswick, Carteret, Dare, Onslow) Carex canescens var. disjuncta Silvery Sedge SR-P S2 G5T5 CS: beaver ponds, old millponds, impoundments; usually on Nyssa biflora (Dare, Hoke, Hyde, Richmond, Scotland, Tyrrell) Carex careyana Carey's Sedge M: rich cove forests (Jackson) T S1 G4G5 Scientific Name Common Name Status Rank 18 Region: Habitat Comments (Counties of Occurrence) Carex cherokeensis Cherokee Sedge N.C. E U.S. N.C. S1 Global G4G5 MPC: floodplains (Bertie, Cherokee, Macon, Madison, Pender, Polk) Carex conoidea Cone-shaped Sedge MP: bogs (Alleghany, Ashe, Iredell*) Carex cristatella Small-crested Sedge M: grassy balds, bogs (Jackson*, Swain*, Yancey) Carex crus-corvi Crowfoot Sedge SC-V SC-H SR-P S1 G5 S1 G5 S1 G5 C: swamp forests (Bertie, Bladen, Columbus, Craven, Currituck, Durham, Edgecombe*, Halifax, Johnston, Lenoir, Martin, Northampton, Pitt*, Wayne) Carex decomposita Cypress Knee Sedge SC-V S2 G3G4 C: beaver ponds, old millponds; often on Taxodium ascendens trunks and knees (Brunswick, Chowan, Cumberland, Gates, New Hanover*, Richmond, Scotland, Warren*) Carex deflexa A Sedge M: high elevation seepy forests Carex eburnea Bristle-leaf Sedge M: calcareous outcrops (Madison*) Carex emmonsii Emmons's Sedge SR-D T SR-O S1? S1 S2 G5 G5 G5T5 CS: moist woods and stream banks (Columbus, Harnett*, Hoke, Johnston*, Jones, Moore, Northampton*, Onslow, Pender, Tyrrell, Washington, Wayne*) Carex exilis Coastal Sedge E S2 G5 S: seepage slopes, wet seepy powerlines (Cumberland, Harnett, Hoke, Moore*) Carex hitchcockiana Hitchcock's Sedge SC-V S1 G5 M: moist to dryish forests over calcareous or mafic rocks (Ashe, Buncombe, Jackson, Macon, McDowell) Carex hormathodes A Sedge C: freshwater and slightly brackish tidal marshes (Currituck) Carex impressinervia Ravine Sedge T SR-T FSC S1 G4G5 S2 G2 CP: rich alluvial forests (Anson, Harnett, Montgomery, Stanly, Union) Scientific Name Common Name Status Rank 19 Region: Habitat Comments (Counties of Occurrence) Carex jamesii James's Sedge N.C. SR-P U.S. N.C. S2 Global G5 PC: rich woods, especially over mafic rocks (Bertie, Caswell, Cumberland, Durham, Halifax, Harnett, Lee, Martin, Moore, Northampton) Carex lasiocarpa var. americana Slender Sedge M: high elevation fens over amphibolite (Ashe) Carex lupuliformis False Hop Sedge SR-P SR-P S1 G5T5 S1 G4 CP: moist bottomlands, especially in calcareous or mafic areas (Bertie, Brunswick, Craven*, Forsyth*, Jones, Sampson, Tyrrell) Carex lutea Golden Sedge E E S2 G2 C: ecotones between very wet clay savannas and swamp forests (Onslow, Pender) Carex meadii Mead's Sedge SR-P S1 G4G5 P: low wet places over diabase (Durham*, Granville, Macon, Wake*) Carex molestiformis Ozark Plateau Sedge M: Bottomland forests (Alleghany) Carex oligocarpa Rich-woods Sedge SR-D T S1 G4 S1 G4G5 CM: rich woods, mostly over calcareous or mafic rocks (Carteret) Carex oligosperma Few-seeded Sedge M: seeps and bogs (Avery, Mitchell, Watauga) Carex pedunculata var. pedunculata Longstalk Sedge E SC-V S1 G5 S2 G5 M: rich cove forests (Buncombe, Henderson, Polk, Transylvania) Carex projecta Necklace Sedge SR-P S1 G5 CMP: bogs, marshes, swamps, brownwater floodplain forests and openings (Avery, Cherokee, Cumberland*, Iredell*, Lee, Madison, Mecklenburg, Mitchell, Swain*, Transylvania, Wilkes) Carex purpurifera Purple Sedge SC-V S3 G4? M: low elevation, rich forests over limestone or marble (Cherokee, Clay, Graham, Macon, Swain) Carex radfordii Radford's Sedge T FSC S1 G3 M: rich cove forests in the Blue Ridge escarpment region (Jackson, Polk, Transylvania) Carex reniformis Kidney Sedge T S1 G4? CP: swamps, open wet areas (Bladen, Johnston*, Pender, Sampson, Wake*) Scientific Name Common Name Status Rank 20 Region: Habitat Comments (Counties of Occurrence) Carex roanensis Roan Sedge N.C. SR-T U.S. N.C. S2 Global G2G3 M: forests (Ashe, Avery, Buncombe, Haywood, Madison*, McDowell, Mitchell, Transylvania, Watauga, Yancey) Carex socialis Social Sedge SR-P S1 G4 C: streambeds and riverbanks (Brunswick, Columbus, Cumberland, Pender) Carex sp. 2 Fen Sedge M: seepage over mafic or ultramafic rocks (Alleghany) Carex superata Limestone Forest Sedge P: Mesic Hardwood Forests (Anson) Carex tenax Wire Sedge CS: xeric sandhills (Moore, Wayne*) Carex tetanica Rigid Sedge MC: bogs and swamps (Craven, Macon*, Warren*, Wilson*) Carex trichocarpa Hairy-fruit Sedge M: marshy bogs (Alleghany, Ashe*, Haywood*) Carex trisperma Three-seeded Sedge SR-T SR-T E SR-P SR-P E S1 S1? S1 S1 S1 S1 G1 G4? G5? G4G5 G4 G5 M: bogs, wet forests at high elevations (Ashe, Avery, Buncombe*, Mitchell*, Swain*, Watauga) Carex utriculata Beaked Sedge M: wet meadows (Alleghany, Henderson) Carex verrucosa Warty Sedge SR-P SR-P S1 G5 S2 G4 CS: savannas and pinelands (Beaufort*, Brunswick, Columbus*, Cumberland, Dare, Hoke, New Hanover*, Onslow, Pender, Robeson, Scotland) Carex vesicaria Inflated Sedge M: bogs (Alleghany, Ashe, Avery, Dare) Carex vestita Velvet Sedge P: low woods (Chatham*, Durham*, Polk) SR-P SC-H S1 G5 S1 G5 Scientific Name Common Name Status Rank 21 Region: Habitat Comments (Counties of Occurrence) Carex woodii Wood's Sedge N.C. SR-P U.S. N.C. S3 Global G4 MPC: forested slopes, cove forests, and northern hardwoods (Alleghany, Ashe, Avery, Buncombe, Cherokee, Clay, Haywood, Henderson, Jackson, Jones*, Macon, Mitchell*, Orange*, Transylvania, Watauga) Carya laciniosa Big Shellbark Hickory T S1 G5 PC: brownwater river levees (Bertie, Durham, Halifax, Iredell) Carya myristiciformis Nutmeg Hickory C: wet marl forests (Brunswick, Pender) Caulophyllum giganteum Northern Blue Cohosh M: cove forests (Alleghany, Ashe, Graham) Celastrus scandens American Bittersweet E SR-P E S1 S1 S2? G4 G4G5 G5 MP: cove forests and rich woods (Buncombe, Burke, Caswell, Cherokee, Cleveland, Graham, Haywood*, Henderson, Jackson, Macon, Madison*, McDowell, Mitchell*, Randolph*, Rutherford, Surry, Swain*, Watauga*, Wilkes, Yancey*) Ceratophyllum australe Southern Hornwort SR-P S1 G5TNR CT: pools in maritime forests, possibly other natural depression wetlands (Carteret*, Chowan) Chamerion platyphyllum Fireweed E S1 G5T5 M: grassy balds, roadsides, disturbed areas (Alleghany, Avery, Caldwell, Haywood, Mitchell, Watauga, Yancey*) Chasmanthium nitidum A Spanglegrass C: blackwater bottomlands over marl (Pender) Chelone cuthbertii Cuthbert's Turtlehead T SC-V S1 S3? G3G4 G3 MPC: bogs (Alleghany, Ashe, Avery, Burke, Catawba, Cumberland, Henderson, Jackson, Macon, Madison, McDowell, Stokes, Swain, Transylvania, Watauga, Wayne, Yancey) Chelone obliqua Red Turtlehead SR-T S2 G4 CM: swamp forests, bogs, wet places (Ashe, Burke, Gates, Graham, Hertford*, Jackson, McDowell, Rutherford, Swain, Transylvania, Watauga) Chenopodium foggii Fogg's Goosefoot M: rocky, mountain slopes (Haywood*) Chenopodium simplex Giant-seed Goosefoot M: shaded soil at bases of cliffs (Alleghany, Ashe*, Jackson) SR-T T SH G2G3 S1 G5 Scientific Name Common Name Status Rank 22 Region: Habitat Comments (Counties of Occurrence) Chrysoma pauciflosculosa Woody Goldenrod N.C. E U.S. N.C. S1 Global G4G5 C: riverine sand ridges and xeric pine-oak scrub (Columbus, Cumberland, Robeson) Cirsium carolinianum Carolina Thistle E S2 G5 P: forests and disturbed areas, mostly on basic soils (Burke, Cabarrus*, Granville, Mecklenburg, Montgomery, Onslow, Rowan, Rutherford, Wake*, Wilkes*) Cirsium lecontei Leconte's Thistle SC-V FSC S2 G3 C: savannas (Bladen*, Brunswick, Carteret, Columbus, Craven, Onslow, Pender, Robeson*) Cirsium nuttallii Nuttall's Thistle C: pine savannas, roadsides, pastures (Columbus, Pender) Cladium mariscoides Twig-rush SR-P SR-O S1 G5 S3 G5 CSMT: bogs, fens, brackish marshes, sandhill seepage bogs (Alleghany, Ashe, Camden, Carteret, Columbus, Craven*, Cumberland, Currituck, Dare, Harnett, Hoke, Moore, New Hanover, Onslow, Pender, Watauga, Yancey) Clematis catesbyana Coastal Virgin's-bower SR-P S2 G4G5 TCM: dunes, edges of maritime forests, or over dolomite (Carteret, Currituck*, Dare, Jones, McDowell, Onslow, Rutherford, Wake*) Clematis occidentalis var. occidentalis Mountain Clematis SC-V S1 G5T5 M: montane oak forests and northern hardwood forests (Ashe, Buncombe) Clinopodium georgianum Georgia Calamint E S1 G5 SC: rock ledges near blackwater streams and disturbed pine-oak uplands (Anson*, Brunswick, Pender, Richmond, Robeson*) Collinsonia tuberosa Piedmont Horsebalm SC-V S1 G3G4 PM: rich hardwood forests (Alamance*, Chatham, Davie, Guilford*, Henderson*, McDowell, Mecklenburg, Montgomery, Polk, Rutherford) Collinsonia verticillata Whorled Horsebalm PM: cove forests (Burke, Madison, McDowell, Polk) Conioselinum chinense Hemlock-parsley M: high elevation seepage slopes (Avery) Coptis trifolia var. groenlandica Goldthread M: bogs and moist, mossy forests (Alleghany, Ashe) SC-V T T S2 G3G4 S1 G5 S1 G5T5 Scientific Name Common Name Status Rank 23 Region: Habitat Comments (Counties of Occurrence) Corallorhiza maculata var. maculata Spotted Coralroot N.C. SR-P U.S. N.C. S2 Global G5T5 M: northern hardwood forests (Buncombe*, Haywood*, Henderson*, Jackson, Macon*, McDowell, Transylvania, Watauga*, Yancey) Corallorhiza wisteriana Spring Coral-root SR-O S1S2 G5 MPCT: nutrient-rich forests, especially over limestone, mafic rocks or shell rich sands (Buncombe, Carteret*, Catawba*, Cleveland, Davie*, Durham*, Graham*, Harnett, Jackson*, Macon*, Madison, McDowell, New Hanover, Orange*, Polk*, Rutherford, Surry*) Coreopsis aristulata Short-awned Coreopsis C: wet savanna with calcareous influence (Onslow, Pender) Coreopsis grandiflora var. grandiflora Large-flowered Tickseed M: acidic glades (Jackson, Macon) Coreopsis palustris Beadle's Coreopsis SR-L SR-O SR-P FSC S1 S1 S1S2 G1? G5T4T5 G3G4Q C: swamp forests and swamp edges (Beaufort*, Brunswick, Carteret, Columbus, Craven*, Duplin*, Jones*, Onslow, Pender, Pitt*) Cornus asperifolia Roughleaf Dogwood C: wet marl forests (Onslow, Pender) Cornus racemosa Gray Dogwood E SR-P S1 G4 S1 G5 P: moist soil in riparian zones, roadsides, and thickets (Caswell, Durham, Orange) Corydalis micrantha Slender Corydalis T S1 G5T4 PM: thin, circumneutral soils on rock outcrops or cliffs (Alexander, Carteret, Jackson*, Madison) Crataegus coccinea Scarlet Hawthorn SR-P S2? G5 MP: deciduous forest understories, pastures, upland thickets (Alexander*, Alleghany*, Ashe) Crataegus munda Batesburg Hawthorn SR-T S2? G3G5Q C: xeric or subxeric forests, scrublands, disturbed woodlands (Bladen, Cumberland*, Sampson, Wake) Crataegus pallens Pale Hawthorn SR-T S1S2 G1G2 M: subxeric forests, slopes, rock outcrops, especially over mafic or calcareous substrates (Buncombe) Crataegus senta A Hawthorn CM: upland hills, disturbed forests, pastures (Buncombe*) SR-T S1? G2 Scientific Name Common Name Region: Habitat Comments (Counties of Occurrence) Status Rank N.C. U.S. N.C. Global 24 Crataegus succulenta Fleshy Hawthorn SR-P S1S2 G5 M: high elevation rocky summits, mesic forests, pastures, especially over basic soil or mafic substrate (Ashe, Buncombe, Orange*, Stokes) Crinum americanum var. americanum Swamp-lily C: tidal swamp forests, tidal marshes (New Hanover*) Crocanthemum bicknellii Plains Sunrose SC-H SC-V SH G5T5 S1 G5 M: rock outcrops, glades, fens (Ashe, Buncombe, Haywood, Henderson, Jackson*, Macon*, Swain*, Transylvania, Yancey) Crocanthemum carolinianum Carolina Sunrose E S1 G4 CS: sandhills, pinelands, dry savannas (Brunswick, Carteret, Craven*, Cumberland*, Dare, Hoke, New Hanover, Onslow, Pender, Robeson, Wilson*) Crocanthemum corymbosum T Pinebarren Sunrose TC: maritime forests (Brunswick, Carteret, Dare) Crocanthemum georgianum E Georgia Sunrose S1 G4G5 S1 G4 TC: maritime forests (Brunswick, Carteret, Dare, Hyde, New Hanover) Crocanthemum nashii E Florida Scrub Frostweed C: coastal fringe sandhill (Brunswick, New Hanover) Crocanthemum propinquum T Creeping Sunrose S1 G3? S1 G4 MP: rock outcrops, glades (Alleghany, Ashe, Avery*, Buncombe*, Clay, Forsyth, Haywood, Henderson*, Macon, Stokes, Transylvania*, Watauga, Wilkes*, Yancey) Crocanthemum rosmarinifolium Rosemary Sunrose T S2 G4 SC: dry clearings and roadsides within longleaf pine ecosystems (Hoke, Richmond, Scotland) Croton monanthogynus Prairie-tea Croton M: calcareous rock outcrops (Madison) Cuscuta cephalanthi Buttonbush Dodder MP: on woody hosts (Alleghany) Cuscuta coryli Hazel Dodder E SR-T SR-T S1 S1 S1? G5 G5 G5? CPM: on woody or herbaceous hosts (Burke, McDowell, Rutherford) Scientific Name Common Name Region: Habitat Comments (Counties of Occurrence) Status Rank N.C. U.S. N.C. Global 25 Cyperus dentatus Toothed Flatsedge C: marshes (Brunswick*, Currituck*, Dare*) Cyperus granitophilus Granite Flatsedge SC-H T SH G4 S2 G3G4Q P: granite flatrocks, other rock outcrops (Alexander*, Anson, Forsyth*, Franklin, Granville, Rutherford, Wake, Yadkin*) Cyperus lecontei Leconte's Flatsedge C: limesink ponds (Brunswick, New Hanover*, Onslow) Cyperus tetragonus Four-angled Flatsedge T SC-V S2 G4? S1 G4? T: maritime forests and barrier island grasslands (Brunswick, Carteret, Dare, New Hanover*, Onslow, Pender) Cyperus virens Green Flatsedge C:marshes and ditches (Columbus, Hyde) Cypripedium parviflorum var. parviflorum Small Yellow Lady's-slipper SR-P SR-T S1 S1S2 G5 G5T3T5 M: upper slopes of rich high elevation forests (Clay, Graham, Henderson, Jackson, Macon) Cystopteris fragilis Fragile Fern SR-P S1 G5 M: high elevation cliffs (Ashe, Haywood, Jackson, Mitchell, Watauga) Cystopteris tennesseensis Tennessee Bladder-fern E S1 G5 CM: calcareous rock outcrops (Craven, Graham*, Jones, Onslow*) Cystopteris tenuis Upland Bladder-fern SR-P S1 G5 M: high elevation rocky summits, cliffs (Transylvania, Watauga) Dactylorhiza viridis Long-bracted Frog Orchid E S1 G5T5 MP: seeps in cove forests (Ashe, Avery*, Buncombe*, Forsyth*, Haywood*, Jackson*, Macon*, Watauga) Danthonia epilis Bog Oatgrass SR-T S3 G3G4 MS: seepage bogs, wet seepy powerlines (Burke, Cumberland, Harnett, Haywood, Henderson, Jackson, Macon, Montgomery, Moore, Richmond, Scotland, Transylvania) Delphinium exaltatum Tall Larkspur E S2 G3 MP: grassy balds, glades, woodlands, mostly over mafic rock (Alleghany, Ashe, Avery, Caswell, Durham, Gaston*, Granville*, Haywood, Jackson, McDowell, Mecklenburg*, Mitchell*, Person, Watauga) Scientific Name Common Name Status Rank 26 Region: Habitat Comments (Counties of Occurrence) Dendrolycopodium dendroideum Prickly Ground-pine N.C. SR-P U.S. N.C. S2 Global G5 M: openings and balds (Ashe, Avery, Burke, Graham, Haywood, Henderson*, Jackson, Macon, Swain, Transylvania*) Dendrolycopodium hickeyi Pennsylvania Ground-pine SR-P S2? G5 M: openings, balds, bog margins, and high elevation forests (Avery, Buncombe, Burke*, Haywood, Henderson, Jackson, Macon, Mitchell, Transylvania, Yancey) Deschampsia cespitosa ssp. glauca Tufted Hairgrass T S1 G5T5 M: olivine barrens, high elevation outcrops of mafic rock (Alleghany, Ashe, Avery, Clay, Mitchell) Desmodium fernaldii Fernald's Tick-trefoil SR-P S1 G4 SC: dry to mesic hardwood-pine woodlands (Brunswick*, Cumberland, Dare*, Duplin*, Edgecombe*, Gates*, Hoke, Jones*, Lenoir*, Martin*, Montgomery, Richmond, Scotland*, Washington*) Desmodium ochroleucum Creamy Tick-trefoil SC-H FSC SH G2 P: sandy or rocky woodland openings (Davie*, Orange*, Swain*) Desmodium sessilifolium Sessile Tick-trefoil P: open woodlands (Cabarrus*, Mecklenburg*) Diarrhena americana Eastern Beakgrass M: rich cove forest (Graham, Jackson) Dicentra eximia Bleeding Heart SC-H E SR-P SH G5 S1 G4G5 S3 G4 MP: rock outcrops (Buncombe, Burke, Graham, Haywood, Henderson, Macon, Madison, McDowell, Mitchell, Rutherford, Swain, Transylvania, Watauga*, Yancey) Dichanthelium annulum Ringed Witch Grass SR-P S1 GNR CP: dry sandy or rocky open woods and borders of thickets (Alleghany, Chatham*, Clay*, Dare*, Davie*, Durham, Lee*, Mecklenburg*, Montgomery*, Orange*, Person*, Rowan*, Stanly, Stokes*, Wake*) Dichanthelium bicknellii Bicknell's Witch Grass SR-P S2 G4?Q MP: open woods (Alexander, Alleghany, Ashe, Columbus, Granville, Jackson, Macon, Madison, Mitchell, Montgomery, Moore*, Rowan, Union, Yancey) Dichanthelium caerulescens Blue Witch Grass E FSC S1S2 G2G3 C: maritime grasslands and wet savannas with a calcareous influence (Brunswick*, Carteret, Currituck, Dare, Hyde, Onslow, Pender) Scientific Name Common Name Status Rank 27 Region: Habitat Comments (Counties of Occurrence) Dichanthelium cryptanthum Hidden-flowered Witchgrass N.C. SR-T U.S. N.C. S2 Global G3G4Q C: wet streamhead pocosin openings, including utility clearings (Bladen, Brunswick, Carteret, Cumberland, Harnett, Hoke, Johnston*, Moore, New Hanover*, Onslow, Pender, Richmond, Wake*) Dichanthelium fusiforme Spindle-fruited Witch Grass SR-P S1 G5? CSM: dry sandy pinelands and dry montane woodlands (Alexander, Beaufort, Bladen*, Brunswick, Columbus*, Dare, Gates, Hoke, Jones, Moore*, Onslow, Richmond*) Dichanthelium hirstii Hirsts' Panic Grass C: cypress savannas (Onslow) Dichanthelium neuranthum Nerved Witch Grass E SC-V S1 G1 S1 G5T3 T: maritime wet grasslands (Brunswick*, Carteret*, Dare, Hyde, New Hanover*, Union) Dichanthelium spretum Eaton's Witch Grass SR-D S1S2 G5 CP: wet sands and peats of bogs, savannas, meadows, and shores (Carteret, Craven, Onslow, Pender) Dichanthelium strigosum var. glabrescens Hairless Witch Grass C: sandy pinelands and hammocks (Onslow) Didiplis diandra Water Purslane SR-D SR-P S1 G5T4T5 S1 G5 CS: sluggish streams and ponds (Chowan*, Edgecombe*, Harnett*, Hertford*, Johnston, Moore*, Nash, Perquimans*, Richmond, Wake, Warren*) Didymoglossum petersii Dwarf Filmy-fern SR-T S2 G4G5 M: moist rocks in humid gorges (Graham, Jackson, Macon, Transylvania) Diervilla rivularis Riverbank Bush-honeysuckle M: forests (Mitchell, Yancey) Dionaea muscipula Venus Flytrap T SC-V FSC S1 G3 S2 G3 CST: savannas, seepage bogs, pocosin edges (Beaufort, Bladen, Brunswick, Carteret, Columbus, Craven, Cumberland, Duplin, Hoke, Jones, Lenoir*, Moore*, New Hanover, Onslow, Pamlico, Pender, Robeson*, Sampson) Diplachne maritima Salt-meadow Grass E S1 G5T3T4Q CT: fresh to brackish tidal marshes (Brunswick, Currituck, Dare, Hyde, Tyrrell) Ditrysinia fruticosa Sebastian-bush C: swamp forests (Brunswick, Columbus, Pender*, Robeson) SC-V S2 G5 Scientific Name Common Name Status Rank 28 Region: Habitat Comments (Counties of Occurrence) Draba ramosissima Branching Draba N.C. SC-V U.S. N.C. S2 Global G4 MP: calcareous and mafic rock outcrops (Buncombe, Haywood, Jackson, Madison, Rutherford) Drosera filiformis Threadleaf Sundew SC-V S2 G4 C: depression ponds, wet borrow pits, and ditches in various habitats including savannas, riverine sand ridges, and bay rims (Bladen, Brunswick, Columbus, Duplin, New Hanover, Robeson, Sampson) Echinacea laevigata Smooth Coneflower E E S1S2 G2G3 P: glades, woodlands, and open areas over mafic rocks (Durham, Granville, Mecklenburg, Montgomery*, Orange*, Rockingham*) Echinacea pallida Pale Coneflower SR-D S1 G4 P: mafic glades and barrens (Gaston*, Granville, McDowell*, Mecklenburg*, Richmond, Rutherford) Echinacea purpurea Purple Coneflower SC-V S1 G4 M: open woods and clearings (Alleghany, Ashe, Chatham, Graham, Jackson*, Madison, McDowell, Randolph, Rutherford*, Vance, Warren, Yadkin*) Eleocharis atropurpurea Purple Spikerush C: clay-based Carolina bays (Scotland*) Eleocharis cellulosa Gulfcoast Spikerush SR-D E S1 G4G5 S2 G4G5 CT: interdune ponds, brackish marshes & tidal freshwater marshes (Beaufort, Carteret, Dare, Hyde, Onslow*, Washington) Eleocharis elongata Florida Spikerush C: limesink ponds (Brunswick, Onslow) Eleocharis fallax Creeping Spikerush E SR-T S1 S1S2 G5? G4G5 C: fresh to brackish tidal marshes (Carteret*, Currituck, Dare, Jones, Onslow) Eleocharis halophila Saltmarsh Spikerush CT: brackish and freshwater marshes (Dare, Hyde*) Eleocharis montevidensis Sand Spikerush SR-P SR-P S1 G4Q S1 G5 CT: maritime wet grassland (Currituck*, Dare, Hyde, Onslow) Eleocharis parvula Little-spike Spikerush SR-D S1 G5 CT: brackish and fresh marshes (Brunswick, Carteret, Currituck, Dare, Hyde, Onslow, Tyrrell) Scientific Name Common Name Status Rank 29 Region: Habitat Comments (Counties of Occurrence) Eleocharis robbinsii Robbins' Spikerush N.C. SC-V U.S. N.C. S2 Global G4G5 CS: limesink ponds, clay-based Carolina bays, peat-burn lakes, millponds, beaver ponds, artificial lakes (Bladen*, Brunswick, Carteret, Craven, Cumberland, Harnett, Hoke, Moore, New Hanover, Onslow, Sampson, Scotland, Washington) Eleocharis rostellata Beaked Spikerush SR-O S2 G5 CT: brackish marshes (Beaufort*, Brunswick, Camden, Carteret, Currituck, Dare, Hyde, Pamlico) Eleocharis vivipara Viviparous Spikerush E S1 G5 C: bogs and pools (Brunswick, Carteret, Moore, New Hanover, Onslow, Pender) Elymus trachycaulus ssp. trachycaulus Slender Wheatgrass M: olivine barrens (Clay) Elymus virginicus var. halophilus Terrell Grass T SC-V S1 G5T5 S1 G5T5 C: brackish marshes, maritime forests and hammocks (Beaufort, Brunswick, Carteret, Craven, Hyde, Washington) Enemion biternatum Eastern Isopyrum SC-V S2 G5 PC: rich bottomlands, levees, and lower slopes (Caswell, Chatham*, Cumberland, Durham, Franklin, Granville, Halifax, Harnett, Lee, Northampton, Orange*, Person, Vance) Epidendrum magnoliae Green Fly Orchid T S1S2 G4 C: epiphytic on trees in blackwater river swamps (Bladen, Brunswick, Columbus, New Hanover, Pender) Epilobium ciliatum ssp. ciliatum American Willow-herb SR-P S2 G5T5 M: seeps and bogs (Avery, Buncombe, Caldwell, Haywood*, Henderson, Jackson*, Macon, Madison, Mitchell*, Swain*, Watauga, Yancey*) Erigenia bulbosa Harbinger-of-spring MP: rich woods (Caswell, Graham) Eriocaulon aquaticum Seven-angled Pipewort SR-P SC-V S1 G5 S2 G5 CS: blackwater creeks, natural lakes, tidal freshwater marshes (Bladen*, Brunswick*, Columbus, Craven, Cumberland, Hoke, Moore, New Hanover, Perquimans*, Tyrrell, Washington) Eriocaulon parkeri Estuary Pipewort C: natural lakes (Craven, Hyde, Tyrrell*) Eriocaulon texense Texas Hatpins T S1 G3 E S1 G4 S: streamhead seepage ecotones and seepage slopes (Cumberland, Richmond) Scientific Name Common Name Status Rank 30 Region: Habitat Comments (Counties of Occurrence) Eriogonum tomentosum Southern Wild-buckwheat C: sandhills (Bladen*) Eryngium aquaticum var. ravenelii Marsh Eryngo C: wet flatwoods with a calcareous influence, ditches (Pender) Erythrina herbacea Coralbean TC: maritime forests (Brunswick, Carteret*, New Hanover) Eupatorium anomalum Florida Thoroughwort C: wet savannas Eupatorium leptophyllum Limesink Dog-fennel N.C. SC-H SR-P E SR-T E U.S. FSC N.C. SH S1 S2 S1? S2 Global G4G5 G4T2T3 G5 G2G3 G4G5 C: limesink ponds and clay-based Carolina bays (Brunswick, New Hanover, Robeson, Scotland) Eupatorium paludicola Bay Boneset T FSC S1S2 G2 C: cypress savannas, clay-based bays, and small depressions ponds (Brunswick, Onslow, Scotland) Eupatorium resinosum Pine Barren Boneset SR-O S3 G3 SC: seepage bogs, impoundments, shrub swamps, openings in streamhead pocosins (Bladen, Cumberland, Harnett, Hoke, Moore, Robeson, Sampson, Scotland) Eupatorium saltuense Tall Boneset SR-L S1? G4 P: upland forests, woodland borders (Burke, Caswell*, Granville, McDowell, Person, Rutherford, Sampson, Warren) Euphorbia bombensis Southern Seaside Spurge T: seabeaches (Brunswick, Carteret, Dare, Onslow) Euphorbia commutata Cliff Spurge SR-T T S2? S1 G4G5 G5 MP: thin soil around mafic or calcareous outcrops (Buncombe, Caswell*, Haywood, Rutherford) Euphorbia cordifolia Heartleaf Sandmat CS: sandhills (Bladen, Richmond*, Wayne*) Euphorbia mercurialina Cumberland Spurge T SC-V S1 G5 S2 G4 P: rich slopes over gabbro (Anson, Granville, Montgomery, Moore, Richmond) Euphorbia purpurea Glade Spurge SR-T S3 G3 M: forests, especially over mafic rock (Ashe, Buncombe, Clay, Graham, Haywood, Jackson, Macon, Madison, Mitchell, Swain, Watauga*, Yancey) Scientific Name Common Name Status Rank 31 Region: Habitat Comments (Counties of Occurrence) Eurybia mirabilis Piedmont Aster N.C. SR-T U.S. FSC N.C. S3 Global G3 P: rich slopes and bottomlands (Anson, Macon*, Mecklenburg, Montgomery, Richmond, Stanly, Union) Eurybia spectabilis Showy Aster SR-O S2? G5 CMP: pine barrens and woodland borders (Bertie*, Cabarrus*, Chatham, Chowan*, Craven*, Durham, Gates*, Granville, Hertford, Johnston, Jones, Lee*, Onslow, Pitt*, Polk, Robeson, Rowan*, Stanly*) Eustachys glauca Saltmarsh Fingergrass T: salt marshes Filipendula rubra Queen-of-the-prairie SR-P E SH G4 S1 G4G5 M: bogs, wet meadows (Buncombe, Haywood, Macon, Transylvania, Watauga, Yancey) Fimbristylis perpusilla Harper's Fimbry T FSC S1 G2 C: drawdown zones of blackwater rivers (Brunswick, Columbus) Fleischmannia incarnata Pink Thoroughwort T S2 G5 PMC: rich woods and thin woodlands over diabase, calcareous rocks, other basic rocks, or rich alluvium (Alexander, Durham, Madison, Martin*, Polk, Richmond, Warren*, Wilkes) Fothergilla major Large Witch-alder SR-T S3 G3 MP: dry ridgetop or bluff forests, seepage wetlands, and Piedmont longleaf pine forests (Burke, Chatham, Gaston*, Harnett, Jackson, McDowell, Montgomery, Orange, Person, Polk*, Rutherford, Stanly, Stokes, Surry, Transylvania, Wake) Frasera caroliniensis Columbo SR-P S2S3 G5 M: deciduous forests on mafic soil (Cherokee, Clay, Graham, Macon) Gaillardia aestivalis var. aestivalis Sandhills Blanket-flower E S2 G5TNR S: dry sandy roadsides, dry longleaf pine-oak uplands (Cumberland*, Hoke, Moore*, Richmond, Scotland) Galactia mollis Soft Milk-pea T S2 G4G5 CST: loamy sand depressions in longleaf pine-oak uplands (Brunswick*, Cumberland, Hoke, Richmond, Scotland, Wayne*) Gaylussacia brachycera Box Huckleberry P: dry ridges and slopes (Durham) E S1 G3 Scientific Name Common Name Status Rank 32 Region: Habitat Comments (Counties of Occurrence) Gaylussacia nana Confederate Huckleberry C: coastal fringe sandhill (New Hanover) Gaylussacia orocola Appalachian Dwarf Huckleberry N.C. E SR-L U.S. N.C. S1 S1 Global G4 G1 M: bogs (Avery*, Buncombe*, Haywood*, Henderson, Macon*, Transylvania) Gelsemium rankinii Swamp Jessamine SC-V S1S2 G5 C: floodplains of blackwater rivers and streams (Brunswick, Columbus, Cumberland*, New Hanover, Pender, Robeson) Gentiana alba Yellow Gentian M: habitat not known (Watauga*) Gentiana latidens Balsam Mountain Gentian SC-V SR-L FSC SH S1S2 G4 G5T2T3 M: moist open sites on rocky slopes (Haywood, Jackson, Macon*, Transylvania) Gentianopsis crinita Fringed Gentian T S1 G5 M: glades, serpentine barrens, open sites over basic rocks (Ashe, Clay, Macon*, Watauga) Geum aleppicum Yellow Avens M: bogs (Avery, Swain*) Geum geniculatum Bent Avens E SC-V FSC S1 G5 S1S2 G2 M: high elevation forests, streambanks, seepage slopes (Avery, Caldwell, Mitchell, Watauga) Geum laciniatum Rough Avens M: bogs and wet meadows (Avery, Wilkes*) Geum lobatum Lobed Barren Strawberry M: streambanks and ravines (Jackson*, Transylvania) Geum radiatum Spreading Avens E E FSC E E S1 G5 S1 G3 S2 G2 M: high elevation rocky summits (Ashe, Avery, Buncombe, Burke*, Haywood, Mitchell, Transylvania, Watauga, Yancey) Gillenia stipulata Indian Physic T S2 G5 P: forests and open woods, mainly over mafic rocks (Cabarrus*, Chatham*, Davidson, Durham, Granville, Lee*, McDowell, Montgomery, Moore*, Orange*, Person, Stokes, Surry, Transylvania, Union, Wake) Scientific Name Common Name Status Rank 33 Region: Habitat Comments (Counties of Occurrence) Glyceria laxa Lax Mannagrass N.C. SR-P U.S. N.C. S1 Global G5 M: seeps (Alleghany, Ashe, Avery, Buncombe, Henderson, Jackson*, Macon, Transylvania) Glyceria nubigena Smoky Mountain Mannagrass SR-L FSC S2 G2G3 M: high elevation seeps (Graham, Haywood, Jackson, Swain, Transylvania) Gratiola aurea Golden Hedge-hyssop SC-V S1 G5 C: drawdown zones of blackwater rivers (Bladen, Brunswick, Columbus, Gates*, Pender, Sampson) Gratiola ramosa Branched Hedge-hyssop SR-P S1 G4G5 CS: cypress savannas and clay-based Carolina bays (Hoke, Robeson*, Scotland) Gymnocarpium appalachianum Appalachian Oak Fern T S1 G3 M: shaded and sheltered crevices on high elevation rocky summits (Ashe) Hackelia virginiana Virginia Stickseed SR-P S2 G5 MP: woods and thickets with circumneutral soil (Alexander, Alleghany, Ashe, Avery*, Buncombe, Burke, Caldwell, Clay*, Granville, Haywood*, Jackson*, Macon*, Madison, Martin, McDowell, Polk*, Rockingham, Rutherford, Surry*, Vance) Helanthium tenellum Dwarf-burhead E SH G5? C: drawdown zones of clay-based Carolina bays and blackwater rivers (Brunswick*, Columbus*, Robeson) Helenium brevifolium Littleleaf Sneezeweed E S1 G4 PMC: bogs, seeps, riverbanks, other wet sites (Alleghany, Brunswick*, Clay, Columbus, Davidson*, Henderson*, Iredell, Lenoir*, Lincoln, Montgomery, Rowan*, Stanly*, Wake*) Helenium pinnatifidum Dissected Sneezeweed SR-P S2 G4 C: savannas and open, wet, mucky sites (Bladen, Brunswick, Columbus, New Hanover*, Pender, Robeson*) Helenium vernale E Spring Sneezeweed C: savannas and adjacent ditches (Brunswick, Columbus) Helianthus floridanus T Florida Sunflower S1 G4? S1 G3G4 C: savannas and pocosins (Bladen, Brunswick, Columbus, Robeson) Helianthus laevigatus Smooth Sunflower SC-V S3 G4 PM: shaly open woods and roadsides (Anson, Burke, Cabarrus, Cleveland*, Davidson, Jackson, McDowell, Montgomery, Rowan, Rutherford, Stanly, Transylvania, Union) Scientific Name Common Name Status Rank 34 Region: Habitat Comments (Counties of Occurrence) Helianthus occidentalis ssp. occidentalis Naked-stem Sunflower M: Rocky or sandy flood-scoured riversides (Buncombe*) Helianthus schweinitzii Schweinitz's Sunflower N.C. SC-H E U.S. E N.C. SX S3 Global G5T5 G3 P: open woods, roadsides, and other rights-of-way (Anson, Cabarrus, Catawba, Davidson, Gaston, Mecklenburg, Montgomery, Randolph, Richmond, Rowan, Stanly, Stokes, Surry, Union) Heliotropium curassavicum var. curassavicum Seaside Heliotrope T: salt flats and salt marshes (Hyde*) Helonias bullata Swamp Pink M: bogs (Ashe, Henderson, Jackson, Transylvania) Heteranthera multiflora Multiflowered Mud-plantain SR-P T T SR-P SH G5T5 S2 G3 S1 G4 C: open pools in brownwater or blackwater river floodplains (Bertie*, Martin, Pasquotank, Perquimans, Wake, Washington) Heuchera hispida Hispid Alumroot P: rich, rocky woods (Alleghany, Ashe, Wilkes) Heuchera pubescens Downy Alumroot SR-P SR-P S1 G5T3? S1 G4? MP: rock outcrops (Haywood*, Madison, Stokes*, Surry, Yadkin) Hexalectris spicata Crested Coralroot SR-P S2 G5 PMC: dry or mesic woods on basic soils (Alleghany, Burke*, Cabarrus, Clay, Cumberland, Davidson*, Davie*, Durham, Franklin*, Granville, Harnett, Hoke, Jackson*, Johnston*, Jones*, Lincoln, Macon, Madison*, Mecklenburg, Orange, Polk*, Randolph, Rutherford, Stanly, Surry*) Hexastylis contracta Mountain Heartleaf E S1 G3 M: acidic forests under rhododendron (Buncombe, Caldwell, Henderson) Hexastylis naniflora Dwarf-flowered Heartleaf T T S3 G3 P: rich deciduous forests, bluffs, and ravines (Alexander, Burke, Caldwell, Catawba, Cleveland, Gaston, Iredell, Lincoln, Polk, Rutherford) Hexastylis rhombiformis French Broad Heartleaf SR-L FSC S3 G3 MP: cove forests (Buncombe, Burke, Henderson, Polk, Transylvania) Hibiscus aculeatus Comfortroot T S1 G4G5 C: bay forests, sand ridges, and roadsides (Carteret, New Hanover, Robeson) Scientific Name Common Name Status Rank 35 Region: Habitat Comments (Counties of Occurrence) Hottonia inflata Featherfoil N.C. SR-O U.S. N.C. S1? Global G4 CPT: pools in blackwater or brownwater swamps, interdune ponds (Bertie, Dare, Edgecombe*, Gates, Halifax, Johnston, Lenoir, Martin, Tyrrell) Houstonia montana Roan Mountain Bluet E E S2 G5T2 M: high elevation rocky summits, grassy balds (Ashe, Avery, Caldwell, Mitchell, Watauga, Yancey) Hudsonia montana Mountain Golden-heather T T S1 G1 M: gorge rim outcrops, rocky summits, pine-oak/heath ridges (Burke, McDowell) Hudsonia tomentosa Sand Heather T S2 G5 T: openings in maritime forest, blowouts, and dunes (Currituck, Dare) Huperzia porophila Rock Fir-clubmoss SR-P S2 G4 M: in spray zone of waterfalls (Ashe, Jackson, Macon, Polk*, Rutherford, Transylvania) Hydrastis canadensis Goldenseal SR-O S3 G3G4 MP: cove forests, other rich deciduous forests (Alleghany, Buncombe, Durham, Graham, Haywood, Jackson, Macon, Madison, McDowell, Mitchell, Polk, Rockingham, Stokes, Swain, Watauga*) Hymenocallis occidentalis var. occidentalis Hillside Spider-lily M: wooded hillsides (McDowell*) Hymenocallis pygmaea Waccamaw River Spiderlily C: banks of blackwater rivers (Brunswick, Columbus, Pender) Hymenophyllum tayloriae Gorge Filmy Fern SC-H T SR-O FSC FSC SH S1 S1S2 G4?TNR G1G2Q G2 M: moist grottoes and spray cliffs in escarpment gorges with high rainfall (Jackson, Macon, Transylvania) Hypericum adpressum Bog St. John's-wort SC-H FSC SH G3 C: streamside seepage areas, depression ponds and other isolated wetlands (Halifax*, Northampton*) Hypericum brachyphyllum Coastal Plain St. John's-wort SC-V S1S2 G5 C: wet pine savannas (Brunswick, Columbus, New Hanover, Onslow, Pender) Hypericum fasciculatum Peelbark St. John's-wort E S1 G5 CS: beaver ponds, low pinelands, pools (Bladen*, Brunswick, Carteret, Columbus, Cumberland*, Moore, New Hanover*, Robeson) Scientific Name Common Name Status Rank 36 Region: Habitat Comments (Counties of Occurrence) Hypericum fraseri Fraser's Marsh St. John's-wort M: bogs and peaty wetlands (Northampton) Hypericum radfordiorum Radford's St. John's-wort N.C. SR-P SR-L U.S. FSC N.C. S1 S2 Global G5 G2 P: thin soils around rock outcrops in the Brushy Mountains (Alexander, Caldwell*, Wilkes) Hypericum suffruticosum Pineland St. John's-wort C: pine savannas (Bladen*, Sampson*) Hypoxis juncea Fringed Yellow Stargrass SC-H SR-P SH G4G5 S1 G4? C: savannas (Bladen, Brunswick, Carteret, Craven, Hoke, Pender) Hypoxis rigida Stiff-leaved Yellow Stargrass SR-P S2 G4 CS: savannas and seepage slopes associated with streamheads (Brunswick, Cumberland, Hoke, Moore*) Hypoxis sessilis Sessile Yellow Stargrass CS: savannas, pinelands (Brunswick, Hoke, Pender, Robeson) Ilex collina Long-stalked Holly SR-P SC-V S1 G4 S1 G3 M: bogs, wet streamsides, or high elevation forests (Ashe, Haywood, Swain, Watauga) Ilex longipes Georgia Holly SR-P S1 G5 P: upland forests and woodlands (Anson*, Gaston, Iredell, Johnston*, Lincoln, Mecklenburg, Nash*, Rutherford, Union, Wilson*) Ipomoea imperati Beach Morning-glory T S1 G5 T: sea beaches and foredunes (Brunswick, Carteret, Hyde, Onslow) Ipomoea macrorhiza Manroot TC: low marshy places, dunes (Brunswick*) Iris prismatica Slender Blue Iris SR-P SR-T SH S1S2 G3G5 G4G5 CM: bogs, marshes, and wet powerline clearings (Anson, Beaufort, Brunswick, Camden*, Dare, Gates*, Harnett, Hoke, Johnston, Montgomery, New Hanover, Pamlico, Pasquotank*, Perquimans*) Isoetes microvela Thin-wall Quillwort T FSC S1 G1 C: emergent riverbanks, calcareous influenced riverbanks (Brunswick, Jones, Onslow, Pender, Sampson) Scientific Name Common Name Status Rank 37 Region: Habitat Comments (Counties of Occurrence) Isoetes piedmontana Piedmont Quillwort N.C. E U.S. N.C. S2 Global G4 P: granite flatrocks and diabase glades (Anson, Franklin, Granville, Rowan, Rutherford, Wake) Isoetes virginica Virginia Quillwort SR-L FSC S1 G1 P: upland depression swamp forests, clayey soils (Caswell, Chatham*, Person, Rowan*, Union*) Isolepis carinata Keeled Beakrush SR-P S1 G5 PC: wet places, granitic flatrocks (Anson, Moore, Pender, Tyrrell, Union) Isotria medeoloides Small Whorled Pogonia T T S1 G2? MP: forests, especially with white pine (Burke, Cherokee, Guilford, Haywood, Henderson, Jackson, Macon, McDowell, Rutherford, Surry*, Transylvania) Iva microcephala T Small-headed Marsh Elder C: clay-based Carolina bays (Robeson, Scotland) Jeffersonia diphylla T Twinleaf S2 G5 S1 G5 M: rich cove forests, especially over calcareous rocks (Jackson, Madison) Juncus articulatus Jointleaf Rush C: marshes (Dare*) Juncus caesariensis New Jersey Rush M: seepage bog (Bertie, Clay, Henderson) Juncus dudleyi Dudley's Rush M: calcareous seepages and riverscours Juncus militaris Bayonet Rush C: exposed peaty-sandy shorelines of lakes (Washington) Juniperus communis var. depressa Dwarf Juniper SR-D E SR-P SR-D SC-V FSC SH G5 S1 G2G3 S1 G5 S1 G4 S1 G5T5 MP: high elevation granitic domes, low elevation rocky summits (Buncombe*, Cleveland, Gaston, Macon, Rutherford) Kalmia angustifolia Sheep-laurel C: sandy, xeric to mesic hillsides (Gates) Lachnocaulon minus Brown Bogbutton T S1 T S2 G5 G3G4 CS: depression ponds and ditches (Brunswick, New Hanover, Onslow, Pender, Robeson, Scotland) Scientific Name Common Name Status Rank 38 Region: Habitat Comments (Counties of Occurrence) Lathyrus pusillus Tiny Peavine PC: wet, disturbed sites (McDowell*) Lechea maritima var. virginica Maritime Pinweed N.C. SR-D E U.S. N.C. SH S1 Global G5? G5T3Q T: barren dunefields with Hudsonia tomentosa (Currituck, Dare) Lechea torreyi var. congesta Torrey's Pinweed E S1 G4 CS: sandhills, savannas (Brunswick, Moore*, Onslow, Pender) Leersia lenticularis Catchfly Cutgrass SR-P S2? G5 C: low woods (Bertie, Bladen, Chatham, Craven, Halifax, Johnston, Martin) Liatris aspera Rough Blazing-star T S1 G4G5 M: glades, open woods, fens (Ashe, Burke, Clay, Cleveland, Henderson*, Jackson*, Macon, McDowell, Polk*, Rutherford, Stanly, Stokes, Transylvania*) Liatris helleri Heller's Blazing-star T T S2 G2Q M: high elevation rocky summits, cliffs (Ashe, Avery, Burke, Caldwell, Mitchell*, Watauga) Liatris microcephala Small-head Blazing-star SC-V S1 G3G4 M: rock outcrops, glades, dry woodlands (Macon*, Polk*, Rutherford) Liatris squarrulosa Earle's Blazing-star SR-P S2 G4G5 PSM: diabase glades, open woods especially over mafic rocks; also loamy-sand soils in longleaf pine-oak sandhills (Anson, Bladen, Cherokee, Cumberland, Durham, Graham, Granville, Harnett*, Hoke, McDowell, Orange*, Person, Richmond, Robeson, Rutherford, Scotland, Stokes*, Swain*, Wake) Liatris turgida Shale-barren Blazing-star SR-T S1S2 G3 M: dry rocky woods (Buncombe*, Burke, Cleveland, Polk*, Rutherford) Lilaeopsis carolinensis Carolina Grasswort SR-O S2 G3G5 TC: freshwater marshes, pools, tidal marshes (Brunswick, Camden, Currituck, Dare, Hyde, Martin, New Hanover, Pasquotank, Perquimans, Washington) Lilium canadense ssp. editorum Red Canada Lily E S1 G5T4 MP: bogs, wet meadows (Alleghany, Avery*, Cabarrus, Graham, Henderson, Randolph, Rutherford*, Stanly*) Lilium canadense var. canadense E Yellow Canada Lily MP: bogs, wet meadows (Cabarrus, Haywood, Watauga) S1 G5T4? Scientific Name Common Name Status Rank 39 Region: Habitat Comments (Counties of Occurrence) Lilium grayi Gray's Lily N.C. T U.S. FSC N.C. S3 Global G3 M: bogs, wet meadows, seeps, grassy balds, high elevation forests (Alleghany, Ashe, Avery, Buncombe, Caldwell, Haywood, Henderson*, McDowell, Mitchell, Watauga, Yancey) Lilium philadelphicum var. philadelphicum Wood Lily E S2 G5T4T5 M: grassy balds, glades (Ashe, Avery, Haywood, Mitchell, Polk*, Swain, Watauga, Yancey) Lilium pyrophilum Sandhills Lily E FSC S2 G2 CS: streamhead pocosin ecotones and openings (Cumberland, Harnett, Hoke, Lee, Moore, Nash*, Northampton*, Richmond, Scotland) Limosella australis Awl-leaf Mudwort T: tidal marshes (Currituck, Dare) Lindera melissifolia Pondberry T S1 E E S1 G4G5 G3 C: Carolina bays and seasonally wet depressions (Bladen*, Cumberland, Onslow, Orange*, Sampson) Lindera subcoriacea Bog Spicebush SR-T FSC S2S3 G3 SP: streamhead pocosins, white cedar swamps, seepage slopes (Anson*, Chatham, Cumberland, Hoke, Johnston, Lee, Montgomery, Moore, Richmond, Robeson, Scotland, Wake) Linum floridanum var. chrysocarpum Yellow-fruited Flax C: pine savannas (Brunswick, Columbus, Onslow, Pender) Linum sulcatum Glade Flax P: diabase barrens (Durham, Granville) Liparis loeselii Fen Orchid T SC-H E S1S2 S1 S1 G5?T3? G5T5 G5 MT: seeps, bay swamps (Alleghany, Ashe*, Avery*, Dare, Jackson*, Rutherford*, Swain, Transylvania, Watauga*) Lipocarpha micrantha Small-flowered Hemicarpha SC-H SH G5 CT: drawdown zones of blackwater rivers, salt marshes (Brunswick*, Columbus*, Dare*) Lithospermum canescens Hoary Puccoon T S2 G5 P: diabase glades, open woods over diabase (Durham, Granville) Litsea aestivalis Pondspice SC-V FSC S2S3 G3? C: limesink ponds, other pools (Bladen, Brunswick, Carteret, Craven, Cumberland, Gates, Hoke, Lenoir, New Hanover, Onslow, Sampson, Wayne) Scientific Name Common Name Status Rank 40 Region: Habitat Comments (Counties of Occurrence) Lobelia boykinii Boykin's Lobelia N.C. E U.S. FSC N.C. S1S2 Global G2G3 C: depression ponds and meadows and clay-based cypress savannas (Bladen*, Cumberland, Hoke, Onslow, Robeson, Scotland) Lonicera canadensis American Fly-honeysuckle SR-P S2 G5 M: bogs, moist woods (Alleghany, Buncombe, Graham, Haywood, Jackson, Macon, Mitchell*, Transylvania, Watauga, Yancey) Lophiola aurea Golden-crest E S2 G4 C: very wet, mucky habitats in pine savannas (Brunswick, Columbus, New Hanover, Onslow) Ludwigia alata Winged Seedbox SR-P S2 G3G5 TC: interdune ponds, marshes (Brunswick, Camden, Carteret, Craven, Currituck, Dare, Hyde, New Hanover*, Onslow*, Pasquotank, Tyrrell*) Ludwigia brevipes Long Beach Seedbox SR-T FSC S1S2 G2G3 CS: natural lake shores, blackwater stream shores and impoundments, and freshwater interdune ponds (Brunswick, Columbus, Craven*, Cumberland, Currituck, Dare, Gates*, Harnett*, Hyde*, Johnston*, Robeson*, Sampson*, Wayne*) Ludwigia lanceolata Lanceleaf Seedbox E S1 G3 TC: interdune ponds, open wet areas (Brunswick*, Carteret, Dare*, New Hanover) Ludwigia linifolia Flaxleaf Seedbox T S2 G4 CT: limesink ponds (Brunswick, Carteret, Columbus, New Hanover, Onslow) Ludwigia ravenii Raven's Seedbox T FSC S1 G1G2 C: savannas, swamps, marshes, wet open places (Brunswick*, Carteret, Chowan*, Columbus, Craven, Duplin*, Gates*, Jones, New Hanover*, Pamlico*, Perquimans*, Sampson) Ludwigia sphaerocarpa Globe-fruit Seedbox E S1 G5 CS: bogs, pools, and lake shores (Bladen*, Columbus, Craven, Dare*, Hoke*, Johnston*, Moore, New Hanover, Richmond, Washington, Wayne*) Ludwigia suffruticosa Shrubby Seedbox T S2 G5 CS: limesink ponds, clay-based Carolina bays (Bladen*, Brunswick, Columbus, New Hanover, Onslow, Robeson, Scotland) Lupinus villosus Lady Lupine SR-P S1 G5 C: sandhills and other dry sandy woods (Bladen, Brunswick*, Cumberland, Moore, Pender) Scientific Name Common Name Status Rank 41 Region: Habitat Comments (Counties of Occurrence) Luziola fluitans var. fluitans Southern Water Grass N.C. SR-P U.S. N.C. S2 Global G4G5 C: pools, lakes, streams (Bladen, Columbus, Dare, Moore, Pender, Richmond, Scotland, Tyrrell, Washington) Lycopodiella inundata Bog Clubmoss M: bogs and seeps (Avery, Haywood, Watauga) Lycopus angustifolius Southern Bog Water-horehound C: bogs and marshes (Columbus, Richmond, Washington) Lysimachia asperulifolia Rough-leaf Loosestrife SR-P SR-P E E S1 G5 S1 G4?Q S3 G3 CS: pocosin/savanna ecotones, pocosins (Beaufort, Bladen, Brunswick, Carteret, Columbus*, Craven, Cumberland, Harnett, Hoke, Montgomery*, Moore*, New Hanover, Onslow, Pamlico, Pender, Richmond, Scotland) Lysimachia fraseri Fraser's Loosestrife E FSC S3 G3 M: wet forest borders, roadsides, alluvial meadows (Buncombe*, Haywood*, Henderson*, Jackson, Macon, Polk, Swain, Transylvania) Lysimachia hybrida Lowland Loosestrife MPC: bottomlands (Pender) Lysimachia tonsa Southern Loosestrife SR-P SR-P S2? G5 S2 G4 P: upland forests and openings (Alexander, Ashe, Burke, Caswell, Madison, Orange*, Rockingham, Rutherford, Stokes, Surry, Swain, Vance) Lythrum lanceolatum Southern Winged-loosestrife C: marshes and low, wet places (New Hanover*, Pender) Macbridea caroliniana Carolina Bogmint SR-T E FSC S1 G5T5 S2 G2G3 C: blackwater swamps, savanna/pocosin ecotones, ditches (Bladen, Brunswick, Columbus, Harnett, Johnston, Jones*, Pender, Robeson) Magnolia macrophylla Bigleaf Magnolia T S2 G5 P: rich deciduous forests (Gaston, Henderson, Iredell, Lincoln, Surry, Wake) Malaxis bayardii Appalachian Adder's-mouth MP: upland forests (Caldwell*, McDowell) Malaxis spicata Florida Adder's-mouth SR-T SC-V FSC S1 G1G2 S1 G4? CT: maritime swamp forests, calcareous but mucky outer coastal plain swamps (Brunswick, Carteret, Chowan, Craven, Dare, Jones, Pender*) Scientific Name Common Name Status Rank 42 Region: Habitat Comments (Counties of Occurrence) Marshallia grandiflora Large-flowered Barbara's-buttons MP: bogs, dry basic soils (Henderson*, Polk*) Marshallia legrandii Oak Barrens Barbara's-buttons P: clayey upland soils over diabase (Granville) Marshallia trinervia Broadleaf Barbara's-buttons N.C. SC-H SR-L SC-H U.S. FSC FSC N.C. SH S1 SH Global G3 G1 G3 M: moist rocky streambanks and in calcareous clays (Macon*) Matelea decipiens Glade Milkvine SR-P S3 G5 PC: thin woodlands over mafic or calcareous rocks (Alamance, Alexander, Anson, Bertie, Burke, Davidson*, Durham, Franklin, Granville, Halifax, Hertford*, Lincoln, Martin, McDowell, Mecklenburg, Montgomery, Northampton, Orange, Richmond, Rutherford, Stanly, Wake) Matelea obliqua Climbing Milkvine M: dry, rocky woodlands over calcareous rocks (Madison) Meehania cordata Meehania SR-P SR-P S1 G4? S2 G5 M: cove forests, boulderfields (Alleghany, Ashe, Avery*, Haywood, Madison, Watauga, Wilkes, Yancey) Melica nitens Three-flowered Melic M: open calcareous woods (Madison) Menyanthes trifoliata Buckbean M: bogs (Alleghany*, Watauga) Micranthes caroliniana Carolina Saxifrage E T SR-T S1 G5 S1 G5 S3 G3 MP: high to middle elevation moist cliffs and rock outcrops (Alleghany, Ashe, Watauga) Micranthes pensylvanica Swamp Saxifrage MP: bogs, seeps (Wake*, Watauga) Micropolypodium nimbatum West Indian Dwarf Polypody M: spray zone behind waterfalls (Macon) Milium effusum var. cisatlanticum Millet-grass M: high elevation forests or openings (Swain) Minuartia godfreyi Godfrey's Sandwort T: tidal freshwater marshes (Craven, Jones*) E T SR-P E FSC S1 G5 S1 G4? S1 G5T5 S1 G1 Scientific Name Common Name Status Rank 43 Region: Habitat Comments (Counties of Occurrence) Mnesithea cylindrica Carolina Jointgrass P: open woodlands and roadsides (Anson*, Union) Monarda media Purple Bee-balm M: grassy balds (Avery, Graham, Jackson) Mononeuria groenlandica Greenland Sandwort N.C. SC-H SR-P T U.S. N.C. SH S1? S2 Global G4G5 G4? G5 MP: high elevation and low elevation rocky summits (Alleghany, Ashe, Avery, Burke, Caldwell, Henderson, McDowell, Mitchell, Stokes, Surry, Wilkes) Mononeuria uniflora Single-flowered Sandwort P: granite flatrocks (Anson, Rowan*, Rutherford) Monotropsis odorata Sweet Pinesap E SC-V S1 G4 S3 G3 PM: dry forests and bluffs (Alamance*, Alleghany*, Buncombe, Burke, Caldwell, Catawba, Chatham, Cherokee, Clay, Cleveland, Durham, Haywood, Henderson, Jackson, Macon, McDowell, Mecklenburg, Orange, Person*, Polk, Randolph, Rutherford, Stokes, Swain*, Transylvania, Wake*, Yancey) Muhlenbergia glabriflora Clay-pan Muhly P: clay soils (Durham*) Muhlenbergia glomerata Spiked Muhly M: olivine barrens, fens, mafic cliffs (Ashe, Avery, Clay) Muhlenbergia sobolifera Rock Muhly SR-P SC-V SC-V SH G4? S1 G5 S2 G5 M: dripping cliffs and rocky slopes (Alexander, Ashe, Avery, Jackson, Macon, McDowell*, Mitchell*, Transylvania*) Muhlenbergia torreyana Pinebarren Smokegrass SC-V S2 G3 CS: cypress savannas (Brunswick, Cumberland, Hoke, Onslow, Pender, Richmond, Robeson) Myrica gale Sweet Gale M: bogs (Henderson) Myriophyllum laxum Loose Water-milfoil E S1 G5 E S2 G3 CS: limesink ponds, waters of natural lakes (Brunswick, Carteret, Craven*, Cumberland, Hoke, Onslow) Myriophyllum pinnatum Cutleaf Water-milfoil CS: pools and ditches (Bladen, Brunswick, Currituck*) SR-T S1 G5 Scientific Name Common Name Status Rank 44 Region: Habitat Comments (Counties of Occurrence) Myriophyllum tenellum Leafless Water-milfoil C: waters of natural lakes (Bladen, Tyrrell, Washington) Myriopteris alabamensis Alabama Lipfern M: calcareous outcrops (Madison) Nabalus albus Northern Rattlesnake-root N.C. E SR-P T U.S. N.C. S1 S1 S2? Global G5 G4G5 G5 M: hardwood forests (Ashe, Granville, Haywood*, Henderson*, Jones, McDowell, Mitchell*, Montgomery, Onslow, Rutherford, Transylvania*) Narthecium montanum Appalachian Yellow Asphodel M: bogs (Henderson*) Oenothera perennis Perennial Sundrops SC-H SC-V SX GX S2 G5 MPC: wet meadows and bogs (Alleghany, Ashe, Avery*, Burke, Cabarrus, Clay, Hertford*, Iredell*, Jackson, Macon, McDowell, Transylvania, Tyrrell*, Watauga) Oenothera riparia Riverbank Evening-primrose SR-L S2S3 G2G3 C: tidal marshes (Brunswick, Dare, New Hanover, Pender, Tyrrell) Oldenlandia boscii Bosc's Bluet E S2 G5 C: clay-based Carolina bays (Brunswick, Columbus, Cumberland, Hoke, Robeson, Scotland) Oplismenus setarius Shortleaf Basket Grass SR-P S1 G5T5 TC: maritime forests, bottomlands (Bladen, Brunswick, Carteret, Dare, Onslow, Pender, Washington) Orbexilum macrophyllum Bigleaf Scurfpea M: low mountain forests or outcrops? (Polk*) Orbexilum onobrychis Lanceleaf Scurfpea M: habitat in North Carolina not known (Haywood*) Orbexilum pedunculatum Sampson's Snakeroot SC-H SC-H SR-P FSC SX GX SH G5 S1 G5 MP: Open woodlands (Cherokee, Durham*, Orange*, Transylvania*) Oreojuncus trifidus Highland Rush SR-D S1 G5 M: high elevation rocky summits (Alleghany, Ashe, Buncombe, Cumberland, Mitchell) Scientific Name Common Name Status Rank 45 Region: Habitat Comments (Counties of Occurrence) Orthochilus ecristatus Spiked Medusa N.C. E U.S. N.C. S1 Global G2G3 C: Mesic pinelands with blackjack oak, sandhills, and dry-mesic to mesic longleaf pinelands. (Bladen*, Cumberland*, Hoke, New Hanover, Sampson*) Oxalis macrantha Sadie Price's Yellow Wood Sorrel P: Rich woodlands (Stanly*) Oxypolis canbyi Canby's Dropwort C: clay-based Carolina bays (Scotland) Pachysandra procumbens Allegheny Spurge P: cove forests (Polk) Packera crawfordii Bog Ragwort SR-D E E E SR-T SH G3G5 S1 G2 S1 G4G5 S1 G2G3 CM: bogs, fens, and wet savannas (Onslow, Pender, Watauga, Yancey) Packera millefolium Divided-leaf Ragwort T FSC S2 G3 M: granitic domes, other outcrops (Buncombe, Haywood, Henderson, Jackson, Macon, McDowell, Polk, Rutherford, Transylvania) Packera paupercula var. appalachiana Prairie Ragwort T S1 G5TNR M: mafic and calcareous glades, rock outcrops, and cliffs (Ashe, Clay, Madison) Packera paupercula var. paupercula Balsam Ragwort SR-P S1? G5 PMC: fens, bogs, and diabase glades (Avery*, Burke, Caldwell*, Clay, Granville, McDowell, Nash*, Rutherford, Transylvania*, Watauga*) Packera schweinitziana Schweinitz's Ragwort T S2 G5? M: grassy balds (Avery, Buncombe, Mitchell, Watauga, Yancey) Packera serpenticola Buck Creek Ragwort M: Serpentine barrens (Clay) Panicum dichotomiflorum var. puritanorum Puritan Panic Grass SR-L SR-P S1 G1 S1 G5T4 C: wet sands and peats of seasonally exposed pond and lake shores. (Onslow, Pender) Panicum flexile Wiry Panic Grass T S1 G5 PM: glades and openings over mafic rocks (Ashe*, Durham, Granville, Henderson, Orange*) Panicum lithophilum Flatrock Panic Grass MP: soil islands on granite flatrocks (Anson) SR-T S1 G2G3Q Scientific Name Common Name Status Rank 46 Region: Habitat Comments (Counties of Occurrence) Parietaria praetermissa Large-seed Pellitory N.C. SC-V U.S. N.C. S1 Global G3G4 TC: shell middens, disturbed sites, maritime forests (Brunswick*, Carteret, Hyde, New Hanover*, Onslow) Parnassia caroliniana Carolina Grass-of-Parnassus T FSC S2 G3 CS: wet savannas (Bladen, Brunswick, Columbus, Cumberland, Harnett, Hoke, Lee*, Onslow, Pender, Scotland) Parnassia grandifolia Large-leaved Grass-of-parnassus T FSC S2 G3 MCP: fens and seeps over calcareous or mafic rocks (Alleghany, Ashe, Avery*, Brunswick, Buncombe*, Clay, Columbus, Haywood, Macon, McDowell, Pender, Transylvania, Watauga) Paronychia herniarioides Michaux's Whitlow-wort S: sandhills (Scotland) Parthenium auriculatum Glade Wild Quinine E SR-T S1 G2G4 S3 G3G4 PM: glades and openings over mafic rocks (Alexander, Burke, Caswell, Durham, Franklin, Granville, Guilford*, Macon*, Mecklenburg, Montgomery, Orange, Person, Rockingham*, Rutherford, Stanly, Warren*) Parthenocissus vitacea Woodbine M: Rich alluvial forests (Polk) Paspalum dissectum Mudbank Crown Grass SR-P E S1 G5 S2 G4? CTP: mudflats, other open wet areas (Brunswick, Columbus, Craven, Moore, Onslow, Pender, Scotland, Union*) Paspalum fluitans Horsetail Crown Grass SR-P S1 G5 CP: drawdown riverbanks and seepage areas in swamp forests (Bertie*, Bladen*, Chatham*, Harnett, Johnston, Martin*, Northampton*, Wake) Paspalum vaginatum Seashore Crown Grass SR-P S1S2 G5 CPT: brackish marshes, low wet places (Carteret, Dare, Hyde, Onslow, Tyrrell) Pedicularis lanceolata Swamp Lousewort T S1 G5 M: bottomlands, swampy woods (Buncombe*, Cherokee*, Clay, Haywood, Jackson*, Macon*, Watauga*) Pellaea wrightiana Wright's Cliff-brake E S1 G5 P: rock outcrops, mafic or with nutrient-rich seepage (Alexander, Stanly, Union) Scientific Name Common Name Region: Habitat Comments (Counties of Occurrence) Status Rank N.C. U.S. N.C. Global 47 Peltandra sagittifolia Spoonflower SR-P S2S3 G3G4 C: pocosins, other wet, peaty sites (Brunswick, Carteret, Columbus*, Craven, Dare, Jones, New Hanover, Onslow, Pender) Persicaria amphibia Water Smartweed MPC: marshes (Beaufort*) Persicaria hirsuta Hairy Smartweed SR-P E S1 G5 S1 G3G4 CS: limesink ponds, clay-based Carolina bays, drawdown zones of blackwater riverbanks (Bladen, Brunswick, Carteret*, Onslow*, Richmond, Scotland) Phacelia covillei Buttercup Phacelia SR-T FSC S3 G3 PC: bottomlands, rich lower slopes (Alamance, Caswell, Chatham, Franklin, Harnett, Lee, Moore, Orange, Vance) Phacelia maculata Spotted Phacelia P: granite flatrocks and creek bottomlands (Cleveland) Phanopyrum gymnocarpon Swamp Panic Grass E SR-O S1 G3G4 S1 G5 C: tidal and blackwater cypress-gum swamps (Bertie, Bladen, Columbus, Martin, Pender, Robeson) Phegopteris connectilis Northern Beech Fern E S2 G5 M: spray zone of waterfalls, spruce-fir forests, high elevation seepage bogs (Buncombe, Haywood, Jackson, Macon, Swain*, Transylvania) Phemeranthus piedmontanus Piedmont Fameflower SR-L FSC S1 G1 P: shallow soil over mafic rock, where periodically wet by seepage (Granville) Phlox subulata Moss Pink SR-P S1 G5 M: outcrops and glades, especially over mafic rocks (Ashe, Buncombe, Jackson*, Macon*, Madison, Yancey) Pinguicula lutea Yellow Butterwort SR-P S2 G4G5 C: savannas (Bladen, Brunswick, Columbus, New Hanover, Pender) Pinguicula pumila Small Butterwort E S2 G4 C: savannas (Brunswick*, Carteret, Columbus, Onslow, Pender) Pityopsis graminifolia var. graminifolia A Silkgrass E S1 G5T4 C: savannas, pine flatwoods, sandy roadsides (Brunswick, Columbus) Scientific Name Common Name Region: Habitat Comments (Counties of Occurrence) Status Rank N.C. U.S. N.C. Global 48 Plantago cordata Heart-leaf Plantain E S1 G4 P: beds of small, slate-bottomed, perennial streams (Davidson) Plantago sparsiflora Pineland Plantain T FSC S1S2 G3 C: wet savannas (Bladen*, Brunswick, Columbus, Onslow, Pender) Platanthera flava var. herbiola Northern Rein Orchid SR-P S1? G4?T4Q M: bogs and moist forests (Buncombe*, Burke, Cherokee, Clay*, Forsyth*, Graham*, Haywood, Jackson*, Macon, Mitchell, Swain*, Transylvania, Watauga) Platanthera grandiflora Large Purple-fringed Orchid T S2 G5 M: bogs, seeps, grassy balds, high elevation moist forests and banks (Alleghany, Ashe, Avery, Buncombe, Clay, Haywood*, Macon, McDowell, Mitchell, Swain, Transylvania*, Watauga, Yancey) Platanthera integra Yellow Fringeless Orchid SC-V S2 G3G4 CMP: savannas (Brunswick, Carteret, Cherokee*, Columbus, Craven, Forsyth*, Henderson*, Jones, Onslow, Pamlico*, Pender, Robeson*, Rowan*) Platanthera integrilabia White Fringeless Orchid M: bogs (Cherokee*, Henderson*) Platanthera nivea Snowy Orchid SC-H C T SH G2G3 S1 G5 C: wet savannas (Beaufort*, Bladen*, Brunswick, Columbus*, Craven, Dare*, Hoke*, New Hanover, Pender, Robeson*) Platanthera peramoena Purple Fringeless Orchid T S2 G5 MP: bogs, forests (Buncombe*, Burke*, Caldwell*, Clay*, Durham, Forsyth, Franklin, Graham, Guilford, Haywood, Henderson*, Jackson, Macon, Mitchell*, Orange, Swain*, Transylvania, Warren, Watauga, Yancey*) Platanthera shriveri Shriver's Purple Fringed Orchid M: damp, open woods, often along seeps (Watauga*) Poa paludigena Bog Bluegrass M: bogs (Ashe, Avery, Watauga) Poa palustris Swamp Bluegrass SR-T SR-T SR-P FSC SH G1 S1 G3 S1 G5 M: spruce-fir forests, grassy balds (Ashe, Avery, Haywood*, Henderson*, Macon, Mitchell, Polk*, Swain, Yancey*) Scientific Name Common Name Status Rank 49 Region: Habitat Comments (Counties of Occurrence) Poa saltuensis A Bluegrass M: olivine barrens (Clay, Haywood) Polemonium reptans var. reptans Jacob's Ladder N.C. T T U.S. N.C. S1 S1 Global G5 G5T5 PM: moist, nutrient-rich forests such as bottomlands and rich slopes (Ashe, Iredell, Rockingham, Stokes*, Watauga*) Polygala hookeri Hooker's Milkwort SC-V S2S3 G3 C: savannas (Brunswick, Carteret, Columbus, Craven, New Hanover, Onslow, Pender) Polygala nana Dwarf Milkwort M: habitat in North Carolina not known (Buncombe*) Polygala senega Seneca Snakeroot SR-D SR-D SH G5 S2 G4G5 MP: woodlands and in thin soil around outcrops, usually over mafic or calcareous rocks (Ashe, McDowell, Stanly, Transylvania, Wake) Polygonella articulata Coast Jointweed C: sandhills (Gates*) Polygonum glaucum Seabeach Knotweed SC-H E SH G5 S1 G3 T: ocean and sound beaches (Beaufort*, Brunswick, Carteret, Dare, Hyde, New Hanover*) Ponthieva racemosa Shadow-witch T S2 G4G5 C: blackwater forests and swamps, especially over marl (Beaufort*, Brunswick, Carteret, Craven, Jones, Onslow, Pender) Portulaca smallii Small's Portulaca T S2 G3 P: granite flatrocks and diabase glades (Cabarrus, Forsyth, Franklin, Granville, Rowan, Wake) Potamogeton amplifolius Largeleaf Pondweed C: submersed in blackwater streams (Brunswick, Craven*) Potamogeton confervoides Conferva Pondweed SR-D SR-D S1 G5 S2 G4 SC: beaverponds and old millponds on blackwater creeks (Craven, Cumberland, Gates*, Harnett, Hoke, Moore, Richmond, Scotland) Potamogeton illinoensis Illinois Pondweed SR-D S1 G5 C: alkaline waters of streams, rivers, lakes, and ponds (Brunswick*, Dare) Scientific Name Common Name Status Rank 50 Region: Habitat Comments (Counties of Occurrence) Potamogeton natans Floating Pondweed M: lakes and artificial impoundments (Buncombe*) Potamogeton nodosus American Pondweed N.C. SR-D SR-D U.S. N.C. SH SH Global G5 G5 CMP: ponds and streams with moderate to high PH (Carteret*, Haywood*, Perquimans*, Vance*) Primula meadia Shooting-star T S2S3 G5 MP: mafic cliffs, dry coniferous woodlands, and associated nutrient-rich alluvial forests (Anson, Buncombe, Davidson*, Forsyth*, Haywood, Henderson, Iredell*, Jackson, Macon, Mecklenburg*, Montgomery, Orange*, Rutherford, Stanly, Union, Watauga*) Prunus alleghaniensis var. alleghaniensis Allegheny Plum M: Dry rocky woodlands (McDowell, Rutherford) Prunus susquehanae Susquehanna Cherry MP: rocky forests (Durham*) Pseudognaphalium helleri Heller's Rabbit-Tobacco SR-T SR-P SR-P S1 G4T4 SH G5T4T5 S3 G4G5T3T4 PS: dry woodlands, openings, and glades, especially over mafic rocks (Anson*, Cabarrus, Davidson, Davie*, Forsyth*, Franklin*, Gaston, Granville, Guilford*, Halifax*, Hoke, Iredell*, Mecklenburg, Montgomery, Northampton*, Orange*, Person*, Richmond*, Rowan*, Scotland*, Union, Wake) Pseudognaphalium micradenium Small Rabbit-Tobacco SR-T S1 G4G5T3? P: dry woodlands (Caswell, Durham*, Granville*, Person, Stokes*, Vance) Ptilimnium ahlesii Carolina Bishopweed C: tidal freshwater marshes (Brunswick, New Hanover) Ptilimnium costatum Ribbed Bishop-weed CT: tidal swamps or marshes (New Hanover) Ptilimnium nodosum Harperella P: rocky riverbeds (Chatham, Granville, Lee) Pycnanthemum curvipes Tennessee Mountain-mint SR-T T E SR-T FSC E S1 G1 S1 GNR S1 G2 S1 G3 M: dry rocky woodlands and rock outcrops (Buncombe, Haywood, Madison) Pycnanthemum setosum Awned Mountain-mint SR-T S2 G4 C: blackwater swamps (Brunswick, Columbus, Craven, Gates, Jones, Pender, Tyrrell) Scientific Name Common Name Status Rank 51 Region: Habitat Comments (Counties of Occurrence) Pycnanthemum torreyi Torrey's Mountain-mint N.C. SR-T U.S. FSC N.C. S1 Global G2 PM: dry upland forests and woodlands, over mafic rocks (Alexander*, Ashe*, Caswell, Cleveland*, Gaston*, Granville*, Haywood*, Jackson*, Macon*, Orange, Person*, Wilkes*) Pycnanthemum virginianum Virginia Mountain-mint SR-P S1? G5 CMP: forests, woodland borders, bogs (Alleghany, Brunswick, Caswell, Henderson, Wake) Pyrola elliptica Elliptic Shinleaf M: moist forests (Ashe, Watauga*) Pyxidanthera brevifolia Sandhills Pyxie-moss E SR-L FSC S1 G5 S3 G3 S: sandhills (Brunswick*, Cumberland, Harnett, Hoke, Lee, Moore) Quercus austrina Bluff Oak SR-P S1 G4? CP: bluff and bottomland forests over circumneutral soil (Anson, Craven, Johnston*, Montgomery, Richmond, Sampson) Quercus elliottii Running Oak SR-P S2 G3G5 CP: mesic pine flatwoods and dry, silty sites (Bladen, Brunswick, Columbus, Duplin*, New Hanover*, Pender*, Robeson) Quercus georgiana Georgia Oak P: dry slopes and bluffs (Rutherford) Quercus ilicifolia Bear Oak SR-P E S1 G3 S2 G5 P: dry summits and rocky woods on Piedmont monadnocks (Alleghany, Burke, Gaston, Stokes, Surry, Wilkes) Quercus minima Dwarf Live Oak SR-P S1 G5 C: pine flatwoods, coastal fringe sandhills (Bladen, Carteret, New Hanover) Quercus prinoides Dwarf Chinquapin Oak E S1 G5 PM: dry, rocky slopes (Caldwell, Caswell, Cleveland*, Gaston*, Guilford*, Iredell*, Jackson*, Polk*, Rowan, Rutherford, Stanly*) Ranunculus ambigens Water-plantain Spearwort CP: open wet areas (Bertie*, Orange*, Perquimans*) Ranunculus fascicularis Thick-root Buttercup MP: serpentine and diabase barrens (Clay) SC-H SR-P SH G4 S1 G5 Scientific Name Common Name Status Rank 52 Region: Habitat Comments (Counties of Occurrence) Ranunculus flabellaris Yellow Water-crowfoot C: pools in blackwater swamps (Bertie, Edgecombe*, Gates*) Ranunculus hederaceus Ivy Buttercup C: marshes (Currituck*, Onslow) Ranunculus micranthus Rock Buttercup N.C. SC-H E SR-P U.S. N.C. S1 S1 S1 Global G5 G5 G5 P: rich woods on circumneutral soil (Caswell, Durham, Person*) Rhexia aristosa Awned Meadow-beauty SC-V S3 G3G4 C: clay-based Carolina bays and limesink ponds (Bladen, Brunswick*, Cumberland*, Hoke, Onslow, Robeson, Sampson, Scotland) Rhodiola rosea Roseroot E SH G5 M: high elevation rocky summits (Ashe*, Avery*, Caldwell*, Mitchell*, Watauga*, Yancey*) Rhododendron cumberlandense Cumberland Azalea SR-P S1 G4? M: grassy or shrub balds (Graham*, Haywood*, Jackson, Macon, Swain, Transylvania) Rhododendron prinophyllum Election Pink M: high elevation forests (Ashe) Rhododendron vaseyi Pink-shell Azalea T SR-L S1 G5 S3 G3 M: high elevation oak forests, heath balds, spruce-fir forests, and rocky areas (Avery, Buncombe, Caldwell, Haywood, Jackson, Macon*, McDowell, Mitchell*, Transylvania, Watauga, Yancey) Rhus michauxii Michaux's Sumac E E S2 G2G3 SCP: sandhills, sandy forests, woodland, woodland edges (Cumberland, Davie, Durham, Franklin, Hoke, Johnston*, Lincoln*, Mecklenburg, Moore, Nash, Orange*, Richmond, Robeson, Scotland, Union*, Wake, Wilson*) Rhynchospora alba Northern White Beaksedge SR-P S2 G5 MCS: fens, bogs, pocosin openings, limesink ponds (Alleghany, Ashe, Bladen, Brunswick, Craven, Cumberland*, Currituck, Dare, Mitchell, Pender*, Rutherford, Tyrrell, Watauga, Yancey) Rhynchospora crinipes T Alabama Beaksedge S: seepy banks of blackwater rivers (Hoke, Moore) Rhynchospora decurrens T Swamp Forest Beaksedge C: swamp forests (Brunswick, Columbus, Onslow, Pender) FSC S1 S1S2 G2G3 G3G4 Scientific Name Common Name Status Rank 53 Region: Habitat Comments (Counties of Occurrence) Rhynchospora divergens White-seeded Beaksedge C: wet savannas (Brunswick, Columbus, Onslow, Pender) Rhynchospora galeana Short-bristled Beaksedge N.C. SR-P SR-P U.S. N.C. S2 S2S3 Global G4 G3G4 C: savannas (Brunswick, Carteret, Columbus, Craven, Cumberland, Onslow, Pender) Rhynchospora harperi Harper's Beaksedge SC-V S2 G4? C: limesink ponds and cypress savannas (Brunswick, Carteret, Onslow) Rhynchospora macra Southern White Beaksedge T S2 G3 S: sandhill seeps, blackwater impoundments, streamhead pocosins (Carteret, Cumberland, Harnett, Hoke, Moore, Richmond, Scotland) Rhynchospora microcarpa Southern Beaksedge SR-P S2 G5 CTP: maritime wet grasslands, clay-based Carolina bays, limesink ponds, swamp forests (Brunswick, Carteret, Columbus, Dare, Pender) Rhynchospora odorata Fragrant Beaksedge SC-V S1 G4 T: maritime wet grasslands (Brunswick*, Carteret, Dare, Hyde, Pender*) Rhynchospora pinetorum Small's Beaksedge SR-T S2 G5?T3? C: wet savannas, maritime wet grasslands (Brunswick, Carteret, Columbus, Onslow, Pender) Rhynchospora pleiantha Coastal Beaksedge T FSC S2 G2G3 C: limesink ponds (Bladen, Brunswick, Carteret, New Hanover, Onslow) Rhynchospora thornei Thorne's Beaksedge C: wet savannas (Brunswick, Onslow, Pender) Rhynchospora tracyi Tracy's Beaksedge SC-V T FSC S2 G3 S2 G4 C: clay-based Carolina bays, limesink ponds (Brunswick, New Hanover, Onslow, Scotland) Robinia hartwigii Hartweg's Locust M: high elevation granitic domes (Jackson, Macon, Mitchell*) Robinia hispida var. fertilis Fruitful Locust SR-L SR-O FSC S1S2 S1 G3T2 G4T1Q M: acidic cove forests, northern hardwoods forests, high elevation granitic domes (Alleghany, Avery, Burke*, Graham*, Haywood, Jackson, Macon*, McDowell*, Stokes, Swain, Wilkes) Scientific Name Common Name Status Rank 54 Region: Habitat Comments (Counties of Occurrence) Robinia hispida var. kelseyi Kelsey's Locust N.C. SR-O U.S. N.C. S1 Global G4T1 M: high elevation red oak forests, dry rocky woods (Buncombe*, Burke*, Haywood, Henderson, Madison, Transylvania*) Robinia viscosa Clammy Locust SR-T S1 G3 MP: open woods (Catawba*, Jackson*, Rutherford, Transylvania) Rosa virginiana Virginia Rose M: moist to dry forests and woodlands (Ashe*, Buncombe*) Rubus dalibarda Robin Runaway SR-P E SH G5 S2 G5 M: bogs and moist woods under rhododendrons (Alleghany, Ashe, Transylvania) Rubus idaeus ssp. strigosus Red Raspberry T S2? G5T5 M: high elevation spruce-fir forests and openings (Buncombe, Haywood, Jackson, Swain, Yancey) Rudbeckia heliopsidis Sun-facing Coneflower E FSC S1 G2 C: moist pine flatwoods and woodland borders (Harnett, Moore) Rudbeckia triloba var. beadlei Chauncey's Coneflower M: mafic cliffs (Buncombe, Graham, Madison, Swain) Ruellia ciliosa var. ciliosa Sandhills Wild-petunia SR-T T S1 G5TNR S2 G5T3T5 S: sandhills, especially in loamy, submesic swales (Cumberland, Hoke, Richmond, Scotland) Ruellia humilis Low Wild-petunia P: diabase glades (Durham, Granville, Stanly, Wake) Ruellia purshiana Pursh's Wild-petunia E SC-V S1 G5 S2 G3 PM: glades and woodlands, mostly over mafic or calcareous rocks (Alamance, Caswell, Cleveland, Davidson, Durham, Forsyth*, Gaston, Granville, Madison, Montgomery, Orange, Randolph*, Rutherford*, Stanly, Wake*) Ruellia strepens Limestone Wild-petunia C: low woods over marl (Bertie, Pender, Richmond) Rugelia nudicaulis Rugel's Ragwort M: spruce-fir forests (Haywood, Swain) Sabal palmetto Cabbage Palm E SR-L T FSC S1 G4G5 S3 G3 S1 G5 TC: maritime forests on the southeastern coast (Brunswick, Carteret*, Dare, New Hanover) Scientific Name Common Name Status Rank 55 Region: Habitat Comments (Counties of Occurrence) Sabatia kennedyana Plymouth Gentian N.C. T U.S. N.C. S2 Global G3 C: drawdown zones on banks of blackwater rivers (Brunswick, Columbus) Sageretia minutiflora T Small-flowered Buckthorn C: shell middens (Carteret, Onslow, Pender) Sagittaria chapmanii E Chapman's Arrowhead C: limesink ponds (Bladen, Carteret, Columbus, Onslow) Sagittaria fasciculata E E Bunched Arrowhead S1 G4 S1 G5T3? S1 G2 M: bogs and mountain swamp forests (Buncombe*, Henderson) Sagittaria filiformis Water Arrowhead SR-P SH G4G5 C: blackwater streams, rivers, and lakes (Bladen, Columbus*, Craven*, Pender, Wilson*) Sagittaria isoetiformis Quillwort Arrowhead T S2 G4? CS: limesink ponds, clay-based Carolina bays, beaver ponds, natural lakes (Bladen, Brunswick*, Columbus, Cumberland, Hoke, New Hanover, Sampson, Scotland, Washington) Sagittaria macrocarpa Streamhead Sagittaria T FSC S2 G5T2 S: shoreline of blackwater stream impoundment (Hoke, Moore) Sagittaria weatherbiana Grassleaf Arrowhead E S2 G5T3T4 C: fresh to slightly brackish marshes, streams, swamps, and pond margins (Beaufort*, Bladen*, Brunswick*, Columbus, Craven, Currituck*, Duplin, Gates*, Hyde*, New Hanover, Onslow, Pasquotank*, Pender, Pitt*, Sampson*, Wake*) Salvia azurea Azure Sage SR-P S2 G4G5 SC: sandhills (Anson, Hoke, New Hanover*, Richmond, Scotland) Sarracenia jonesii Mountain Sweet Pitcher Plant M: bogs (Buncombe, Henderson, Transylvania) Sarracenia minor var. minor Hooded Pitcherplant C: savannas (Brunswick, Columbus, New Hanover) Sarracenia oreophila Green Pitcher Plant M: seepage bogs (Clay) Sarracenia purpurea var. montana Southern Appalachian Purple Pitcherplant E E E SR-L E E FSC S1 S2 S1 S1S2 G4T2 G4T4 G2 G5T1T3 M: mountain bogs, seepage bogs (Henderson, Jackson, Macon, Transylvania) Scientific Name Common Name Status Rank 56 Region: Habitat Comments (Counties of Occurrence) Sceptridium jenmanii Alabama Grape-fern N.C. SC-V U.S. N.C. S2 Global G3G4 MP: moist woods (Buncombe*, Burke, Cherokee, Clay*, Davie*, Granville, Iredell*, Jackson*, McDowell, Mecklenburg*, Rockingham*, Rutherford, Stokes*, Transylvania*) Sceptridium lunarioides Winter Grape-fern P: dry pine woods (Davie*) Sceptridium multifidum Leathery Grape-fern M: grassy balds (Alleghany, Avery, Mitchell) Sceptridium oneidense Blunt-lobed Grape-fern SR-P SR-P SR-P SH G4? S1 G5 S2 G4 MP: cove forests, bogs (Avery*, Buncombe*, Burke, Forsyth*, Haywood*, Jackson, Macon, McDowell, Mitchell*, Rutherford, Yancey*) Schisandra glabra Magnolia Vine CP: rich slopes and floodplain islands (Gaston, Martin) Schoenoplectus acutus Hardstem Bulrush C: natural lakes (Carteret*, Craven*, Hyde*) Schoenoplectus etuberculatus Canby's Bulrush T SR-P SR-P S1 G3 SH G5 S3 G3G4 CS: blackwater creeks (Bladen, Brunswick, Carteret, Columbus, Craven*, Cumberland, Dare*, Harnett, Hoke, Hyde*, Johnston*, Moore, Onslow, Pender*, Randolph*, Richmond, Scotland, Wayne*) Schwalbea americana Chaffseed E E S2 G2G3 SC: savannas and moist to dryish pinelands with frequent fire (Bladen, Cumberland, Hoke, Moore*, Pender*, Scotland) Scirpus divaricatus Spreading Bulrush C: swamp forests (Bladen, Duplin) Scirpus flaccidifolius Reclining Bulrush C: swamp forests (Northampton) Scirpus lineatus Drooping Bulrush SR-O E T FSC S2? G5 S1 G2 S2 G4 C: low rich woods over marl (Brunswick, Carteret, Craven, Jones, New Hanover, Onslow, Pender) Scirpus pendulus Rufous Bulrush SR-O S1 G5 PC: wet places over mafic rocks (Cabarrus, Carteret, Durham*, Granville, Onslow) Scientific Name Common Name Status Rank 57 Region: Habitat Comments (Counties of Occurrence) Scleria baldwinii Baldwin's Nutrush C: wet savannas (Brunswick, Carteret, Columbus, Pender) Scleria bellii Smooth-seeded Hairy Nutrush N.C. T SR-L U.S. FSC N.C. S2 S1 Global G4 G2G3 C: pine savannas over limestone, diabase glades (Granville*, Onslow, Pender) Scleria reticularis Netted Nutrush T S2 G4 CS: clay-based Carolina bays, limesink ponds (Brunswick, Cumberland, Hoke, New Hanover, Onslow, Sampson, Scotland) Scleria verticillata Savanna Nutrush SR-P S2 G5 TC: calcareous wet savannas, maritime wet grasslands influenced by shell deposits (Brunswick*, Carteret, Columbus, Dare, Hyde, New Hanover*, Onslow, Pender, Tyrrell) Sclerolepis uniflora One-flower Hardscale SR-T S2 G4 C: clay-based Carolina bays, blackwater river foodplains, limesink ponds (Brunswick, Columbus, Cumberland, Hoke, Moore, New Hanover*, Robeson, Sampson*, Scotland) Scrophularia lanceolata American Figwort P: woodlands and forests (Guilford) Scutellaria australis Southern Skullcap SR-P E S1 G5 S1 G4T4? PS: alluvial forests (Anson*, Granville, Johnston*, Lee*, Orange*, Richmond*, Wake*) Scutellaria galericulata Hooded Skullcap M: spring-fed seepage (Buncombe*) Scutellaria leonardii Shale-barren Skullcap P: diabase glades (Durham, Granville, Moore, Orange) Scutellaria nervosa Veined Skullcap SC-H E E SH G5 S2 G4T4 S1 G5 P: alluvial forests (Chatham*, Durham*, Granville, Halifax, Jackson*, Northampton, Person, Wake, Warren*) Scutellaria ovata ssp. rugosa var. 1 Appalachian Skullcap SR-T S1 G1?Q M: rocky forests, boulderfields (Buncombe, Madison, Rutherford) Scutellaria saxatilis Rock Skullcap SR-T S1 G3 MP: northern hardwoods forests, rocky woodlands (Alleghany, Ashe, Cherokee, Graham, Mitchell, Watauga*, Yancey) Scientific Name Common Name Status Rank 58 Region: Habitat Comments (Counties of Occurrence) Sedum glaucophyllum Cliff Stonecrop N.C. SR-P U.S. N.C. S2 Global G4 PM: rock outcrops, mainly calcareous or mafic (Jackson, Macon, Montgomery, Rockingham, Stokes) Sedum pusillum Puck's Orpine P: granite flatrocks (Anson) Senecio suaveolens Sweet Indian-plantain E SC-H S1 G3 S1 G4 M: bottomlands (Buncombe*, Henderson, Macon, Transylvania*) Sesuvium maritimum Slender Sea-purslane T: seabeaches, marshes (Brunswick, Dare, New Hanover) Sesuvium portulacastrum Shoreline Sea-purslane SR-O SR-P S1? G5 S1 G5 T: seabeaches (Brunswick, Carteret, Dare, New Hanover, Onslow) Seymeria pectinata Sticky Afzelia C: disturbed habitats (Brunswick*, Columbus*) Shortia galacifolia var. brevistyla Northern Oconee Bells SC-H E FSC SH G4G5 S2 G3T2 M: streambanks, slopes, and outcrops in humid gorges (McDowell) Shortia galacifolia var. galacifolia Southern Oconee Bells SC-V FSC S2 G3T2T3 M: streambanks, slopes, and outcrops in humid gorges (Jackson*, Macon, Swain*, Transylvania) Sida elliottii var. elliottii Coastal Plain Sida P: stream banks, sandy woodlands (Iredell) Sideroxylon tenax Tough Bumelia T: maritime forests and scrub (Brunswick, New Hanover) Silene ovata Mountain Catchfly SR-P T SC-V FSC S1 G4G5TNR S1 G3? S3 G3 M: rich slopes, cove forests, montane oak-hickory forests (Buncombe, Cherokee, Graham, Haywood, Henderson, Jackson, Macon, Madison, Mitchell, Rutherford*, Swain, Yancey) Silphium connatum Virginia Cup-plant SC-V S2 G5T3T4 MP: floodplains, rich alluvial woods (Alleghany, Ashe, Iredell, Rockingham, Stokes, Surry, Yadkin) Silphium perfoliatum Northern Cup-plant T S1 G5 PM: floodplains (Alleghany, Ashe, Cabarrus, Forsyth, Iredell*, Mecklenburg, Stokes, Surry) Scientific Name Common Name Status Rank 59 Region: Habitat Comments (Counties of Occurrence) Silphium terebinthinaceum Prairie Dock N.C. SR-P U.S. N.C. S2 Global G4G5 P: diabase glades, other open or semi-open sites over mafic rock (Cabarrus, Davie, Durham, Granville, Mecklenburg, Person, Stanly, Union, Wake*) Sisyrinchium dichotomum White Irisette E E S2 G2 M: thin woods, especially over amphibolite, in the escarpment region (Burke, Henderson, Polk, Rutherford) Smilax hugeri Huger's Carrion-flower SR-P S2 G4 MP: deciduous forests (Anson, Clay, Cumberland, Graham, Macon, Montgomery, Richmond, Swain) Smilax lasioneura Blue Ridge Carrion-flower SR-P S1 G5 MP: oak-hickory forests over mafic rocks (Guilford*, Henderson, McDowell, Polk, Rutherford) Solanum pseudogracile Graceful Nightshade SR-T S1 GNR T: dunes (Brunswick, Carteret, New Hanover*, Onslow, Pamlico) Solidago leavenworthii Leavenworth's Goldenrod T S1 G3G4 C: savannas, pocosin borders, clay-based Carolina bays, peaty seeps (Carteret*, Columbus, Robeson, Sampson, Scotland*) Solidago plumosa Yadkin River Goldenrod P: riverside rocks (Montgomery, Stanly) Solidago ptarmicoides Prairie Goldenrod P: diabase glades (Granville, Rowan*) Solidago radula Western Rough Goldenrod T FSC E E S1 G1 S1 G5 S1 G5? P: dry woodlands over mafic rocks (Montgomery, Stanly, Wake*) Solidago rigida var. glabrata Southeastern Bold Goldenrod SR-P S2 G5T4 P: diabase glades, other open sites over mafic rock (Cabarrus, Durham, Granville, Mecklenburg*, Person, Rockingham, Union) Solidago rigida var. rigida Prairie Bold Goldenrod T S1 G5T5 M: forest openings, presumably on mafic or calcareous rocks (Buncombe*, Haywood*, Macon, Madison*, McDowell) Solidago simulans Granite Dome Goldenrod SR-L FSC S2 G2 M: high and low elevation granitic domes south of the Asheville Basin (Buncombe, Graham, Jackson, Macon, Rutherford, Swain, Transylvania) Scientific Name Common Name Status Rank 60 Region: Habitat Comments (Counties of Occurrence) Solidago spithamaea Blue Ridge Goldenrod N.C. T U.S. T N.C. S2 Global G2 M: high elevation rocky summits (Ashe, Avery, Buncombe, Mitchell, Watauga) Solidago squarrosa Squarrose Goldenrod SR-P S1 G4? M: moist forests at high elevations (Buncombe*, Jackson, Watauga) Solidago tortifolia Twisted-leaf Goldenrod E S1 G4G5 CS: dry savannas and and mesic flats (Bladen, Brunswick*, Hoke, Jones*, New Hanover*, Pender, Robeson*, Scotland*) Solidago uliginosa var. uliginosa Bog Goldenrod SR-P S1S2 G4G5T4T5 MSP: bogs, seeps (Ashe, Clay*, Haywood, Macon*, Madison*, Transylvania, Watauga, Yancey) Solidago ulmifolia Elm-leaf Goldenrod SR-D S1? G5 PM: wooded stream banks (Burke, Durham*, Jackson, McDowell, Rockingham, Rutherford) Solidago verna Spring-flowering Goldenrod SR-O S3 G3 CS: mesic to moist pinelands, pocosin ecotones (Bladen, Brunswick, Carteret, Columbus, Craven, Cumberland, Duplin, Harnett, Hoke, Johnston, Jones, Moore, New Hanover, Onslow, Pamlico, Pender, Richmond, Sampson, Scotland) Solidago villosicarpa Coastal Goldenrod E FSC S1 G1 C: edges and openings in maritime upland forests (Brunswick, Craven, Dare, New Hanover*, Onslow, Pender) Sparganium emersum Greenfruit Bur-reed M: pondshores (Avery, Jackson*, Macon, Watauga) Spartina pectinata Freshwater Cordgrass T SC-V S1 G5 S1 G5 MCS: freshwater marshes, spray zones of waterfalls, other moist sites (Alleghany, Ashe, Chowan*, Mitchell*, Montgomery*, Pasquotank, Transylvania) Spigelia marilandica Pink-root M: open woods (Cherokee) Spiraea corymbosa Shinyleaf Meadowsweet T S1 E S1 G4 G5T4? P: open woods, thin soil over rock (Alexander, Alleghany, Catawba, Stokes) Spiraea virginiana Virginia Spiraea T T S2 G2 M: riverbanks (Ashe, Buncombe, Graham, Macon, Mitchell, Swain, Transylvania, Yancey) Scientific Name Common Name Status Rank 61 Region: Habitat Comments (Counties of Occurrence) Spiranthes eatonii Eaton's Ladies'-tresses N.C. E U.S. N.C. S2 Global G2G4 CS: pine savannas and pine-oak sandhills (Beaufort*, Bladen*, Brunswick, Carteret, Craven, Cumberland*, Moore, Onslow, Pamlico*, Pender) Spiranthes floridana Florida Ladies'-tresses C: wet savannas and other moist sites (Brunswick, Pender*) Spiranthes lacera var. lacera Northern Slender Ladies'-tresses M: mountain balds (Clay*, Jackson) Spiranthes laciniata Lace-lip Ladies'-tresses SR-P E SC-V FSC S1 G1 S1 G5T5 S2 G4G5 C: moist wet habitats (Beaufort*, Bladen, Brunswick, Carteret, Columbus, New Hanover, Onslow, Pender) Spiranthes longilabris E Giant Spiral Orchid C: savannas (Bladen, Brunswick, Carteret, Onslow, Pender) Spiranthes lucida E Shining Ladies'-tresses M: seepage over amphibolite (Alleghany) Spiranthes ochroleuca T Yellow Ladies'-tresses S1 G3 S1 G4 S1 G4 M: grassy balds, meadows, wooded slopes (Ashe, Avery, Buncombe*, Haywood*, Rutherford, Watauga, Yancey*) Sporobolus heterolepis Prairie Dropseed M: olivine barrens (Clay, Jackson) Sporobolus teretifolius Wireleaf Dropseed C: wet savannas (Brunswick, Columbus) Sporobolus virginicus Saltmarsh Dropseed T: brackish marshes (Brunswick) Stachys appalachiana Appalachian Hedge-nettle T T T SR-L FSC S1 G5 S2 G2 S1 G5 S1 GNR M: fens, usually over mafic or ultramafic rocks (Alleghany, Ashe*, Watauga*) Stachys cordata Heartleaf Hedge-nettle SR-P S1 G5? M: rich forests, especially over calcareous rock (Madison, Montgomery) Stachys eplingii Epling's Hedge-nettle M: bogs (Burke*, Henderson, Jackson*, Watauga) SR-T S1 G5 Scientific Name Common Name Status Rank 62 Region: Habitat Comments (Counties of Occurrence) Stachys matthewsii Yadkin Hedge-nettle N.C. SR-T U.S. FSC N.C. S1 Global G1G2 P:
Object Description
Description
Title | Natural heritage program list of the rare plant species of North Carolina |
Other Title | Natural Heritage Program list of the rare plants of North Carolina |
Date | 2016 |
Description | 2016 |
Digital Characteristics-A | 1.36 MB; 162 p. |
Digital Format |
application/pdf |
Pres File Name-M | pubs_serial_rareplantspecies2016.pdf |
Full Text | Natural Heritage Program List of Rare Plant Species of North Carolina 2016 Compiled by Laura Gadd Robinson, Botanist John T. Finnegan, Information Systems Manager North Carolina Natural Heritage Program N.C. Department of Natural and Cultural Resources Raleigh, NC 27699-1651 www.ncnhp.org Ashe Alleghany Camden Surry Northampton Stokes Rockingham Vance Warren Granville Caswell Person Halifax Wilkes Hertford Watauga Perquimans Pasquotank Chowan Gates Avery Yadkin Forsyth Guilford Franklin Alamance Orange Durham Nash Mitchell Currituck Madison Yancey Caldwell Edgecombe Martin Iredell Wake Alexander Davie Burke Davidson McDowell Washington Randolph Chatham Rowan Buncombe Wilson Haywood Catawba Pitt Bertie Johnston Tyrrell Swain Greene Rutherford Lee Cleveland Wayne Jackson Lincoln Harnett Graham Henderson Mecklenburg Cabarrus Moore Montgomery Stanly Beaufort Transylvania Polk Gaston Cherokee Macon Lenoir Dare Sampson Cumberland Clay Union Anson Hyde Hoke Duplin Richmond Pamlico Jones Scotland Robeson Craven Bladen Carteret Columbus Onslow Pender New Hanover Brunswick THE COUNTIES AND PHYSIOGRAPHIC PROVINCES OF NORTH CAROLINA Mountains Piedmont Sandhills Coastal Plain Tidewater Natural Heritage Program List of Rare Plant Species of North Carolina 2016 Compiled by Laura Gadd Robinson, Botanist John T. Finnegan, Information Systems Manager North Carolina Natural Heritage Program N.C. Department of Natural and Cultural Resources Raleigh, NC 27699-1651 www.ncnhp.org This list is dynamic and is revised frequently as new data become available. New species are added to the list, and others are dropped from the list as appropriate. The list is published every two years. Further information may be obtained by contacting the North Carolina Natural Heritage Program, Department of Natural and Cultural Resources, 1651 MSC, Raleigh, NC 27699-1651; by contacting the North Carolina Wildlife Resources Commission, 1701 MSC, Raleigh, NC 27699- 1701; or by contacting the North Carolina Plant Conservation Program, Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, 1060 MSC, Raleigh, NC 27699-1060. Additional i n f o r m a t i o n on rare species, as well as a digital version of this list, can be obtained from the Natural Heritage Program’s website at www.ncnhp.org. Cover Photo of Arethusa bulbosa (Bog Rose) by David McAdoo. TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................. 1 NUMBER OF PLANT TAXA IN NORTH CAROLINA ..................................................... 2 LIST FORMAT ...................................................................................................................... 2 EXPLANATION OF STATUS AND RANK CODES ......................................................... 3 NORTH CAROLINA PLANT RARE LIST ........................................................................ 10 NORTH CAROLINA PLANT WATCH LIST .................................................................... 85 Watch Category 6 (regionally rare) ................................................................................ 132 ENDEMIC PLANTS IN NORTH CAROLINA ................................................................ 134 EXPLOITED PLANT TAXA IN NORTH CAROLINA................................................... 135 POTENTIAL NEW TO NORTH CAROLINA PLANTS ................................................. 136 SIGNIFICANT 2016 REVISIONS TO THE PLANT LISTS ........................................... 141 SCIENTIFIC NAME CHANGES TO THE PLANT LIST SINCE 2014 .......................... 142 INDEX OF SCIENTIFIC NAMES .................................................................................... 143 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This volume is dedicated in memory of John Finnegan (1960 - 2016) for his friendship and 20 years of unfailing service to the State of North Carolina, supporting the conservation of its natural heritage. This list was originally compiled and published by Alan Weakley in 1991, and it has been revised and updated over the years by Alan Weakley, Jame Amoroso, Misty Franklin Buchanan, and Laura Gadd Robinson. Special thanks are given to Misty Buchanan, Richard LeBlond, Harry LeGrand, Suzanne Mason, Shawn Oakley, James Padgett, Linda Rudd, Ed Schwartzman, Michael Schafale, Bruce Sorrie, and Alan Weakley for their involvement in the development of the list, to Paul Davison for assistance with the bryophyte lists, and Gary Perlmutter for assistance with the lichen list. The list of people who have assisted in the preparation of the vascular plant list, provided information to the NCNHP on rare species occurrences, or otherwise contributed to our understanding of the rare flora of the state are too many to mention, but a partial list of recent contributors includes: Mara Alexander, Nell Allen, Jame Amoroso, Herb Amyx, Pat Amyx, Rex Badgett, Chris Baranski, Moni Bates, Arleigh Birchler, Sean Bloom, Alvin Braswell, Ken Bridle, A.J. Bullard, Anne Burroughs, Kevin Caldwell, David Campbell, Angie Carl, Owen Carson, Crystal Cockman, Ed Corey, David Danly, Jamey Donaldson, David Dumond, Marshall Ellis, Bryan England, Rob Evans, Laura Fogo, John Fussell, Lisa Gaffney, Jeff Glitzenstein, Cheryl Gregory, Tom Govus, Janet Gray, Steve Hall, Kerry Heafner, Karin Heiman, Tom Howard, Kimberly Israel, Alicia Jackson, Andrew Jenkins, Claudia Jolls, Dean Kanipe, Gary Kauffman, Josh Kelly, Lisa Kelly, Wesley Knapp, Jay Kranyik, Alexander Krings, Mike Kunz, Lenny Lampel, Michael Lee, Merrill Lynch, Jeff Marcus, Jim Matthews, Carol Ann McCormick, Hervey McIver, Patrick McMillan, William S. Moye, Carl Nordman, Tom Patrick, Cary Paynter, Bob Peet, Derick Poindexter, Gerald Pottern, April Punsalan, Milo Pyne, Lloyd Raleigh, Johnny Randall, Duke Rankin, Evan Raskin, Jerry Reese, Jerry Reynolds, Mark Rose, Tim Savidge, Blanka Shaw, John Shaw, Dale Shew, Roger Shew, Alan Smith, Matt Smith, Jennifer Stanley, Lesley Starke, Sara Strickland, Dale Suiter, Megan Sutton, John Taggart, Craig Ten Brink, Robert Thornhill, Mike Turner, Julie Tuttle, Chris Ulrey, Andy Walker, Wade Wall, Bobby Ward, Allison (Schwarz) Weakley, David Welch, Tom Wentworth, Brenda Wichmann, Chris Wilson, and participants in the N.C. Vegetation Survey. 1 INTRODUCTION The North Carolina Natural Heritage Program (NCNHP) conducts and maintains an inventory of known locations of rare animals and plants in the state as part of its mission to support conservation of natural areas. The primary functions of this inventory list are its use 1) in determining priorities for protection of the state’s most important natural areas and the plants and animals contained therein, 2) in determining priorities for inventory, and 3) by public agencies and private persons for environmental assessment and land management planning. The NCNHP is charged under the Nature Preserves Act (G.S. 143B-135.250 to 143B-135.272) with compiling and maintaining information relevant to the protection of North Carolina’s most important natural areas. NCNHP takes the lead role in North Carolina in the inventory of the state’s natural diversity and the identification of important natural areas and rare species habitats. The list incorporates the most recent federal status designations determined by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) for all animal and plant taxa native to North Carolina. This list also includes North Carolina legal status information from the N.C. Plant Conservation Program (NCPCP), a unit of the Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services and the agency responsible for the listing and protection of North Carolina’s endangered and threatened plants, under provisions of the North Carolina Plant Protection and Conservation Act (N.C. General Statutes - Chapter 106 Article 19B). The NCPCP List of North Carolina’s Endangered, Threatened and Special Concern Plant Species can be found on the website: http://www.ncagr.gov/plantindustry/plant/plantconserve/. NCWRC is responsible for the listing and protection of the state’s nongame species of mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, freshwater fishes, mollusks, and crustaceans, under N.C. General Statutes - Chapter 113 Article 25. The NCNHP, NCPCP, NCWRC, and USFWS work cooperatively to ensure the continued survival of all of North Carolina’s rich flora and fauna. Over the past 25 years and continuing in the future, the advice and protection designations (for example, Endangered, Threatened, and Special Concern) of scientific councils and committees have been considered in the creation of the list. Many species that lack formal legal protection are nonetheless imperiled in North Carolina. Therefore, NCNHP collects data on these species in addition to those classified under the three protection designations above and places them in two categories: Significantly Rare (SR) and Watch List (W). These species receive no special legal protection; rather, the designation is used to convey information about the species’ rarity within the state. The tracking of SR species, along with Endangered, Threatened, and Special Concern species, plays a critical role in how NCNHP evaluates natural areas for their importance in conservation of the state’s native biodiversity. These status categories are defined in this list under “N.C. Status.” NCNHP requests locality and population data on the species listed in this publication. Survey forms can be downloaded from our website. For the most current information about the range of tracked species in North Carolina, visit www.ncnhp.org. Information, including maps and datasets, on animals, plants, and communities nationwide may be found on NatureServe Explorer (www.natureserve.org/). 2 NUMBER OF PLANT TAXA IN NORTH CAROLINA Numbers in the table indicate number of taxa – generally species as well as valid unique varieties and subspecies – for each group and status. Because many taxa have both an N.C. and a U.S. status, totals cannot be added across a complete line. The total number of species in North Carolina is an estimate of the species that do occur or have occurred at one time in the state. GROUP APPROXIMATE NUMBER IN NORTH CAROLINA N.C. STATUS U.S. STATUS E T SC SR E T FSC Vascular Plants 4,239 157 141 110 287 17 9 91 Mosses 440 0 1 1 121 0 0 2 Liverworts 225 0 0 5 57 0 0 8 Hornworts 9 0 0 0 2 0 0 2 Lichens 977 1 1 2 19 1 0 15 Totals 5,890 158 143 118 486 18 9 118 LIST FORMAT Species are grouped by major taxa. Plants are placed in five groups: Vascular Plants, Mosses, Liverworts, Hornworts, and Lichens. Within a given taxon, species are listed alphabetically by scientific name. The following information is presented for each species on the list; “status” indicates the degree of legal recognition (if any); “rank” is a numerical scale of the rarity of a species, regardless of legal protection. Scientific Name. Taxonomy and nomenclature of vascular plants (dicots, monocots, gymnosperms, ferns, and fern allies) generally follows Weakley, A.S. Flora of the Southern and Mid-Atlantic States. 2015. University of North Carolina Herbarium (NCU), N.C. Botanical Garden, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (available online at http://www.herbarium.unc.edu/. Scientific authorities for names have been omitted to save space, but follow Weakley (2015 draft) and J.T. Kartesz’s A Synonymized Checklist and Atlas with Biological Attributes for the Vascular Flora of the United States, Canada, and Greenland. First Edition. (In: Kartesz, J.T. and C.A. Meacham. Synthesis of the North American Flora, Version 1.0. North Carolina Botanical Garden, Chapel Hill, N.C. 1999). Taxonomy and nomenclature of nonvascular plants (mosses, liverworts, hornworts, and lichens) follow Bryophyte Flora of North America, provisional publication, Missouri Botanical Garden (2001), http://www.mobot.org/plantscience/BFNA/bfnamenu.htm. L.E. Anderson, H.A. Crum, and W.R. Buck’s List of the Mosses of North America North of Mexico (Bryologist 93: 448-499 [1990]); L.E. Anderson’s A Checklist of Sphagnum in North America North of Mexico (Bryologist 93: 500-501 [1990]); R. Schuster’s The Hepaticae and Anthocerotae of North America East of the Hundredth Meridian (1966, 1969, 1974, 1980, and 1992); M.L. Hicks’ Liverworts of the Mountains of North Carolina (1982); M.L. Hicks’ Guide to the Liverworts of North Carolina (1992); M.L. Hicks and P.G. Davidson’s Some Rare, Endemic, and Disjunct Liverworts in North Carolina (Castanea 54: 255-261 [1989]); G.B. Perlmutter’s Lichen Checklist for North Carolina (Perlmutter, G.B. 2005. Lichen Checklist for North Carolina, Evansia 22[2]: 51-77), http://lichenportal.org/portal/checklists/checklist.php?cl=1187&pid=103); Brodo, Sharnoff, and Sharnoff’s Lichens of North America (2001); and Esslinger’s Lichen Checklist for North America (Esslinger, T.A. 2015. A Cumulative Checklist for the Lichen-forming Lichenicolous and Allied Fungi of the Continental United States and Canada. first posted 1 December 1997, most recent version [#20] 19 April 2015) https://www.ndsu.edu/pubweb/~esslinge/chcklst/chcklst7.htm. 3 EXPLANATION OF STATUS AND RANK CODES Status Codes In North Carolina, Endangered, Threatened, and Special Concern species have legally protected status through the North Carolina Plant Conservation Program (NCPCP). The Natural Heritage Program maintains computerized records and GIS map files on Significantly Rare species, as well as species considered extirpated in the state. United States Status is designated by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) and the U.S. National Marine Fisheries Service (USNMFS) in accordance with the U.S. Endangered Species Act of 1973 (USESA), as amended. Plants and plant varieties, (including fungi and lichens), animal species and subspecies, and vertebrate populations are considered for Endangered or Threatened status according to the criteria established under the USESA. Proposals and determinations to add taxa or populations to the Lists of Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and plants are published in the Federal Register. Additionally, the USFWS and the USNMFS periodically publish a Notice of Review or Notice of Reclassification in the Federal Register that presents an updated list of plant and animal taxa that are regarded as candidates or proposed for possible addition to the Lists of Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants. Contact the Asheville or Raleigh Ecological Services Field Offices for more information. N.C. STATUS – PLANTS N.C. STATUS CODE STATUS DEFINITION E Endangered Any native or once-native species of higher taxon of plant whose continued existence as a viable component of the state’s flora is determined to be in jeopardy or any species of plant determined to be an Endangered species pursuant to the Endangered Species Act. (GS19B-106:202.12.) T Threatened Any native or once-native resident species of plant which is likely to become an endangered species within the foreseeable future throughout all or a significant portion of its range, or one that is designated as a Threatened species pursuant to the Endangered Species Act. (GS19B-106:202.12.) SC-V Special Concern- Vulnerable Any species or higher taxon of plant which is likely to become a threatened species within the forseeable future. (NCAC 02 NCAC 48F .0401.) SC-H Special Concern- Historical Any species or higher taxon of plant that occurred in North Carolina at one time, but for which all known populations are currently considered to be either historical or extirpated. (NCAC 02 NCAC 48F .0401) SR Significantly Rare This is a NCNHP designation. Any species which has not been listed by the NCPCP as an Endangered, Threatened, or Special Concern species, but which exists in the state (or recently occurred in the state) in small numbers (generally fewer than 100 statewide populations) and has been determined by the NCNHP to need monitoring. Significantly Rare species include species of historical occurrence with some likelihood of rediscovery in the state and species substantially reduced in numbers by habitat destruction, direct exploitation, or disease. Species considered extirpated in the state, with little likelihood of rediscovery, are given no N.C. status 4 N.C. STATUS CODE STATUS DEFINITION listed by the NCWRC or NCPCP as E, T, or SC). SR-L Significantly Rare-Limited The range of the species is limited to North Carolina and adjacent states (endemic or near endemic). These are species that may have 20-50 populations in North Carolina, but fewer than 100 populations rangewide. The preponderance of their distribution is in North Carolina and their fate depends largely on conservation here. SR-T Significantly Rare-Throughout The species is rare throughout its range (fewer than 100 populations total). SR-D Significantly Rare-Disjunct The species is disjunct to North Carolina from a main range in a different part of the country or world. SR-P Significantly Rare-Peripheral The species is at the periphery of its range in North Carolina. These species are generally more common somewhere else in their ranges, occurring in North Carolina peripherally to their main ranges, mostly in habitats that are unusual in North Carolina. SR-O Significantly Rare-Other The range of the species is sporadic or cannot be described by the other Significantly Rare categories. WL Watch List This is an NCNHP designation for any other species believed to be rare and of conservation concern in the state but not warranting active monitoring at this time. U.S. STATUS – PLANTS U.S. STATUS CODE STATUS DEFINITION E Endangered A taxon that is in danger of extinction throughout all or a significant portion of its range (Public Law 93-205 87 Stat. 884). T Threatened A taxon that is likely to become an endangered species within the foreseeable future throughout all or a significant portion of its range (Public Law 93-205 87 Stat. 884). C Candidate Taxa for which the USFWS has on file enough substantial information on biological vulnerability and threat(s) to support proposals to list them as endangered or threatened. Proposed rules have not yet been issued because this action is precluded at present by other listing activity. Development and publication of proposed rules on these taxa are anticipated. The USFWS encourages state and other federal agencies as well as other affected parties to give consideration to these taxa in environmental planning [Federal Register, 5 December 1996 Volume 61(235):64481]. Taxa formerly considered “Category 1” are now considered “Candidate.” FSC Federal Species of Concern “FSC” is an informal term. It is not defined in the federal Endangered Species Act. In North Carolina, the Asheville and Raleigh Field Offices of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service define FSC as those species that appear to be in decline or otherwise in need of conservation and are under consideration for listing or for which there is insufficient information to support listing at this time. Subsumed 5 U.S. STATUS CODE STATUS DEFINITION under the term FSC are all species petitioned by outside parties and other selected focal species identified in USFWS strategic plans, state Wildlife Action Plans, Professional Society Lists (e.g. AFS, FMCS), or NatureServe State Program Lists. Ranking System Natural Heritage Programs and the NatureServe Network have developed a consistent method for evaluating the relative imperilment of both species and ecological communities. These assessments led to the designation of a conservation rank. These ranks provide an estimate of extinction risk. Conservation rank values have been assigned over the past 30 years by the NCNHP, NatureServe, and a large number of collaborators in government agencies, universities, natural history museums, botanical gardens, and other conservation organizations. This information has been developed primarily to help in guiding conservation and informing environmental planning andmanagement. Conservation ranks are either state (S) or global (G) and are based on a one-to-five scale, ranging from critically imperiled (S1 or G1) to demonstrably secure (S5 or G5). These assessments are based on the best available information, considering a variety of factors such as abundance, distribution, population trends, and threats. Global ranks apply to the species throughout its range. The system is widely used by nationwide agencies and organizations, as the best available scientific and objective assessment of a species’ imperilment throughout its range. A rank involving two numbers indicates uncertainty. For example, an S2S3 or a G2G3 rank indicates that the species may be S2 or S3 (or G2 or G3), but that existing data do not allow that determination to be made. N.C. RANK – PLANTS N.C. RANK NUMBER OF EXTANT POPULATIONS DESIGNATION DESCRIPTION S1 1-5 Critically Imperiled Critically imperiled due to extreme rarity or some factor(s) making it especially vulnerable to extirpation (local extinction) from the state. Typically 5 or fewer occurrences or very few remaining individuals (<1,000). S2 6-20 Imperiled Imperiled due to rarity or some factor(s) making it very vulnerable to extirpation from the state. Typically 6 to 20 occurrences or few remaining individuals (1,000 to 3,000). S3 21-100 Vulnerable Vulnerable to extinction either because rare or uncommon, found only in a restricted range (even if abundant at some locations), or due to other factors making it vulnerable to extirpation. Typically 21 to 100 occurrences or between 3,000 to 10,000 individuals. S4 101-1,000 Apparently Secure Apparently secure and widespread, usually with more than 100 occurrences and more than 10,000 6 N.C. RANK NUMBER OF EXTANT POPULATIONS DESIGNATION DESCRIPTION individuals. S5 1,001+ Secure Common, widespread, and abundant. Essentially ineradicable under present conditions. Typically with considerably more than 100 occurrences and more than 10,000 individuals. SH 0? Historical Of historical occurrence, with some expectation that it may be rediscovered. Its presence may not have been verified in the past 20 years. Upon verification of an extant occurrence, SH-ranked elements would typically receive an S1 rank. Note: an element is not automatically assigned an SH (or SX) rank if it has not been verified in the past 20 years; some effort must have been made to locate or relocate occurrences. SX 0 Presumed Extirpated Believed to be extirpated. Has not been located despite intensive searches of historical sites and other appropriate habitat, and virtually no likelihood that it will be rediscovered. SU Unknown Unrankable Currently unrankable due to lack of information or substantially conflicting information about status or trends. More information is needed. SNR Unknown Not Ranked Statewide rank not yet assessed. SNA N/A Not Applicable A conservation rank is not applicable because the element is not a suitable target for conservation for one of these reasons: Hybrid – an interspecific hybrid without conservation value; Exotic Origin – not native to North Carolina; Accidental/Nonregular – outside usual range and not regularly found in North Carolina; Not Confidently Present – never documented as present in NC; Synonym – the taxon is not recognized by the NCNHP. S_? --- Uncertain Denotes inexact or uncertain numeric rank. 7 GLOBAL STATUS - PLANTS GLOBAL RANK NUMBER OF EXTANT POPULATIONS DESIGNATION DESCRIPTION G1 1-5 Critically Imperiled Critically imperiled globally because of extreme rarity or because of some factor(s) making it especially vulnerable to extinction. Typically five or fewer occurrences or very few remaining individuals (<1,000) or acres (<2,000) or linear miles (<10). G2 6-20 Imperiled Imperiled globally because of rarity or because of some factor(s) making it very vulnerable to extinction. Typically 6 to 20 occurrences or few remaining individuals (1,000 to 3,000) or acres (2,000 to 10,000) or linear miles (10 to 50). G3 21-100 Vulnerable Vulnerable globally either because very rare throughout its range, found only in a restricted range (even if abundant at some locations), or other factors making it vulnerable to extinction. Typically 21 to 100 occurrences or between 3,000 and 10,000 individuals. G4 101-1,000 Apparently Secure Uncommon but not rare (although it may be rare in parts of its range, particularly on the periphery) and usually widespread. Apparently not vulnerable in most of its range, but possibly ause for long-term concern. Typically more than 100 occurrences and more than 10,000 individuals. G5 1,001+ Secure Common, widespread, and abundant (although it may be rare in parts of its range, particularly on the periphery). Not vulnerable in most of its range. Typically with considerably more than 100 occurrences and more than 10,000 individuals. GH 0? Historical Known only from historical occurrences, but with some expectation that it may be rediscovered. May still be extant; further searching is needed. GX 0 Presumed Extinct Believed to be extinct throughout its range (e.g., passenger pigeon) with virtually no likelihood that it will be rediscovered. Not located despite intensive searches of historical sites and other appropriate habitat. GU Unknown Unrankable Currently unrankable due to lack of information or due to substantially conflicting information about status or trends; need more information. GNR Unknown Not Ranked Global rank not yet assessed. G_T_ --- Subspecies or Variety Rank The rank of a taxonomic subspecies or variety. As an example, G4T1 would apply to a subspecies of a species with an overall rank of G4, but the subspecies warranting a rank of G1. G_? --- Uncertain Denotes inexact or uncertain numeric rank. 8 GLOBAL RANK NUMBER OF EXTANT POPULATIONS DESIGNATION DESCRIPTION G_Q --- Questionable Taxonomy Taxonomic classification that may reduce conservation priority. Distinctiveness of this entity as a taxon at the current level is questionable. Resolution of this uncertainty may result in change from a species to a subspecies or inclusion of this taxon in another taxon, with the resulting element having a lower-priority conservation status rank. Physiographic Province/Region. The provinces/regions in which the species is known to occur are indicated. This should not be regarded as the only province(s) or regions(s) of the state in which the species could occur; our knowledge of the flora of North Carolina is still very imperfect. The provinces are abbreviated as follows: ABBREVIATION PROVINCE/REGION DESCRIPTION M Mountains (Blue Ridge) All parts of North Carolina west of the foot of the Blue Ridge Escarpment. P Piedmont All parts of North Carolina east of the foot of the Blue Ridge Escarpment and west of the Fall Line, including outlying “foothill” ranges, such as the Brushy, Uwharrie, Sauratown, and South mountains. This province is shallowly underlain by crystalline metamorphic, igneous, or (rarely) consolidated sedimentary rocks. S Sandhills Portions of Cumberland, Harnett, Hoke, Lee, Moore, Richmond, Scotland, and Montgomery counties consisting mostly of deep aeolian sands of the Middendorf and Pinehurst formations (Cretaceous to Tertiary age). The Sandhills are really part of the coastal plain but are here distinguished because of their distinctive geomorphology and vegetation. Areas somewhat resembling the Sandhills region but occurring in other parts of the state (such as Carolina bay rims and aeolian or beach ridge deposits in the outer Coastal Plain) are considered part of the Coastal Plain Province. C Coastal Plain All parts of North Carolina east of the Fall Line, but excluding the Sandhills region and Tidewater. Generally consisting of unconsolidated sands, silts, clays, and peats, though rarely shallowly underlain by consolidated coquina limestone (“marl”). T Tidewater Areas associated with tidal water, such as the ocean and barrier islands, sounds, estuaries, and mainland brackish or salt marshes. 9 Habitat. The known habitats are described; as with provinces, these should not be regarded as the only possible habitats of the species in the state. Counties of Known Occurrence. Following the description of habitats is a listing of the known counties of occurrence in the NCNHP database. We request information about any new occurrences in the state. County names are followed by symbols (defined below) if the species has not been recently verified within the county. * All recorded occurrences in the county are either extirpated, have not been found in recent surveys, or have not been surveyed recently enough to be confident they are still present. Unsurveyed occurrences are regarded as historical after 20-40 years, the number of years depending on the species and the amount of habitat alteration in the area. An asterisk should not be regarded as a definitive statement that the species is gone from the county but indicates that its continued existence is uncertain. + Counties with obscure or undatable records. ? There is some question as to the validity of the county report. The botanical exploration of North Carolina is far from complete, and many additional county records will be found, generally (but not always) in proximity to counties listed. Most species that do not have county of occurrence information are new to the Rare List and county status information had not been compiled at the time of publication. Visit the Natural Heritage Program website for the most up-to- date county occurrence information: www.ncnhp.org. Scientific Name Common Name Region: Habitat Comments (Counties of Occurrence) Status Rank N.C. U.S. N.C. Global 10 NORTH CAROLINA PLANT RARE LIST Vascular Plants Acmella repens Creeping Spotflower SR-D S1 G5T5 CP: low wet areas and floating mats in alluvial forests and swamps (Columbus, Robeson, Wake) Acmispon helleri Carolina Birdfoot-trefoil SC-V S3 G5T3 P: open woods over clay soils, roadsides (Cabarrus, Caswell, Catawba*, Davidson, Davie*, Granville, Iredell*, Mecklenburg, Moore, Person, Randolph, Rockingham, Rowan, Stanly, Union, Wake, Warren*) Aconitum reclinatum Trailing Wolfsbane SR-T S3 G3 M: rich coves, seepage slopes, boulderfields, rocky stream banks, mainly associated with mafic rocks (Ashe, Avery, Buncombe, Caldwell*, Cherokee, Graham, Haywood, Henderson, Jackson, Macon*, Mitchell, Transylvania*, Watauga, Yancey) Adiantum capillus-veneris Venus Hair Fern T S1 G5 C: coquina limestone (marl) outcrops, also adventitious on mortar of old stone walls in Wilmington, New Hanover County (Columbus) Adlumia fungosa Climbing Fumitory SC-V S2 G4 M: coves and cliffs (Alleghany, Buncombe, Graham, Haywood, Henderson, Jackson*, Macon*, Madison, Mitchell, Swain, Yancey) Aeschynomene virginica Sensitive Jointvetch T T S1 G2 TC: freshwater to slightly brackish tidal marshes and wet ditches (Beaufort, Craven, Hyde, Lenoir*) Agalinis virgata Branched Gerardia T S2 G3G4Q CS: savannas and depression pond shores (Brunswick, Carteret, Craven, Duplin*, New Hanover, Onslow, Pender, Scotland) Agastache nepetoides Yellow Giant-hyssop SR-P S1 G5 P: oak--hickory forests, especially over mafic rocks (Buncombe, Caswell, Durham*, Granville, Madison*, Moore, Orange, Polk, Stokes*, Surry*, Transylvania*, Wake*, Warren*) Agrostis altissima Tall Bentgrass C: wet savannas (Brunswick, Carteret, Onslow, Pender) Agrostis mertensii Arctic Bentgrass SR-T E S2 G4 S1 G5 M: high elevation rocky summits and balds (Avery, Mitchell*, Yancey) Scientific Name Common Name Region: Habitat Comments (Counties of Occurrence) Status Rank N.C. U.S. N.C. Global 11 Aletris lutea Yellow Colic-root C: pine savannas (Pender) Allium allegheniense Allegheny Onion SR-P SR-T S1 G4G5 S1 G3? M: rock outcrops and woodlands over mafic rock at moderate to high elevations (Ashe, Caldwell) Allium cuthbertii Striped Garlic T S2 G4 PM: low elevation granitic domes and other rocky sites with circumneutral soils (Alexander, Madison*, Randolph, Richmond, Wilkes) Allium sp. 1 Savanna Onion C: wet savannas (Brunswick, Onslow, Pender) Alnus viridis ssp. crispa Green Alder M: balds (Avery, McDowell, Mitchell) Amaranthus pumilus Seabeach Amaranth SR-L SC-V T FSC T S1S2 S1 S1S2 G1G2 G5T5 G2 T: ocean beaches and island-end flats (Brunswick, Carteret, Currituck, Dare, Hyde*, New Hanover, Onslow, Pender) Amorpha confusa Savanna Indigo-bush T FSC S3 G3T3 C: wet savannas (Bladen*, Brunswick, Columbus, New Hanover*) Amorpha georgiana Georgia Indigo-bush E FSC S2 G3T2 CS: mesic to moist terraces along blackwater streams and ecotones between pocosins and savannas (Cumberland, Harnett, Hoke, Lee, Lenoir*, Moore, Pender, Richmond, Robeson*, Scotland) Amphicarpum muhlenbergianum E Florida Goober Grass C: clay-based Carolina bays (Hoke, Robeson, Scotland) Andropogon mohrii T Bog Bluestem S1 G4 S2 G4? C: wet savannas (Brunswick, Carteret, Columbus, Craven, Onslow, Pender, Robeson*, Scotland, Washington*) Anemone berlandieri Southern Anemone E S2 G4? P: thin soils around rock outcrops, usually on basic soil (Alexander, Anson, Mecklenburg*, Montgomery, Moore, Orange, Polk*, Randolph, Rowan, Rutherford, Stanly, Union) Anemone caroliniana Prairie Anemone E S1 G5 P: clayey woodlands over mafic rocks (Mecklenburg, Rutherford, Stanly*) Scientific Name Common Name Region: Habitat Comments (Counties of Occurrence) Status Rank N.C. U.S. N.C. Global 12 Anthoxanthum hirtum Holy Grass M: bogs (Ashe, Macon, Watauga*) Anticlea glauca White Camas SR-D SR-P S1 G5 S1 G5T4T5 M: calcareous rock outcrops (Buncombe*, McDowell, Yancey) Arabis patens Spreading Rockcress SR-T S1 G3 M: thin soils around limestone and nutrient-rich seepage from amphibolite (Madison, Rutherford, Swain) Arabis pycnocarpa var. adpressipilis Hairy Rockcress E S1 G5T4Q PM: thin soils around basic rock outcrops (Alexander, Buncombe) Arenaria lanuginosa var. lanuginosa Spreading Sandwort SR-P S1 G5T5 TC: maritime grasslands and forests, other sandy sites, shell middens, coquina limestone (marl) outcrops (Beaufort*, Brunswick*, Carteret*, Dare*, Jones, Onslow, Pender*) Arethusa bulbosa Bog Rose E S1 G5 MP: bogs (Alleghany, Ashe*, Avery, Forsyth*, Henderson*, Transylvania) Arisaema stewardsonii Bog Jack-in-the-pulpit SR-P S2 G5T4T5 M: bogs (Alleghany, Ashe, Avery, Catawba, Henderson, Jackson, Macon, McDowell, Mitchell, Rutherford, Transylvania, Watauga, Yancey) Aristida condensata Big Three-awn Grass T S2 G4? C: bay rims with xeric pine-oak scrub (Bladen, Hoke*, New Hanover, Pender, Richmond*, Scotland*) Aristida simpliciflora Chapman's Three-awn C: wet savannas (Brunswick, Columbus, Pender) Aristida tenuispica Hillsboro Three-awn Grass C: xeric sandhill scrub (New Hanover, Pender) Arnoglossum ovatum var. lanceolatum Savanna Indian-plantain E SR-P E S1S2 S1 S2 G3G4 G5T5 G4G5TNR C: wet savannas (Bladen*, Brunswick, Columbus, Jones, Onslow, Pender) Asclepias cinerea Carolina Milkweed C: pine savannas (Columbus*) SR-D SH G4? Scientific Name Common Name Status Rank 13 Region: Habitat Comments (Counties of Occurrence) Asclepias pedicellata Savanna Milkweed N.C. SC-V U.S. N.C. S3 Global G4 C: dry savannas and moist flatwoods (Bladen, Brunswick, Carteret, Columbus, New Hanover, Onslow, Pender, Sampson) Asclepias purpurascens Purple Milkweed SR-T S1? G5? PMC: swamps, bottomlands, edges of moist woods (Bertie*, Burke, Davidson, Durham, Hertford, Johnston, Moore, Pender, Union, Wilkes) Asemeia grandiflora Showy Milkwort SC: sandhills (Hoke, Richmond, Robeson, Scotland) Asplenium bradleyi Bradley's Spleenwort SR-P SR-P S2 G5? S2 G4 PM: acidic rock outcrops and cliffs (Burke, Cleveland*, Gaston, McDowell, Orange, Polk, Rutherford, Stokes) Asplenium heteroresiliens Carolina Spleenwort E FSC S2 G2 C: coquina limestone outcrops (Bladen, Craven, Jones, Onslow*) Asplenium monanthes Single-sorus Spleenwort E S1 G4 M: outcrops near waterfalls in escarpment gorges (Jackson, Transylvania) Asplenium pinnatifidum Lobed Spleenwort SR-P S2 G4 PM: acidic rock outcrops and cliffs (Caldwell*, Henderson, Macon, Madison, Polk, Rutherford, Transylvania, Wilkes) Asplenium ruta-muraria Wall-rue Spleenwort M: limestone outcrops (Burke, Madison, McDowell) Astragalus michauxii Sandhills Milk-vetch SC-V SC-V FSC S1 G5 S3 G3 SC: dry to xeric longleaf pine-oak woodlands and river-deposited sandhills (Bladen, Cumberland, Harnett, Hoke, Moore, New Hanover*, Pender, Richmond, Robeson*, Sampson, Scotland) Athyrium angustum Northern Lady Fern M: rock outcrops and forests at high elevations (Avery) Baccharis glomeruliflora Silverling SR-P SC-H S1 G5T5 S1 G4 T: shrubby areas on margins of brackish marshes (Brunswick, New Hanover*, Pender) Bacopa caroliniana Blue Water-hyssop T S1 G4G5 C: Shallow ponds, marshes, natural lakes, and tidal creeks (Bladen, Brunswick, Columbus, New Hanover, Onslow, Pender) Scientific Name Common Name Status Rank 14 Region: Habitat Comments (Counties of Occurrence) Bacopa innominata Tropical Water-hyssop N.C. SC-H U.S. N.C. SH Global G3G5 C: tidal freshwater marshes (Chowan, New Hanover*, Pender*) Bacopa rotundifolia Round-leaf Water-hyssop C: natural lakes (Hyde*, Pender) Balduina atropurpurea Purple Honeycomb-head C: savannas (Bladen, Brunswick*) Baptisia alba Thick-pod White Wild Indigo SR-D E T FSC S1 G5 S1 G2 S2 G5 PCS: open woodlands, clearings (Anson, Cabarrus, Davidson, Johnston, Montgomery, Randolph, Stanly, Union) Baptisia australis var. aberrans Prairie Blue Wild Indigo E S2 G5T2 P: glades and open forests on basic soils (Cabarrus*, Caswell, Durham, Granville, Montgomery, Orange*, Person*) Baptisia bracteata Creamy Wild Indigo P: open woodlands (McDowell*) Berberis canadensis American Barberry SC-H SC-V SH G4G5T4? S2 G3 PM: open forests and glades on basic soils (Alamance*, Alexander*, Buncombe*, Catawba, Durham, Granville, Guilford*, Haywood*, Iredell*, Macon, Madison, McDowell, Montgomery, Orange*, Person*, Randolph*, Rockingham, Rutherford, Swain*, Transylvania*) Betula cordifolia Mountain Paper Birch SC-V S1 G5T5 M: high elevation forests and landslide scars (Orange, Yancey) Bidens trichosperma Crowned Beggar-ticks SR-P S1 G5? CT: brackish marshes (Beaufort*, Chowan*, Craven*, Dare, Tyrrell*) Boechera missouriensis Missouri Rockcress SC-V S1S2 G5 P: thin soils around basic rock outcrops (Anson, Madison, Stanly, Union) Boltonia asteroides var. glastifolia White Doll's-daisy SR-O S2 G5TNR CS: clay-based Carolina bays, marshes, savannas (Brunswick, Camden*, Columbus, Hoke, New Hanover, Robeson, Scotland) Botrychium lanceolatum var. angustisegmentum Lance-leaf Moonwort MP: cove forests (Burke, Macon, McDowell) SR-P S1 G5T4 Scientific Name Common Name Status Rank 15 Region: Habitat Comments (Counties of Occurrence) Botrychium matricariifolium Daisy-leaf Moonwort N.C. SR-P U.S. N.C. S1 Global G5 MP: cove forests (Avery, Burke, Haywood, Jackson, Mitchell, Swain, Yancey) Botrychium simplex var. simplex Least Moonwort SR-P S2 G5T3T4 M: open, grassy sites (Haywood, Jackson, Mitchell, Transylvania) Bouteloua curtipendula var. curtipendula Sideoats Grama M: dry rocky slopes and bluffs (Swain) Brachyelytrum aristosum Northern Shorthusk SR-P SR-P S1 G5T5 S3 G5 M: northern hardwood forests (Ashe, Avery, Buncombe, Caldwell, Clay, Graham, Haywood, Henderson*, Jackson, Macon, Mitchell, Swain, Transylvania, Watauga) Bromus ciliatus Fringed Brome SR-P S1 G5 M: moist areas near high elevation grassy balds (Alexander, Ashe, Buncombe, Haywood, Henderson, Mitchell*, Transylvania, Watauga) Bromus latiglumis Riverbank Brome M: river floodplains (Alleghany, Ashe, Jackson, Swain) Buchnera americana American Bluehearts SR-P E S1 G5 S1 G5? MPS: glades, open forests, streambanks, probably primarily over mafic or calcareous rocks (Cherokee, Cumberland*, Durham*, Harnett*, Orange*, Polk*, Rowan, Sampson*, Union, Wake*) Buckleya distichophylla Piratebush T FSC S2 G3 M: bluffs, dry slopes, forests on lower slopes (Buncombe, Haywood, Macon, Madison, Mitchell, Swain*) Bulbostylis warei Ware's Hair Sedge SC-H SH G3G4 T: interdunes, riverine sandhills, and other xeric sand deposits (Brunswick*) Calamagrostis cainii Cain's Reedgrass M: high elevation rocky summits (Buncombe, Yancey) Calamagrostis canadensis var. canadensis Canada Reed Grass E SR-P FSC S1 G1 S1 G5T5 M: bogs and moist areas around high elevation rock outcrops (Alleghany, Ashe, Avery, Haywood*, Macon, Mitchell*, Watauga*) Calamagrostis porteri ssp. porteri Porter's Reed Grass SR-P S1 G4T4 M: middle elevation ridgetop forests (Cherokee, Clay, Graham, Jackson, Macon, Mitchell, Rutherford, Surry, Transylvania*) Scientific Name Common Name Status Rank 16 Region: Habitat Comments (Counties of Occurrence) Callitriche terrestris Terrestrial Water-starwort N.C. SR-O U.S. N.C. S2? Global G5 CP: low, wet places (Granville, Moore, Richmond, Stanly, Union) Calopogon multiflorus Many-flower Grass-pink C: savannas (Brunswick, Carteret, Onslow, Pender) Caltha palustris var. palustris Marsh-marigold E FSC E S1 G2G3 S1 G5T5 M: boggy sites (Alleghany, Ashe, Avery*, Buncombe*, Madison*, Watauga, Yancey*) Camassia scilloides Wild Hyacinth T S1 G4G5 CP: rich levees, slopes, and bottomlands (Alleghany, Franklin, Northampton, Vance) Campanula aparinoides var. aparinoides Marsh Bellflower SR-P S2 G5TNR M: bogs and other wet, open sites (Alleghany, Ashe, Avery, Burke, Cherokee, Clay*, Haywood, Henderson, Jackson, Macon, Mitchell*, Transylvania, Wilkes*, Yancey) Campanula rotundifolia Bluebells M: high elevation rocky summits (Ashe) Cardamine clematitis Mountain Bittercress E SR-T S1 G5 S2S3 G3 M: high elevation seeps, shaded outcrops, and streambanks (Avery, Buncombe, Burke, Caldwell, Clay, Graham, Haywood, Jackson, Macon, Mitchell, Swain, Transylvania, Watauga, Yancey) Cardamine dissecta Dissected Toothwort SC-V S2 G4? PM: rich woods, cove forests, bottomlands (Anson, Davidson, Durham, Guilford*, Mecklenburg, Montgomery, Randolph, Rowan*, Rutherford*, Union) Cardamine douglassii Douglass's Bittercress T S2 G5 P: bottomlands, rich lower slopes (Cumberland, Durham, Granville, Harnett, Hertford*, Northampton, Orange*, Wake) Cardamine longii Long's Bittercress SC-V S1 G3? C: tidal marshes and tidal cypress-gum forests (Bladen, Columbus, Craven*, New Hanover, Onslow, Pender, Robeson, Washington) Cardamine micranthera Small-anthered Bittercress E E S2 G2 P: seeps, streamside sandbars, and floodplain depressions (Forsyth*, Stokes) Cardamine rotundifolia Mountain Watercress T S2 G4 MP: seeps, banks of mountain brooks (Alleghany, Ashe, Mitchell, Stokes, Watauga, Yancey) Scientific Name Common Name Status Rank 17 Region: Habitat Comments (Counties of Occurrence) Carex amplisquama Fort Mountain Sedge M: rich woods (Henderson, Polk, Transylvania) Carex arctata Black Sedge N.C. SR-T SR-P U.S. FSC N.C. S2 S1 Global G5T3 G5 M: northern hardwood and spruce forests, bog edges (Ashe, Watauga) Carex argyrantha Hay Sedge M: wet meadows (Ashe) Carex austrodeflexa Canebrake Sedge E SR-L S1 G5 S2 G3G4 CS: streamhead pocosins and floodplains of small blackwater streams (Brunswick, Harnett, Hoke, Moore, Onslow, Pender, Richmond, Scotland) Carex baileyi Bailey's Sedge SR-P S2 G4 M: bogs and seeps (Alleghany, Ashe, Avery, Haywood, Henderson, Jackson, Mecklenburg*, Transylvania, Watauga) Carex barrattii Barratt's Sedge MS: seepage slopes (Harnett*, Henderson*) Carex basiantha Widow Sedge SC-H SR-D SH G4 S1 G5 C: mesic forests, bottomlands, and lower slopes, over calcareous rock (Jones, Pender) Carex bushii Bush's Sedge SR-P S1 G4 PM: open wet areas (Ashe*, Cabarrus, Durham*, Gaston*, Granville*, Johnston*, Nash*, Orange, Rowan, Stanly) Carex buxbaumii Brown Bog Sedge SC-V S2 G5 MP: bogs and fens (Alleghany, Ashe, Avery, Forsyth*, Henderson, Watauga, Yancey) Carex calcifugens Calcium-fleeing Sedge SR-T S2? G3 C: mesic deciduous forests and maritime woodlands (Brunswick, Carteret, Dare, Onslow) Carex canescens var. disjuncta Silvery Sedge SR-P S2 G5T5 CS: beaver ponds, old millponds, impoundments; usually on Nyssa biflora (Dare, Hoke, Hyde, Richmond, Scotland, Tyrrell) Carex careyana Carey's Sedge M: rich cove forests (Jackson) T S1 G4G5 Scientific Name Common Name Status Rank 18 Region: Habitat Comments (Counties of Occurrence) Carex cherokeensis Cherokee Sedge N.C. E U.S. N.C. S1 Global G4G5 MPC: floodplains (Bertie, Cherokee, Macon, Madison, Pender, Polk) Carex conoidea Cone-shaped Sedge MP: bogs (Alleghany, Ashe, Iredell*) Carex cristatella Small-crested Sedge M: grassy balds, bogs (Jackson*, Swain*, Yancey) Carex crus-corvi Crowfoot Sedge SC-V SC-H SR-P S1 G5 S1 G5 S1 G5 C: swamp forests (Bertie, Bladen, Columbus, Craven, Currituck, Durham, Edgecombe*, Halifax, Johnston, Lenoir, Martin, Northampton, Pitt*, Wayne) Carex decomposita Cypress Knee Sedge SC-V S2 G3G4 C: beaver ponds, old millponds; often on Taxodium ascendens trunks and knees (Brunswick, Chowan, Cumberland, Gates, New Hanover*, Richmond, Scotland, Warren*) Carex deflexa A Sedge M: high elevation seepy forests Carex eburnea Bristle-leaf Sedge M: calcareous outcrops (Madison*) Carex emmonsii Emmons's Sedge SR-D T SR-O S1? S1 S2 G5 G5 G5T5 CS: moist woods and stream banks (Columbus, Harnett*, Hoke, Johnston*, Jones, Moore, Northampton*, Onslow, Pender, Tyrrell, Washington, Wayne*) Carex exilis Coastal Sedge E S2 G5 S: seepage slopes, wet seepy powerlines (Cumberland, Harnett, Hoke, Moore*) Carex hitchcockiana Hitchcock's Sedge SC-V S1 G5 M: moist to dryish forests over calcareous or mafic rocks (Ashe, Buncombe, Jackson, Macon, McDowell) Carex hormathodes A Sedge C: freshwater and slightly brackish tidal marshes (Currituck) Carex impressinervia Ravine Sedge T SR-T FSC S1 G4G5 S2 G2 CP: rich alluvial forests (Anson, Harnett, Montgomery, Stanly, Union) Scientific Name Common Name Status Rank 19 Region: Habitat Comments (Counties of Occurrence) Carex jamesii James's Sedge N.C. SR-P U.S. N.C. S2 Global G5 PC: rich woods, especially over mafic rocks (Bertie, Caswell, Cumberland, Durham, Halifax, Harnett, Lee, Martin, Moore, Northampton) Carex lasiocarpa var. americana Slender Sedge M: high elevation fens over amphibolite (Ashe) Carex lupuliformis False Hop Sedge SR-P SR-P S1 G5T5 S1 G4 CP: moist bottomlands, especially in calcareous or mafic areas (Bertie, Brunswick, Craven*, Forsyth*, Jones, Sampson, Tyrrell) Carex lutea Golden Sedge E E S2 G2 C: ecotones between very wet clay savannas and swamp forests (Onslow, Pender) Carex meadii Mead's Sedge SR-P S1 G4G5 P: low wet places over diabase (Durham*, Granville, Macon, Wake*) Carex molestiformis Ozark Plateau Sedge M: Bottomland forests (Alleghany) Carex oligocarpa Rich-woods Sedge SR-D T S1 G4 S1 G4G5 CM: rich woods, mostly over calcareous or mafic rocks (Carteret) Carex oligosperma Few-seeded Sedge M: seeps and bogs (Avery, Mitchell, Watauga) Carex pedunculata var. pedunculata Longstalk Sedge E SC-V S1 G5 S2 G5 M: rich cove forests (Buncombe, Henderson, Polk, Transylvania) Carex projecta Necklace Sedge SR-P S1 G5 CMP: bogs, marshes, swamps, brownwater floodplain forests and openings (Avery, Cherokee, Cumberland*, Iredell*, Lee, Madison, Mecklenburg, Mitchell, Swain*, Transylvania, Wilkes) Carex purpurifera Purple Sedge SC-V S3 G4? M: low elevation, rich forests over limestone or marble (Cherokee, Clay, Graham, Macon, Swain) Carex radfordii Radford's Sedge T FSC S1 G3 M: rich cove forests in the Blue Ridge escarpment region (Jackson, Polk, Transylvania) Carex reniformis Kidney Sedge T S1 G4? CP: swamps, open wet areas (Bladen, Johnston*, Pender, Sampson, Wake*) Scientific Name Common Name Status Rank 20 Region: Habitat Comments (Counties of Occurrence) Carex roanensis Roan Sedge N.C. SR-T U.S. N.C. S2 Global G2G3 M: forests (Ashe, Avery, Buncombe, Haywood, Madison*, McDowell, Mitchell, Transylvania, Watauga, Yancey) Carex socialis Social Sedge SR-P S1 G4 C: streambeds and riverbanks (Brunswick, Columbus, Cumberland, Pender) Carex sp. 2 Fen Sedge M: seepage over mafic or ultramafic rocks (Alleghany) Carex superata Limestone Forest Sedge P: Mesic Hardwood Forests (Anson) Carex tenax Wire Sedge CS: xeric sandhills (Moore, Wayne*) Carex tetanica Rigid Sedge MC: bogs and swamps (Craven, Macon*, Warren*, Wilson*) Carex trichocarpa Hairy-fruit Sedge M: marshy bogs (Alleghany, Ashe*, Haywood*) Carex trisperma Three-seeded Sedge SR-T SR-T E SR-P SR-P E S1 S1? S1 S1 S1 S1 G1 G4? G5? G4G5 G4 G5 M: bogs, wet forests at high elevations (Ashe, Avery, Buncombe*, Mitchell*, Swain*, Watauga) Carex utriculata Beaked Sedge M: wet meadows (Alleghany, Henderson) Carex verrucosa Warty Sedge SR-P SR-P S1 G5 S2 G4 CS: savannas and pinelands (Beaufort*, Brunswick, Columbus*, Cumberland, Dare, Hoke, New Hanover*, Onslow, Pender, Robeson, Scotland) Carex vesicaria Inflated Sedge M: bogs (Alleghany, Ashe, Avery, Dare) Carex vestita Velvet Sedge P: low woods (Chatham*, Durham*, Polk) SR-P SC-H S1 G5 S1 G5 Scientific Name Common Name Status Rank 21 Region: Habitat Comments (Counties of Occurrence) Carex woodii Wood's Sedge N.C. SR-P U.S. N.C. S3 Global G4 MPC: forested slopes, cove forests, and northern hardwoods (Alleghany, Ashe, Avery, Buncombe, Cherokee, Clay, Haywood, Henderson, Jackson, Jones*, Macon, Mitchell*, Orange*, Transylvania, Watauga) Carya laciniosa Big Shellbark Hickory T S1 G5 PC: brownwater river levees (Bertie, Durham, Halifax, Iredell) Carya myristiciformis Nutmeg Hickory C: wet marl forests (Brunswick, Pender) Caulophyllum giganteum Northern Blue Cohosh M: cove forests (Alleghany, Ashe, Graham) Celastrus scandens American Bittersweet E SR-P E S1 S1 S2? G4 G4G5 G5 MP: cove forests and rich woods (Buncombe, Burke, Caswell, Cherokee, Cleveland, Graham, Haywood*, Henderson, Jackson, Macon, Madison*, McDowell, Mitchell*, Randolph*, Rutherford, Surry, Swain*, Watauga*, Wilkes, Yancey*) Ceratophyllum australe Southern Hornwort SR-P S1 G5TNR CT: pools in maritime forests, possibly other natural depression wetlands (Carteret*, Chowan) Chamerion platyphyllum Fireweed E S1 G5T5 M: grassy balds, roadsides, disturbed areas (Alleghany, Avery, Caldwell, Haywood, Mitchell, Watauga, Yancey*) Chasmanthium nitidum A Spanglegrass C: blackwater bottomlands over marl (Pender) Chelone cuthbertii Cuthbert's Turtlehead T SC-V S1 S3? G3G4 G3 MPC: bogs (Alleghany, Ashe, Avery, Burke, Catawba, Cumberland, Henderson, Jackson, Macon, Madison, McDowell, Stokes, Swain, Transylvania, Watauga, Wayne, Yancey) Chelone obliqua Red Turtlehead SR-T S2 G4 CM: swamp forests, bogs, wet places (Ashe, Burke, Gates, Graham, Hertford*, Jackson, McDowell, Rutherford, Swain, Transylvania, Watauga) Chenopodium foggii Fogg's Goosefoot M: rocky, mountain slopes (Haywood*) Chenopodium simplex Giant-seed Goosefoot M: shaded soil at bases of cliffs (Alleghany, Ashe*, Jackson) SR-T T SH G2G3 S1 G5 Scientific Name Common Name Status Rank 22 Region: Habitat Comments (Counties of Occurrence) Chrysoma pauciflosculosa Woody Goldenrod N.C. E U.S. N.C. S1 Global G4G5 C: riverine sand ridges and xeric pine-oak scrub (Columbus, Cumberland, Robeson) Cirsium carolinianum Carolina Thistle E S2 G5 P: forests and disturbed areas, mostly on basic soils (Burke, Cabarrus*, Granville, Mecklenburg, Montgomery, Onslow, Rowan, Rutherford, Wake*, Wilkes*) Cirsium lecontei Leconte's Thistle SC-V FSC S2 G3 C: savannas (Bladen*, Brunswick, Carteret, Columbus, Craven, Onslow, Pender, Robeson*) Cirsium nuttallii Nuttall's Thistle C: pine savannas, roadsides, pastures (Columbus, Pender) Cladium mariscoides Twig-rush SR-P SR-O S1 G5 S3 G5 CSMT: bogs, fens, brackish marshes, sandhill seepage bogs (Alleghany, Ashe, Camden, Carteret, Columbus, Craven*, Cumberland, Currituck, Dare, Harnett, Hoke, Moore, New Hanover, Onslow, Pender, Watauga, Yancey) Clematis catesbyana Coastal Virgin's-bower SR-P S2 G4G5 TCM: dunes, edges of maritime forests, or over dolomite (Carteret, Currituck*, Dare, Jones, McDowell, Onslow, Rutherford, Wake*) Clematis occidentalis var. occidentalis Mountain Clematis SC-V S1 G5T5 M: montane oak forests and northern hardwood forests (Ashe, Buncombe) Clinopodium georgianum Georgia Calamint E S1 G5 SC: rock ledges near blackwater streams and disturbed pine-oak uplands (Anson*, Brunswick, Pender, Richmond, Robeson*) Collinsonia tuberosa Piedmont Horsebalm SC-V S1 G3G4 PM: rich hardwood forests (Alamance*, Chatham, Davie, Guilford*, Henderson*, McDowell, Mecklenburg, Montgomery, Polk, Rutherford) Collinsonia verticillata Whorled Horsebalm PM: cove forests (Burke, Madison, McDowell, Polk) Conioselinum chinense Hemlock-parsley M: high elevation seepage slopes (Avery) Coptis trifolia var. groenlandica Goldthread M: bogs and moist, mossy forests (Alleghany, Ashe) SC-V T T S2 G3G4 S1 G5 S1 G5T5 Scientific Name Common Name Status Rank 23 Region: Habitat Comments (Counties of Occurrence) Corallorhiza maculata var. maculata Spotted Coralroot N.C. SR-P U.S. N.C. S2 Global G5T5 M: northern hardwood forests (Buncombe*, Haywood*, Henderson*, Jackson, Macon*, McDowell, Transylvania, Watauga*, Yancey) Corallorhiza wisteriana Spring Coral-root SR-O S1S2 G5 MPCT: nutrient-rich forests, especially over limestone, mafic rocks or shell rich sands (Buncombe, Carteret*, Catawba*, Cleveland, Davie*, Durham*, Graham*, Harnett, Jackson*, Macon*, Madison, McDowell, New Hanover, Orange*, Polk*, Rutherford, Surry*) Coreopsis aristulata Short-awned Coreopsis C: wet savanna with calcareous influence (Onslow, Pender) Coreopsis grandiflora var. grandiflora Large-flowered Tickseed M: acidic glades (Jackson, Macon) Coreopsis palustris Beadle's Coreopsis SR-L SR-O SR-P FSC S1 S1 S1S2 G1? G5T4T5 G3G4Q C: swamp forests and swamp edges (Beaufort*, Brunswick, Carteret, Columbus, Craven*, Duplin*, Jones*, Onslow, Pender, Pitt*) Cornus asperifolia Roughleaf Dogwood C: wet marl forests (Onslow, Pender) Cornus racemosa Gray Dogwood E SR-P S1 G4 S1 G5 P: moist soil in riparian zones, roadsides, and thickets (Caswell, Durham, Orange) Corydalis micrantha Slender Corydalis T S1 G5T4 PM: thin, circumneutral soils on rock outcrops or cliffs (Alexander, Carteret, Jackson*, Madison) Crataegus coccinea Scarlet Hawthorn SR-P S2? G5 MP: deciduous forest understories, pastures, upland thickets (Alexander*, Alleghany*, Ashe) Crataegus munda Batesburg Hawthorn SR-T S2? G3G5Q C: xeric or subxeric forests, scrublands, disturbed woodlands (Bladen, Cumberland*, Sampson, Wake) Crataegus pallens Pale Hawthorn SR-T S1S2 G1G2 M: subxeric forests, slopes, rock outcrops, especially over mafic or calcareous substrates (Buncombe) Crataegus senta A Hawthorn CM: upland hills, disturbed forests, pastures (Buncombe*) SR-T S1? G2 Scientific Name Common Name Region: Habitat Comments (Counties of Occurrence) Status Rank N.C. U.S. N.C. Global 24 Crataegus succulenta Fleshy Hawthorn SR-P S1S2 G5 M: high elevation rocky summits, mesic forests, pastures, especially over basic soil or mafic substrate (Ashe, Buncombe, Orange*, Stokes) Crinum americanum var. americanum Swamp-lily C: tidal swamp forests, tidal marshes (New Hanover*) Crocanthemum bicknellii Plains Sunrose SC-H SC-V SH G5T5 S1 G5 M: rock outcrops, glades, fens (Ashe, Buncombe, Haywood, Henderson, Jackson*, Macon*, Swain*, Transylvania, Yancey) Crocanthemum carolinianum Carolina Sunrose E S1 G4 CS: sandhills, pinelands, dry savannas (Brunswick, Carteret, Craven*, Cumberland*, Dare, Hoke, New Hanover, Onslow, Pender, Robeson, Wilson*) Crocanthemum corymbosum T Pinebarren Sunrose TC: maritime forests (Brunswick, Carteret, Dare) Crocanthemum georgianum E Georgia Sunrose S1 G4G5 S1 G4 TC: maritime forests (Brunswick, Carteret, Dare, Hyde, New Hanover) Crocanthemum nashii E Florida Scrub Frostweed C: coastal fringe sandhill (Brunswick, New Hanover) Crocanthemum propinquum T Creeping Sunrose S1 G3? S1 G4 MP: rock outcrops, glades (Alleghany, Ashe, Avery*, Buncombe*, Clay, Forsyth, Haywood, Henderson*, Macon, Stokes, Transylvania*, Watauga, Wilkes*, Yancey) Crocanthemum rosmarinifolium Rosemary Sunrose T S2 G4 SC: dry clearings and roadsides within longleaf pine ecosystems (Hoke, Richmond, Scotland) Croton monanthogynus Prairie-tea Croton M: calcareous rock outcrops (Madison) Cuscuta cephalanthi Buttonbush Dodder MP: on woody hosts (Alleghany) Cuscuta coryli Hazel Dodder E SR-T SR-T S1 S1 S1? G5 G5 G5? CPM: on woody or herbaceous hosts (Burke, McDowell, Rutherford) Scientific Name Common Name Region: Habitat Comments (Counties of Occurrence) Status Rank N.C. U.S. N.C. Global 25 Cyperus dentatus Toothed Flatsedge C: marshes (Brunswick*, Currituck*, Dare*) Cyperus granitophilus Granite Flatsedge SC-H T SH G4 S2 G3G4Q P: granite flatrocks, other rock outcrops (Alexander*, Anson, Forsyth*, Franklin, Granville, Rutherford, Wake, Yadkin*) Cyperus lecontei Leconte's Flatsedge C: limesink ponds (Brunswick, New Hanover*, Onslow) Cyperus tetragonus Four-angled Flatsedge T SC-V S2 G4? S1 G4? T: maritime forests and barrier island grasslands (Brunswick, Carteret, Dare, New Hanover*, Onslow, Pender) Cyperus virens Green Flatsedge C:marshes and ditches (Columbus, Hyde) Cypripedium parviflorum var. parviflorum Small Yellow Lady's-slipper SR-P SR-T S1 S1S2 G5 G5T3T5 M: upper slopes of rich high elevation forests (Clay, Graham, Henderson, Jackson, Macon) Cystopteris fragilis Fragile Fern SR-P S1 G5 M: high elevation cliffs (Ashe, Haywood, Jackson, Mitchell, Watauga) Cystopteris tennesseensis Tennessee Bladder-fern E S1 G5 CM: calcareous rock outcrops (Craven, Graham*, Jones, Onslow*) Cystopteris tenuis Upland Bladder-fern SR-P S1 G5 M: high elevation rocky summits, cliffs (Transylvania, Watauga) Dactylorhiza viridis Long-bracted Frog Orchid E S1 G5T5 MP: seeps in cove forests (Ashe, Avery*, Buncombe*, Forsyth*, Haywood*, Jackson*, Macon*, Watauga) Danthonia epilis Bog Oatgrass SR-T S3 G3G4 MS: seepage bogs, wet seepy powerlines (Burke, Cumberland, Harnett, Haywood, Henderson, Jackson, Macon, Montgomery, Moore, Richmond, Scotland, Transylvania) Delphinium exaltatum Tall Larkspur E S2 G3 MP: grassy balds, glades, woodlands, mostly over mafic rock (Alleghany, Ashe, Avery, Caswell, Durham, Gaston*, Granville*, Haywood, Jackson, McDowell, Mecklenburg*, Mitchell*, Person, Watauga) Scientific Name Common Name Status Rank 26 Region: Habitat Comments (Counties of Occurrence) Dendrolycopodium dendroideum Prickly Ground-pine N.C. SR-P U.S. N.C. S2 Global G5 M: openings and balds (Ashe, Avery, Burke, Graham, Haywood, Henderson*, Jackson, Macon, Swain, Transylvania*) Dendrolycopodium hickeyi Pennsylvania Ground-pine SR-P S2? G5 M: openings, balds, bog margins, and high elevation forests (Avery, Buncombe, Burke*, Haywood, Henderson, Jackson, Macon, Mitchell, Transylvania, Yancey) Deschampsia cespitosa ssp. glauca Tufted Hairgrass T S1 G5T5 M: olivine barrens, high elevation outcrops of mafic rock (Alleghany, Ashe, Avery, Clay, Mitchell) Desmodium fernaldii Fernald's Tick-trefoil SR-P S1 G4 SC: dry to mesic hardwood-pine woodlands (Brunswick*, Cumberland, Dare*, Duplin*, Edgecombe*, Gates*, Hoke, Jones*, Lenoir*, Martin*, Montgomery, Richmond, Scotland*, Washington*) Desmodium ochroleucum Creamy Tick-trefoil SC-H FSC SH G2 P: sandy or rocky woodland openings (Davie*, Orange*, Swain*) Desmodium sessilifolium Sessile Tick-trefoil P: open woodlands (Cabarrus*, Mecklenburg*) Diarrhena americana Eastern Beakgrass M: rich cove forest (Graham, Jackson) Dicentra eximia Bleeding Heart SC-H E SR-P SH G5 S1 G4G5 S3 G4 MP: rock outcrops (Buncombe, Burke, Graham, Haywood, Henderson, Macon, Madison, McDowell, Mitchell, Rutherford, Swain, Transylvania, Watauga*, Yancey) Dichanthelium annulum Ringed Witch Grass SR-P S1 GNR CP: dry sandy or rocky open woods and borders of thickets (Alleghany, Chatham*, Clay*, Dare*, Davie*, Durham, Lee*, Mecklenburg*, Montgomery*, Orange*, Person*, Rowan*, Stanly, Stokes*, Wake*) Dichanthelium bicknellii Bicknell's Witch Grass SR-P S2 G4?Q MP: open woods (Alexander, Alleghany, Ashe, Columbus, Granville, Jackson, Macon, Madison, Mitchell, Montgomery, Moore*, Rowan, Union, Yancey) Dichanthelium caerulescens Blue Witch Grass E FSC S1S2 G2G3 C: maritime grasslands and wet savannas with a calcareous influence (Brunswick*, Carteret, Currituck, Dare, Hyde, Onslow, Pender) Scientific Name Common Name Status Rank 27 Region: Habitat Comments (Counties of Occurrence) Dichanthelium cryptanthum Hidden-flowered Witchgrass N.C. SR-T U.S. N.C. S2 Global G3G4Q C: wet streamhead pocosin openings, including utility clearings (Bladen, Brunswick, Carteret, Cumberland, Harnett, Hoke, Johnston*, Moore, New Hanover*, Onslow, Pender, Richmond, Wake*) Dichanthelium fusiforme Spindle-fruited Witch Grass SR-P S1 G5? CSM: dry sandy pinelands and dry montane woodlands (Alexander, Beaufort, Bladen*, Brunswick, Columbus*, Dare, Gates, Hoke, Jones, Moore*, Onslow, Richmond*) Dichanthelium hirstii Hirsts' Panic Grass C: cypress savannas (Onslow) Dichanthelium neuranthum Nerved Witch Grass E SC-V S1 G1 S1 G5T3 T: maritime wet grasslands (Brunswick*, Carteret*, Dare, Hyde, New Hanover*, Union) Dichanthelium spretum Eaton's Witch Grass SR-D S1S2 G5 CP: wet sands and peats of bogs, savannas, meadows, and shores (Carteret, Craven, Onslow, Pender) Dichanthelium strigosum var. glabrescens Hairless Witch Grass C: sandy pinelands and hammocks (Onslow) Didiplis diandra Water Purslane SR-D SR-P S1 G5T4T5 S1 G5 CS: sluggish streams and ponds (Chowan*, Edgecombe*, Harnett*, Hertford*, Johnston, Moore*, Nash, Perquimans*, Richmond, Wake, Warren*) Didymoglossum petersii Dwarf Filmy-fern SR-T S2 G4G5 M: moist rocks in humid gorges (Graham, Jackson, Macon, Transylvania) Diervilla rivularis Riverbank Bush-honeysuckle M: forests (Mitchell, Yancey) Dionaea muscipula Venus Flytrap T SC-V FSC S1 G3 S2 G3 CST: savannas, seepage bogs, pocosin edges (Beaufort, Bladen, Brunswick, Carteret, Columbus, Craven, Cumberland, Duplin, Hoke, Jones, Lenoir*, Moore*, New Hanover, Onslow, Pamlico, Pender, Robeson*, Sampson) Diplachne maritima Salt-meadow Grass E S1 G5T3T4Q CT: fresh to brackish tidal marshes (Brunswick, Currituck, Dare, Hyde, Tyrrell) Ditrysinia fruticosa Sebastian-bush C: swamp forests (Brunswick, Columbus, Pender*, Robeson) SC-V S2 G5 Scientific Name Common Name Status Rank 28 Region: Habitat Comments (Counties of Occurrence) Draba ramosissima Branching Draba N.C. SC-V U.S. N.C. S2 Global G4 MP: calcareous and mafic rock outcrops (Buncombe, Haywood, Jackson, Madison, Rutherford) Drosera filiformis Threadleaf Sundew SC-V S2 G4 C: depression ponds, wet borrow pits, and ditches in various habitats including savannas, riverine sand ridges, and bay rims (Bladen, Brunswick, Columbus, Duplin, New Hanover, Robeson, Sampson) Echinacea laevigata Smooth Coneflower E E S1S2 G2G3 P: glades, woodlands, and open areas over mafic rocks (Durham, Granville, Mecklenburg, Montgomery*, Orange*, Rockingham*) Echinacea pallida Pale Coneflower SR-D S1 G4 P: mafic glades and barrens (Gaston*, Granville, McDowell*, Mecklenburg*, Richmond, Rutherford) Echinacea purpurea Purple Coneflower SC-V S1 G4 M: open woods and clearings (Alleghany, Ashe, Chatham, Graham, Jackson*, Madison, McDowell, Randolph, Rutherford*, Vance, Warren, Yadkin*) Eleocharis atropurpurea Purple Spikerush C: clay-based Carolina bays (Scotland*) Eleocharis cellulosa Gulfcoast Spikerush SR-D E S1 G4G5 S2 G4G5 CT: interdune ponds, brackish marshes & tidal freshwater marshes (Beaufort, Carteret, Dare, Hyde, Onslow*, Washington) Eleocharis elongata Florida Spikerush C: limesink ponds (Brunswick, Onslow) Eleocharis fallax Creeping Spikerush E SR-T S1 S1S2 G5? G4G5 C: fresh to brackish tidal marshes (Carteret*, Currituck, Dare, Jones, Onslow) Eleocharis halophila Saltmarsh Spikerush CT: brackish and freshwater marshes (Dare, Hyde*) Eleocharis montevidensis Sand Spikerush SR-P SR-P S1 G4Q S1 G5 CT: maritime wet grassland (Currituck*, Dare, Hyde, Onslow) Eleocharis parvula Little-spike Spikerush SR-D S1 G5 CT: brackish and fresh marshes (Brunswick, Carteret, Currituck, Dare, Hyde, Onslow, Tyrrell) Scientific Name Common Name Status Rank 29 Region: Habitat Comments (Counties of Occurrence) Eleocharis robbinsii Robbins' Spikerush N.C. SC-V U.S. N.C. S2 Global G4G5 CS: limesink ponds, clay-based Carolina bays, peat-burn lakes, millponds, beaver ponds, artificial lakes (Bladen*, Brunswick, Carteret, Craven, Cumberland, Harnett, Hoke, Moore, New Hanover, Onslow, Sampson, Scotland, Washington) Eleocharis rostellata Beaked Spikerush SR-O S2 G5 CT: brackish marshes (Beaufort*, Brunswick, Camden, Carteret, Currituck, Dare, Hyde, Pamlico) Eleocharis vivipara Viviparous Spikerush E S1 G5 C: bogs and pools (Brunswick, Carteret, Moore, New Hanover, Onslow, Pender) Elymus trachycaulus ssp. trachycaulus Slender Wheatgrass M: olivine barrens (Clay) Elymus virginicus var. halophilus Terrell Grass T SC-V S1 G5T5 S1 G5T5 C: brackish marshes, maritime forests and hammocks (Beaufort, Brunswick, Carteret, Craven, Hyde, Washington) Enemion biternatum Eastern Isopyrum SC-V S2 G5 PC: rich bottomlands, levees, and lower slopes (Caswell, Chatham*, Cumberland, Durham, Franklin, Granville, Halifax, Harnett, Lee, Northampton, Orange*, Person, Vance) Epidendrum magnoliae Green Fly Orchid T S1S2 G4 C: epiphytic on trees in blackwater river swamps (Bladen, Brunswick, Columbus, New Hanover, Pender) Epilobium ciliatum ssp. ciliatum American Willow-herb SR-P S2 G5T5 M: seeps and bogs (Avery, Buncombe, Caldwell, Haywood*, Henderson, Jackson*, Macon, Madison, Mitchell*, Swain*, Watauga, Yancey*) Erigenia bulbosa Harbinger-of-spring MP: rich woods (Caswell, Graham) Eriocaulon aquaticum Seven-angled Pipewort SR-P SC-V S1 G5 S2 G5 CS: blackwater creeks, natural lakes, tidal freshwater marshes (Bladen*, Brunswick*, Columbus, Craven, Cumberland, Hoke, Moore, New Hanover, Perquimans*, Tyrrell, Washington) Eriocaulon parkeri Estuary Pipewort C: natural lakes (Craven, Hyde, Tyrrell*) Eriocaulon texense Texas Hatpins T S1 G3 E S1 G4 S: streamhead seepage ecotones and seepage slopes (Cumberland, Richmond) Scientific Name Common Name Status Rank 30 Region: Habitat Comments (Counties of Occurrence) Eriogonum tomentosum Southern Wild-buckwheat C: sandhills (Bladen*) Eryngium aquaticum var. ravenelii Marsh Eryngo C: wet flatwoods with a calcareous influence, ditches (Pender) Erythrina herbacea Coralbean TC: maritime forests (Brunswick, Carteret*, New Hanover) Eupatorium anomalum Florida Thoroughwort C: wet savannas Eupatorium leptophyllum Limesink Dog-fennel N.C. SC-H SR-P E SR-T E U.S. FSC N.C. SH S1 S2 S1? S2 Global G4G5 G4T2T3 G5 G2G3 G4G5 C: limesink ponds and clay-based Carolina bays (Brunswick, New Hanover, Robeson, Scotland) Eupatorium paludicola Bay Boneset T FSC S1S2 G2 C: cypress savannas, clay-based bays, and small depressions ponds (Brunswick, Onslow, Scotland) Eupatorium resinosum Pine Barren Boneset SR-O S3 G3 SC: seepage bogs, impoundments, shrub swamps, openings in streamhead pocosins (Bladen, Cumberland, Harnett, Hoke, Moore, Robeson, Sampson, Scotland) Eupatorium saltuense Tall Boneset SR-L S1? G4 P: upland forests, woodland borders (Burke, Caswell*, Granville, McDowell, Person, Rutherford, Sampson, Warren) Euphorbia bombensis Southern Seaside Spurge T: seabeaches (Brunswick, Carteret, Dare, Onslow) Euphorbia commutata Cliff Spurge SR-T T S2? S1 G4G5 G5 MP: thin soil around mafic or calcareous outcrops (Buncombe, Caswell*, Haywood, Rutherford) Euphorbia cordifolia Heartleaf Sandmat CS: sandhills (Bladen, Richmond*, Wayne*) Euphorbia mercurialina Cumberland Spurge T SC-V S1 G5 S2 G4 P: rich slopes over gabbro (Anson, Granville, Montgomery, Moore, Richmond) Euphorbia purpurea Glade Spurge SR-T S3 G3 M: forests, especially over mafic rock (Ashe, Buncombe, Clay, Graham, Haywood, Jackson, Macon, Madison, Mitchell, Swain, Watauga*, Yancey) Scientific Name Common Name Status Rank 31 Region: Habitat Comments (Counties of Occurrence) Eurybia mirabilis Piedmont Aster N.C. SR-T U.S. FSC N.C. S3 Global G3 P: rich slopes and bottomlands (Anson, Macon*, Mecklenburg, Montgomery, Richmond, Stanly, Union) Eurybia spectabilis Showy Aster SR-O S2? G5 CMP: pine barrens and woodland borders (Bertie*, Cabarrus*, Chatham, Chowan*, Craven*, Durham, Gates*, Granville, Hertford, Johnston, Jones, Lee*, Onslow, Pitt*, Polk, Robeson, Rowan*, Stanly*) Eustachys glauca Saltmarsh Fingergrass T: salt marshes Filipendula rubra Queen-of-the-prairie SR-P E SH G4 S1 G4G5 M: bogs, wet meadows (Buncombe, Haywood, Macon, Transylvania, Watauga, Yancey) Fimbristylis perpusilla Harper's Fimbry T FSC S1 G2 C: drawdown zones of blackwater rivers (Brunswick, Columbus) Fleischmannia incarnata Pink Thoroughwort T S2 G5 PMC: rich woods and thin woodlands over diabase, calcareous rocks, other basic rocks, or rich alluvium (Alexander, Durham, Madison, Martin*, Polk, Richmond, Warren*, Wilkes) Fothergilla major Large Witch-alder SR-T S3 G3 MP: dry ridgetop or bluff forests, seepage wetlands, and Piedmont longleaf pine forests (Burke, Chatham, Gaston*, Harnett, Jackson, McDowell, Montgomery, Orange, Person, Polk*, Rutherford, Stanly, Stokes, Surry, Transylvania, Wake) Frasera caroliniensis Columbo SR-P S2S3 G5 M: deciduous forests on mafic soil (Cherokee, Clay, Graham, Macon) Gaillardia aestivalis var. aestivalis Sandhills Blanket-flower E S2 G5TNR S: dry sandy roadsides, dry longleaf pine-oak uplands (Cumberland*, Hoke, Moore*, Richmond, Scotland) Galactia mollis Soft Milk-pea T S2 G4G5 CST: loamy sand depressions in longleaf pine-oak uplands (Brunswick*, Cumberland, Hoke, Richmond, Scotland, Wayne*) Gaylussacia brachycera Box Huckleberry P: dry ridges and slopes (Durham) E S1 G3 Scientific Name Common Name Status Rank 32 Region: Habitat Comments (Counties of Occurrence) Gaylussacia nana Confederate Huckleberry C: coastal fringe sandhill (New Hanover) Gaylussacia orocola Appalachian Dwarf Huckleberry N.C. E SR-L U.S. N.C. S1 S1 Global G4 G1 M: bogs (Avery*, Buncombe*, Haywood*, Henderson, Macon*, Transylvania) Gelsemium rankinii Swamp Jessamine SC-V S1S2 G5 C: floodplains of blackwater rivers and streams (Brunswick, Columbus, Cumberland*, New Hanover, Pender, Robeson) Gentiana alba Yellow Gentian M: habitat not known (Watauga*) Gentiana latidens Balsam Mountain Gentian SC-V SR-L FSC SH S1S2 G4 G5T2T3 M: moist open sites on rocky slopes (Haywood, Jackson, Macon*, Transylvania) Gentianopsis crinita Fringed Gentian T S1 G5 M: glades, serpentine barrens, open sites over basic rocks (Ashe, Clay, Macon*, Watauga) Geum aleppicum Yellow Avens M: bogs (Avery, Swain*) Geum geniculatum Bent Avens E SC-V FSC S1 G5 S1S2 G2 M: high elevation forests, streambanks, seepage slopes (Avery, Caldwell, Mitchell, Watauga) Geum laciniatum Rough Avens M: bogs and wet meadows (Avery, Wilkes*) Geum lobatum Lobed Barren Strawberry M: streambanks and ravines (Jackson*, Transylvania) Geum radiatum Spreading Avens E E FSC E E S1 G5 S1 G3 S2 G2 M: high elevation rocky summits (Ashe, Avery, Buncombe, Burke*, Haywood, Mitchell, Transylvania, Watauga, Yancey) Gillenia stipulata Indian Physic T S2 G5 P: forests and open woods, mainly over mafic rocks (Cabarrus*, Chatham*, Davidson, Durham, Granville, Lee*, McDowell, Montgomery, Moore*, Orange*, Person, Stokes, Surry, Transylvania, Union, Wake) Scientific Name Common Name Status Rank 33 Region: Habitat Comments (Counties of Occurrence) Glyceria laxa Lax Mannagrass N.C. SR-P U.S. N.C. S1 Global G5 M: seeps (Alleghany, Ashe, Avery, Buncombe, Henderson, Jackson*, Macon, Transylvania) Glyceria nubigena Smoky Mountain Mannagrass SR-L FSC S2 G2G3 M: high elevation seeps (Graham, Haywood, Jackson, Swain, Transylvania) Gratiola aurea Golden Hedge-hyssop SC-V S1 G5 C: drawdown zones of blackwater rivers (Bladen, Brunswick, Columbus, Gates*, Pender, Sampson) Gratiola ramosa Branched Hedge-hyssop SR-P S1 G4G5 CS: cypress savannas and clay-based Carolina bays (Hoke, Robeson*, Scotland) Gymnocarpium appalachianum Appalachian Oak Fern T S1 G3 M: shaded and sheltered crevices on high elevation rocky summits (Ashe) Hackelia virginiana Virginia Stickseed SR-P S2 G5 MP: woods and thickets with circumneutral soil (Alexander, Alleghany, Ashe, Avery*, Buncombe, Burke, Caldwell, Clay*, Granville, Haywood*, Jackson*, Macon*, Madison, Martin, McDowell, Polk*, Rockingham, Rutherford, Surry*, Vance) Helanthium tenellum Dwarf-burhead E SH G5? C: drawdown zones of clay-based Carolina bays and blackwater rivers (Brunswick*, Columbus*, Robeson) Helenium brevifolium Littleleaf Sneezeweed E S1 G4 PMC: bogs, seeps, riverbanks, other wet sites (Alleghany, Brunswick*, Clay, Columbus, Davidson*, Henderson*, Iredell, Lenoir*, Lincoln, Montgomery, Rowan*, Stanly*, Wake*) Helenium pinnatifidum Dissected Sneezeweed SR-P S2 G4 C: savannas and open, wet, mucky sites (Bladen, Brunswick, Columbus, New Hanover*, Pender, Robeson*) Helenium vernale E Spring Sneezeweed C: savannas and adjacent ditches (Brunswick, Columbus) Helianthus floridanus T Florida Sunflower S1 G4? S1 G3G4 C: savannas and pocosins (Bladen, Brunswick, Columbus, Robeson) Helianthus laevigatus Smooth Sunflower SC-V S3 G4 PM: shaly open woods and roadsides (Anson, Burke, Cabarrus, Cleveland*, Davidson, Jackson, McDowell, Montgomery, Rowan, Rutherford, Stanly, Transylvania, Union) Scientific Name Common Name Status Rank 34 Region: Habitat Comments (Counties of Occurrence) Helianthus occidentalis ssp. occidentalis Naked-stem Sunflower M: Rocky or sandy flood-scoured riversides (Buncombe*) Helianthus schweinitzii Schweinitz's Sunflower N.C. SC-H E U.S. E N.C. SX S3 Global G5T5 G3 P: open woods, roadsides, and other rights-of-way (Anson, Cabarrus, Catawba, Davidson, Gaston, Mecklenburg, Montgomery, Randolph, Richmond, Rowan, Stanly, Stokes, Surry, Union) Heliotropium curassavicum var. curassavicum Seaside Heliotrope T: salt flats and salt marshes (Hyde*) Helonias bullata Swamp Pink M: bogs (Ashe, Henderson, Jackson, Transylvania) Heteranthera multiflora Multiflowered Mud-plantain SR-P T T SR-P SH G5T5 S2 G3 S1 G4 C: open pools in brownwater or blackwater river floodplains (Bertie*, Martin, Pasquotank, Perquimans, Wake, Washington) Heuchera hispida Hispid Alumroot P: rich, rocky woods (Alleghany, Ashe, Wilkes) Heuchera pubescens Downy Alumroot SR-P SR-P S1 G5T3? S1 G4? MP: rock outcrops (Haywood*, Madison, Stokes*, Surry, Yadkin) Hexalectris spicata Crested Coralroot SR-P S2 G5 PMC: dry or mesic woods on basic soils (Alleghany, Burke*, Cabarrus, Clay, Cumberland, Davidson*, Davie*, Durham, Franklin*, Granville, Harnett, Hoke, Jackson*, Johnston*, Jones*, Lincoln, Macon, Madison*, Mecklenburg, Orange, Polk*, Randolph, Rutherford, Stanly, Surry*) Hexastylis contracta Mountain Heartleaf E S1 G3 M: acidic forests under rhododendron (Buncombe, Caldwell, Henderson) Hexastylis naniflora Dwarf-flowered Heartleaf T T S3 G3 P: rich deciduous forests, bluffs, and ravines (Alexander, Burke, Caldwell, Catawba, Cleveland, Gaston, Iredell, Lincoln, Polk, Rutherford) Hexastylis rhombiformis French Broad Heartleaf SR-L FSC S3 G3 MP: cove forests (Buncombe, Burke, Henderson, Polk, Transylvania) Hibiscus aculeatus Comfortroot T S1 G4G5 C: bay forests, sand ridges, and roadsides (Carteret, New Hanover, Robeson) Scientific Name Common Name Status Rank 35 Region: Habitat Comments (Counties of Occurrence) Hottonia inflata Featherfoil N.C. SR-O U.S. N.C. S1? Global G4 CPT: pools in blackwater or brownwater swamps, interdune ponds (Bertie, Dare, Edgecombe*, Gates, Halifax, Johnston, Lenoir, Martin, Tyrrell) Houstonia montana Roan Mountain Bluet E E S2 G5T2 M: high elevation rocky summits, grassy balds (Ashe, Avery, Caldwell, Mitchell, Watauga, Yancey) Hudsonia montana Mountain Golden-heather T T S1 G1 M: gorge rim outcrops, rocky summits, pine-oak/heath ridges (Burke, McDowell) Hudsonia tomentosa Sand Heather T S2 G5 T: openings in maritime forest, blowouts, and dunes (Currituck, Dare) Huperzia porophila Rock Fir-clubmoss SR-P S2 G4 M: in spray zone of waterfalls (Ashe, Jackson, Macon, Polk*, Rutherford, Transylvania) Hydrastis canadensis Goldenseal SR-O S3 G3G4 MP: cove forests, other rich deciduous forests (Alleghany, Buncombe, Durham, Graham, Haywood, Jackson, Macon, Madison, McDowell, Mitchell, Polk, Rockingham, Stokes, Swain, Watauga*) Hymenocallis occidentalis var. occidentalis Hillside Spider-lily M: wooded hillsides (McDowell*) Hymenocallis pygmaea Waccamaw River Spiderlily C: banks of blackwater rivers (Brunswick, Columbus, Pender) Hymenophyllum tayloriae Gorge Filmy Fern SC-H T SR-O FSC FSC SH S1 S1S2 G4?TNR G1G2Q G2 M: moist grottoes and spray cliffs in escarpment gorges with high rainfall (Jackson, Macon, Transylvania) Hypericum adpressum Bog St. John's-wort SC-H FSC SH G3 C: streamside seepage areas, depression ponds and other isolated wetlands (Halifax*, Northampton*) Hypericum brachyphyllum Coastal Plain St. John's-wort SC-V S1S2 G5 C: wet pine savannas (Brunswick, Columbus, New Hanover, Onslow, Pender) Hypericum fasciculatum Peelbark St. John's-wort E S1 G5 CS: beaver ponds, low pinelands, pools (Bladen*, Brunswick, Carteret, Columbus, Cumberland*, Moore, New Hanover*, Robeson) Scientific Name Common Name Status Rank 36 Region: Habitat Comments (Counties of Occurrence) Hypericum fraseri Fraser's Marsh St. John's-wort M: bogs and peaty wetlands (Northampton) Hypericum radfordiorum Radford's St. John's-wort N.C. SR-P SR-L U.S. FSC N.C. S1 S2 Global G5 G2 P: thin soils around rock outcrops in the Brushy Mountains (Alexander, Caldwell*, Wilkes) Hypericum suffruticosum Pineland St. John's-wort C: pine savannas (Bladen*, Sampson*) Hypoxis juncea Fringed Yellow Stargrass SC-H SR-P SH G4G5 S1 G4? C: savannas (Bladen, Brunswick, Carteret, Craven, Hoke, Pender) Hypoxis rigida Stiff-leaved Yellow Stargrass SR-P S2 G4 CS: savannas and seepage slopes associated with streamheads (Brunswick, Cumberland, Hoke, Moore*) Hypoxis sessilis Sessile Yellow Stargrass CS: savannas, pinelands (Brunswick, Hoke, Pender, Robeson) Ilex collina Long-stalked Holly SR-P SC-V S1 G4 S1 G3 M: bogs, wet streamsides, or high elevation forests (Ashe, Haywood, Swain, Watauga) Ilex longipes Georgia Holly SR-P S1 G5 P: upland forests and woodlands (Anson*, Gaston, Iredell, Johnston*, Lincoln, Mecklenburg, Nash*, Rutherford, Union, Wilson*) Ipomoea imperati Beach Morning-glory T S1 G5 T: sea beaches and foredunes (Brunswick, Carteret, Hyde, Onslow) Ipomoea macrorhiza Manroot TC: low marshy places, dunes (Brunswick*) Iris prismatica Slender Blue Iris SR-P SR-T SH S1S2 G3G5 G4G5 CM: bogs, marshes, and wet powerline clearings (Anson, Beaufort, Brunswick, Camden*, Dare, Gates*, Harnett, Hoke, Johnston, Montgomery, New Hanover, Pamlico, Pasquotank*, Perquimans*) Isoetes microvela Thin-wall Quillwort T FSC S1 G1 C: emergent riverbanks, calcareous influenced riverbanks (Brunswick, Jones, Onslow, Pender, Sampson) Scientific Name Common Name Status Rank 37 Region: Habitat Comments (Counties of Occurrence) Isoetes piedmontana Piedmont Quillwort N.C. E U.S. N.C. S2 Global G4 P: granite flatrocks and diabase glades (Anson, Franklin, Granville, Rowan, Rutherford, Wake) Isoetes virginica Virginia Quillwort SR-L FSC S1 G1 P: upland depression swamp forests, clayey soils (Caswell, Chatham*, Person, Rowan*, Union*) Isolepis carinata Keeled Beakrush SR-P S1 G5 PC: wet places, granitic flatrocks (Anson, Moore, Pender, Tyrrell, Union) Isotria medeoloides Small Whorled Pogonia T T S1 G2? MP: forests, especially with white pine (Burke, Cherokee, Guilford, Haywood, Henderson, Jackson, Macon, McDowell, Rutherford, Surry*, Transylvania) Iva microcephala T Small-headed Marsh Elder C: clay-based Carolina bays (Robeson, Scotland) Jeffersonia diphylla T Twinleaf S2 G5 S1 G5 M: rich cove forests, especially over calcareous rocks (Jackson, Madison) Juncus articulatus Jointleaf Rush C: marshes (Dare*) Juncus caesariensis New Jersey Rush M: seepage bog (Bertie, Clay, Henderson) Juncus dudleyi Dudley's Rush M: calcareous seepages and riverscours Juncus militaris Bayonet Rush C: exposed peaty-sandy shorelines of lakes (Washington) Juniperus communis var. depressa Dwarf Juniper SR-D E SR-P SR-D SC-V FSC SH G5 S1 G2G3 S1 G5 S1 G4 S1 G5T5 MP: high elevation granitic domes, low elevation rocky summits (Buncombe*, Cleveland, Gaston, Macon, Rutherford) Kalmia angustifolia Sheep-laurel C: sandy, xeric to mesic hillsides (Gates) Lachnocaulon minus Brown Bogbutton T S1 T S2 G5 G3G4 CS: depression ponds and ditches (Brunswick, New Hanover, Onslow, Pender, Robeson, Scotland) Scientific Name Common Name Status Rank 38 Region: Habitat Comments (Counties of Occurrence) Lathyrus pusillus Tiny Peavine PC: wet, disturbed sites (McDowell*) Lechea maritima var. virginica Maritime Pinweed N.C. SR-D E U.S. N.C. SH S1 Global G5? G5T3Q T: barren dunefields with Hudsonia tomentosa (Currituck, Dare) Lechea torreyi var. congesta Torrey's Pinweed E S1 G4 CS: sandhills, savannas (Brunswick, Moore*, Onslow, Pender) Leersia lenticularis Catchfly Cutgrass SR-P S2? G5 C: low woods (Bertie, Bladen, Chatham, Craven, Halifax, Johnston, Martin) Liatris aspera Rough Blazing-star T S1 G4G5 M: glades, open woods, fens (Ashe, Burke, Clay, Cleveland, Henderson*, Jackson*, Macon, McDowell, Polk*, Rutherford, Stanly, Stokes, Transylvania*) Liatris helleri Heller's Blazing-star T T S2 G2Q M: high elevation rocky summits, cliffs (Ashe, Avery, Burke, Caldwell, Mitchell*, Watauga) Liatris microcephala Small-head Blazing-star SC-V S1 G3G4 M: rock outcrops, glades, dry woodlands (Macon*, Polk*, Rutherford) Liatris squarrulosa Earle's Blazing-star SR-P S2 G4G5 PSM: diabase glades, open woods especially over mafic rocks; also loamy-sand soils in longleaf pine-oak sandhills (Anson, Bladen, Cherokee, Cumberland, Durham, Graham, Granville, Harnett*, Hoke, McDowell, Orange*, Person, Richmond, Robeson, Rutherford, Scotland, Stokes*, Swain*, Wake) Liatris turgida Shale-barren Blazing-star SR-T S1S2 G3 M: dry rocky woods (Buncombe*, Burke, Cleveland, Polk*, Rutherford) Lilaeopsis carolinensis Carolina Grasswort SR-O S2 G3G5 TC: freshwater marshes, pools, tidal marshes (Brunswick, Camden, Currituck, Dare, Hyde, Martin, New Hanover, Pasquotank, Perquimans, Washington) Lilium canadense ssp. editorum Red Canada Lily E S1 G5T4 MP: bogs, wet meadows (Alleghany, Avery*, Cabarrus, Graham, Henderson, Randolph, Rutherford*, Stanly*) Lilium canadense var. canadense E Yellow Canada Lily MP: bogs, wet meadows (Cabarrus, Haywood, Watauga) S1 G5T4? Scientific Name Common Name Status Rank 39 Region: Habitat Comments (Counties of Occurrence) Lilium grayi Gray's Lily N.C. T U.S. FSC N.C. S3 Global G3 M: bogs, wet meadows, seeps, grassy balds, high elevation forests (Alleghany, Ashe, Avery, Buncombe, Caldwell, Haywood, Henderson*, McDowell, Mitchell, Watauga, Yancey) Lilium philadelphicum var. philadelphicum Wood Lily E S2 G5T4T5 M: grassy balds, glades (Ashe, Avery, Haywood, Mitchell, Polk*, Swain, Watauga, Yancey) Lilium pyrophilum Sandhills Lily E FSC S2 G2 CS: streamhead pocosin ecotones and openings (Cumberland, Harnett, Hoke, Lee, Moore, Nash*, Northampton*, Richmond, Scotland) Limosella australis Awl-leaf Mudwort T: tidal marshes (Currituck, Dare) Lindera melissifolia Pondberry T S1 E E S1 G4G5 G3 C: Carolina bays and seasonally wet depressions (Bladen*, Cumberland, Onslow, Orange*, Sampson) Lindera subcoriacea Bog Spicebush SR-T FSC S2S3 G3 SP: streamhead pocosins, white cedar swamps, seepage slopes (Anson*, Chatham, Cumberland, Hoke, Johnston, Lee, Montgomery, Moore, Richmond, Robeson, Scotland, Wake) Linum floridanum var. chrysocarpum Yellow-fruited Flax C: pine savannas (Brunswick, Columbus, Onslow, Pender) Linum sulcatum Glade Flax P: diabase barrens (Durham, Granville) Liparis loeselii Fen Orchid T SC-H E S1S2 S1 S1 G5?T3? G5T5 G5 MT: seeps, bay swamps (Alleghany, Ashe*, Avery*, Dare, Jackson*, Rutherford*, Swain, Transylvania, Watauga*) Lipocarpha micrantha Small-flowered Hemicarpha SC-H SH G5 CT: drawdown zones of blackwater rivers, salt marshes (Brunswick*, Columbus*, Dare*) Lithospermum canescens Hoary Puccoon T S2 G5 P: diabase glades, open woods over diabase (Durham, Granville) Litsea aestivalis Pondspice SC-V FSC S2S3 G3? C: limesink ponds, other pools (Bladen, Brunswick, Carteret, Craven, Cumberland, Gates, Hoke, Lenoir, New Hanover, Onslow, Sampson, Wayne) Scientific Name Common Name Status Rank 40 Region: Habitat Comments (Counties of Occurrence) Lobelia boykinii Boykin's Lobelia N.C. E U.S. FSC N.C. S1S2 Global G2G3 C: depression ponds and meadows and clay-based cypress savannas (Bladen*, Cumberland, Hoke, Onslow, Robeson, Scotland) Lonicera canadensis American Fly-honeysuckle SR-P S2 G5 M: bogs, moist woods (Alleghany, Buncombe, Graham, Haywood, Jackson, Macon, Mitchell*, Transylvania, Watauga, Yancey) Lophiola aurea Golden-crest E S2 G4 C: very wet, mucky habitats in pine savannas (Brunswick, Columbus, New Hanover, Onslow) Ludwigia alata Winged Seedbox SR-P S2 G3G5 TC: interdune ponds, marshes (Brunswick, Camden, Carteret, Craven, Currituck, Dare, Hyde, New Hanover*, Onslow*, Pasquotank, Tyrrell*) Ludwigia brevipes Long Beach Seedbox SR-T FSC S1S2 G2G3 CS: natural lake shores, blackwater stream shores and impoundments, and freshwater interdune ponds (Brunswick, Columbus, Craven*, Cumberland, Currituck, Dare, Gates*, Harnett*, Hyde*, Johnston*, Robeson*, Sampson*, Wayne*) Ludwigia lanceolata Lanceleaf Seedbox E S1 G3 TC: interdune ponds, open wet areas (Brunswick*, Carteret, Dare*, New Hanover) Ludwigia linifolia Flaxleaf Seedbox T S2 G4 CT: limesink ponds (Brunswick, Carteret, Columbus, New Hanover, Onslow) Ludwigia ravenii Raven's Seedbox T FSC S1 G1G2 C: savannas, swamps, marshes, wet open places (Brunswick*, Carteret, Chowan*, Columbus, Craven, Duplin*, Gates*, Jones, New Hanover*, Pamlico*, Perquimans*, Sampson) Ludwigia sphaerocarpa Globe-fruit Seedbox E S1 G5 CS: bogs, pools, and lake shores (Bladen*, Columbus, Craven, Dare*, Hoke*, Johnston*, Moore, New Hanover, Richmond, Washington, Wayne*) Ludwigia suffruticosa Shrubby Seedbox T S2 G5 CS: limesink ponds, clay-based Carolina bays (Bladen*, Brunswick, Columbus, New Hanover, Onslow, Robeson, Scotland) Lupinus villosus Lady Lupine SR-P S1 G5 C: sandhills and other dry sandy woods (Bladen, Brunswick*, Cumberland, Moore, Pender) Scientific Name Common Name Status Rank 41 Region: Habitat Comments (Counties of Occurrence) Luziola fluitans var. fluitans Southern Water Grass N.C. SR-P U.S. N.C. S2 Global G4G5 C: pools, lakes, streams (Bladen, Columbus, Dare, Moore, Pender, Richmond, Scotland, Tyrrell, Washington) Lycopodiella inundata Bog Clubmoss M: bogs and seeps (Avery, Haywood, Watauga) Lycopus angustifolius Southern Bog Water-horehound C: bogs and marshes (Columbus, Richmond, Washington) Lysimachia asperulifolia Rough-leaf Loosestrife SR-P SR-P E E S1 G5 S1 G4?Q S3 G3 CS: pocosin/savanna ecotones, pocosins (Beaufort, Bladen, Brunswick, Carteret, Columbus*, Craven, Cumberland, Harnett, Hoke, Montgomery*, Moore*, New Hanover, Onslow, Pamlico, Pender, Richmond, Scotland) Lysimachia fraseri Fraser's Loosestrife E FSC S3 G3 M: wet forest borders, roadsides, alluvial meadows (Buncombe*, Haywood*, Henderson*, Jackson, Macon, Polk, Swain, Transylvania) Lysimachia hybrida Lowland Loosestrife MPC: bottomlands (Pender) Lysimachia tonsa Southern Loosestrife SR-P SR-P S2? G5 S2 G4 P: upland forests and openings (Alexander, Ashe, Burke, Caswell, Madison, Orange*, Rockingham, Rutherford, Stokes, Surry, Swain, Vance) Lythrum lanceolatum Southern Winged-loosestrife C: marshes and low, wet places (New Hanover*, Pender) Macbridea caroliniana Carolina Bogmint SR-T E FSC S1 G5T5 S2 G2G3 C: blackwater swamps, savanna/pocosin ecotones, ditches (Bladen, Brunswick, Columbus, Harnett, Johnston, Jones*, Pender, Robeson) Magnolia macrophylla Bigleaf Magnolia T S2 G5 P: rich deciduous forests (Gaston, Henderson, Iredell, Lincoln, Surry, Wake) Malaxis bayardii Appalachian Adder's-mouth MP: upland forests (Caldwell*, McDowell) Malaxis spicata Florida Adder's-mouth SR-T SC-V FSC S1 G1G2 S1 G4? CT: maritime swamp forests, calcareous but mucky outer coastal plain swamps (Brunswick, Carteret, Chowan, Craven, Dare, Jones, Pender*) Scientific Name Common Name Status Rank 42 Region: Habitat Comments (Counties of Occurrence) Marshallia grandiflora Large-flowered Barbara's-buttons MP: bogs, dry basic soils (Henderson*, Polk*) Marshallia legrandii Oak Barrens Barbara's-buttons P: clayey upland soils over diabase (Granville) Marshallia trinervia Broadleaf Barbara's-buttons N.C. SC-H SR-L SC-H U.S. FSC FSC N.C. SH S1 SH Global G3 G1 G3 M: moist rocky streambanks and in calcareous clays (Macon*) Matelea decipiens Glade Milkvine SR-P S3 G5 PC: thin woodlands over mafic or calcareous rocks (Alamance, Alexander, Anson, Bertie, Burke, Davidson*, Durham, Franklin, Granville, Halifax, Hertford*, Lincoln, Martin, McDowell, Mecklenburg, Montgomery, Northampton, Orange, Richmond, Rutherford, Stanly, Wake) Matelea obliqua Climbing Milkvine M: dry, rocky woodlands over calcareous rocks (Madison) Meehania cordata Meehania SR-P SR-P S1 G4? S2 G5 M: cove forests, boulderfields (Alleghany, Ashe, Avery*, Haywood, Madison, Watauga, Wilkes, Yancey) Melica nitens Three-flowered Melic M: open calcareous woods (Madison) Menyanthes trifoliata Buckbean M: bogs (Alleghany*, Watauga) Micranthes caroliniana Carolina Saxifrage E T SR-T S1 G5 S1 G5 S3 G3 MP: high to middle elevation moist cliffs and rock outcrops (Alleghany, Ashe, Watauga) Micranthes pensylvanica Swamp Saxifrage MP: bogs, seeps (Wake*, Watauga) Micropolypodium nimbatum West Indian Dwarf Polypody M: spray zone behind waterfalls (Macon) Milium effusum var. cisatlanticum Millet-grass M: high elevation forests or openings (Swain) Minuartia godfreyi Godfrey's Sandwort T: tidal freshwater marshes (Craven, Jones*) E T SR-P E FSC S1 G5 S1 G4? S1 G5T5 S1 G1 Scientific Name Common Name Status Rank 43 Region: Habitat Comments (Counties of Occurrence) Mnesithea cylindrica Carolina Jointgrass P: open woodlands and roadsides (Anson*, Union) Monarda media Purple Bee-balm M: grassy balds (Avery, Graham, Jackson) Mononeuria groenlandica Greenland Sandwort N.C. SC-H SR-P T U.S. N.C. SH S1? S2 Global G4G5 G4? G5 MP: high elevation and low elevation rocky summits (Alleghany, Ashe, Avery, Burke, Caldwell, Henderson, McDowell, Mitchell, Stokes, Surry, Wilkes) Mononeuria uniflora Single-flowered Sandwort P: granite flatrocks (Anson, Rowan*, Rutherford) Monotropsis odorata Sweet Pinesap E SC-V S1 G4 S3 G3 PM: dry forests and bluffs (Alamance*, Alleghany*, Buncombe, Burke, Caldwell, Catawba, Chatham, Cherokee, Clay, Cleveland, Durham, Haywood, Henderson, Jackson, Macon, McDowell, Mecklenburg, Orange, Person*, Polk, Randolph, Rutherford, Stokes, Swain*, Transylvania, Wake*, Yancey) Muhlenbergia glabriflora Clay-pan Muhly P: clay soils (Durham*) Muhlenbergia glomerata Spiked Muhly M: olivine barrens, fens, mafic cliffs (Ashe, Avery, Clay) Muhlenbergia sobolifera Rock Muhly SR-P SC-V SC-V SH G4? S1 G5 S2 G5 M: dripping cliffs and rocky slopes (Alexander, Ashe, Avery, Jackson, Macon, McDowell*, Mitchell*, Transylvania*) Muhlenbergia torreyana Pinebarren Smokegrass SC-V S2 G3 CS: cypress savannas (Brunswick, Cumberland, Hoke, Onslow, Pender, Richmond, Robeson) Myrica gale Sweet Gale M: bogs (Henderson) Myriophyllum laxum Loose Water-milfoil E S1 G5 E S2 G3 CS: limesink ponds, waters of natural lakes (Brunswick, Carteret, Craven*, Cumberland, Hoke, Onslow) Myriophyllum pinnatum Cutleaf Water-milfoil CS: pools and ditches (Bladen, Brunswick, Currituck*) SR-T S1 G5 Scientific Name Common Name Status Rank 44 Region: Habitat Comments (Counties of Occurrence) Myriophyllum tenellum Leafless Water-milfoil C: waters of natural lakes (Bladen, Tyrrell, Washington) Myriopteris alabamensis Alabama Lipfern M: calcareous outcrops (Madison) Nabalus albus Northern Rattlesnake-root N.C. E SR-P T U.S. N.C. S1 S1 S2? Global G5 G4G5 G5 M: hardwood forests (Ashe, Granville, Haywood*, Henderson*, Jones, McDowell, Mitchell*, Montgomery, Onslow, Rutherford, Transylvania*) Narthecium montanum Appalachian Yellow Asphodel M: bogs (Henderson*) Oenothera perennis Perennial Sundrops SC-H SC-V SX GX S2 G5 MPC: wet meadows and bogs (Alleghany, Ashe, Avery*, Burke, Cabarrus, Clay, Hertford*, Iredell*, Jackson, Macon, McDowell, Transylvania, Tyrrell*, Watauga) Oenothera riparia Riverbank Evening-primrose SR-L S2S3 G2G3 C: tidal marshes (Brunswick, Dare, New Hanover, Pender, Tyrrell) Oldenlandia boscii Bosc's Bluet E S2 G5 C: clay-based Carolina bays (Brunswick, Columbus, Cumberland, Hoke, Robeson, Scotland) Oplismenus setarius Shortleaf Basket Grass SR-P S1 G5T5 TC: maritime forests, bottomlands (Bladen, Brunswick, Carteret, Dare, Onslow, Pender, Washington) Orbexilum macrophyllum Bigleaf Scurfpea M: low mountain forests or outcrops? (Polk*) Orbexilum onobrychis Lanceleaf Scurfpea M: habitat in North Carolina not known (Haywood*) Orbexilum pedunculatum Sampson's Snakeroot SC-H SC-H SR-P FSC SX GX SH G5 S1 G5 MP: Open woodlands (Cherokee, Durham*, Orange*, Transylvania*) Oreojuncus trifidus Highland Rush SR-D S1 G5 M: high elevation rocky summits (Alleghany, Ashe, Buncombe, Cumberland, Mitchell) Scientific Name Common Name Status Rank 45 Region: Habitat Comments (Counties of Occurrence) Orthochilus ecristatus Spiked Medusa N.C. E U.S. N.C. S1 Global G2G3 C: Mesic pinelands with blackjack oak, sandhills, and dry-mesic to mesic longleaf pinelands. (Bladen*, Cumberland*, Hoke, New Hanover, Sampson*) Oxalis macrantha Sadie Price's Yellow Wood Sorrel P: Rich woodlands (Stanly*) Oxypolis canbyi Canby's Dropwort C: clay-based Carolina bays (Scotland) Pachysandra procumbens Allegheny Spurge P: cove forests (Polk) Packera crawfordii Bog Ragwort SR-D E E E SR-T SH G3G5 S1 G2 S1 G4G5 S1 G2G3 CM: bogs, fens, and wet savannas (Onslow, Pender, Watauga, Yancey) Packera millefolium Divided-leaf Ragwort T FSC S2 G3 M: granitic domes, other outcrops (Buncombe, Haywood, Henderson, Jackson, Macon, McDowell, Polk, Rutherford, Transylvania) Packera paupercula var. appalachiana Prairie Ragwort T S1 G5TNR M: mafic and calcareous glades, rock outcrops, and cliffs (Ashe, Clay, Madison) Packera paupercula var. paupercula Balsam Ragwort SR-P S1? G5 PMC: fens, bogs, and diabase glades (Avery*, Burke, Caldwell*, Clay, Granville, McDowell, Nash*, Rutherford, Transylvania*, Watauga*) Packera schweinitziana Schweinitz's Ragwort T S2 G5? M: grassy balds (Avery, Buncombe, Mitchell, Watauga, Yancey) Packera serpenticola Buck Creek Ragwort M: Serpentine barrens (Clay) Panicum dichotomiflorum var. puritanorum Puritan Panic Grass SR-L SR-P S1 G1 S1 G5T4 C: wet sands and peats of seasonally exposed pond and lake shores. (Onslow, Pender) Panicum flexile Wiry Panic Grass T S1 G5 PM: glades and openings over mafic rocks (Ashe*, Durham, Granville, Henderson, Orange*) Panicum lithophilum Flatrock Panic Grass MP: soil islands on granite flatrocks (Anson) SR-T S1 G2G3Q Scientific Name Common Name Status Rank 46 Region: Habitat Comments (Counties of Occurrence) Parietaria praetermissa Large-seed Pellitory N.C. SC-V U.S. N.C. S1 Global G3G4 TC: shell middens, disturbed sites, maritime forests (Brunswick*, Carteret, Hyde, New Hanover*, Onslow) Parnassia caroliniana Carolina Grass-of-Parnassus T FSC S2 G3 CS: wet savannas (Bladen, Brunswick, Columbus, Cumberland, Harnett, Hoke, Lee*, Onslow, Pender, Scotland) Parnassia grandifolia Large-leaved Grass-of-parnassus T FSC S2 G3 MCP: fens and seeps over calcareous or mafic rocks (Alleghany, Ashe, Avery*, Brunswick, Buncombe*, Clay, Columbus, Haywood, Macon, McDowell, Pender, Transylvania, Watauga) Paronychia herniarioides Michaux's Whitlow-wort S: sandhills (Scotland) Parthenium auriculatum Glade Wild Quinine E SR-T S1 G2G4 S3 G3G4 PM: glades and openings over mafic rocks (Alexander, Burke, Caswell, Durham, Franklin, Granville, Guilford*, Macon*, Mecklenburg, Montgomery, Orange, Person, Rockingham*, Rutherford, Stanly, Warren*) Parthenocissus vitacea Woodbine M: Rich alluvial forests (Polk) Paspalum dissectum Mudbank Crown Grass SR-P E S1 G5 S2 G4? CTP: mudflats, other open wet areas (Brunswick, Columbus, Craven, Moore, Onslow, Pender, Scotland, Union*) Paspalum fluitans Horsetail Crown Grass SR-P S1 G5 CP: drawdown riverbanks and seepage areas in swamp forests (Bertie*, Bladen*, Chatham*, Harnett, Johnston, Martin*, Northampton*, Wake) Paspalum vaginatum Seashore Crown Grass SR-P S1S2 G5 CPT: brackish marshes, low wet places (Carteret, Dare, Hyde, Onslow, Tyrrell) Pedicularis lanceolata Swamp Lousewort T S1 G5 M: bottomlands, swampy woods (Buncombe*, Cherokee*, Clay, Haywood, Jackson*, Macon*, Watauga*) Pellaea wrightiana Wright's Cliff-brake E S1 G5 P: rock outcrops, mafic or with nutrient-rich seepage (Alexander, Stanly, Union) Scientific Name Common Name Region: Habitat Comments (Counties of Occurrence) Status Rank N.C. U.S. N.C. Global 47 Peltandra sagittifolia Spoonflower SR-P S2S3 G3G4 C: pocosins, other wet, peaty sites (Brunswick, Carteret, Columbus*, Craven, Dare, Jones, New Hanover, Onslow, Pender) Persicaria amphibia Water Smartweed MPC: marshes (Beaufort*) Persicaria hirsuta Hairy Smartweed SR-P E S1 G5 S1 G3G4 CS: limesink ponds, clay-based Carolina bays, drawdown zones of blackwater riverbanks (Bladen, Brunswick, Carteret*, Onslow*, Richmond, Scotland) Phacelia covillei Buttercup Phacelia SR-T FSC S3 G3 PC: bottomlands, rich lower slopes (Alamance, Caswell, Chatham, Franklin, Harnett, Lee, Moore, Orange, Vance) Phacelia maculata Spotted Phacelia P: granite flatrocks and creek bottomlands (Cleveland) Phanopyrum gymnocarpon Swamp Panic Grass E SR-O S1 G3G4 S1 G5 C: tidal and blackwater cypress-gum swamps (Bertie, Bladen, Columbus, Martin, Pender, Robeson) Phegopteris connectilis Northern Beech Fern E S2 G5 M: spray zone of waterfalls, spruce-fir forests, high elevation seepage bogs (Buncombe, Haywood, Jackson, Macon, Swain*, Transylvania) Phemeranthus piedmontanus Piedmont Fameflower SR-L FSC S1 G1 P: shallow soil over mafic rock, where periodically wet by seepage (Granville) Phlox subulata Moss Pink SR-P S1 G5 M: outcrops and glades, especially over mafic rocks (Ashe, Buncombe, Jackson*, Macon*, Madison, Yancey) Pinguicula lutea Yellow Butterwort SR-P S2 G4G5 C: savannas (Bladen, Brunswick, Columbus, New Hanover, Pender) Pinguicula pumila Small Butterwort E S2 G4 C: savannas (Brunswick*, Carteret, Columbus, Onslow, Pender) Pityopsis graminifolia var. graminifolia A Silkgrass E S1 G5T4 C: savannas, pine flatwoods, sandy roadsides (Brunswick, Columbus) Scientific Name Common Name Region: Habitat Comments (Counties of Occurrence) Status Rank N.C. U.S. N.C. Global 48 Plantago cordata Heart-leaf Plantain E S1 G4 P: beds of small, slate-bottomed, perennial streams (Davidson) Plantago sparsiflora Pineland Plantain T FSC S1S2 G3 C: wet savannas (Bladen*, Brunswick, Columbus, Onslow, Pender) Platanthera flava var. herbiola Northern Rein Orchid SR-P S1? G4?T4Q M: bogs and moist forests (Buncombe*, Burke, Cherokee, Clay*, Forsyth*, Graham*, Haywood, Jackson*, Macon, Mitchell, Swain*, Transylvania, Watauga) Platanthera grandiflora Large Purple-fringed Orchid T S2 G5 M: bogs, seeps, grassy balds, high elevation moist forests and banks (Alleghany, Ashe, Avery, Buncombe, Clay, Haywood*, Macon, McDowell, Mitchell, Swain, Transylvania*, Watauga, Yancey) Platanthera integra Yellow Fringeless Orchid SC-V S2 G3G4 CMP: savannas (Brunswick, Carteret, Cherokee*, Columbus, Craven, Forsyth*, Henderson*, Jones, Onslow, Pamlico*, Pender, Robeson*, Rowan*) Platanthera integrilabia White Fringeless Orchid M: bogs (Cherokee*, Henderson*) Platanthera nivea Snowy Orchid SC-H C T SH G2G3 S1 G5 C: wet savannas (Beaufort*, Bladen*, Brunswick, Columbus*, Craven, Dare*, Hoke*, New Hanover, Pender, Robeson*) Platanthera peramoena Purple Fringeless Orchid T S2 G5 MP: bogs, forests (Buncombe*, Burke*, Caldwell*, Clay*, Durham, Forsyth, Franklin, Graham, Guilford, Haywood, Henderson*, Jackson, Macon, Mitchell*, Orange, Swain*, Transylvania, Warren, Watauga, Yancey*) Platanthera shriveri Shriver's Purple Fringed Orchid M: damp, open woods, often along seeps (Watauga*) Poa paludigena Bog Bluegrass M: bogs (Ashe, Avery, Watauga) Poa palustris Swamp Bluegrass SR-T SR-T SR-P FSC SH G1 S1 G3 S1 G5 M: spruce-fir forests, grassy balds (Ashe, Avery, Haywood*, Henderson*, Macon, Mitchell, Polk*, Swain, Yancey*) Scientific Name Common Name Status Rank 49 Region: Habitat Comments (Counties of Occurrence) Poa saltuensis A Bluegrass M: olivine barrens (Clay, Haywood) Polemonium reptans var. reptans Jacob's Ladder N.C. T T U.S. N.C. S1 S1 Global G5 G5T5 PM: moist, nutrient-rich forests such as bottomlands and rich slopes (Ashe, Iredell, Rockingham, Stokes*, Watauga*) Polygala hookeri Hooker's Milkwort SC-V S2S3 G3 C: savannas (Brunswick, Carteret, Columbus, Craven, New Hanover, Onslow, Pender) Polygala nana Dwarf Milkwort M: habitat in North Carolina not known (Buncombe*) Polygala senega Seneca Snakeroot SR-D SR-D SH G5 S2 G4G5 MP: woodlands and in thin soil around outcrops, usually over mafic or calcareous rocks (Ashe, McDowell, Stanly, Transylvania, Wake) Polygonella articulata Coast Jointweed C: sandhills (Gates*) Polygonum glaucum Seabeach Knotweed SC-H E SH G5 S1 G3 T: ocean and sound beaches (Beaufort*, Brunswick, Carteret, Dare, Hyde, New Hanover*) Ponthieva racemosa Shadow-witch T S2 G4G5 C: blackwater forests and swamps, especially over marl (Beaufort*, Brunswick, Carteret, Craven, Jones, Onslow, Pender) Portulaca smallii Small's Portulaca T S2 G3 P: granite flatrocks and diabase glades (Cabarrus, Forsyth, Franklin, Granville, Rowan, Wake) Potamogeton amplifolius Largeleaf Pondweed C: submersed in blackwater streams (Brunswick, Craven*) Potamogeton confervoides Conferva Pondweed SR-D SR-D S1 G5 S2 G4 SC: beaverponds and old millponds on blackwater creeks (Craven, Cumberland, Gates*, Harnett, Hoke, Moore, Richmond, Scotland) Potamogeton illinoensis Illinois Pondweed SR-D S1 G5 C: alkaline waters of streams, rivers, lakes, and ponds (Brunswick*, Dare) Scientific Name Common Name Status Rank 50 Region: Habitat Comments (Counties of Occurrence) Potamogeton natans Floating Pondweed M: lakes and artificial impoundments (Buncombe*) Potamogeton nodosus American Pondweed N.C. SR-D SR-D U.S. N.C. SH SH Global G5 G5 CMP: ponds and streams with moderate to high PH (Carteret*, Haywood*, Perquimans*, Vance*) Primula meadia Shooting-star T S2S3 G5 MP: mafic cliffs, dry coniferous woodlands, and associated nutrient-rich alluvial forests (Anson, Buncombe, Davidson*, Forsyth*, Haywood, Henderson, Iredell*, Jackson, Macon, Mecklenburg*, Montgomery, Orange*, Rutherford, Stanly, Union, Watauga*) Prunus alleghaniensis var. alleghaniensis Allegheny Plum M: Dry rocky woodlands (McDowell, Rutherford) Prunus susquehanae Susquehanna Cherry MP: rocky forests (Durham*) Pseudognaphalium helleri Heller's Rabbit-Tobacco SR-T SR-P SR-P S1 G4T4 SH G5T4T5 S3 G4G5T3T4 PS: dry woodlands, openings, and glades, especially over mafic rocks (Anson*, Cabarrus, Davidson, Davie*, Forsyth*, Franklin*, Gaston, Granville, Guilford*, Halifax*, Hoke, Iredell*, Mecklenburg, Montgomery, Northampton*, Orange*, Person*, Richmond*, Rowan*, Scotland*, Union, Wake) Pseudognaphalium micradenium Small Rabbit-Tobacco SR-T S1 G4G5T3? P: dry woodlands (Caswell, Durham*, Granville*, Person, Stokes*, Vance) Ptilimnium ahlesii Carolina Bishopweed C: tidal freshwater marshes (Brunswick, New Hanover) Ptilimnium costatum Ribbed Bishop-weed CT: tidal swamps or marshes (New Hanover) Ptilimnium nodosum Harperella P: rocky riverbeds (Chatham, Granville, Lee) Pycnanthemum curvipes Tennessee Mountain-mint SR-T T E SR-T FSC E S1 G1 S1 GNR S1 G2 S1 G3 M: dry rocky woodlands and rock outcrops (Buncombe, Haywood, Madison) Pycnanthemum setosum Awned Mountain-mint SR-T S2 G4 C: blackwater swamps (Brunswick, Columbus, Craven, Gates, Jones, Pender, Tyrrell) Scientific Name Common Name Status Rank 51 Region: Habitat Comments (Counties of Occurrence) Pycnanthemum torreyi Torrey's Mountain-mint N.C. SR-T U.S. FSC N.C. S1 Global G2 PM: dry upland forests and woodlands, over mafic rocks (Alexander*, Ashe*, Caswell, Cleveland*, Gaston*, Granville*, Haywood*, Jackson*, Macon*, Orange, Person*, Wilkes*) Pycnanthemum virginianum Virginia Mountain-mint SR-P S1? G5 CMP: forests, woodland borders, bogs (Alleghany, Brunswick, Caswell, Henderson, Wake) Pyrola elliptica Elliptic Shinleaf M: moist forests (Ashe, Watauga*) Pyxidanthera brevifolia Sandhills Pyxie-moss E SR-L FSC S1 G5 S3 G3 S: sandhills (Brunswick*, Cumberland, Harnett, Hoke, Lee, Moore) Quercus austrina Bluff Oak SR-P S1 G4? CP: bluff and bottomland forests over circumneutral soil (Anson, Craven, Johnston*, Montgomery, Richmond, Sampson) Quercus elliottii Running Oak SR-P S2 G3G5 CP: mesic pine flatwoods and dry, silty sites (Bladen, Brunswick, Columbus, Duplin*, New Hanover*, Pender*, Robeson) Quercus georgiana Georgia Oak P: dry slopes and bluffs (Rutherford) Quercus ilicifolia Bear Oak SR-P E S1 G3 S2 G5 P: dry summits and rocky woods on Piedmont monadnocks (Alleghany, Burke, Gaston, Stokes, Surry, Wilkes) Quercus minima Dwarf Live Oak SR-P S1 G5 C: pine flatwoods, coastal fringe sandhills (Bladen, Carteret, New Hanover) Quercus prinoides Dwarf Chinquapin Oak E S1 G5 PM: dry, rocky slopes (Caldwell, Caswell, Cleveland*, Gaston*, Guilford*, Iredell*, Jackson*, Polk*, Rowan, Rutherford, Stanly*) Ranunculus ambigens Water-plantain Spearwort CP: open wet areas (Bertie*, Orange*, Perquimans*) Ranunculus fascicularis Thick-root Buttercup MP: serpentine and diabase barrens (Clay) SC-H SR-P SH G4 S1 G5 Scientific Name Common Name Status Rank 52 Region: Habitat Comments (Counties of Occurrence) Ranunculus flabellaris Yellow Water-crowfoot C: pools in blackwater swamps (Bertie, Edgecombe*, Gates*) Ranunculus hederaceus Ivy Buttercup C: marshes (Currituck*, Onslow) Ranunculus micranthus Rock Buttercup N.C. SC-H E SR-P U.S. N.C. S1 S1 S1 Global G5 G5 G5 P: rich woods on circumneutral soil (Caswell, Durham, Person*) Rhexia aristosa Awned Meadow-beauty SC-V S3 G3G4 C: clay-based Carolina bays and limesink ponds (Bladen, Brunswick*, Cumberland*, Hoke, Onslow, Robeson, Sampson, Scotland) Rhodiola rosea Roseroot E SH G5 M: high elevation rocky summits (Ashe*, Avery*, Caldwell*, Mitchell*, Watauga*, Yancey*) Rhododendron cumberlandense Cumberland Azalea SR-P S1 G4? M: grassy or shrub balds (Graham*, Haywood*, Jackson, Macon, Swain, Transylvania) Rhododendron prinophyllum Election Pink M: high elevation forests (Ashe) Rhododendron vaseyi Pink-shell Azalea T SR-L S1 G5 S3 G3 M: high elevation oak forests, heath balds, spruce-fir forests, and rocky areas (Avery, Buncombe, Caldwell, Haywood, Jackson, Macon*, McDowell, Mitchell*, Transylvania, Watauga, Yancey) Rhus michauxii Michaux's Sumac E E S2 G2G3 SCP: sandhills, sandy forests, woodland, woodland edges (Cumberland, Davie, Durham, Franklin, Hoke, Johnston*, Lincoln*, Mecklenburg, Moore, Nash, Orange*, Richmond, Robeson, Scotland, Union*, Wake, Wilson*) Rhynchospora alba Northern White Beaksedge SR-P S2 G5 MCS: fens, bogs, pocosin openings, limesink ponds (Alleghany, Ashe, Bladen, Brunswick, Craven, Cumberland*, Currituck, Dare, Mitchell, Pender*, Rutherford, Tyrrell, Watauga, Yancey) Rhynchospora crinipes T Alabama Beaksedge S: seepy banks of blackwater rivers (Hoke, Moore) Rhynchospora decurrens T Swamp Forest Beaksedge C: swamp forests (Brunswick, Columbus, Onslow, Pender) FSC S1 S1S2 G2G3 G3G4 Scientific Name Common Name Status Rank 53 Region: Habitat Comments (Counties of Occurrence) Rhynchospora divergens White-seeded Beaksedge C: wet savannas (Brunswick, Columbus, Onslow, Pender) Rhynchospora galeana Short-bristled Beaksedge N.C. SR-P SR-P U.S. N.C. S2 S2S3 Global G4 G3G4 C: savannas (Brunswick, Carteret, Columbus, Craven, Cumberland, Onslow, Pender) Rhynchospora harperi Harper's Beaksedge SC-V S2 G4? C: limesink ponds and cypress savannas (Brunswick, Carteret, Onslow) Rhynchospora macra Southern White Beaksedge T S2 G3 S: sandhill seeps, blackwater impoundments, streamhead pocosins (Carteret, Cumberland, Harnett, Hoke, Moore, Richmond, Scotland) Rhynchospora microcarpa Southern Beaksedge SR-P S2 G5 CTP: maritime wet grasslands, clay-based Carolina bays, limesink ponds, swamp forests (Brunswick, Carteret, Columbus, Dare, Pender) Rhynchospora odorata Fragrant Beaksedge SC-V S1 G4 T: maritime wet grasslands (Brunswick*, Carteret, Dare, Hyde, Pender*) Rhynchospora pinetorum Small's Beaksedge SR-T S2 G5?T3? C: wet savannas, maritime wet grasslands (Brunswick, Carteret, Columbus, Onslow, Pender) Rhynchospora pleiantha Coastal Beaksedge T FSC S2 G2G3 C: limesink ponds (Bladen, Brunswick, Carteret, New Hanover, Onslow) Rhynchospora thornei Thorne's Beaksedge C: wet savannas (Brunswick, Onslow, Pender) Rhynchospora tracyi Tracy's Beaksedge SC-V T FSC S2 G3 S2 G4 C: clay-based Carolina bays, limesink ponds (Brunswick, New Hanover, Onslow, Scotland) Robinia hartwigii Hartweg's Locust M: high elevation granitic domes (Jackson, Macon, Mitchell*) Robinia hispida var. fertilis Fruitful Locust SR-L SR-O FSC S1S2 S1 G3T2 G4T1Q M: acidic cove forests, northern hardwoods forests, high elevation granitic domes (Alleghany, Avery, Burke*, Graham*, Haywood, Jackson, Macon*, McDowell*, Stokes, Swain, Wilkes) Scientific Name Common Name Status Rank 54 Region: Habitat Comments (Counties of Occurrence) Robinia hispida var. kelseyi Kelsey's Locust N.C. SR-O U.S. N.C. S1 Global G4T1 M: high elevation red oak forests, dry rocky woods (Buncombe*, Burke*, Haywood, Henderson, Madison, Transylvania*) Robinia viscosa Clammy Locust SR-T S1 G3 MP: open woods (Catawba*, Jackson*, Rutherford, Transylvania) Rosa virginiana Virginia Rose M: moist to dry forests and woodlands (Ashe*, Buncombe*) Rubus dalibarda Robin Runaway SR-P E SH G5 S2 G5 M: bogs and moist woods under rhododendrons (Alleghany, Ashe, Transylvania) Rubus idaeus ssp. strigosus Red Raspberry T S2? G5T5 M: high elevation spruce-fir forests and openings (Buncombe, Haywood, Jackson, Swain, Yancey) Rudbeckia heliopsidis Sun-facing Coneflower E FSC S1 G2 C: moist pine flatwoods and woodland borders (Harnett, Moore) Rudbeckia triloba var. beadlei Chauncey's Coneflower M: mafic cliffs (Buncombe, Graham, Madison, Swain) Ruellia ciliosa var. ciliosa Sandhills Wild-petunia SR-T T S1 G5TNR S2 G5T3T5 S: sandhills, especially in loamy, submesic swales (Cumberland, Hoke, Richmond, Scotland) Ruellia humilis Low Wild-petunia P: diabase glades (Durham, Granville, Stanly, Wake) Ruellia purshiana Pursh's Wild-petunia E SC-V S1 G5 S2 G3 PM: glades and woodlands, mostly over mafic or calcareous rocks (Alamance, Caswell, Cleveland, Davidson, Durham, Forsyth*, Gaston, Granville, Madison, Montgomery, Orange, Randolph*, Rutherford*, Stanly, Wake*) Ruellia strepens Limestone Wild-petunia C: low woods over marl (Bertie, Pender, Richmond) Rugelia nudicaulis Rugel's Ragwort M: spruce-fir forests (Haywood, Swain) Sabal palmetto Cabbage Palm E SR-L T FSC S1 G4G5 S3 G3 S1 G5 TC: maritime forests on the southeastern coast (Brunswick, Carteret*, Dare, New Hanover) Scientific Name Common Name Status Rank 55 Region: Habitat Comments (Counties of Occurrence) Sabatia kennedyana Plymouth Gentian N.C. T U.S. N.C. S2 Global G3 C: drawdown zones on banks of blackwater rivers (Brunswick, Columbus) Sageretia minutiflora T Small-flowered Buckthorn C: shell middens (Carteret, Onslow, Pender) Sagittaria chapmanii E Chapman's Arrowhead C: limesink ponds (Bladen, Carteret, Columbus, Onslow) Sagittaria fasciculata E E Bunched Arrowhead S1 G4 S1 G5T3? S1 G2 M: bogs and mountain swamp forests (Buncombe*, Henderson) Sagittaria filiformis Water Arrowhead SR-P SH G4G5 C: blackwater streams, rivers, and lakes (Bladen, Columbus*, Craven*, Pender, Wilson*) Sagittaria isoetiformis Quillwort Arrowhead T S2 G4? CS: limesink ponds, clay-based Carolina bays, beaver ponds, natural lakes (Bladen, Brunswick*, Columbus, Cumberland, Hoke, New Hanover, Sampson, Scotland, Washington) Sagittaria macrocarpa Streamhead Sagittaria T FSC S2 G5T2 S: shoreline of blackwater stream impoundment (Hoke, Moore) Sagittaria weatherbiana Grassleaf Arrowhead E S2 G5T3T4 C: fresh to slightly brackish marshes, streams, swamps, and pond margins (Beaufort*, Bladen*, Brunswick*, Columbus, Craven, Currituck*, Duplin, Gates*, Hyde*, New Hanover, Onslow, Pasquotank*, Pender, Pitt*, Sampson*, Wake*) Salvia azurea Azure Sage SR-P S2 G4G5 SC: sandhills (Anson, Hoke, New Hanover*, Richmond, Scotland) Sarracenia jonesii Mountain Sweet Pitcher Plant M: bogs (Buncombe, Henderson, Transylvania) Sarracenia minor var. minor Hooded Pitcherplant C: savannas (Brunswick, Columbus, New Hanover) Sarracenia oreophila Green Pitcher Plant M: seepage bogs (Clay) Sarracenia purpurea var. montana Southern Appalachian Purple Pitcherplant E E E SR-L E E FSC S1 S2 S1 S1S2 G4T2 G4T4 G2 G5T1T3 M: mountain bogs, seepage bogs (Henderson, Jackson, Macon, Transylvania) Scientific Name Common Name Status Rank 56 Region: Habitat Comments (Counties of Occurrence) Sceptridium jenmanii Alabama Grape-fern N.C. SC-V U.S. N.C. S2 Global G3G4 MP: moist woods (Buncombe*, Burke, Cherokee, Clay*, Davie*, Granville, Iredell*, Jackson*, McDowell, Mecklenburg*, Rockingham*, Rutherford, Stokes*, Transylvania*) Sceptridium lunarioides Winter Grape-fern P: dry pine woods (Davie*) Sceptridium multifidum Leathery Grape-fern M: grassy balds (Alleghany, Avery, Mitchell) Sceptridium oneidense Blunt-lobed Grape-fern SR-P SR-P SR-P SH G4? S1 G5 S2 G4 MP: cove forests, bogs (Avery*, Buncombe*, Burke, Forsyth*, Haywood*, Jackson, Macon, McDowell, Mitchell*, Rutherford, Yancey*) Schisandra glabra Magnolia Vine CP: rich slopes and floodplain islands (Gaston, Martin) Schoenoplectus acutus Hardstem Bulrush C: natural lakes (Carteret*, Craven*, Hyde*) Schoenoplectus etuberculatus Canby's Bulrush T SR-P SR-P S1 G3 SH G5 S3 G3G4 CS: blackwater creeks (Bladen, Brunswick, Carteret, Columbus, Craven*, Cumberland, Dare*, Harnett, Hoke, Hyde*, Johnston*, Moore, Onslow, Pender*, Randolph*, Richmond, Scotland, Wayne*) Schwalbea americana Chaffseed E E S2 G2G3 SC: savannas and moist to dryish pinelands with frequent fire (Bladen, Cumberland, Hoke, Moore*, Pender*, Scotland) Scirpus divaricatus Spreading Bulrush C: swamp forests (Bladen, Duplin) Scirpus flaccidifolius Reclining Bulrush C: swamp forests (Northampton) Scirpus lineatus Drooping Bulrush SR-O E T FSC S2? G5 S1 G2 S2 G4 C: low rich woods over marl (Brunswick, Carteret, Craven, Jones, New Hanover, Onslow, Pender) Scirpus pendulus Rufous Bulrush SR-O S1 G5 PC: wet places over mafic rocks (Cabarrus, Carteret, Durham*, Granville, Onslow) Scientific Name Common Name Status Rank 57 Region: Habitat Comments (Counties of Occurrence) Scleria baldwinii Baldwin's Nutrush C: wet savannas (Brunswick, Carteret, Columbus, Pender) Scleria bellii Smooth-seeded Hairy Nutrush N.C. T SR-L U.S. FSC N.C. S2 S1 Global G4 G2G3 C: pine savannas over limestone, diabase glades (Granville*, Onslow, Pender) Scleria reticularis Netted Nutrush T S2 G4 CS: clay-based Carolina bays, limesink ponds (Brunswick, Cumberland, Hoke, New Hanover, Onslow, Sampson, Scotland) Scleria verticillata Savanna Nutrush SR-P S2 G5 TC: calcareous wet savannas, maritime wet grasslands influenced by shell deposits (Brunswick*, Carteret, Columbus, Dare, Hyde, New Hanover*, Onslow, Pender, Tyrrell) Sclerolepis uniflora One-flower Hardscale SR-T S2 G4 C: clay-based Carolina bays, blackwater river foodplains, limesink ponds (Brunswick, Columbus, Cumberland, Hoke, Moore, New Hanover*, Robeson, Sampson*, Scotland) Scrophularia lanceolata American Figwort P: woodlands and forests (Guilford) Scutellaria australis Southern Skullcap SR-P E S1 G5 S1 G4T4? PS: alluvial forests (Anson*, Granville, Johnston*, Lee*, Orange*, Richmond*, Wake*) Scutellaria galericulata Hooded Skullcap M: spring-fed seepage (Buncombe*) Scutellaria leonardii Shale-barren Skullcap P: diabase glades (Durham, Granville, Moore, Orange) Scutellaria nervosa Veined Skullcap SC-H E E SH G5 S2 G4T4 S1 G5 P: alluvial forests (Chatham*, Durham*, Granville, Halifax, Jackson*, Northampton, Person, Wake, Warren*) Scutellaria ovata ssp. rugosa var. 1 Appalachian Skullcap SR-T S1 G1?Q M: rocky forests, boulderfields (Buncombe, Madison, Rutherford) Scutellaria saxatilis Rock Skullcap SR-T S1 G3 MP: northern hardwoods forests, rocky woodlands (Alleghany, Ashe, Cherokee, Graham, Mitchell, Watauga*, Yancey) Scientific Name Common Name Status Rank 58 Region: Habitat Comments (Counties of Occurrence) Sedum glaucophyllum Cliff Stonecrop N.C. SR-P U.S. N.C. S2 Global G4 PM: rock outcrops, mainly calcareous or mafic (Jackson, Macon, Montgomery, Rockingham, Stokes) Sedum pusillum Puck's Orpine P: granite flatrocks (Anson) Senecio suaveolens Sweet Indian-plantain E SC-H S1 G3 S1 G4 M: bottomlands (Buncombe*, Henderson, Macon, Transylvania*) Sesuvium maritimum Slender Sea-purslane T: seabeaches, marshes (Brunswick, Dare, New Hanover) Sesuvium portulacastrum Shoreline Sea-purslane SR-O SR-P S1? G5 S1 G5 T: seabeaches (Brunswick, Carteret, Dare, New Hanover, Onslow) Seymeria pectinata Sticky Afzelia C: disturbed habitats (Brunswick*, Columbus*) Shortia galacifolia var. brevistyla Northern Oconee Bells SC-H E FSC SH G4G5 S2 G3T2 M: streambanks, slopes, and outcrops in humid gorges (McDowell) Shortia galacifolia var. galacifolia Southern Oconee Bells SC-V FSC S2 G3T2T3 M: streambanks, slopes, and outcrops in humid gorges (Jackson*, Macon, Swain*, Transylvania) Sida elliottii var. elliottii Coastal Plain Sida P: stream banks, sandy woodlands (Iredell) Sideroxylon tenax Tough Bumelia T: maritime forests and scrub (Brunswick, New Hanover) Silene ovata Mountain Catchfly SR-P T SC-V FSC S1 G4G5TNR S1 G3? S3 G3 M: rich slopes, cove forests, montane oak-hickory forests (Buncombe, Cherokee, Graham, Haywood, Henderson, Jackson, Macon, Madison, Mitchell, Rutherford*, Swain, Yancey) Silphium connatum Virginia Cup-plant SC-V S2 G5T3T4 MP: floodplains, rich alluvial woods (Alleghany, Ashe, Iredell, Rockingham, Stokes, Surry, Yadkin) Silphium perfoliatum Northern Cup-plant T S1 G5 PM: floodplains (Alleghany, Ashe, Cabarrus, Forsyth, Iredell*, Mecklenburg, Stokes, Surry) Scientific Name Common Name Status Rank 59 Region: Habitat Comments (Counties of Occurrence) Silphium terebinthinaceum Prairie Dock N.C. SR-P U.S. N.C. S2 Global G4G5 P: diabase glades, other open or semi-open sites over mafic rock (Cabarrus, Davie, Durham, Granville, Mecklenburg, Person, Stanly, Union, Wake*) Sisyrinchium dichotomum White Irisette E E S2 G2 M: thin woods, especially over amphibolite, in the escarpment region (Burke, Henderson, Polk, Rutherford) Smilax hugeri Huger's Carrion-flower SR-P S2 G4 MP: deciduous forests (Anson, Clay, Cumberland, Graham, Macon, Montgomery, Richmond, Swain) Smilax lasioneura Blue Ridge Carrion-flower SR-P S1 G5 MP: oak-hickory forests over mafic rocks (Guilford*, Henderson, McDowell, Polk, Rutherford) Solanum pseudogracile Graceful Nightshade SR-T S1 GNR T: dunes (Brunswick, Carteret, New Hanover*, Onslow, Pamlico) Solidago leavenworthii Leavenworth's Goldenrod T S1 G3G4 C: savannas, pocosin borders, clay-based Carolina bays, peaty seeps (Carteret*, Columbus, Robeson, Sampson, Scotland*) Solidago plumosa Yadkin River Goldenrod P: riverside rocks (Montgomery, Stanly) Solidago ptarmicoides Prairie Goldenrod P: diabase glades (Granville, Rowan*) Solidago radula Western Rough Goldenrod T FSC E E S1 G1 S1 G5 S1 G5? P: dry woodlands over mafic rocks (Montgomery, Stanly, Wake*) Solidago rigida var. glabrata Southeastern Bold Goldenrod SR-P S2 G5T4 P: diabase glades, other open sites over mafic rock (Cabarrus, Durham, Granville, Mecklenburg*, Person, Rockingham, Union) Solidago rigida var. rigida Prairie Bold Goldenrod T S1 G5T5 M: forest openings, presumably on mafic or calcareous rocks (Buncombe*, Haywood*, Macon, Madison*, McDowell) Solidago simulans Granite Dome Goldenrod SR-L FSC S2 G2 M: high and low elevation granitic domes south of the Asheville Basin (Buncombe, Graham, Jackson, Macon, Rutherford, Swain, Transylvania) Scientific Name Common Name Status Rank 60 Region: Habitat Comments (Counties of Occurrence) Solidago spithamaea Blue Ridge Goldenrod N.C. T U.S. T N.C. S2 Global G2 M: high elevation rocky summits (Ashe, Avery, Buncombe, Mitchell, Watauga) Solidago squarrosa Squarrose Goldenrod SR-P S1 G4? M: moist forests at high elevations (Buncombe*, Jackson, Watauga) Solidago tortifolia Twisted-leaf Goldenrod E S1 G4G5 CS: dry savannas and and mesic flats (Bladen, Brunswick*, Hoke, Jones*, New Hanover*, Pender, Robeson*, Scotland*) Solidago uliginosa var. uliginosa Bog Goldenrod SR-P S1S2 G4G5T4T5 MSP: bogs, seeps (Ashe, Clay*, Haywood, Macon*, Madison*, Transylvania, Watauga, Yancey) Solidago ulmifolia Elm-leaf Goldenrod SR-D S1? G5 PM: wooded stream banks (Burke, Durham*, Jackson, McDowell, Rockingham, Rutherford) Solidago verna Spring-flowering Goldenrod SR-O S3 G3 CS: mesic to moist pinelands, pocosin ecotones (Bladen, Brunswick, Carteret, Columbus, Craven, Cumberland, Duplin, Harnett, Hoke, Johnston, Jones, Moore, New Hanover, Onslow, Pamlico, Pender, Richmond, Sampson, Scotland) Solidago villosicarpa Coastal Goldenrod E FSC S1 G1 C: edges and openings in maritime upland forests (Brunswick, Craven, Dare, New Hanover*, Onslow, Pender) Sparganium emersum Greenfruit Bur-reed M: pondshores (Avery, Jackson*, Macon, Watauga) Spartina pectinata Freshwater Cordgrass T SC-V S1 G5 S1 G5 MCS: freshwater marshes, spray zones of waterfalls, other moist sites (Alleghany, Ashe, Chowan*, Mitchell*, Montgomery*, Pasquotank, Transylvania) Spigelia marilandica Pink-root M: open woods (Cherokee) Spiraea corymbosa Shinyleaf Meadowsweet T S1 E S1 G4 G5T4? P: open woods, thin soil over rock (Alexander, Alleghany, Catawba, Stokes) Spiraea virginiana Virginia Spiraea T T S2 G2 M: riverbanks (Ashe, Buncombe, Graham, Macon, Mitchell, Swain, Transylvania, Yancey) Scientific Name Common Name Status Rank 61 Region: Habitat Comments (Counties of Occurrence) Spiranthes eatonii Eaton's Ladies'-tresses N.C. E U.S. N.C. S2 Global G2G4 CS: pine savannas and pine-oak sandhills (Beaufort*, Bladen*, Brunswick, Carteret, Craven, Cumberland*, Moore, Onslow, Pamlico*, Pender) Spiranthes floridana Florida Ladies'-tresses C: wet savannas and other moist sites (Brunswick, Pender*) Spiranthes lacera var. lacera Northern Slender Ladies'-tresses M: mountain balds (Clay*, Jackson) Spiranthes laciniata Lace-lip Ladies'-tresses SR-P E SC-V FSC S1 G1 S1 G5T5 S2 G4G5 C: moist wet habitats (Beaufort*, Bladen, Brunswick, Carteret, Columbus, New Hanover, Onslow, Pender) Spiranthes longilabris E Giant Spiral Orchid C: savannas (Bladen, Brunswick, Carteret, Onslow, Pender) Spiranthes lucida E Shining Ladies'-tresses M: seepage over amphibolite (Alleghany) Spiranthes ochroleuca T Yellow Ladies'-tresses S1 G3 S1 G4 S1 G4 M: grassy balds, meadows, wooded slopes (Ashe, Avery, Buncombe*, Haywood*, Rutherford, Watauga, Yancey*) Sporobolus heterolepis Prairie Dropseed M: olivine barrens (Clay, Jackson) Sporobolus teretifolius Wireleaf Dropseed C: wet savannas (Brunswick, Columbus) Sporobolus virginicus Saltmarsh Dropseed T: brackish marshes (Brunswick) Stachys appalachiana Appalachian Hedge-nettle T T T SR-L FSC S1 G5 S2 G2 S1 G5 S1 GNR M: fens, usually over mafic or ultramafic rocks (Alleghany, Ashe*, Watauga*) Stachys cordata Heartleaf Hedge-nettle SR-P S1 G5? M: rich forests, especially over calcareous rock (Madison, Montgomery) Stachys eplingii Epling's Hedge-nettle M: bogs (Burke*, Henderson, Jackson*, Watauga) SR-T S1 G5 Scientific Name Common Name Status Rank 62 Region: Habitat Comments (Counties of Occurrence) Stachys matthewsii Yadkin Hedge-nettle N.C. SR-T U.S. FSC N.C. S1 Global G1G2 P: |
OCLC number | 39910241 |