RECEIVED
JUL 20 1981
jjEAUTH SCIENCES UBRW
BULLETIN
NORTH CAROLINA ROARD OF HEALTH.
PuhlisJted Monthly at the Office of the Secretary of the Board, at Raleigh, N. C.
SUBSCRIPTION, 25 CENTS A YEAR.
Geo. G. Thojias, M. D., Pres., Wilmington.
S. Westray Battle, M. D Asheville.
W. H. Harrell, M. D Williamston.
W. H. G. LrcAS, M. D White HalL
JoHX Whitehead, M. D Salisbury.
W^. P. Beall, M. D Green.sboro.
Prof. F. P. Vexable Chapel Hill.
J. C. Chase, Civ. Exg Wilmington.
Richard H. Lewis, M. D., Secretary and Treasurer, Raleigh.
Vol. X. APRIL, 1895. No. 1.
Infectiousiie»is of 91ilk.
We have recently received from the Sec-retaiy
a copy of a report made to the
Trustees of the Massachusetts Society for
Promoting Agriculture on the infectious-ness
of milk, especially that from tubercu-lous
cows with no lesion of the udder, by
Dr. Harold C. Ernst, Bacteriologist of the
Harvard Medical School. The results of
Dr. Ernst's investigations are so interest-ing
and valuable that, inasmuch as his re-port
will hardly come under the eye of
most of our readers, we feel that we will
be doing them a pleasing service in giving
them a summary of it, short and imperfect
as it must be from want of space. After
certain preliminary remarks he says:
"The desire of the committee was to
determine whether or not the milk derived
from tuberculous cows might contain the
infectious material of the disease, and in
this way become dangerous when used as
an article of food. And this question was
of necessity to be divided into two parts:
(1) Whether this infection, if it existed,
was contined to cases in which there was
actual disease of the udder, and (2)
whether it might exist in cases in which
the udder was apparently or actually
healthy, but the disease existed in other
parts of the body.
" In regard to the tirst part of the ques-tion
plain common sense showed that the
danger of infection was a real one, and
besides this, there existed at the time
sufficient experimental data to prove the
fact, so that there is very little dispute
that, under the circumstances, milk should
not be used for food, certainly in an un-cooked
condition. Evidence since then in
the same direction has constantly accumu-lated,
and now there is hardly a dissenting
opinion that milk from cows with tuber-culosis
of the udder should be condemned
for food.
"L'pon the second point, however, as to
whether the milk from cows with tubercu-losis,
but not of the udder, might be dan-gerous,
there was a great diversity of opin-ion,
and almost no experimental evidence
upon which to base what opinion there
was. It was in this direction, there-fore,
that it was especially desirable to
BULLETIN OF THE NORTH CAROLINA BOARD OF HEALTH.
obtain evidence, and after considerable dis-cussion
it was decided that the main line
of experiment should be so conducted that
this point might he decided. In this, as
in everything else, it is to be remembered
that one piece of positive evidence ob-tained
under proper conditions is worth
many negative results, and it is for this
reason that so much value may be attached
to the results which have been obtained.
These were published in an incomplete
form and have been widely disseminated.
* * * It is unquestionable that they have
had much influence in moulding public
opinion in this matter, and at least one
direct result has been the inspection of the
herds of cattle in New York by the Board
of Health of that State.
"The work, then, was undertaken with
this special end in view—to determine
ichether the infectious element of tuberculosis
ever existed in milk from tuberculous cows
whose udders were apparcntbj health[/, and
was prosecuted under the following head-ings:
1. A careful and persistent microscopic
examination, of the milk from such cattle.
2. Inoculation experiments with such milk.
3. Feeding experiments with the same milk.
In addition to these three main lines
investigation there was also undertaken:
4. Similar investigations of the milk supply of
Boston, and 5. The gathering of as much
evidence as possible from medical men and
veterinarians as to cases of jnohable infection
through tuberculous milk that had come under
their observation.^^
These investigations were made with ex-treme
carefulness, every precaution being
taken to have them as free from doubt as
possible.
I.
^^Cover-glass examinations of milk from
cows affected with tuberculosis, but, so far as
the best veterinary examination could deter-mine,
with no disease of the udder."
A summary of the results of this line of
investigation, as given in Table I, is as fol-lows:
"There were 121 examinations of milk
and cream made, the specimens coming
from 36 different animals. The bacilli of
tuberculosis were found in one or more
cover-glasses upon 19 different occasions.
"These 19 positive results were obtained
from 12 different animals, and the bacilli
were found in about equal proportion in
the milk and the cream; they were seen
more than once in milk from the same
cow, at different examinations, 6 times.
The bacilli were actually seen, therefore,
in specimens from one-third (33 per cent.)
of the animals examined. That these ani-mals
were actually affected with tubercu-losis,
and that the udder was free from dis-ease,
was proven in all possible cases by care-ful
post-mortem examinations. These were
conducted upon 20 out of 30 animals shown
in Table I.
II.
^'Inoculation Experiments upon Animals.'^
—The animals used were guinea-pigs and
rabbits. The results of this work are set
forth in detail in Tables II and III and are
summarized as follows: "There were 88
guinea-pigs inoculated with milk from 15
different cows; tuberculosis was found in
12, and these results came after the use of
milk or cream from 6 different animals.
* * * Ninety-five rabbits were used for
the same purposes and under the same con-ditions
as were the guinea-pigs. Of these
rabbits 5 were for various reasons useless
for the purposes of the investigation, leav-ing
90 which were subjected to full exami-nation.
For these 90 animals milk from 19
different cows was used one or more times,
and tuberculosis was found in 6 animals
inoculated with milk from 4 different cows.
These results show a less proportion of ap-parent
infection of milk as demonstrated
by the inoculation experiments than ap-peared
to be the case in the microscopic
BULLETIN OP^ THE NORTH CAROLINA BOARD OF HEALTH.
examinations. But this ditlVrence, even
granting that tliey were all tlie results of
the inoculations, is no more than might be
expected and explained by causes beyond
control."
III.
"The third line of experiment was in
feeding the milk from tuberculous cows
and healthy udders to different series of
animals. Here, again, the greatest precau-tions
were taken against outside infection,
and it is believed that these were as free
from sources of error as it is ever possible
to make such experiments. They were
carried on upon rabbits, pigs and calves,
and the statement of the experiments is
shown in Tables IV, V and YI." Summa-ries
of these tables are as follows:
^' MUk-fecdiiKj Exiicrlinciitx upoa liabbits.—
There were used 48 animals, with positive
results (tuberculosis) in two, and both of
these animals were fed upon milk from
cow E; Xo 12, one nodule in lung after 31
days; Xo. 28, one nodule in liver after 97
days. This is of course a very small pro-portion
of positive results, but the follow-ing
table shows a very different condition
of affairs, that is especially striking for the
reason that pigs are not believed to be un-usually
susceptible to tuberculosis under
ordinary conditions.
'^Milk-fcedin'j E.i'iierimcnis upoa Pigs.—
Twelve healthy animals v.ere used with
positive results (demonstration of the bacilli
under the microscope) in five. In two
others nodules presenting the gross appear-ance
of tuberculosis were found, but the
material was not saved for microscopic
examination. In any case nearly 50 per
cent, of the animals were shown to be
tuberculous.
"Milic-feeding\E.vperiiiients upon Calves.—
For the purposes of the third series of
feeding experiments calves were bought as
young as possible, and from as healthy
parentage as could be found. There were
25 calves used in this series of experiments,
but of these 4 are to be excluded from the
count, leaving 21. Of these 21 animals 8,
or over 33 per cent., were shown to be
tuberculous.
"It is of course true that pigs and calves,
that drink milk much more freely than do
rabbits, are more susceptible to infection
by the gastro-intestinal tract, and that this
may explain the far greater proportion of
positive results in these two species of
animals.
'' Exarn'nialio)} of Cows Used for Experi-i/
u/*/.—Twenty-three cows were used for
the feeding experiments, and in not one of
them did the most careful macroscopic and
microscopic search show any sign of tuber-culosis
of the udder except in one, and in
this case a single giant cell, containing one
bacillus, was found in one section, and no
other indication of tuberculosis anywhere
else in the udder.
"An exceedingly interesting piece of evi-dence
as regards the hereditary nature of
tuberculosis is found in the history of 11)
calves born of the tuberculous cows with
healthy udders. Of these 19 calves, all
killed within 6 days after birth, not one
showed any detectable evidence of tuber-culosis,
and a most careful search was made
in all cases. So that this certainly seems
to point avray from any very active trans-mission
of tuberculosis from the cow to its-otfspring.
IV.
Milk SnppUj of Boston.—''As an interest-ing
corollary to the work already detailed,,
a series of microscoi)ic examinations and
inoculation experiments were made witli
milk taken at random from the mixed suj)-
ply of the city of Boston. * * * There
were 5(i examinations made of the milk
and cream from 33 samples, with the result
of demonstrating the presence of the bacilli
of tuberculosis once. Twenty-five rabbit*
were inoculated with this mixed milk with
the development of tuberculosis in three.
"Of course these results, obtained in
BULLETIN OF THE NORTH CAROLINA BOARD OF HEALTH.
uiilk fVoiii a mixed source are not as con-ciliative
upon the esi)ecial point toward
which tlie main line of investigation was
directed— as to the presence of the Ijacilli
of tuberculosis in milk from cows with
healthy udders—but lhe.y certainly tend to
demonstrate that there may be this infec-tious
element in any n)il< supply from un-inspected
cattle."
V.
"The last of the lines in which investi-gation
was made was to endeavor, if possi-ble,
to obtain clinical rejiorts of cases of
transmission through milk from mother to
offspring. * * * a circular was sent
out to about 1,800 medical and veterinary
gentlemen, in an attempt to discover any
clinical cases bearing upon the subject at
band." To this circular replies were re-ceived
from 937 phj'sicians, of which 19
were positive as to the transmission and !(>
suspicious. "Counting all the positive and
suspicions cases together, there are 35, and
the percentage of those who have seen
cases in which their suspicions have been
aroused in this direction is 3.7—a result
that is as unexpected as it is surprising in
its size, if one takes into consideration the
difticulties surrounding the question, and
the newness of the subject." Fifty-four
replies were received from veterinarians
which gave a jjercentage of 42.59 plu^:.
"Such a percentage is startling in its size
until one remembers the greater facilities
that veterinarians have for observing such
cases and their origin, when it does not
seem so much out of the way—granting
that milk may be the vehicle for the dis-ease
that the experimental evidence of-fered
in this paper tends to show that it is.
"Combining the statistics obtained from
the two sources, it appears that there were
991 answers received to the circular-letter
that should be counted, and that among
these tliere were 58 gentlemen who have
seen, or suspected, the existence of such
cases as were inquired al)Out, giving a per-centage
of 5.S4 phis, which seems to be
somewhat remarkable for the reasons al- >
ready given."
While the facts above given are extreme-ly
interesting, suggestive and valuable, we
trust that our readers will not forget the
plain, old-fashioned, every-day infectious-ness
of milk, with which we are all famil-iar,
and which, in our opinion does not
receive the attention it deserves. It is
needless to say, particularly at this season,
that we I'efer to the dangers arising from
fermentative and putrefactive changes due
to heat—^and uncleanliness. Xot forgetting
tuberculosis, let us bear especially in mind
cholera infantum and the other allied com-plaints
which make the parents of every
artificially fed baby dread the approach of
summer, and impress uj)on the people, as
far as possible, the extreme importance of
the greatest care in the management of
niilk intended for infants.
Suiniiinry of Kojiorts frotu C'ousit.y S«-
lieritiSoiKiosiis of IJ«>aIS!t for
,1Saroh. 1S95.
(eighty-sevex counties reporting).
In the blanks ou which these reports are made
the following' items are called for:
1. The number of cases of small-pox, measles,
whooping-cough, scarlatina, diphtheria, typhoid
fever, pernicious malarial fever, hemorrhagic ma-larial
fever, yellow fever and cholera which have
occurred in the county during the past month.
2. The diseases which have been prevalent in the
county and in what parts.
3. Epidemics among domestic animals.
4. Remarks as to special unsanitary conditions in
the county.
In few counties do physicians generally report
these details to the Superintendent, though fur-nished
with blanks for that purpose, and in
most cases he has to depend upon himself alone in
making his report.
Details as to the jails, houses of correction and
countj' homes are also given in these reports and
will be found tabulated on other pages.
Alamance—Pr. R. A. Freeman, Burling-ton.
Epidemic of cholera and roup in
BULLETIN OF THE XOUTH CAROLINA BOARD OF HEALTH.
poultry in some localities. Sanitary condi-tion
of towns not very good.
Alexander—Dr. R. B. Killian, Taylors-ville.
Xo sicliness. A new jail badly
needed; iron cells have been put in old one.
Allegh.vxy—Dr. C. G. Fowlkes, Topia.
Mild form of catarrh in all parts. An epi-demic
of distemper in horses.
Aysox—Dr. E. S. Ashe, Wadesboro. No
report.
Ashe—Dr. L. C. Gentry-, Jefferson. Some
influenza of mild charactei'.
Beaufort—Dr. John C. Rodman, Wash-ington.
Catarrhal troubles. There are
quite a number of swampy i)laces in the
county that need drainage.
Bertie—Dr. H. V. Dunstan, Windsor.
Bronchial diseases and pneumonia. Hog
cholera in some sections.
Bladen—Dr. Newton Robinson, Eliza-bethtown.
La grippe in all parts.
Brunswick—Dr. D. I. Watson, South-port.
Bronchial troubles. The jail has
been condemned by the grand jury. The
county home needs some repairs; it is too
far—eighteen miles—from the county-seat.
Buxcombe—Dr. H. L. Baird, Asheville.
Influenza and pneumonia to a slight extent
in all parts.
Burke—Dr. J. L. Laxton, Morganton.
Two cases of pneumonia. The well at the
jail is not safe; I think on account of too
much surface water flowing into it; it is
muddy. I have reported it to the author-ities.
In other respects the sanitary condi-tion
of the public buildings is as good as
the structure of the old buildings will allow.
Cabarrus—Dr. Leona INI. Archey, Con-cord.
Bronchitis, pneumonia and rheuma-tism
in some parts. Reports from live phy-sicians.
The sanitary condition of the
jail is not as good as it ought to be, on ac-count
of the work-house hands being quar-tered
there during bad weather, but will
be remedied as soon as the tent is erected.
Caldwell—Dr. A. A. Kent, Lenoir.
Several cases of pneumonia and bronchitis.
A few cases of mumps in one section. A
new jail is much needed, and an effort is
on foot to have it built.
Camden—No Board of Health.
Carteret—Dr. George N. Ennett, Beau-fort.
Broncho-catarrhal troubles in all
parts. A few cases of supposed Texas
fever among cattle in certain sections. The
court-house is dilapidated in the third
story, and the jail is an old and wrecked
alfair; we need a new one.
Caswell—Dr. W. O. Spencer, Yancey-viUe.
No sickness throughout the county
that I have h.eard of The sanitary condi-tion
of the jail is about as good as its con-struction
will allow.
Catawba—Dr. J. M. McCorkle, Newton.
No diseases I'eported.
Chatham—Dr. L. A. Hanks, Pittsboro.
Pneumonia to a limited extent. Bronchial
atlections. The health of the inmates of
the county home forcibly illustrates what
can be accomplished by proper hygienic
methods.
Cherokee—Dr. J. F. Abernathy, Mur-phy.
General public and inmates of county
buildings healthy.
Chowan—Dr. R. H. Winborne, Rocka-hock.
A few cases of rheumatism, pneu-monia
and mumps. Some hydrophobia in:
dogs and cholera in swine.
Clay—Dr. W. E. Sanderson, Hayesville>
Very little sickness. There are some ef-forts
to improve the condition of the jail..
A new one is badly needed.
Cleveland—Dr. 0. P. Gardner, Slielby.
No disease to report.
Columbus—Dr. I. Jackson, Whiteville.
Two cases of typhoid fever. Bronchial
diseases and pneumonia to a greater extent
than usual. Hog cholera remains in only
a few localities.
Cravex—Dr. Leinster Duffy, Newl)ern.
Catarrhal troubles, influenza and whooping-cougli.
Cumherlax!)— Dr. J. H. :SlavsU, Fay-etteville.
Inllueuioa in many parts.
BULLETIN OF THE NORTH CAROLINA BOARD OF HEALTH.
Ci'KRiTi'CK—Xo Board of Health.
Dare—Dr. W. H. Peterson, Manteo. Lit-tle
sickness.
Davidsox—Dr. R. L. Payne, Lexington.
"Whooping-cougl'i and mumps. The sani-tarj-
condition of tlie public buildings is as
good as the structures will allow.
Davie—Dr. James McGuire, Mocksville.
Very little sickness. The sanitary condi-tion
of the public buildings is as good as
the structures will allow.
Duplin—Dr. "W. P. Kennedy, Warsaw.
Influenza and pneumonia in most parts.
There is insufficient drainage in some sec-tions.
The jail is clean and when com-pleted
will Ije a good building. The houses
at the home need repairs and whitewash-ing.
They are all clean.
Durham—Dr. J. M. Manning, Durham.
Catarrhal and intermittent fevers in all
parts. Some cases of influenza among
domestic animals. At the county home a
very nice building has just l)een completed
for the accommodation of the insane who
cannot be provided for by the State Hos-pitals.
Edgecombe—Dr. Donald 'Williams, Tar-boro.
A few cases of bronchitis.
Forsyth—Dr. D. X. Dalton, Winston.
Several mild cases of grijj and a very few
of pneumonia.
Fraxklix—Dr. E. S. Fo.ster, Louisburg.
One or two cases of typhoid fever and a
few of whoo]Mng cough of mild type and
of pneumonia.
Gaston—Dr. J. H. Jenkins, Dallas. Colds
and two or three cases of pneumonia. A
few cases of mild scarlatina reported;
proper quarantine precautions were taken.
Gates—Dr. I. W. Costen, Gatesville. Xo
•diseases reported.
Graham—Xo Board of Health.
Graxville—Dr. Wm. O. Baskerville,
Oxford. La grippe with com])lications in
most parts. A few rooms at the county
home are to he renovated.
Greene—Dr. E. H. i^ugg. Snow Hill.
No report.
Guilford—Dr. A. R.Wilson, Greensboro.
One case of typhoid fever. The jail is a
disgrace to a county like Guilford. The
work-house is much too crowded.
Halifax—Dr. I. E. Green, Weldon. Lit-tle
sickness in any part.
Harnett—Dr. J. F. McKay, Dickinson.
Four cases of scarlatina. Influenza and
pneumonia in nearly all parts.
Hayavood—Dr. J. Howell Way, Waynes-viile.
Xo contagious diseases reported.
Inside walls of jail recently whitewashed.
The building is new.
Hexdersox—Dr. J. L. Egerton, Hender-son
ville. Xo disease to report.
Hertford—Dr. John W. Tayloe, Union.
One case each of typhoid fever, pernicious
and hemorrhagic malarial fever. Some
bronchial troubles and pneumonia in my
section. I have pleaded time and again
with our physicians, but cannot get them
to let me have their reports in time. Only
one report this month.
Hyde—Xo Board of Health.
Iredell—Dr. W. J. Hill, Statesville.
The sanitary condition of the inside of the
jail is fair, but the yard is used as a horse,
cow and hog lot, and is filthy. The condi-tion
of the work-house and county home
is as good as the structure will allow.
Jacksox—Dr. W. F. Tompkins, Webster.
Xo diseases to report. The jail is new.
JoHX.STOx—Dr. R. J. Xoble, Selma. One
case of hemorrhagic malarial fever. Whoop-ing-
cougli in all parts. The jail needs
sewerage.
JoxE.«—Dr. R. A. Whitaker, Trenton.
Influenza in all parts and quite a number
of cases of pneumonia. The county home
is constructed of logs, and consequently the
buildings are not as comfortable as they
sliouldbe,but they are good of their kind. I
have suggested the erection of new ones, but
the Commissioners are ahvavs slow to act.
BULLETIN OF THE NORTH CAROLINA BOARD OF HEALTH.
Lenoir—Dr. C. B. Woodley, Kinston.
Xo report.
LixcoLX—Dr. W. L. Crouse, Lincolnton.
"Whooping-cough in some parts; ten cases
reported.
Macox—Dr. S. H. Lyle, Franklin. Very
little sickness, principally local inflamma-tions,
the seqneUe of influenza.
Madisox—Dr. James K. Hardwicke, Mar-shall.
Seventy-five cases of measles. Some
influenza and pneumonia still. The jail is
frequently overcrowded, sometimes dan-gerously
so.
Martix—Dr. W. H. Harrell, Williams-ton.
One case of hemorrhagic malarial
fever. A mild form of catarrhal fever or
la grippe very generally prevails.
McDowell—Dr. B. A. Cheek, ^Marion.
Catarrhal troul.iles in difierent parts. Very
healthy. The jail v,as burned last Novem-ber.
Mecklexbukg—Dr. H. M. Wilder, Char-lotte.
Whooping-cough in Charlotte and
other parts. Three cases of scarlatina at
the Atherton cotton mills. Proper sanitary
police restrictions have been observed.
Mitchell—Dr. C E. Smith, Bakersville.
Mumps in western part. Some la grippe,
not of long duration, but severe. The in-mates
of the county home have been
moved, and a new man now has charge of
them. I find the home and inmates in
better condition than for ten years.
MoxTGOMEKY—Dr. W. A. Simmons, Troy.
No disease to report. "The Legislature
did right in taxing us SIO apiece a year
for trying to prevent sickness and cure all
kinds of sickness as soon as we are notified
of their appearance in our State."
MooRE—Dr. Gilbert McLeod, Carthage.
Whooping-cough in north-western and
western parts. Influenza in all parts,
especially in Carthage. Some bronchitis
and pneumonia.
Nasii—Dr. J. J. r^Iann, Nashville. Very
little sickness.
New Haxover—Dr. R. D. Jcwett, Wil-mington.
Some grip and a few cases of
pneumonia. Two cases of diphtheria, in
each of which quarantine regulations were
carried out.
Northamptox—Dr. H. W. Lewis, Jack-son.
Very little sickness.
OxsLOW—Dr. E. L. Cox, Jacksonville.
IVIalarial fever, la grippe and pneumonia.
Oraxge—Dr. C. D. Jones, Hillsboro.
Catarrhal troubles and one case of pneu-monia.
Pamlico—No Board of Health.
Pasquotank—Dr. W. W. Griggs, Eliza-beth
city. A few cases of bronchitis and
pneumonia.
Pexder—Dr. George F. Lucas, Currie.
Grippe to a moderate extent.
Perquimans—Dr. John F. Speight, Hert-ford.
One case of diphtheria and two of
hemorrhagic malarial fever. La grippe,
bronchitis and pneumonia.
Persox—Dr. C. G. Nichols, Roxboro.
Three cases of whooping-cough and some
bronchitis and pneumonia. Pneumonia in
horses.
Pitt—Dr. W. H. Bagwell, Greenville.
Thirteen cases of whooping-cough, five of
scarlatina and one of hemorrhagic malarial
fever. Some bronchitis and pneumonia.
Polk—Dr. 0. S. Missildine, Tryon. No
diseases to report. There is no way of
keeping the prisoners in the jail warm.
Raxdolph—Dr. J. M. Boyette, Ashboro.
Stomatitis, bronchial troubles and dysen-tery
to some extent.
RicnMOXD—Dr. J. M. Covington, Rock-ingham.
Influenza, bronchitis, pneumo-nia
and mumps to some extent in all parts.
Robesox—Dr. T. A. Norment, Jr., Lum-berton.
No diseases reported.
RocKixGHAM—Dr. D. W. Courts, Reids-ville.
Three cases of typhoid fever. An
epidemic of cholera in chickens.
RowAX—Dr. John Whitehead, Salisbury.
Catarrhal aftections and pneumonia in
most parts.
Rutherford — Dr. V/. A. Thompson,
BULLETIN OF THE NORTH CAROLINA BOARD OF HEALTH.
Rutlierfordtou. No diseases to report.
There is some complaint of vermin in the
jail, but the keeper saj's he will give it a
thorough renovation.
Sampson—Dr. John A. Stevens, Clinton.
A fev," cases of influenza, pneumonia, pleu-risy
and intermittent fever. Hog cholera.
Stanly—Dr. D. P. Whitley, Millingport.
Some catari'lial fever, pleurisy and pneu-monia.
Stokks — Dr. W. L. ^NleCanlcss, Danbury.
Whooping-cough in all i^art.s.
Surry—Dr. .J. B. Holling.sworth, Mt.
Airy. La grippe and pneumonia in all
parts.
Swain—Dr. U. L. Davis, Bryson City.
One case of typhoid fever and a few cases
of pneumonia of mild foini.
Transylvania—Dr. C. W. Hunt, Bre-vard.
Very little sickness. Catarrhal
diseases in moderate degree.
Tyrrell—Dr. Ab. Alexander, Columbia.
No sickness of importance. We have had
no prisoners in jail for some months nor
any in the county home for over twelve
months and the County Commissioners
have rented the latter out for a private
dwelling
Union—Dr. J. E. Ashcraft, ^Monroe. Two
cases of scarlatina and one of typhoid
fever. Some catarrhal fever and pneumo-nia
in town and county.
Vance—Dr. W. T. Cheatham, Hender-son.
Five cases of typhoid fever.
WAKE-Dr. P. E. Hines, Raleigh. A
mild epidemic of whooping-cough around
Myatt's Mill. Colds, influenza, pneumo-nia
and rheumatism in all parts. Dr. Kirby
reports malarial fever prevailing at the In-sane
Asylum due to the water-works pond.
At the work-house there is not sufficient
light. The superintendent and County
Commissioners have had their attention
called to it for two months. Fifty-one
blanks and circulars were sent out and
eight reports received.
Wakren—Dr. J. P. Macon, AVarrenton.
La grippe almost epidemic throughout the
county. Catarrhal fever and pneumonia.
Distemper among horses.
AVashingto.v—No Board of Health.
Watauga— Dr. W. B. Council), Boone.
Xo sickness of any kind.
Wayne—Dr. W. J. Jones, Jr., Goklsboro.
Ten cases of whooping-cough. Catarrhal
troubles in all parts. The jail is crowded
at present.
Wilkes—Dr. J. W. White, AVilkesboro.
Influenza and pneumonia in many parts.
Wilson—Dr. Albert Anderson, AVilson.
La grippe in all parts. A few cases of
pneumonia and one of typhoid fever. The
jail is overcrowded at present.
Yadkin—Dr. T. R. Harding, Yadkin-ville.
No disease of any note.
Yancey—Dr. J. L. Ray, Burnsville.
Mumps to some extent. Some typhoid
fever heard of I cannot get the Commis-sioners
to have the jail cleaned up. The
county home is in a little better condition
than it was a month ago, but there is some
room for improvement yet.
Review of I>iseases for ;^Iarcli, lS9i5.
Bronchitis— From Bertie, Brunswick,
Cabarrus, Caldwell, Carteret, Chatham,
Columbus, Durham, Edgecombe, Hertford,
Moore, Pasquotank, Perquimans and Rich-mond—
14 counties.
Cholera, in Chickens—From Alamance
and Rockingham.
Cholera, in Hogs—From Bertie, Chowan,
Columbus and Sampson.
Diphtheria — From New Hanover and
Perquimans.
Distemper, in Horses—Fi"om Alleghany.
Influenza—From Ashe, Bladen, Bun-combe,
Craven, Cumberland, Duplin, For-syth,
Granville, Harnett, Jones, Macon,
]\Iadison, Mitchell, Moore, New Hanover,
Onslow, Pender, Perquimans, Richmond,
Sampson, Surry, AVake, AA^arren, AA'ilkes
and AVilson—25 counties.
BULLETIN OF THE NORTH CAEOLINA BOARD OF HEALTH.
Malarial Fever—From Durham, Ons-low,
Sampson and Wake.
Malarial Fever, Hemorrhagic—From
Hertford, Johnston, 3Iartin, Perquimans
and Pitt.
Malarial Fever, Pernicious — From
Hertford.
3Ieasles—From Madison.
Mujips—From Caldwell, Chowan, David-son,
Mitchell, Richmond and Yancey—
6
counties.
Pleurisy—From Sampson.
PxEU-MoxiA — From Bertie, Buncombe,
Burke, Cabarrus, Caldwell, Chatham, Cho-wan,
Columbus, Duplin, Forsyth, Frank-lin,
Gaston, Harnett, Hertford, .Tones, Madi-son,
Moore, Xew Hanover, Onslow, Orange,
Pasquotank, Perquimans, Person, Rich-mond,
Rowan,' Sampson, Stanly, Surry,
Swain, Union, Warren, Wilkes and Wil-son—
33 counties.
PxEUMOXiA, IX Horses—From Person.
Rabies, ix Dogs—From Chowan.
RHECitATiSM—From Cabarrus, Chowan
and Wake.
Roup, ix Chickexs—From Alamance.
ScARLATixA — From Gaston, Harnett,
Mecklenburg, Pitt and Union.
Texas Fever (?), ix Cattle—From Car-teret.
Typhoid Fever—From Columbus,
Franklin, Guilford, Hertford, Rockingham,
Swain, Union, Vance,Wilson and Yaucey
—
10 counties.
Whoopixg-cough—From Craven, David-son,
Franklin, Johnston, Lincoln, Meck-lenburg,
Moore, Person, Pitt, Stokes, Wake
and Wavne—12 counties.
Sninmary of 3Iortiiary Reports for
March, 1895.
(twexty-nine towns).
IVhite. CoVd. Total.
Aggregate population 77,67S 47.429 125.104
Aggregate deaths 7° 65 135
Representing annual death-rate
per 1,000 lo.S 16.4 12.
S
Causes of death.
Typhoid Fe%'er i o i
Malarial Fever i i ~
Pneumonia 12 6 ib
Consumption 12 15 27
Brain diseases S 2 10
Heart diseases 426
Neurotic diseases 325
Diarrhoeal diseases 3 i 4
All other diseases 25 32 57
Accident i 4 5
70 65 135
Deaths under 5 years 10 14 24
Still-born 257
10 BULLETIN OF THE NORTH CAROLINA BOARD OF HEALTH.
Coiitlition of Jails an«l C-ounty Homes by Counties for March, 1895.
BULLETIN OF THE NORTH CAROLINA BOARD OF HEALTH. 11
Conflition
12 BULLETIN OF THE NORTH CAROLINA BOARD OF HEALTH.
BULLETIN OF THE NORTH CAROLINA BOARD OF HEALTH. 13
Mortuary Report for March, 1895.
Towss
AND Reporters.
14 BULLETIN OF THE NORTH CAROLINA BOARD OF HEALTH.
Meteorological Snmniary fur Xorth Carolina, March, 1S95.
Furnished by the North Carolina Agricultural Experiment Station and State Weather Service.
H. B. Battle, Ph. D., Director. C. F. vox Herumaxx, Meteorologist.
STATION'S.
TEMPERATURE (Degrees Fahr.).
Asheville
Bakersville
Blowing Rock
Charlotte
Chapel Hill
Horse Cove
Littleton
Lenoir
Louisburg
-Mt. Airy
Mt. Pleasant
Marion
Newbern
Oak Ridge
Pittshoro
Raleigh
Rockingham
Roxboro
Soapstone Mount.
SazoQ
Southern Pines....
Salisbury
Southport ,
Willeyton
Weldou
Wilmington
le^ ~;
45.2
Dr P E Hines
BULLETIN
NORTH CAROLINa'bOARD OF HEALTH.
Published Monthly at the Office of the Secretary of the Board, at Raleigh, X. C.
SrBSCRIPTIOX,-e5 CEXTS A YEAR.
•--^
- fOMAl^M/D.rPr-es;, Wilmington. "^ W. P. Beall, M. D Greensboro.
S.-^ ' Y Baitle, M. D- ....Aslieville.
AV'."]f!rrj -RKELL, M. D, •vni..'..Williamston.
JoHX Whiteheab, M. %:' Salisbury.
W. J. LuMSDEN, M. D Elizabeth City.
Prof. F. P. Vexable Chapel Hill.
J. C. Chase, Civ. Eng Wilmington.
Rici)L-i.HD H-:~tEjvis, M. D., Secretary and Treasurer, Ealeigh.
Vol. X. MAY, 1895. No. 2.
Anunal fleeting- of the Board of Health.
-- This .meeting was held "on the second
daK.^*%e aijji.ual meeting of the Medical
SoCi^' vf the- -State of- North Carolina,"
and;"^^^. ''o're took "place in the city of
Got3^^ro on 'Wedj3esda3-^ the 15th instant.
Owffi^tn unavoidable circumstances the
att^^^'ucJ" \vas_^m all
._
' IS^.members "Tbf -the Board for the next
t\so"5^§4;s; are: Dn- W. H. Harrell and John
WJift^ad re'-elected by J-he State Medical
pBoc!etyvProf. F. P. Venable; Ph. D., Mr.
J.'^G:-€kase'andDrs.:W; P. Beall and R. H.
Ee'\vi^>re-appoin"ted,^ and .Dr. W. J. Lums-denT;
appointed by His Excellency Governor
Can to~-stvcceed' Df. W. H. G.. Lucas, who,
oifAccou'it Q^;iriTealth,.hasbeen unable to
atte"iaH.the meftm^". -
'- -
' J^r^riG^prge^Xjy^etl -I'homas was unani-inSistv"
re-^Jeclgd, President. The Secre-
?9%r-^ih<cfee te.fmWl^office when elected was
si'^^aars, , held over "tmder the decision of
th^^Sb/iieA-'^iOen^al "given at the annual
meeting in Raleigh in 1893.
Upou'the statement of the Secretary that
the first edition of 10,000 of the pamphlets
on Prevention of Tubercalosis, Drinking
Water and Malaria, and Instructions for
Quarantine and Disinfection was nearh- ex-hausted,
and that the applications for them
ahead}- reached into the thousands, he was
authorized to have printed as many more as
in his judgment could be used to advantage.
He was also authorized to have printed in
similar form and number for distribution
with those mentioned the excellent paper
on "The Importance of Disinfecting the
Bowel Discharges in Typhoid Fever," read
before the Salisbury Health Conference by
Dr. A. R. Wilson, Superintendent of Healh
of Guilford count}-.
Washington was selected as the place for
the next Health Conference with the people
on a day in October to be named by the
President.
Arrangements were made to have the
bacteriological work relating to sanitation
done in our own State. This matter will
be referred to more at length in a future
issue.
T/ie Conjoint Session with the State IMedi-cal
Society was taken up with the re-elec-tion
of Drs. Harrell and Whitehead, who
16 BULLETIN OF THE XORTH CAROLINA BOARD OF HEALTH.
had no oppositiou, the annual report of the
Secretary, and with a general discussion of
the relationship between malaria and drink-ing
water. A paper on this subject was
prepared for the session by Dr. West, of
Weldon, but owing to a misunderstanding
was not read. It will, however, appear in
the Transactions.
Heretofore when the President of the
Society has announced "the hour for the
conjoint session has arrived" there has
promptly occurred a large and disheartening
exodus of members; but on this occasion,
while not a great many were in the hall,
practically none left. We are encouraged
to believe from this and other signs that in-terest
in sanitary matters is on the increase
in the profession. We know it is among
the people. We trust that it may continue
to grow until it pervades the entire body
politic.
Oiiukiiig^ Watei- aii«! Malaria Onco
More.
We have just received from Dr. R. A.
Whitaker, Superintendent of Health of
Jones county, a letter which he wrote nearly
a year ago in reply to our circular-letter ask-ing
for testimony on the relation between
drinking water and malarial diseases, but
accidentally overlooked and did not send.
We regret very much that we did not get it in
time to incorporate it in the first edition of
our pamphlet on that subject. It will,
however, appear in the second edition, which
is about to go to press. It is so striking
and so convincing that we feel that no
apology for its publication in the Bulletin
is needed.
DR. WHITAKER'S letter.
Trenton, N. C, June 22, 1S94.
Richard H. Lewis, M. D.,
Raleigh, N. C.
Dear Doctor:—Some weeks ago a let-ter
was received from you asking me for
facts, or my ideas or experience in regard
to malaria in connection with drinking
water. In the outset I will say: Four years
ago my faith in the old theory of breathing
malaria into the system wa? terribly shaken
and subsequent experience has taught me
that not through the atmosphere alone are
germs taken into the human economy, but
through other channels do they enter our
systems and do their deadly work. To fully
appreciate what I shall say in this connec-tion
it will be ne^l-ssary for me to jive you
an idea of thi location of or village.
Trenton is situat--^^on the south bank of
Trent River, w^ • '. stream, in its general
course, runs from \'.-est to east. Just south
of the village is Croaked Run, which flows
into the river a half mile helow the town
and is parallel with the river for a mile
above. On this latter stream is situalett-a-mill
far enough down to throw the pond,
which is a large one, covering over two
hundred acres of laud, directly south of us.
So you see oiir village is surrounded on all
sides with water except to the west, and at
this point the pond and river approach
within three hundred yards of each other.
This peninsula or narrow neck of land oti
which our village is located is a ridge, anc
our water is as good, if not better, than
most of the water in this eastern section.
When the river and pond are low the drain-age
of our town is almost perfect and n(
surface water ever contaminates our wells.
All of our wells are from 18 to 30 feet deep,
and the water in them is cool and good witl
one exception. In midsummer if a ther-mometer
is placed in the water when first
drawn it will drop to 60°, and in some of
the wells the water is cooler than this tem-perature.
I said with one exception all of
our water was good. This exception is a
well which is on the public street at the
foot of a hill leading to a bridge across the
river. The water in this well is cool, but
surface water enters it, especially during
rainy spells. In this neighborhood per-
EULLETIX OF THE NORTH rAllOIASA BOARD OF HEALTH. 17
sous usiug water from this well have chills
more or less every year and at all sea-sons
of the year. With this exception the
rest of the citizens of this village are ex-empt
from malarial troubles, unless during
a prolonged rainy season when the other
wells are to a certain extent contaminated
with surface water, or they contract malaria
while hunting or fishing by drinking spring,
branch or river water. So uiuch for the sit-uation
of our village and our water. Now
for the theory of breathing in malarial
poison and why my faith in said theory has
been almost destroyed. Four years ago
last March this mill '-hich has been men-tioned
was washed out, the water ran out of
the pond, leaving stagnant pools all over it,
and the stench from the exposed mud and
decayed vegetation was awful. To make
matters worse the south winds (for the pond
is directly south of us and some of the peo-ple
live right ou the edge of the pond)
brought this foul -odor into our village, and
some nights when the winds were from the
south the stench was hardly bearable. The
pond remaiued in this condition all summer
till fall, when the mill was replaced and the
water again covered this foul mud and de-caying
vegetable matter—a hot-bed for ma-laria,
so to speak. Realizing the situation,
I predicted that everybod}• would be sick,
and I thought I could prophes}- with abso-lute
certainty in this instance, but strange
to saj^ we had no more chills than usual; in
fact, we were almost exempt from malarial
troubles. This set me to thinking and gave
the theories laid down in our text-books as
to how the malarial poison is contracted a
terrible shaking. Last August all the water
was allowed to run out of this pond in or-der
that some repairs might be made to the
dam. Again through the latter part of
August and the month of September we
had the same conditions as described above,
only intensified, for in the former instance
the pond was emptied early in the spring
and to a great extent had dried before the
hot weather had set in, but in this case it
happened in the midst of the hottest season
and during the mouths we have the greatest
amount of malarial troubles. Our people
were indignant at the owner of this prop-erty
for doing as he did, but if it increased
sickness at all I was never able to detect it.
The truth of the matter is we had fewer
cases of malaria than usual. This spring
we have suffered from a prolonged and
severe drought, and this same pond is now
almost drj' with the exception of the pools
of stagnant water and the main channel of
the stream that supplies water to the pond,
yet we have been entirely free from sickness
of a malarial nature except in the locality
of the well referred to above and these cases
were earl}- in the spring before drought set
in. Sincereceivingj'our letter I have made
it a point to fish in this pond during all
hours of the day (and the stench from the
mud and decaying vegetation was very of-fensive)
to see if breathing in these noxious
vapors would produce malaria in mj^ sj's-tem.
No trouble at all was experienced
from thus exposing mj'self. Others who
exposed themselves as much if not more
than I did, and refrained from drinking the
branch and spring water along the streams
also escaped malaria; but in nearly every
instance where thej^ drank from the creek
and springs along this creek that supplied
the pond they had malaria in some form.
I will give you one more striking instance
where the water vsas the prime cause of ma-larial
troubles. Two miles below this place
on the river is a large saw-mill. One of the
hands who acted as watchman was required
to be ou the grounds all the time, and a
house was built for his famil}' near the mill.
This family and the bauds of the mill used
water from a spring that came from the
earth in a low, marshy place. A curb was
sunk in the mud around this spring, which
held about two barrels of water all the time,
and an overflow of the curb was the oulj-way
for the water to escape. As long as
18 BULLETIN OF THE NORTH CAROLINA BOARD OF HEALTH.
this water was used b}- this niau's family
aud the rest of the hands at the mill some
of them were down with malarial fever all
the time. I ])ointed out the trouble to them
aud had them to use water from another
spring that flowed from a high embankment
or hill, and said spring had no basin to it,
but the water was taken into the vessels as
it flowed out of the hill. The result was
the malarial troubles were greatlj- dimin-ished
and my visits to these people were cut
down over half.
In conclusion, I will say there is no doubt
in my mind that drinking water pla3-s an
important part in causing malarial troubles,
and that if we can get in this eastern sec-tion
good, ]Dure water, free from surface
water, we will have little to fear from ma-laria.
I am, very truU- yours,
R. A. WhiT.\KER, M. D.
Sniiimai'.y of itf ports t'roiii C'<»iiiit.y Sii-l>
eriii<oii<)<>3itK at' Hcaltii for
April, lS<>o.
(eigiity-nixe counties reporting).
lu the blanks on which these reports are made
the following- items are called for:
1. The number of cases of small-pox, measles,
whooping-cough, scarlatina, diphtheria, typhoid
fever, pernicious malarial fever, hemorrhagic ma-larial
fever, yellow fever and cholera which have
occurred in the county during the past month.
2. The diseases which have been prevalent in the
county and in what parts.
3. Epidemics among domestic animals.
4. Remarks as to special unsanitary conditions in
the county.
In few counties do ph3sicians generally report
these details to the Superintendent, though fur-nished
with blanks for that purpose, aud in
most cases he has to depend upon himself alone in
making his report.
Details as to the jails, houses of correction and
county homes are al.so given iu these reports and
will be found tabulated on other pages.
Ai,.\M.\NCE—Dr. R. A. Freeman, Bur-lington.
Two cases of diphtheria. The
sauitary condition of towns not ver3- good.
Alexander—Dr. R. B. Killian, Taylors-ville.
Ver}' little sickness.
Alleghany—Dr. C. G. Fowlkes, Topia.
Two cases of typhoid fever. Mild catarrh
and rheumatism in main- parts. An epi-demic
of chicken cholera. The court-house
is just ready to fall down.
Anson—Dr. E. vS. Ashe, Wadesboro. No
report.
Ashe—Dr. L. C. Gentry, Jefferson One
case of typhoid fever. Some influenza.
Beaufort—Dr. Johu C. Rodman, Wash-ington.
Diarrhceal diseases in certaiu
parts. There has been some draining in
town and more is needed.
Bertie—Dr. H. V. Dunstan, Windsor.
Chills and fevers and bronchial troubles iu
some parts. An epidemic of hog cholera.
Bladen—Dr. Newton Robinson, Eliza-bethtown.
No diseases to report.
Brunswick—Dr. D. I. Watson, South-port.
No diseases to report.
Buncombe—Dr. H. L. Baird, Asheville.
Pneumonia aud influenza to a slight extent.
Burke—Dr. J. L. Laxton, Morgauton.
Ver}- little sickness. The county home is
neat and clean and well kept. There has
been ver\- little sickness among its inmates
for several years.
Cabarrus—Dr. Leona M. Archey, Con-cord.
Mild malarial and catarrhal fevers
in many parts. An epidemic of pneumonia
in horses.
Caldwell—Dr. A. A. Kent, Lenoir.
No sickness except a few cases of tonsillitis,
bronchitis and pneumonia and one of
roseola. The grand jury at the recent term
of court made a very adverse report as to
the capacity aud faulty construction of the
jail, but as yet there is no move to build a
uew one.
Camden—No Board of Health.
Carteret—Dr. Geo. N. Ennett, Beau-fort.
La grippe and pneumonia iu some
parts. Owing to recent unprecedentedlj-heavy
rain-fall the general sanitar}- condi-tion
of the county is bad; especially so in
the town of Beaufort, for want of proper
sewerage.
BULLETIN OF THE NORTH CAROLINA BOARD OF HEALTH. 19
Caswell—Dr. \V. O. Speucer, Yaiicey-ville.
One case of scarlatina of very mild
type. Indefinite reports of more in the
south-western part. Proper precautions
against spreading used iu the case men-tioned.
Cat.wvba—Dr. J. M. McCorkle, Newtou.
No diseases reported.
Chatham—Dr. L. A. Hanks, Pittsboro.
One case of typhoid fever. Bronchial af-fections
in many parts.
Cherokee—Dr. J. F. Abemathy, Mur-ph}'.
Health of people verj' good. There
is la grippe or something allied to it.
Chowan—Dr. R. H. Winborne, Rocka-hock.
Bronchitis and mumps in some
parts. A slight epidemic of hog cholera.
Some cases of rabies in dogs.
Clay—Dr. W. E. Sanderson, Hayesville.
No diseases to report.
Cleveland—Dr. O. P. Gardner, Shelby.
Whooping-cough iu the southern part. The
sewerage of the jail has been greatly im-proved.
Columbus—Dr. I. Jackson, Whiteville.
Three cases of t3-phoid fever. Hog cholera
iu some localities, but not as much as usual.
Craven—Dr. Leinster Duffy, Newbern.
Influenza in mild form, whooping-cough
and pneumouia. One case of diphtheria.
Cumberland—Dr. J. H. Marsh, Fayette-ville.
La grippe in man}' parts.
Currituck—No Board of Health.
Dare—Dr. W. H. Peterson, Manteo.
Two cases of typhoid fever. The sanitary
condition of the county is not good on ac-count
of fish offal being e.xtensiveh' used
as a fertilizer and polluting the driiiking
water. No interest is manifested by the
county officials in the sanitary condition of
the public buildings.
Davidson—Dr. R. D- Payne, Lexington.
Whooping-cough in the northern and
western parts. Certain parts of tlie county
are badly in need of drainage.
Davie—Dr. James McGuire, Alocksville.
One case of scarlatina reported. Whoop-ing-
cough has prevailed generalh'.
Duplin—Dr. W. P. Kennedy, Warsaw.
La grippe and pneuuionia in several parts.
Heavy rains and poor draiuage have ren-dered
many parts unsanitary and the water
bad for drinking purposes.
Durham—Dr. J. M. Manning, Durham.
No diseases to report. I have never seen
so little sickness in the town and hear of
none iu the county.
Edgecombe—Dr. Donald Williams, Tar-boro.
One case of diphtheria. Influenza
and tonsillitis in all parts.
Forsyth—Dr. D. N. Dalton, Winston.
The least sickness ever known.
Franklin—^Dr. E. S. Foster, Louisburg.
No diseases of any importance. The jail is
not sufficiently ventilated. I am at work
on the Commissioners now for the neces-sary
additions.
Gaston—Dr. J. H. Jetikins, Dallas.
Whooping-cough still prevails. A few cases
of dysentery and cholera infantum. Sev-eral
cases of sporadic croup in children.
Gates—Dr. I. W. Costen, Gatesville.
One case of typhoid fever.
Graham—No Board of Health.
Granville—Dr. Wm. O. Baskerville,
Oxford. Some erysipelas and pneumonia.
Greene—Dr. E. H. Sugg, Snow Hill.
Malarial fever and a few cases of scarlatina
and roseola.
Guilford—Dr. A. R. Wilson, Greens-boro.
Catarrhal diseases. The jail is filthy.
It needs a water suppl}' and sewerage.
Halifax—Dr. I. E. Green, Weldon.
But little sickness in any portion of count}'.
Cholera among hogs and chickens in some
sections.
Harnett—Dr. J. F. McKay, Dickinson.
Pneumouia and catarrhal troubles in some
parts.
Haywood—Dr. J. Howell Way, Wiiynes-ville.
Very little sickness in town or county.
Henderson—Dr. J. L. Egertcn, Ilen-dersonville.
No di.seases to report.
20 BULLETIN OF THE NORTH CAROLINA BOARD OF HEALTH.
Hertford—Dr. John W. Tayloe, Union.
Some Indrophobia iu dogs. County unu-sually
healthy; some few cases of chills.
Hyde—No Board of Health.
Iredell—Dr. W. J. Hill, Statesville.
Two cases of scarlatina. An epidemic of
chicken cholera. A great work has been
done on Fourth Creek bottoms between the
Mocksville and Jonesville roads through
the untiring efforts of Mr. Jackson Sulli-van,
the chairman of the creek commis-sion.
The creek has been relieved of logs
and the channel straightened until the lands
oil either side which were covered with frog,
turtle and malaria bog ponds are now dry
enough to cultivate. I must iu this way
congratulate him and his colleagues upon
this grand piece of work, and I hope that
others will soon follow the example of this
good old man. A little more effort of this
kind will bring into view some of the finest
land in the vState and make our people
among the healthiest.
Jackson—Dr. \V. F. Tompkins, Webster.
No diseases to report. A force pump has
just been put up aud water is now forced
into the jail for lavatory and other pur-poses.
Johnston—Dr. R. J. Noble, Selma. A
few cases of cholera in bogs.
Jones—Dr. R. A. Whitaker, Trenton.
Four cases of whooping-cough. Mild inter-mittent
fever. The Commissioners have
ordered a new roof for the jail.
Lenoir—Dr. C. B. Woodley, Kinston.
Measles aud mumps to a great extent.
Lincoln—Dr. W. L. Crouse, Lincoluton.
. Ten cases of whoop-ug-cough. Some bron-chial
and pneumonic troubles iu all parts.
An epidemic of distemper in horses.
Macox—Dr. S. H. Lyle, Franklin. Four
cases of diphtheria.
Madison—Dr. James K. Hardwicke, Mar-shall.
Two hundred cases of measles. The
roof of the jail has been repaired. The
County Commissioners were not to blame
for the late disgraceful overcrowding, and
will see that it does not occur again.
Martin—Dr. W. H. Harrell, Williams-ton.
Mild catarrhal affections of the re-spiratory
tract in all parts. Scattered cases
of hog cholera. Heavy rains and overflow
from the river have made the well water
bad. The jail is not properlj- ventilated.
McDowell—Dr. B. A. Cheek, Marion.
Catarrhal troubles.
Mecklenburg—Dr. H. M. Wilder, Char-lotte.
Whooping-cough, lo; scarlatina, 3;
diphtheria, i; typhoid fever, i. Catarrhal
affections in all parts. Complaint is fre-quent
from the Long Creek section, many
people having chills, caused, it is supposed,
by the choking of the channel and over-flow
of the water on the lowlands. The
sanitary condition of one of the count}'
convict camps is excellent, the other fair
onl_\'.
Mitchell—Dr. C. E. Smith, Bakersville.
Three cases of typhoid fever and a few of
pneumonia. La grippe iu some parts.
INIONTGOMERY—Dr. W. A. Simmous,
Troy. Very healthy. Some bronchitis.
Moore—Dr. Gilbert McLeod, Carthage.
Some influenza and bronchial troubles dur-ing
the first half of April.
Nash—Dr. J. J. Maun, Nashville. Very
little sickness.
New Hanover—Dr. R. D. Jewett, Wil-mington.
One case of typhoid fever, three
of German measles, some varicella and a
good deal of pneumonia. The jail is
crowded to an unreasonable extent, due
partly to the large number of United States
prisoners and parti}- to the less frequent
holding of the Criminal Court under the
new law. I look for much trouble during
the hot summer months.
Northampton—Dr. H. W. Lewis, Jack-son.
Two cases of hemorrhagic malarial
fever. Influenza and malarial fever in all
sections. I am urging, and with some effect,
the sinking of driven wells; many are put-ting
them down.
BULLETIN OF THE NORTH CAROLINA BOARD OF HEALTH. 21
OxsLOW—Dr. E. L. Cox, Jacksouville.
No diseases reported. The county home
needs better drainage.
Orange—Dr. C. D. Jones, Hillsboro. A
few cases of catarrhal fever and la grippe,
five of pneumonia and some diarrhoea and
malarial troubles.
Pamlico—No Board of Health.
Pasquotank—Dr. W. \V. Griggs, Eliza-beth
City. A few cases of pneumonia.
Pender—Dr. George F. Lucas, Currie.
Some dysentery and malarial fever in mild
form. There is no cleaner or better venti-lated
jail in the State.
Perquimans—Dr. John F. Speight,
Hertford. La grippe and pneumonia.
Person—Dr. C. G. Nichols, Roxboro.
No sickness.
Pitt—Dr. W. H. Bagwell, Greenville.
IMan}- cases of whooping-cough, four of
scarlatina and two of hemorrhagic malarial
fever. Catarrhal troubles and some mala-rial
fever. Hog cholera in some localities.
Polk—Dr. O. S. Missildine, Tryou. No
disease in any part.
Randolph—Dr. J. M. Boyette, Ash-boro.
One case of typhoid fever. Diar-rhcea,
bronchitis, la grippe and some pneu-monia.
Richmond—Dr. J. M. Covington, Rock-ingham.
Bronchial affections, influenza,
pneumonia and rheumatism.
Robeson—Dr. T. A. Normeut, Jr., Lum-berton.
No diseases reported.
Rockingham—Dr. D. W. Courts, Reids-ville.
Mild cases of measles. Remittent
fever in Reidsville.
Rowan—Dr. John Whitehead, Salisbury.
Pneumonia, broirchitis and malarial affec-tions.
Rutherford—^Dr. W. A. Thompson,
Rutherfordton. Little sickness. A few
cases of catarrhal nature. The public build-ings
are neat and clean as they usualh- are
just before and after court.
S.-VMPSON—Dr. John A. Stevens, Clinton.
Health fairlv good. Some hog cholera.
vStanly—Dr. D. P. Whitley, Millingport.
Ver}' little sickness. Will soon build a new
jail.
Stokes—Dr. W. L. McCanless, Danbury.
Whooping-cough in all parts.
Surry—Dr. J. B. Hollingsworth, :\It.
Air}-. No sickness.
vSwain—Dr. R. L. Davis, Bryson City.
No sickness of any consequence.
Transylvania—Dr. C. W. Hunt, Bre-vard.
Three cases of pneumonia, one of
phlegmonous erysipelas and some catarrhal
affections.
Tyrrell—Dr. Ab. Alexander, Columbia.
Six cases of typhoid fever in Gum Neck
township.
Union—Dr. J. E. Ashcraft, Monroe.
Two cases of whooping-cough, five of
typhoid fever, a few mumps and grip.
V.\NCE—Dr. W. T. Cheatham, Hender-son.
La grippe in all parts. Sanitarj- con-dition
of the county has not been good
owing to the immense rain-fall.
Wake—Dr. P. E. Hiues, Raleigh. One
case of measles and six of whooping-cough.
Bronchitis, pneumonia, rheumatism, la
grippe and intermittent fever reported from
all parts. Some chicken cholera. Dr. G.
L. Kirby reports intermittent fever preva-lent
in the Insane Asylum "caused bj' the
water-works pond." The temporary work-house
quarters are a little crowded and there
is not sufficient light, except on very fair,
clear dajs. Fifty circulars and blanks for
reports sent to pln'sicians with six responses
as the result.
W.arren— Dr. P. J. Macon, Warrentou.
Bronchial affections and la grippe in all
parts.
W.\SHiNGTON—No Board of Health.
Watauga— Dr. W. B. Counciil, Boone.
No sickness of any note.
W.\YNE—Dr. W. J. Jones, Jr., Goldsboro.
Jilalarial fever and catarrhal troubles in all
parts.
Wilkes—Dr. J. W. White, Wilkesboro.
Influenza in some parts.
22 BULLETIN OF THE NORTH CAROLINA BOARD OF HEALTH.
Wilson—Dr. Albert Anderson, Wilson.
Two cases of t3'phoid fever and one each of
pernicious and of hemorrhagic malarial
fever.
Y.^DKIN—Dr. T. R. Harding, Yadkin-ville.
Nothing of note except a few mild
cases of whooping-cough.
Yaxcey—Dr. J. L. Ray, Burnsville.
Catarrhal fever with a typhoid teudenc}- in
some parts, also measles and mumps. The
county home is not kept as well as it should
be. The jail is in better condition than
usual, but not clean enough vet.
Review of Diseases* for .Ipi-ii. JS9.>.
Bowel Diseases—From Beaufort, Or-ange
and Randolph.
Bronxhitis— From Bertie, Calduell,
Chatham, Chowan, Lincoln, INIartin, Mont-gomer)-,
INIoore, Randolph, Richmond,
Rowan, Transylvania, Wake, Warren and
Wayne—15 counties.
Choler.\ Ixfaxtum—From Gaston.
Cholera, in Chickexs—From Alle-ghany,
Halifax and Iredell.
Choler.\, in Hogs—From Bertie, Cho-wan,
Columbus, Halifax, Johnston, Martin
and Pitt—7 counties.
Croup—From Gaston.
Diphtheria—From Alamance, Craven,
Edgecombe and Mecklenburg.
Distemper, in Horses—From Lincoln.
Dysentery—From Gaston and Pender.
ErysipEL.^S—From Granville and Tran-sylvania.
INFLUENZ.\ — From Ashe, Buncombe,
Carteret, Cherokee, Craven, Cumberland,
Duplin, Edgecombe, Mitchell, Moore,
Northampton, Orange, Perquimans, Ran-dolph,
Richmond, Union, Vance, Wake,
Warren and Wilkes—20 counties.
Malarial Fever—From Bertie, Cabar-rus,
Greene, Jones, Northampton, Orange,
Pender, Rockingham, Rowan, Wake and
Wayne—11 counties.
MAL.A.RIAL Fever, Hemorrhagic—
From Northampton, Pitt and Wilson.
:Malarial Fever, Pernicious—From
Wilson.
Measles—From Lenoir, Madison, Rock-ingham
and Wake.
Mumps—From Chowan, Lenoir and
Yancey.
Pneumoni,\—From Buncombe, Cald-well,
Craven, Duplin, Granville, Lincoln,
^litchell. New Hanover, Orange, Pasquo-tank,
Perquimans, Randolph, Richmond,
Rowan, Transylvania and Wake—16 coun-ties.
Pneumoni.\, in Horses—From Ca-barrus.
R.\BIES, IN Dogs—From Chowan and
Hertford.
Rheu:vi.-^TISm—From Alleghany and
Wake.
RoTHELN—From New Hanover.
Sc.arl.\tin.a—From Caswell, Davie,
Greene, Iredell, Mecklenburg and Pitt—
6
counties.
Typhoid Fever— From Alleghany, Ashe,
Chatham, Columbus, Dare, Gates, Meck-lenburg,
?vlitchell. New Hanover, Randolph,
T}-rrell, L'uion and Wilson—13 counties. W h o O P I N G-COUGH—From Cleveland,
Craven, Davidson, Davie, Gaston, Jones,
Lincoln, Mecklenburg, Pitt, Stokes, Union,
Wake and Yadkin—13 counties.
Suiiiniarv of Mortuary Reports for
.Iprii. 1S95.
(twenty-nine towns).
IVIiite. CoVd. Total.
.Agg^regate population S6,Soo 61,054 147.854
.Aggregate deaths S5 94 179
Representing annual death-rate
per 1,000 II. 7 iS 3 14.5
Causes of death.
Typhoid Fever 112 ?ilalarial Fever 303 Whooping-cough 202 ^Measles... i o i
Pneumonia... •... 11 14 25
Consumption 9 15 24
Brain diseases 909 Heart diseases 10 10 20
Neurotic diseases 325 Diarrhoeal diseases 202 All other diseases 2S 47 75
Accident. 3 4 7
Suicide 303 Violence o i_ i
S5 94 179
Deaths under 5 years 16 19 35
Still-born '.
5 11 16
BULLETIN OF THE NORTH CAROLINA BOARD OF HEALTH.
Condition of JailH and €onnty Homes by Counties for April, 1895.
2.}
24 BULLETIN OF THE NORTH C^AROLIXA BOARD OF HEALTH.
CoiKlition of itiila autl County Homes by €oii»ties.-
BULLETIN OF THE NORTH CAROLINA BOARD OF HEALTH. 25
€oii(li(ioii of Jails aiirt Comity Homes by Counties.—Continued.
COUNTIES.
JAIL.
© > o c
.^ 9 = o
£ it"- o
Pasquotank ...
Pender
Perquiman.=..
Person
Pitt
Polk
Randolph
Richmond
Robeson
Rockingham,
Rowan
Rutherford ...
Sampson
Stanly
Stokes
Surry
Swain
Tran.sylvania,
Tyrrell
Union
Vance
Wake
Warren
Washington
Watauga
Wayne
Wilkes
Wilson
Yadkin
Yancey
good
excellent
good
very liad
very good
poorj
excellent
fair
good
good
good
good
well kept
good
good
good
good
good
good
good
good
very goodf
very good
1
2
9
9
12
18
9
10
14
15
8
1
8
5
(I
1
1
10
8
88 (a)
very good
good
fair
good
good
2
15 (6)
7
12
7
7
800
750
1000
500
700
COO
770
HOME.
O
good
good
good
good
very good
good
excellent
fair
good
good
fair
good
well kept
good
good
good
good
good
I
good
good
very good
very good
24
5
7
13
28
4
29
21
16
42
23
18
17
9
11
18
4
4
27
12
Go
17
very good
good
fair
good
good
t
C !t C — c3
Sr3
a) > o
—
1000
1000
500-700
5004-
700
7O0
700
* Space exceeds l,oi«t
Superintendents in this i«
tion.
cubic feet. jSee Bulletin for April, 189.5. t See Summary of Report.s of County
sue. (a) Includes 75 in Hoii.-e of Correction, (h) Includes 4 in House of Corree-
26 BULLETIN OF THE NORTH CAROLLN'A BOARD OF HEALTH.
Slortiiary Report for April, 1S95.
Towns
AND Reporters.
BULLETIN OF THE NORTH CAROLINA BOARD OF HEALTH, 27
Meteorological Siiinniary for North Carolina, April, 1S93.
Furaished by the North Carolina Agricultural Experiment Station and State Weather Service.
H. B. Battle, Ph. D., Director. C. F. vox Herrmax.n, Bleteorologist.
^
Hon K P Battle
/k
BULLETIN
OF THE
L
Published MontMy at the U(n<-e of the ^Secretary of the Board, at Raleigh, N. C.
SUBSCRIPTION, 25 CENTS A YEAR.
Geo. G. Thomas, M. D., Pre.s., Wilmington.
S. Westkay Battle, M. D., Asheville.
W. H. Hakkell, M. D., Williamston.
John Whitehead, M. D., Salisbury.
W. P. Bball, M. D., Greensboro."
W. J. LuMSDEX, M. D., Elizabeth C-ity.
PuoF. F. P. Venabi.e, Chapel Hill.
J. C. Chase, Civ. Es«., Wilmington.
KicHAKD H. Lewis, M. D., Secretarij anchTreafiurer, Raleigh.
YOL. X. JUNE, 1895. X>
Hygiene and the Profession,
In his admirable address at the recent
meeting of the State Medical Society,
President Tucker paid special attention
to pi-eventive medicine. Indeed, it was
the principal theme of his discourse.
We were much pleased with his treat-ment
of the subject, but more gratified
at the fact of his recognizing its 'impor-tance
and magnifying it. It portends
the dawn of a brighter day, we hope
and believe. When the medical pro-fession,
generally, becomes sincerely
interested, and takes an active part in
the propagation of the gospel of health
the conversion of the people is assured.
We take both pride and pleasure in
presenting to our readers the portion
of the address referred to, as follows j
* * * lij (jesire to ask your atten-tion,
briefly, to a consideration of some
of the obligations resting upon our
profession, and especially upon this
Society, in the line of the prevention
of diseases. I ti-ust no apology Avill be
deemed necessary by this body of pro-gressive
physicians for suggesting
methods by which their work may be
diminished rather than increased. In-dustrial
corps, labor unions, farmers'
alliances and other like organizations
view with grave suspicion the action
of a member who would by any method
hinder or lessen the lousiness activities
of their orders, but modern medicine
under the new era, the medicine in
whose service we are enlisted and at
whose shrine we bow, speaks in no
uncertain tone when the physician is
sent forth to prevent disease, lessen
sickness and prolong human life, and
no priesthood proclaims a purer gospel
than the simple and unselfish creed of
him who wards off and prevents the
disease for the cure of which he would
receive fame, fortune and .power.
The late Professor Flint, the great
teacher, the profound author and
America's greatest physician of his
day, in a posthumous address prepared
for the British American Association of
I88(i, says : "The medical profession
shall have reached an high ideal posi-
BULLETIN OF THE NORTH CAROLINA BOARD OF HEALTH.
tion when the physician, guided by his
knowledge of diagnosis, the natural
history of diseases and existing thera-peutic
resources may, with neither self-distrust
nor the distrust of others, treat
an acute disease by hygienic measures
without potent medication. When this
time comes a system of practice which
assumes to substitute medical dynamics
for the Vix Medicatrix Naturce will
have been added to the list of by gone
medical delusions."
Again, about the same time, the late
Professor Samuel D. Gross, America's
great surgeon, and the peer of any sur-geon
in the world, in his last public ad-dress,
spoken at the dedication of the
McDowell monument, says: "The great
question of the day is not this opera-tion
or that, not ovariotomy, or lithot-omy,
or an hip-joint amputation,
which has reflected so much glory on
American medicine, but preventive
medicine—the hygiene of our persons,
our dwellings, our streets, in a word,
our surroundings, whatev^er and wher-ever
they may be, whether in city,
town, hamlet or country.
"This is the great problem of the day,
the question which you, as the rising
generation of physicians, should urge
in season and out of season upon
the attention of your fellow citizens,
the question which, above and beyond
all others, should engage your most
serious thought and elicit your most
earnest co-operation.'"
In full touch with these sentiments,
which have come to us as a blessed
heritage from men who have brought
renown upon modern medicine—one
representing the medical and the other
the surgical thought of the day, and
both crystallizing their views in an
appeal for hygienic and sanitary reform
and a more rigid observance of all that
may be embraced in the generic term
of preventive medicine, it is not sur-prising
that this Society, under the
leadership of the late Dr. Thomas F.
Wood and a few faithful coadjutors,
should have organized a Board of
Health and sent it upon the mission of
preventing disease, collecting vital
statistics and teaching the people the
benefits and blessings which come from
a wise observance of sanitary rules and
regulations.
It would be interesting to study the
history of this Board, its struggle for
existence, difficulties of securing public
confidence, and still greater difficulty
in disseminating sanitary teachings
among the people, and that, too, under
the most brilliant leadership which any
service could possibly command; suffice
it to say it has grown from a mere coui-mittee
of this Society into an active,
useful and indispensable part of our
State governmental system, and is
to-day, in its work of preventing dis-ease,
lessening sickness and prolonging
human life, accomplishing a service
which entitles it to the admiration of
this Society and the confidence and
support of the people of the State.
This Board comes to us in conjoint ses-sion
for conference, for encouragement
and support, and the question which
naturally arises is, Are we giving it the
support which its relation towards us
and the important interest it has in
hand demands, and if not, why not ?
Let us for a moment consider the
question of vaccination. For many
years past the worthy Secretary of the
Board of Health has reported to this
Society an. increased indifference on
the part of the profession and the peo-ple
to this great preventive measure,
and in a recent session he announces
from the floor of this Society that, in
his belief, nothing short of a visita-tion
of an epidemic of this dread dis-
BULLETIX OF THE NORTH CAROLINA BOARD OF HEALTH. 31
ease, small-pox, in our borders will
arouse the people to the sense of
their dang-er and impress upon them
the necessity for vaccination. We have
no statistical data upon which to base
an opinion, but a conservative estimate
would leave more than one-half of our
people, ages and classes considered,
without the benefit of this great pro-phylaxis,
and when we consider the
increasing number of epidemics of
small-pox occurring in the more popu-lous
eastern States, the increased facil-ities
for travel and the changed habits
of our people with regard to travel,
many thousands going and returning
from the great centres of population,
thereby subjecting themselves to the
danger of contracting a disease which,
once set on foot in our State, will grow
into a conflagration more appalling, if
possible, and more dilBcult of suppres-sion
than a prairie fire in mid-summer,
we may well counsel together about
matters of prevention.
This body is too technical for any
exhaustive arguments in defence of the
utility of vaccination, but in view of
the existing apathy and the urgent
necessities of the situation, I trust you
will excuse some references along these
lines. Medical and sanitary scientists
teach to-day that small-pox is abso-lutely
within the power of man to re-press,
and that a death from this dis-ease
shows criminal carelessness and
should be charged neither to the igno-rance
of man nor the providence of
God.
Standard medical authorities and
current medical literature teem with
indisputable proof that when compul-sory
vaccination is enforced, small-pox
enjoys no lease of life, and is scarcely
known in mortality reckonings. In
epidemics of small-pox it is a well-ascer-tained
fact that the mortalitv in non-vaccinal
cases is from 40 to 51 per cent.,
Avhereas in post-vaccinal cases it is
only about 4 per cent., and yet, in spite
of these convincing proofs, the anti-vaccinists,
whose opposition is founded
on ignorance and prejudice and whose
arguments are supported by factitious
statistics and misleading statements,
flaunting their unallowed colors in the
very face of our profession, assert that
we suppress the truth as regards the
frightful mortality and enormous sick-ness
which attends vaccination, its
complications and sequelae. It is amaz-ing
that in this intelligent age there
should be people in North Carolina
who are imbued with these sentiments I
Physicians everywhere, of large ex-perience,
have seen vaccinal complica-tions,
but very few have seen death or
permanent injury result from them,
and none have ever seen "frightful
mortality*' and enormous sickness re-sult.
Dr. Quine, in a recent address before
the Medical Society of Illinois on this
subject, shows that in the city of Chi-cago
there were one million of vaccina-tions
with only two deaths which could
possibly be ascribed to the complica-tions
of vaccination, furnishing a mor-tality
too trifling to give the opposition
any standing in a court of jjhysicians.
Again, the Germans to whom our pro-fession
is so largely indebted for having
directed our study of infectious and
contagious diseases along rational lines,
in an ofiBcial report to the German gov-ernment,
in 1890, report 2,485,483 vacci-nations
without a single death.
But I will not tire you further with
exposition along this line. The con-sensus
of medical and sanitary opinion,
in which this Society will heartily join,
is that vaccination and re-vaccination
affords absolute protection against
suiall-pox, and when properly done.
32 BULLETIN OF THE NORTH CAROLINA BOARD OF HEALTH.
with pure vaccine lymph, there is posi-tively
no danger of death, serious sick-ness
nor hurtful consequence from the
operation, its complications or sequela*.
In the sparsely populated condition
of our State it would be impracticable
to enforce compulsory vaccination, the
law would be cumbrous, expensive and
difficult of execution; but we can and
should secure tlie enactment of a law
making it compulsory in our public
schools ; indeed, we might go a step
farther, and make a certificate of vacci-nation
a prerequisite to entrance in
any school whose doors are opened for
public patronage, and we as physicians
who are charged with the sacred duty
of maintaining tlie health and pro-moting
the well-being of the people,
should resort more frequently to vacci-nation
in our own private practice,
remembering that the best "starting
point" is at the physician's own house-hold
; through these combined agen-cies,
in a few years, we may hope to
have the larger portion of our people
brought under the influence of this
great prophylactic measure, and thus
aid our Board in the accomplishment
of a work which has occasioned so
much anxiety.
The subject of tuberculosis is to-day
one of the gravest with which the phy-sician
and sanitarian has to deal, and
the necessity of lowering its frightful
mortality by methods of prevention
was never more keenly felt by our pro-fession—
a disease which, we are told,
is responsible for one-seventh of the
deaths from all causes in the world,
furnishing an annual mortality greater
than from all theiinfectious and conta-gious
diseases combined, not excepting
yellow fever and cholera, and rapidly
increasing in our own State, especially
among the working classes, will natur-ally
engage your most serious consider-ation
and elicit your most earnest
efforts in the line of its prevention.
Since the publication of Dr. Robert
Koch's classical paper, in 1882, an-nouncing
the discovery of the tubercle
bacillus and demonstrating its generic
relation to disease, there has existed
but little doubt in the minds of sanitary
scientists that this disease should be
properly grouped with the infectious
and contagious class and brought un-der
the surveillance of our health au-thorities,
in order that aggressive meas-ures
may be instituted for its restric-tion.
In a recent publication one of
the most distinguished of our American
sanitarians briefly summarizes his
views as follows
:
1. Tuberculosis is a communicable
disease and is distinctly preventible.
2. It is acquired by direct transmis-sion
of the tubercle bacillus from the
sick to the well, usually by means of the
dried and pulverized sputum floating
as dust in the air.
3. It can be largely prevented by
simple and easily applied means of
cleanliness and disinfection.
It is upon these propositions that the
sanitary and health authorities of the
country invoke the aid of our profes-sion
in devising means and instituting
measures for restricting and lessening
the frightful ravages of tuberculosis,
and the mandates of professional honor
and duty alike suggest a ready and
willing response to the appeal.
The remedy is largely educational—
the i)eople must be taught, by publi-cation,
by lectures, by conference, pub-lic
and private, in season and out of
season, the .true character of the dis-ease,
the danger of contagion, the
source of infection, the method of dis-infection,
and, above all, the urgent
need for rigid hygienic and sanitary
treatment, personal and domiciliary,
BULLETIN OF THE NORTH CAROLINA BOARD OF HEALTH. 33
and in no way can this work be made
more effective than through the medi-um
of the faithful and conscientious
family phj'sician.
These questions are worthy of your
most serious consideration, for they
involve grave responsibilities and are
important enough to command the
best executive ability and the pro-foundest
medical and sanitary knowl-edge.
The methods instituted by our health
authorities and now generally prac-ticed
in our villages and towns for the
restriction of scarlet fever and diph-theria,
namely, notification, isolation
and disinfection, together with more
intelligent, persistent and systematic
efforts at disinfection in typhoid fever
and other zymotic diseases, have been
the means of preventing an enormous
amount of sickness and suffering, and
doubtless of saving innumerable lives.
The more intelligent of our i^eople
everywhere are beginning to realize
the value of this service, and the time
seems most auspicious for carrying for-ward
our standards, and by public
addresses, lectures, sanitary confer-ences
and other agencies to create in
the public mind a sentiment commen-surate
with the great interests in-volved—
at least, as educated and pro-gressive
iihysicians, let us demonstrate
to the people the necessity for, and the
value of, public hygiene and sanitation,
and that as a science it is something
more than a mere "jumble of unproved"
hypotheses. Lord Derby, years ago,
declared that "no sanitary improve-ment
worth the name will be effective,
whatever acts you pass or whatever
poAvers you confer on public officers,
imless you create an intelligent inter-est
in the matter among the people at
large ;" and this eminent authority fur-ther
says : "With a low average of pub-lic
healtli, you will have a low average
of public morality and probably also
of public (or national) intellect." The
physical, moral, intellectual and mate-rial
well-being of all classes of our peo-ple
will be promoted by an enlightened
administration of public hygiene, and
in no other direction will an expendi-ture
of labor, time and money give
returns so immediate and of such im-measurable
value.
If Ave were to apply the money test
as to the value of each citizen who
dies from a preventible disease, as sug-gested
by Dr. Farr and corroborated
by other sanitarians, it would consti-tute
a sum so large that capitalists
would be startled. It is enough to say
that the amount saved to the state, as
thus demonstrated, would be so enor-mous
that the most visionary dreams
of speculation can offer nothing so
alluring : but this side of the question
belongs to the political economist, and
not to the physician.
We promise as the result of our
labors, diminished sickness, improved
health, increased longevity and the
resultant blessings of happy and cheer-ful
homes for the people of our State.
Statisticians tell us that the duration
of human life has been advanced from
twenty-eight and below to fortj'-one
years under the ordinary workings of
sanitary laws, and under more enlight-ened
measures, that if mortality can
be reduced to fifteen per thousand and
maintained at that point, the rate will
be advanced to fifty-four years ; and if
we can reach eight per thousand, as
suggested by the distinguished Dr.
Richardson in his beautiful picture of
the ideal city of Hygeia, with her
broad streets, lovely courts and fault-less
di-ains, her extended jiarks, silvery
lakes and pure water, with a popula-tion
"moral, cultured and intelligent,"
34 BULLETIN OF THE NORTH CAROLINA BOARD OF AEALTH.
we will carry the rate up towards
ninety. Hygeia is a city of the Mil-lenium
and these hopes are purely
ideal and not within the range of pres-ent
possibilities, but they are none the
less valuable as pointers to the modern
sanitist. Who can be more sensible of
the value of sunshine, of fresh air, of
pure water, of wholesome food, of
effective drainage, of cleanliness and
of thorough disinfection than the edu-cated
physician, and who can better
impart this knowledge to those who
anxiously look to him for guidance in
matters affecting their health, happi-ness
and well-being ?
As members of a noble profession,
and especially as members of this great
and \isef Lil Society, let us carry forward
the beneficent Avork ; the soil is fertile
and needs but the touch of the master
hand to give forth an abundant har-vest
of good works." * * *
Summary of Reports from County Superinten-dents
of Health for May, 1895 (eighty
nine counties reporting*.
In the blanks on which these reports
are made the following items are called
for
:
1. The number of cases of small pox,
measles, whooping-cough, scarlatina,
diphtheria, typhoid fever, pernicious
malarial fever, homorrhagic malarial
fever, yellow fever and cholera which
have occurred during the past month.
2. The diseases which have been
prevalent in the county and in what
parts.
8. Epidemics among domestic ani-mals.
4. Remarks as to special unsanitary
conditions in the county.
In few counties do physicians gener-ally
report these details to the Super-intendent,
though furnished with
blanks for that purpose, and in most
cases he has to depend upon himself
alone in making his report.
Details as to the jails, houses of cor-rection,
and county homes ai'e also
given in these reports and will be found
tabulated on other pages.
Alamance—Dr. R. A. Freeman, Bur-lington.
No diseases reported.
Alexander—Dr. R. B. Killiam, Tay-lorsville.
No sickness of importance.
Alleghany — Dr. C. Gr. Fowlkes,
Topia. Whooping-cough in the north-western
part. One case of typhoid
fever. Chicken cholera. There are
some efforts at improving the court-house
or building a new one.
Anson—Dr. E. S. Ashe, Wadesboro.
Some malarial fever. A few cases of
pneumonia. Hog cholera epidemic in
part of the county.
Ashe—Dr. L. C. Gentry, Jefferson.
No sickness of importance.
Beaufort—Dr. John C. Rodman,
Washington. Diarrhoeal diseases in the
county generally. A good deal of hog
cholera. The county needs drainage J
in many jjlaces—the town also. 1
Bertie—Dr. H. V. Dunston, Wind-sor.
La grippe and fever and ague in
some parts. An epidemic of hog chol-era.
Bladen Dr. Newton Robinson,
Elizabethtown. Very little sickness.
Hog cholera.
Brunswick —Dr. D. I. Watson,
Southport. Some malarial fever.
Buncombe—Dr. H. L. Baird, Ashe- i
ville. A few mild cases of diarrhoea. 1
Burke—Dr. J. L. Laxton, Morgan-ton.
No sickness reported.
Cabarrus—Dr. Leona M. Archey,
Concord. Grippe, malarial and catar-
BULLETIN OF THE NORTH CAROLINA BOARD OF HEALTH. 35
rhal fevers and dysentery in nearly all
parts. One case of typhoid fever.
Along- certain creeks and on certain
streets in town the sanitary condition
is not g-ood. Five physicians report.
The court-house is not kept as clean as
it should be.
Caldwell—Dr. A. A. Kent, Lenoir.
Three cases of typhoid fever and a few
of pneumonia, dysentery and cholera
infantum. Some improvement in the
ventilation of the jail is being made,
but a new jail is the only real remedy
in the case.
Camden—No Boai-d of Health.
Carteret—Dr. Geo. N. Ennett,
Beaufort. One case of pernicious ma-larial
fever. Some dysentery, malarial
and bronchial troubles in all parts.
The jail needs better ventilation. The
court house is in fairly good condition,
though the public square remains yet
undrained or not filled in.
Caswell—Dr. W. O. Spencer, Yan-ceyville.
Little or no sickness of im-portance.
Catawba—Dr. J. M. McCorkle, New-ton.
No disease reported.
Chatham—Dr. L. A. Hanks, Pitts-boro.
Influenza in some parts and a
few cases of pneumonia. The condition
of the public buildings will doubtless
compare favorably with any in the
State.
Cherokee—Dr. J. F. Abernathy,
Murphy. No diseases reported.
Chowan—Dr. R. H. Winborne, E,ock-ahock.
Mumps in the middle part.
Some intermittent fever. An epidemic
of hog cholera.
Clay—Dr. W. E. Sanderson, Hayes-ville.
One case of typhoid fever. The
jail has been condemned as unsafe and
the prisoners moved to Murphy. Its
sanitary condition is good.
Cleveland — Dr. O. P. Grardner,
Shelby. Four cases of typhoid fever.
The drainage of towns is not as good
as it should be. The physicians of the
county met on the first Monday, organ-ized
a county medical society and took
measures to secure co-operation in san-itary
matters.
Columbus—Dr. I. Jackson, White-ville.
Six cases of typhoid fever. A
case of scarlatina heard of.
Craven—Dr. Leinster Duffy, New-bern.
Bowel troubles quite prevalent.
Some malarial fever and whooping-cough.
Two cases of scarlatina.
Cumberland—Dr. J. H. Marsh, Fay-etteville.
A few cases of whooping-cough.
Bowel diseases in children.
Currituck—No Board of Health.
Dare—Dr. W. H. Peterson, Manteo.
One case of diphtheria, four of typhoid
fever and ten of pernicious malarial
fever.
Davidson—Dr. R. L. Payne, Lexing-ton.
Whooping-cough and measles in
scattered portions.
Davie—Dr. James McGuire, Mocks-ville.
Whooping cough and bronchi-tis.
Duplin—Dr. W. P. Kennedy, War-saw.
Dysentery in some parts. Too
much rain has rendered the drinking
water poor.
Durham—Dr. Jno. M. Manning, Dur-ham.
Dysentery, malarial diseases
and a few cases of la grippe. An epi-demic
of bronchial disease in horses.
The sanitary condition of the neighbor-hood
of the Pearl cotton mill is not
good. An effort is being made to im-prove
it. Two wells which furnish the
drinking water have been sampled for
analysis.
Edgecombe—Dr. Donald Williams,
Tarboro. A few cases of tonsillitis
and l)ronchitis, some of pneumonia.
36 BULLETIN OF THE NORTH CAROLINA P.oARI) OF HEALTH.
Forsyth—Dr. D. N. Dalton, Win-ston.
Dysentery, diarrhoea and mala-rial
fever in mild form in most parts.
Franklin—Dr. E. S. Foster, Louis-burg-.
IS^othing of importance. The
jail is not sufficiently ventilated.
Gaston—Dr. J. H. Jenkins, Dallas.
Some malarial fever, dysentery and
diarrhwa. Big Long creek is a potent
factor of so much malarial fever that
drainage has been advised. Two rooms
in jail have been overhauled and put
in good sanitary condition.
GrATES—Dr. I. W. Costen. fTatesville.
One case of typhoid fever.
Graham—No Board of Health.
Granville—Dr. Wm. O. Basker-ville,
Oxford. One case of diptheria.
Greene—Dr. E. H. Sugg, Snow Hill.
Dysentery. I have ordered the jail
and county home premises thoroughly
limed as a preventative.
Guilford—Dr. A. R. Wilson, Greens-boro.
No diseases to report.
Halifax—Dr. I. E. Green, Weldon.
Diari-hcea and dysentery in some parts.
Some hog cholera.
Harnett—Dr. J. F. McKay, Dickin-son.
Dysentery in some parts.
Haywood—Dr. J. Howell Way,
Waynesville. Scarcely any sickness.
Henderson—Dr. J. L. Egerton, Hen-dersonville,
No diseases to report.
Hertford—Dr. John W. Tayloe,
Union. I hear of typhoid fever in one
section.
Hyde—No Board of Health.
Iredell—Dr. W. J. Hill, Statesville.
One case of whooping cough and one of
scarlatina. Sanitary condition of
Fourth creek improved. An effort is
being made to improve Third creek
bottoms. The jail yard is being im-proved
by the County Commissioners.
Jackson—Dr. W. F. Tompkins, Wel>-
ster. No diseases reported.
Johnston—Dr. R. J. Noble, Selma.
No diseases reported.
Jones—Dr. R. A. Whitaker, Tren-ton.
Four cases of measles. Intermit-tent
fever in all parts. An epidemic of
cholera in hogs. A new roof has been
put on the jail.
Lenoir—Dr. C. B. Woodley, Kin-ston.
Very little acute sickness except
intestinal troubles among children.
Lincoln—Dr. AV. L. Crouse, Lincoln-ton.
Six cases of whooping-cough.
Malarial diseases in some parts, along
water-courses.
McDowell — Dr. B. A. Cheek.
Marion. One case of typhoid fever.
Mumps on Crooked creek and the river.
Only Dr. Geo. P. Reid reported.
Macon—Dr. S. H. Lyle, Franklin.
One case of diphtheria.
Madison—Dr. Jas. K. Hardwicke.
Marshall. Three cases of typhoid fever
developed in one locality among peo-ple
using water from a shallow spring
below a hog pen and stable, the germs
of the disease having been brought
there from another county.
Martin—Dr. AV. H. Harrell, William-ston.
One case of typhoid fever. Mild
bowel troubles. Heavy rains have
made drinking Avater bad.
Mecklenburg—Dr. H. M. Wilder.
Charlotte. Chills and fever in parts of
city and county. The two creeks to
the east and Avest of Charlotte are in
bad sanitary condition, both being-filled
with sand and debris, causing the
seAvage to OA'erfloAv during freshets and
to spead out OA'or the Ioav grounds.
This, together with decomposing A-ege-table
matter, is a sufficient cause for
sickness. An effort is being made to
remedA' the trouble, shared in bA' the
J
lULI.ETIX OF THE NORTH CARf)LIXA BOARD OF HEALTH.
Board of County Commissioners and
the city authorities. The city sewer sys-tem
and the cleaning up of the city are
also receiving attention.
Mitchell—Dr. C. E. Smith. Bakers-ville.
Xo sickness to report.
MoxTGOMERY—Dr. W. A. Simmons.
Troy. A few eases, perhaps, of pleuro-pneumonia.
Moore—Dr. Gilbert McLeod, Car-thage.
Verj' little sickness.
Nash—Dr. J. J. Mann, Nashville.
No disease reported.
New Hanoaer—Dr. R. D. Jewett,
Wilmington. Three cases of scarlatina
and three of typhoid fever, remittent
and intermittent fever, bowel troubles,
catarrhal fever and pneumonia. Four-teen
physicians reported.
Northampton-Dr. H. W. Lewis,
Jackson. Very little sickness.
0^'SLOW—Dr. E. L. Cox, Jacksonville.
No diseases reported. The county
home needs better drainage.
Oraxge-Dr. C. D. Jones. Hillsboro.
Some catarrhal and gastric troubles.
Little sickness.
Pamlico—No Board of Health.
Pasqiotaxk—Dr. "W. W. (xriggs,
Elizabeth City. A few cases of inter-mittent
fever and diarrhoea in the east-ern
part.
Pexder—Dr. George F. Lucas, Ciii--
rie. Mild dysentery in some parts.
Perquimans—Dr. John F. Speight,
Hertford. Dysentery.
Person—Dr. C. G. Nichols, Roxboro.
Some grip and pneumonia.
Pitt—Dr. W. H. Bagwell, Greenville.
Some whooping-cough. One case of
hemorrhagic malarial fever. Hog chol-era.
Polk—Dr. O. S. Missildine, Tryon.
has resigned, and Dr. Earl Grady,
Tryon, has been elected to fill the unex-pired
term as Superintendent of Health.
No diseases to report.
Randolph—Dr. J. M. Boyette, Ash-boro.
Very little sickness.
Richmond—Dr. J. M. Covington.
Rockingham. Very healthy. A few
cases of la grippe and dysentery.
Robeson—Dr. T. A. Norment, Jr..
Lumberton. Three cases of whooping-cough.
Infantile diarrhoea. The sani-tary
condition of the jail needs improve-ment.
Rockingham—Dr. D. W. Courts.
Reidsville. No diseases to report.
Rowan—Dr. John Whitehead, Salis-bury.
Two cases of typhoid fever.
Malarial affections.
Rutherford—Dr. W. A. Thompson,
Rutherfordton. Remarkably healthy.
A few cases of dysentery. The jail is
as well kept, perhaps, as could be ex
pected with such a poor building.
Sampson—Dr. John A. Stevens, Clin-ton.
A few cases of diarrhci^a and
dysentery, and some malarial fever.
Stanly—Dr. D. P. Whitly, Milling-port.
Measles and whooping cough in
the western part.
Stokes—Dr. W. L. McCanless. Dan-bury.
Whooping-cough in all parts.
Surry—Dr. J. B. Hollingsworth,-Mt.
Airy. No report.
Swain—Dr. R. L. Davis, Bryson
City. No sickness of importance. The
condition of the jail is as good as it can
be made under the circumstances. We
need a new one.
Transylvania—Dr. C. W. Hunt,
Brevard. No sickness worthy of men-tion.
Tyrrell—Dr. Ab. Alexander, Co-
38 BULLETIN OF THE NORTH CAROLINA BOARD OF HEALTH.
lumbia. Four cases of typhoid fever
in Guna Neck township.
Union—Dr. J. E. Asheraft, Monroe.
Four cases of whooping-cough, five of
typhoid fever and a few of la grippe.
Vance—Dr. AV. T. Cheatham, Hen-derson.
One case of typhoid fever.
Unusually healthy.
Wake—Dr. P. E. Hines, Raleigh.
Bronchitis, one case of scarlatina.
Chills and pneumonia around Morris-ville.
Bronchitis and rheumatism in the
city, and diarrhfpa, dysentery and chills
at the Insane Asylum. Dr. G. L. Kirby
reports the chills as caused by the
water-works pond. Fifty circulars and
blanks sent out with four replies.
Warren—Dr. P. J. Macon, Warren-ton.
Xo diseases reported. Consump-tion
among the colored seems to be on
the increase. We have in our county
more than 25 lunatics unable to get
into the asylums. The houses at the
home are being whitewashed inside
and out.
Washington—Xo Board of Health.
Watauga—Dr. W. B. Councill,
Boone. Mumps in the jail. I have
never known so little sickness in the
county or so many births.
Wayne-Dr. W. J. Jones, Jr., Golds-boro.
Malarial troubles in all parts.
Wilkes—Dr. J. W. White, Wilkes-borO.
Some typhoid fever and whoop-ing-
cough.
Wilson—Dr. Albert Anderson, Wil-son.
Malaria and its complications in
all parts. The jail has been over-crowded
for about twenty days.
Yadkin—Dr. T. R. Harding, Yadkin-ville.
Mild cases of whooping-cough.
Yancey—Dr. J. L. Ray, Burnsville.
A few cases of typhoid fever, mumps
and measles. The jail is not kept as
clean as it should be and never is. The
Home is in a little better condition
than usual, but is not kept as it should
be.
Review of Diseases for May, 1895.
Bowel Diseases * — From Bun-combe,
Craven, Cumberland, Forsyth,
Gaston, Halifax, Lenoir, Martin, XeAv
Hanover, Pasquotank, Robeson and
Sampson—12 counties.
Bronchitis—From Carteret, Davie,
Edgecombe and Wake.
Cholera Infantum — From Cald-well.
Cholera in Chickens—From Alle-ghany.
Cholera in Hogs—From Anson,
Beaufort, Bladen, Chowan, Halifax,
Jones and Pitt—7 counties.
Diphtheria—From Dare, Granville,
and Macon.
Dysentery—From Cabarrus, Cald-well,
Carteret, Duplin, Durham, For-syth,
Gaston, Greene, Halifax, Harnett,
Pender, Perquimans, Richmond, Ruth-erford
and Sampson—15 counties.
Influenza—From Bertie, Caldwell,
Chatham, Durham, Person, Richmond
and Union—7 counties.
Malarial Fever — From Anson,
Bertife, Brunswick, Cabarrus, Carteret,
ChoAvan, Craven, Durham, Forsyth,
Gaston, Jones, Lincoln, Mecklenburg,
New Hanover, Pasquotank, Rowan,
Sampson, Wake, Wayne and Wilson
—20 counties.
Malarial Fever, Hemorrhagic
—From Pitt.
Malarial Feter, Pernicious—
From Cartaret and Dare.
Measles—From Davidson, Jones and
Y'ancev.
BULLETIN OF THE NORTH CAROLINA BOARD OF HEALTH. 39
Mumps—From McDowell, Watauga
and Yancey.
Pneumonia—From Anson, Caldwell,
Chatham, Edgecombe, New Hanover,
Person and Wake—7 counties.
Rheumatism—From Wake.
Scarlatina—From Columbus, Cra-ven,
Iredell and New Hanover.
ToNSiLiTis—From Edgecombe.
Typhoid Fever—From Alleghany,
Caldwell, Clay, Cleveland, Columbus,
Dare, Gates, Hertford, McDowell, Mad-ison,
Martin, New Hanover, Tyrrell,
Union, Vance, Wilkes and Yancey—
17 counties.
*I)YSENTERY, When mentioned by reporters,
is entered under a separate heading.
Summary of Mortuary Reports for May, 1895.
THIRTY TOWNS.
White. CoVd. Total.
Aggregate population 87,650 61,754 149,404
Aggregate deaths 76 99 175
Representing annual death
rate per lOUO 10.4 19.2 14.0
Causes of Death.
Typhoid fever ^ ^ Z
Scarlet fever 2 2
Diphtheria Oil Measles '^ ^
a Pneumonia 2 6 8
Consumption 7 13 20
Brain diseases 17 8 25
Heart diseases ^ ^ ^ Neurotic diseases ^ ^ in
Diarrhcpal diseases U 8 19
All other diseases 24 52 7b
Accidents -. ^ }, } Violence 10 1
76 99 175
Deaths under 5 years 9 28 37
Still-born 3 12 15
40 BULLETIN OK THE NORTH CAROLINA BOARD OF HEALTH.
Condition of Jails and County Homes by Counties for May, 1895.
BULLETIN OF THK NORTH CAKoLIXA BOAKD OF HEALTH. 41
Condition of Jails and County Homes by Connties.—Continued.
JAIL. HOME.
COUNTIES. ,
42 BULLETIN OF THE NORTH CAROLINA BOARD OF HEALTH.
Condition of Jails aud County Homes hj Counties.—
BULLETIN OF THE XORTH CAROLINA BOARD
Mortuary Report for May, 1895.
44: JiULI.ETI.N <iF THP: NoKTH CARoLIXA IKiAKD oK HEALTH.
3IETE0R()L()G1( AL sr31x>IARV FOK NORTH ( AROLINA. MAY. 189.>.
Furnished by tlie Nortli Carolina Agricultural Experiment Station and State
Weather Service.
H. H. BATTLE, PH. D., DIRECTOR. C. F. VON HERRMAN, Meteorologist.
TEMFERATrKE. (Degreks F.vhim X(t. OK DAV
STATIONS.
o ^ 7i ^ -VA CE3
98
Asheville ! 61.7 91
Bakersville I 56.6 89
Blowing Rock 53.8 78
Charlotte 65.6 97
Chapel Hill 65.1
Horse Cove 60.5
Littleton 64.4
Lenoir .- 64.1
Lumbei'ton 69.0
Mt. Airy 62.2
Mt, Pleasant ! 6.5.0
Moneure 64.7
Xewbern 68.0
Oak Ridge.... 63.6
Pittsboro 61.8
Raleigh 65.0
Rockingham 67.9
Roxboro n3.9
.•^oaiJStone Mount... 63.4
Saxon 6.3.7
Southern Pines 67.0
Southport 67.6 88
Sloan •.;.-' 97
Willeyton tS.O , 98
Weldon , fi.5.2
j
97
Wilmington I 680 ! 96
99
Mitchell Sfi Society
BULLETIN
OF THE
L
W
U
PuUished Jlonthly at the Office of the Secretary of the Board, at Raleigh, JV. C.
SUBSCRIPTION, 25 CENTS A YEAR.
Geo. G. Thomas, M. D., Pres., Wilmington.
S. Westray Battle, M. D., Asheville.
W. H. Hakrell, M. D., Willlamston
John Whitehead, M. D., Salisbury.
W. P. Beall, M. D., Gi-eensboro.
W. J. LuMSDEN, M. D., Elizabeth City.
Prof. F. P. Venable, Chapel Hill.
J. C. Chase, Civ. Exg., Wilmington.
EiCHARD H. Lewis, M. D., Secretary and Treasurer, Kaleigh.
Vol. X. JULY, 1895. X^
Bacteriological Examinations.
At the conjoint-session of the Board
with the State Medical Society at
Greensboro, in May 1894, Passed Assist-ant
Suryeon J. J. Kinyoun, who was
present by invitation as the represen-tative
of the U. S. Marine Hospital
Service, announced tliat the Service
would be glad to give, in its laboratory
at Washington, free of charge, a six-
Aveek"s course of instruction in practi-cal
sanitary bacteriology, directed par-ticularly
to the biological examination
of drinking waters, to duly accredited
representatives of our Board. Drs.
Albert Anderson, of Wilson, and W. T.
Pate, of Gribson's Station, promptly
signified their desire to avail them-selves
of the opportunity. They were
duly appointed, and in January of the
present year went toWashington where,
at their own expense, they spent the
full time in practical study and work
under the immediate instruction of
that eminent bacteriologist. Dr. Kin-youn.
Since their return they have each
fitted up a laboratory and are now pre-pared
to make biological examinations
of drinking waters, and in suspected
cases of tuberculosis and diphtheria.
In acknowledgement of the courtesy
of the Board in appointing them as its
representatives they have agreed to a
special arrangement for official work in
drinking waters. Owing to our very
small appropriation we are under the
necessity of issuing permits for such
examinations at the expense of the
Board with much circumspection. To
insure this, any physician suspecting a
water as the cause of disease must first
submit the matter to his County Super-intendent
of Health, or to the Medical
health officer of his city or town, if
it have one, who will write the
facts and his opinion as to the
necessity for the examination to the
Secretary, and if in the latter's judg-ment
the expense would be justified, a
permit, with instructions for taking
sample, will be sent to the applicant.
Examinations made on this permit will
46 BULLETIN OF THE NORTH CAROLINA BOARD OF HEALTH.
be paid for by the Board, but in every
instance express charges must be pre-paid
by sender. County superintend-ents
will please bear in mind the neces-sity
for careful inquiry into all the
facts before advising an examination,
for the reason above stated. We would
be very loth to refuse an application
endorsed by a superintendent.
To our readers who are members of
the State Medical Society Drs. Ander-son
and Pate need no introduction, but
to those not acquainted with them it
is proper to say that they are among
the best men in that unusually strong
body. Intelligent, earnest, pains-tak-ing,
scientific, they are worthy of con-fidence,
and we trust that they may
receive such support in private work
(in regard to Avhieh information must
be obtained from them direct) as will
encourage them to persist in their val-uable
labors on this line.
In conclusion, we desire to express
our aijpreciation of the enterprise and
self-sacrifice shown by the gentlemen
alluded to in this matter. It is now
well known that the specific pathogenic
qualities of infected drinking water
cannot be ascertained with certainty
by any other method than a bacterio-logical
or biological examination, and
it is a great gratification to feel that
we have, right here at home, men com-petent
to do this important work asso-ciated
wath the Board.
Purification of Sewage-Polluted
Waters by Sand Filtration.
Those of our readers who do not see
the admirable journal of the Massachu-setts
Association of Boards of Health
will, we feel sure, thank us for giving
them the pleasxire of reading the fol-lowing
most interesting extract from
a paper on the above subject read by
Prof. W. T. Sedgwick, at the April
quarterly meeting of that body :
"With regard to the Purification of
Sewage polluted Waters I will say only
a word or two. The matter may be
stated rather briefly, something like
this : Why do we attempt to purify
sewage-polluted water? For two rea-sons
: first, because such water is a nui-sance
; and, second, because it is apt to
be dangerous to the public health. It
certainly is dangerous to drink.
"How shallwegoto work to purify it ''.
Well, how does nature go to work ? If
the farmer puts upon his field barn-yard
manure year after year, giving it
a heavy dressing of the material, this
is easily taken care of by the mother
earth. No one knows or thinks that
the farmer is creating a nuisance, the
odor is not objectel to by any one. On
the contrary, every one of us feels a
sort of primitive agricultural delight in
the smell of good barn-yard manure
thus utilized, and we have no objection
to living in the neighborhood. I have
seen the lawns on Commonwealth
Avenue in Boston so covered with
stable manure that one had almost to
hold his nose in passing, and yet the
same people who do not object to that
odor would complain most bitterly of
the slightest odor coming from a gar-bage
pail or anything else of equally
unsavory nature or origin. W'e know
that the earth takes care of this
organic matter. And the same is true
of the conditions of the ordinary untidy
country house or the tenement house,
where the housewife, to get rid of her
dish-water or slojis, throws them out of
the window. Unless that is done in
excess, or for too long a time and under
unfavorable circumstances, the earth
takes care of all the stuff thus thrown
out and little or no trouble ensues.
BULLETIN OF THE NORTH CAROLINA BOARD OF HEALTH. 47
Here is a hint for the doing of the
whole thing. The earth is capable of
taking care of the organic matter, pro-vided
it does not have too much of it
or have it for too long a time without
change.
"We have arrived at this conclusion
by experimentation. As long ago as
1839 London began to filter the highly
polluted water of the river Thames
through sand filters. It was supposed
that by simply straining out the sus-pended
matters and some of the dis-solved
matters the water would do no
harm. Bacteria had not then been
heard of. But time has gone on, and
it has been found by making a study of
the affair that, by putting sewage-pol-luted
water on the land, with the right
kind of soil, you can dispose of sewage
on land as the farmer disposes of his
barnyard manure ; or, on the other
hand, in the case of sewage-polluted
water, that a larger volume of water
can be treated, and then recovered
through an underdrain and used for
drinking.
"As an example of the first case, the
city of Berlin, a city of a million and
Bix or seven hundred thousand popu-lation,
disposes of its sewage upon the
land. The river Spree runs through
the city, but does not receive the sew-age
except in times of storms, when the
overflow goes into the river. The sew-age
ordinarily is disposed of upon the
land ; and the same principle is applied
as here in Brockton—namely, the put-ting
of a thin layer of sewage upon the
soil, and letting the earth take care of
it. In the case of Berlin they make
use of the sewage-impregnated soil to
raise crops ; but, when you commence
to raise crops at the place where the
filtering is going on, you must remem-ber
that you cease to operate the filter
to its highest capacity. In Berlin they
raise cabbages and other vegetables,
where the sewage of sixteen or seven-teen
hundred thousand people is dis-posed
of on the land ; and the effluent
water, as it comes out below, is used
for drinking. Here is an instance of
the disposition of sewage in this way
on a large scale. And if any one says
that Brockton's plan is only an expei'i-ment,
and that no one can say how
long it is going to continue satisfacto-rily,
or how it will be in fifteen or twenty
years from now, we may reply that Ber-lin
has been doing the same thing for
years, and there is no uncertainty about
it ; that the mother earth, when the
place is rightly chosen and the opera-tion
is properly managed, will take
care of any amount of organic matter
which you may wish to put upon it.
"When you come to water purifica-tion,
there is the same problem with
certain modifications. Sewage is water
gone bad, water with excess of foul
matters,—such as we saw to-day,—
which sewage was not ordinary sewage,
but thinner, yet formy purpose answers
well enough, because I may point to
those filter-beds, and show you sewage-polluted
water purified there by sand
filtration. It was sewage, so called. It
was really sewage-polluted water ; and
that is what sewage always is. The
sewage of Berlin is so polluted that it
becomes almost as black as ink, and is
as thick as thin mud. I have seen it
of that characteT on the filter fields of
Berlin, like thin black mud or thick
ink. Now in such a case, ordinarily,
there is one unfavorable condition:
the sewage does not contain any oxy-gen.
These filters are not strainers,
they are not mere heaps of sand ; but
when in good working order, they are
rather like living organisms, for they
are filled with bacteria Avhich breathe
and feed, taking up the organic mat-
48 BULLETIN OF THE XOKTH CAROLINA BOARD OF HEALTH.
ters of the sewage. Oxygen being
available, the bacteria resident in the
sand feed upon the organic matters,
and reduce them to similar matters of
a mineral sort, and their organic char-acter
is lost. It is as if those filter-beds
were a gigantic living sponge. You
know the sponge before it is gathered
is a living mass permeated by narrow
channels. And, if we imagine one of
these filters to be a heap of sand,
swarming with living bacteria, we can
see how easy it is for the sewage-pol-luted
water to flow into this great
sponge, and for the living contents of
the latter to feed upon the matters it
contains. When the filters are water
filters, they work more freely, because
ordinary water is saturated with oxy-gen.
"The theory becomes comparatively
simple when looking at these filters, if
one does not regard them as mere sand,
but rather as somethtng which would
remind us of London and Paris Avith
their dense populations, great centres
teeming with multitudes of individuals.
The sewage that arrives they receive
with open arms, taking from it the
oi-ganic matters which are their food,
and working them over into mineral
matters, which, in solution, pass olT
below. So the purification of sewage-polluted
water is pretty much the same
thing as the purification of sewage,
only the work is done faster because of
the oxygen in the water. You have an
example of this in the city of Law-rence,
where you have heard of the
municipal filter designed by Mr. H. F.
Mills, of the State Board of Health.
That city is now supplied with water
fit for drinking, purified by simple sand
filtration in a bed two and a half acres
in extent. It is not merely a bed of
sand, but contains a vast multitude of
bacteria, feeding there upon this
impure Avater, which, after it is filtered,
goes into a reservoir pure and clear.
We may see how the thing works as far
as can be seen with the naked eye, but
for scientific purposes we must take a
microscope ; and we shall then find
every grain of sand in this great filter
coated with bacterial jelly, and bacteria
actively at work doing their part in the
process. If we wish to see what has
been accomplished in this way, we can
compare the death-rate in Lawrence as
it is now with the death rate which pre-vailed
before the filterwent into opera-tion.
Lawrence, instead of standing
higher than any other city in the Com-monwealth
in deaths from typhoid
fever, as it did, stands now on a par
with those cities which are furnished
with a good water supply and having
similar industries and climate : and its
bad reputation as a breeder of typhoid
fever has disappeared. Typhoid fever
is no longer "endemic"' in Lawrence;
it is only occasional and sporadic, as it
is in Haverhill, Brockton, Lynn, and
all other cities with good water sup-plies.
There are a few cases arising
from the use of water taken unfiltered
fi-om the river, and a few imported
cases, and also cases from using bad
milk and from other sources; but the
death-rate of Lawrence from typhoid
fever now compares favorably with
that of other cities of its own size,
character and situation having perfect
water supplies. In other words, sew-age-
polluted water that is purified is
not objectionable, but safe. The same
thing is true of London, which for
many years has been supplied with
sewage-polluted water thus purified.
The death-rate of London from typhoid
fever is very low.
"In looking at these so-called inter-mittent
filters, then, one should take
out of his mind any idea that they are
BULLETIN OF THE NORTH CAROLINA BOARD OF HEALTH. 49
mere heaps of sand. Every grain of
that sand has on it thousands of bac-teria
which have taken up their resi-dence
there in a jelly-like form, so that
the total effect is softness of the soil,
because of this great aggregate of bac-terial
life. It is bacterial life which
takes care of the farmer's manure
spread upon the earth, and of the dish
water thrown out of the window by
the careless housewife, and of the sew-age
which is spread on fields, as you
have seen it to-day."
Infectiox by flies was illustrated at
a recent meeting of the Royal Society
in London, with sections of potatoes
which were covered Avith brilliant red
streaks and rosettes of a growth of
bacillus prodigiosus planted by the
feet of a fly, in the following manner.
The fly having been allowed to walk a
few times over a slice of potato covered
with a culture of this bacillus, is kept
for a while, and then made to walk
over a sterilized slice of potato, which,
after a proper period of incubation,
displays a luxuriant bacillary groAvth,
actually revealing the path and tracks
of the fly, so abundantly were the
microbes taken up*and transported
by the feet of the insect. Winged in-fection
is hard to quarantine. It would
be much easier to prevent its incep-tion.—/
SYwi. Era.
Summary of Keports from County Superinten-dents
of Health for June, 1895, (eighty
nine counties reporting, i
In the blanks on which these reports
are made the following items are called
for
:
1. The number of cases of small-pox,
measles, wliooping cough, scarlatina,
diphtheria, typhoid fever, pernicious
malarial fever, hemorrrhagic malarial
fever, yellow fever and cholera which
have occurred in the county during the
past month.
2. The diseases which have been prev-alent
in the county and in what parts.
B. Epidemics among domestic ani-mals.
4. Remarks as to special unsanitary
conditions in the county.
In few counties do physicians gener-ally
report these details to the Super-intendent,
though furnished with
blanks for that purpose, and in most
cases he has to depend, upon himself
alone in making his report.
Details as to the jails, houses of cor-rection
and county homes are also
given in these reports and will be found
tabulated on other pages.
Alamance—Dr. R. A. Freeman, Bur-lington.
One mild case of scarlatina
which is convalescing. Condition of
public buildings as good as it can be
made under the circumstances.
Alexander—Dr. R. B. Killiam, Tay-lorsville.
Very little sickness.
Alleghany—Dr. C. G. Fowlkes,
Topia. Three cases of measles. AVhoop-ing-
cough in south-eastern part. An
epidemic of chicken cholera. Some
places in the county need better drain-age.
The court house is being re-paired.
Anson—Dr. E. S. Ashe, Wadesboro.
Very little sickness. Some malarial
fever and a few cases of diarrhoea and
dysentery of mild form.
Ashe—Dr. L. C. Gentry, Jefferson.
Some typhoid fever in north-east part,
and mild sporadic dysentery in the
north-west. Otherwise, health excel-lent.
The Home was lately imju-oved
by the addition of two new rooms.
BEArFOHT-Dr. John C. Rodman,
50 BULLETIN OF THE NORTH CAROLINA BOARD OF HEALTH.
Washington. One case of scarlatina
and two of typhoid fever. Malarial
disorders. Some cholera in hogs.
Many places in county need drainage.
Bbrtie—Dr. H. V. Dunston, Wind-sor.
Health excellent. Chills and fever
in some parts. An epidemic of hog
cholera.
Bladen—Dr. Newton Robinson, Eliz-abethtown.
Very little sickness. Chol-era
in hogs and chickens in nearly all
parts.
Brunswick — Dr. D. I. Watson,
S«uthport. No special diseases. The
public buildings are all in great need
of repair, and the Home should be
removed nearer the county seat. It is
now 18 miles distant. •
Buncombe—Dr. H. L. Baird, Ashe-ville.
Bowel troubles to a slight extent
in all parts.
Burke—Dr. J. L. Laxton, Morgan-ton.
No sickness except a few cases of
diarrhoea, chiefly among children.
Cabarrus—Dr. Leona M. Archey,
Concord. Malarial fevers, diai-rho^a
and dysentery in many parts.
Caldwell—Dr. A. A. Kent, Lenoir.
Remarkably healthy. A few mild
cases of diaiTh<Ha.
Camden—No Board of Health.
Cartaret — Dr. Greo. N. Ennett,
Beaufort. Bowel troubles in most
parts.
Caswell—Dr. W. O. Spencer, Yan-ceyville.
Little sickness. Some bowel
troubles. The jail is in fair condition
with the exception of the furnace base-ment,
which is in a very unsanitary
state. This has been reported to the
authorities and it is hoped it will
receive prompt attention.
Catawba—Dr. J. M. McCorkle, New-ton.
Health of county for the last six
months very good.
Chatham—Dr. L. A. Hanks, Pitts-boro.
Little sickness. Influenza to a
limited extent in some parts.
Cherokee—Dr. J. F. Abernathy,
Murphy. The people generally have
awakened to a sense of the importance
of cleanliness in this section ; hence
good health prevails.
Chowan—Dr. R. H. Winborne, Rock-ahock.
A few cases of mumps in Sec-ond
township. Some cholera morbus,
diarrhmea and dysentery.
Clay—Dr. W. E. Sanderson, Hayes-ville.
Influenza among horses.
Cleveland—Dr. O. P. Gardner,
Shelby. Health remarkably good.
Columbus—Dr. I. Jackson, Wbite-ville.
A few cases of typhoid fever.
An epidemic of hog cholera from sev-eral
parts. Mild malarial fever and
diarrh(Ha in different sections.
Craven—Dr. Leinster Duffy, New-bern.
Two cases of scarlet fever and
four of whooping cough. Malarial and
typhoid fevers have occurred.
Cumberland—Dr. J. H. Marsh, Fay-etteville.
A few cases of typhoid fever.
Malarial fever and diarrhcjea diseases in
some parts.
Currituck—No Board of Health.
Dare—Dr. W. H. Peterson, Manteo.
Two cases of typhoid fever and five of
pernicious malarial fever.
Davidson—Dr. R. L. Payne, Lexing-ton.
Whooping cough has prevailed.
Davie—Dr. James McQnire, Mocks-ville.
No diseases reported.
Duplin—Dr. W. P. Kennedy, War-saw.
Colds and malarial fever in some
parts. Sufficient attention is not paid
to drainage and drinking water.
Many deep wells are being bored along
the railroad and I hope to see malarial
fever banished.
I
BULLETIN OF THE NOKTH CAROLINA BOARD OF HEALTH. 51
Durham—Dr. J. M. Manning, Dur-ham.
Three cases of whooping cough.
Diarrhoea and dysentery in nearly all
parts, especially among children. Most
of the convicts are camping out on the
county roads.
Edgecombe—Dr. Donald Williams,
Tarboro. Three cases of typhoid fever.
Intermittent fever in all parts.
Forsyth—Dr. D. N. Dalton, Win-ston.
A few cases of typhoid fever.
Mild intermittent and remittent fevers
in all parts.
Franklin—Dr. E. S. Foster, Laurin-burg.
As little sickness as ever before
knoAvn. Some mild cases of dysentery.
The sanitary condition of the public
*b]iildings is as good as can be under
existing circumstances. Changes are
demanded in jail which I am striving
with the authorities to get.
Gaston—Dr. J. H. Jenkins, Dallas.
Colds. One case of pneumonia and
one of typhoid fever. Malarial fevers
still prevail, much of which is caused
by the bad drainage along Big Long
creek.
G-ATES—Dr. I. W. Costen, Gatesville.
No diseases reported.
Graham—No Board of Health.
Granville—Dr. Wm. O. Basker-ville,
Oxford. No diseases to report.
Greene—Dr. E. H. Sugg, Snow Hill.
Malarial fever and dysentery.
Guilford—Dr. A. R. Wilson, Greens-boro.
One case of typhoid fever. The
county has furnished the convicts with
a tent containing 19,800 cxabic feet of
space. This is much more comfortable
and healthy than crowding them into
small, ill-ventilated rooms as hereto-fore.
Water-closets have been at last
put into each jail cell and connection
has been made with the city sewer.
Halifax—Dr. I. E. Green, Weldon.
Malarial diseases and bowel diseases
among children in some parts.
Harnett—Dr. J. F. McKay, Dickin-son.
Very little sickness. A few cases
of dysentery.
Haywood—Dr. J. Howell Way,
Waynesville. Comparatively little sick-ness.
Henderson—Dr. J. L. Egerton, Hen-dersonville.
A few cases of diarrhoea.
Hertford—Dr. John W. Tayloe,
Union. More cases of typhoid fever.
Diarrhoea and dysentery in some parts.
Hog cholera in limited areas.
Hyde—No Board of Health.
Iredell—Dr. W. J. Hill, Statesville.
Two cases of scarlatina and two of
typhoid fever. Bowel troubles. The
citizens on Fourth creek between Bos-tian's
bridge and Keistler's bridge have
arranged to clean out the creek and
drain the swamps.
Jackson—Dr. W. F. Tompkins, Web-ster.
Mumps and dysentery in central
part. Hydrophobia among dogs.
Johnston—Dr. R. J. Noble, Selma.
Very little sickness. Some hog cholera.
Jones—Dr. R. A. Whitaker, Tren-ton.
Malaria in. mild form in all parts.
A few cases of severe dysentery.
Lenoir—Dr. C. B. AVoodley, Kin-ston.
A few cases of mumps, measles
and intermittent fever, and many cases
of diarrhfBa among children.
Lincoln—Dr. W. L. Crouse, Lincoln-ton.
Ten cases of whooping-cough.
Dysentery in all pai*ts. Health of
county good.
McDowell—Dr. B. A. Cheek,
Marion. Whooping-cough and bowel
troubles.
Macon—Dr. S. H. Lyle, Franklin.
One c^se of diphtheria. A few cases of
diarrhcea. Very little sickness.
52 BULLETIN OF THE NOKTH CAROLINA BOARD OF HEALTH.
Madison—Dr. Jas. K. Hardwicke,
Marshall. Health remarkably good.
Martin—Dr. W. H. Harrell, William-ston.
One case of tj'phoid fever.
Mecklenburg—Dr. H. M. Wilder,
Charlotte. One case of scarlatina and
one of typhoid fever. The creeks
around Charlotte are in an unsanitary
condition from the discharge of sewer-age
into them. The city authorities
have taken steps to remedy it.
Mitchell—Dr. C. E. Smith, Bakers-ville.
Some typhoid fever.
Montgomery—Dr. W. A. Simmons,
Troy. Healty, except bowel diseases
to some extent in most parts.
Moore—Dr. Gilbert McLeod, Car-thage.
Diarrhoea, dysentery and chol
era morbus in all parts. Some malarial
fever in one or two localities. The
cells in jail are not sufficiently ventil-ated
for hot weather.
Nash—Dr. J. J. Mann, Nashville.
Very little sickness. Dysentery in
some parts.
New Hanover—Dr. R. D. Jewett,
Wilmington. Three cases of typhoid
and one of hemorrhagic malarial fever.
Cholera infantum and other bowel
troubles mentioned by all reporters.
Northampton—Dr. H. W. Lewis,
Jackson. Very little sickness.
Onslow—Dr. E. L. Cox, Jacksonville.
Malarial fever.
Orange—Dr. C. D. Jones, Hillsboro.
Malarial fever in some parts.
Pamlico—No Board of Health.
Pasquotank—Dr. W. W. Gfriggs,
Elizabeth City. No sickness to report.
Pender—Dr. Geo. F. Lucas, Currie.
One case of scarlet fever and one of
typhoid fever. Light malarial fever in
the eastern part. The sanitary condi-tion
of the county is gradually iiu-proving.
Perquimans—Dr. John F. Speight,
Hertford. Dysentery and remittent
fever.
Person—Dr. C. G. Nichols, Roxboro.
No sickness of consequence. Some
diarrhoea.
Pitt—Dr. W. H. Bagwell, Greenville.
Malarial fever and dysentery in all
parts. Hog cholera in nearly all parts.
Polk—Dr. Earl Grady, Tryon.
Cholera infantum in a limited area.
The jail has been in a miserable condi-tion
but has been cleaned and refitted
and is much improved.
Randolph—Dr. J. M. Boyette, Ash-boro.
Three cases of typhoid fever.
Some diarrhoea and dysentery in all
parts, and have been almost epidemic
at Randleman and Ramseur.
Richmond—Dr. J. M. Covington,
Rockingham. No report.
Robeson—Dr. T. A. Norment, Jr.,
Lumberton. Whooping-cough, not
extensive. The jail is a little too
crowded.
Rockingham—Dr. D. W. Courts,
Reidsville. Two cases of measles and
two of typhoid fever.
Rowan—Dr. John Whitehead, Salis-bury.
Ten cases of whooping-cough
and two of typhoid fever. Malarial
fevers in most parts.
Rutherford—Dr. W. A. Thompson,
Rutherfordton. Mild dysentery in
all parts.
Sampson—Dr. Jno. A. Stevens, Clin-ton.
Diarrhd^a and dysentery. A fcAv
cases of malarial fever.
Stanly— Dr. W. P. Whitley, Milling-port.
Six eases of measles and one of
typhoid fever. Very little sickness
except unusually mild bowel disorders.
Stokes—Dr. William V. McCanless,
Danbury. Whooping-cough in all
parts.
BULLETIX OF THE NORTH CAROLINA BOARD OF HEALTH. 53
Surry—Dr. J. B. HoUiugsworth, Mt.
Airy. No sickness to reiDort.
SwAix—Dr. R. L. Davis, Bryson
City. One case of typhoid fever.
Traxsylvaxia—Dr. C. W. Hunt,
Brevard. Good health in all parts.
Tyrrell—Dr. Ab. Alexander, Co-lumbia.
No sickness to report.
Uxiox—Dr. J. E. Ashcraft, Monroe.
One case of diphtheria and four of
typhoid fever. Bilious diarrhrea in
town and country.
Yaxce—Dr. W. T. Cheatham, Hen-derson.
Two cases of typhoid fever.
Wake—Dr. P. E. Hines, Raleigh.
One case of typhoid fever. Two cases
of cerebro-spinal meningitis reported
to the city authorities. Dr. Kirby
reports the health of the Insane Asj^-
lum good "except for the mill pond
south of us, with cases of intermittent
fever." Some cholera in hogs at the
same institution. Some dysentery in
various parts. Dr. Templeton, of Ca-ry,
reports four cases of peritonitis, two
of them in the same house. Five
reports received.
Warren-Dr. P. J. Macon, Warren-ton.
A few cases of measles. Malarial
fever in some parts and dysentery in
all. The Home has been whitewashed
inside and out and the bedding and
furniture thorougly disinfected.
Washington—No Board of Health.
Watauga—Dr. W. B. Councill,
Boone. No sickness in any part.
Wayne—Dr. AV. J. Jones, Jr., Golds-boro.
Five cases of measles. Malarial
troubles in all parts.
Wilkes—Dr. J. W. White, Wilkes-boro.
Whooping cough and typhoid
fever in some parts.
Wilson—Dr. A. Anderson, Wilson.
Diarrhcwa and dysentery in all parts.
Yadkin—Dr. T. R. Harding, Yadkin-ville.
No sickness of note.
Yancey—Dr. J. L. Ray, Burnsville.
Two cases of typhoid fever. The jail
is in better condition than it has been
in for some time but is not clean
enough yet. The Home is about as
usual, not kept as clean as it should be.
Keview of Diseases for June. 1895.
Bowel Diseases* — From Anson,
Buncombe, Burke, Cabarrus, Caldwell,
Cartaret, CasAvell, Chowan, Columbus,
Cumberland, Durham, Halifax, Hen-derson,
Hertford, Iredell, McDowell,
Macon, Montgomery, Moore, New Han-over,
Person, Polk, Randolph, Samp-son,
Union and Wilson—2(3 counties.
Cholera, in Chickens—From Alle-ghany
and Bladen.
Cholera, in Hogs—From Beaufort,
Bertie, Bladen, Hertford, Johnston,
Pitt and Wake.
Diphtheria—From Macon and Un-ion.
Dysentery — From Anson, Ashe,
Cabarrus, Chowan, Durham, Franklin,
Greene, Harnett, Jackson, Jones, Lin-coln,
Moore, Nash, Perquimans, Pitt,
Randolph, Rutherford, Sampson,
Wake, Warren and Wilson—21 coun-ties.
Hydrophobia—From Jackson.
Influenza—From Chatham.
Influenza, in Horses—From Clay.
Malarial Fever — From Anson,
Beaufort, Bertie, Cabarrus, Columbus,
Craven, Cumberland. Davie, Edge-combe,
Forsyth, Gaston, Greene, Hal-ifax,
Lenoir, Moore, Onslow, Orange,
Pender, Perquimans, Pitt, RoAvan,
Sampson, Wake. Warren and Wayne
—25 counties.
54 BULLETIN OF THE NORTH CAROLINA BOARD OF HEALTH.
Malarial Fever, Hem.^iorrhagic
—From New Hanover.
Malarial Fever, Perxicious —
From Dare.
Measles—From Alleghany, Lenoir,
Rockingham, Stanly, Warren and
Wayne.
MENIN&ITIS, CEREBRO - SPINAL —
From Wake.
Mumps—From Chowan, Jackson and
Lenoir.
Pneumonia—From Gaston.
Scarlatina — From Alamance,
Beaufort, Craven, Iredell, Mecklen-burg
and Pender—6 counties.
Typhoid Fever—From Ashe, Beau-fort,
Columbus, Craven, Cumberland,
Dare, Edgecombe, Forsyth, Graston,
Gruilford, Hertford, Iredell, Martin,
Mecklenburg, Mitchell, New Hanover,
Pender, Randolph, Rockingham, Row-an,
Stanly, Swain, Union, Vance,
Wake, Wilkes and Yancey—27 coun-ties.
Whooping-Cough — From Allegha-ny,
Craven, Davidson, Durham, Lin-coln,
McDowell, Robeson, Rowan,
Stokes and Wilkes—10 counties.
* Dysentery, when mentioned by reporters,
is entered under a separate heading.
Summary of Mortuary Reports for June, 1895.
TWENTY-NINE TOWNS.
White.
Aggregate population 86,V92
Aggregate deaths 105
Representing annual death
rate per 1000 1L5
Causes of Death.
Typhoid fever
Scarlet fever 1
Malarial fever 1
Whooping Cough I
Pneumonia 4
Consumption 13
Brain diseases 18
Heart diseases .5
Neurotic diseases 1
Diarrhceal diseases 21
All other diseases 36
Accident 5
105
Deaths under 5 years H
Still-born ". 10
CoVd. Total.
61,592
131
25.5
148,384
336
19.0
6
BULLETIN OF THE NORTH CAROLINA BOARD OF HEALTH. 55
Con
56 BULLETIN OF THE NORTH CAROLINA BOARD OF HEALTH.
Condition of J
BULLETIN OF THE NORTH CAROLINA BOARD OF HEALTH. 57
Condition of Jails an
58 BL'LLETIX OF THE NORTH CAROLINA BOARD OF HEALTH.
Moi'tuary Report for June, 1895.
Towns
AND Reporters.
Asheville
Dr. H. L. Baird.
Charlotte
Fred. Nash, Esq.
Durham
Dr. J. M. Mannins
Fayetteville
Dr. J. H. Marsh.
Goldsboro
T. H. Bain, Esq.
Greensboro
Dr. A. R. Wilson.
Henderson
Dr. AT. J. .Tudd.
Hillsboro
Dr. C. D. Jones.
Jacksonville
Dr. E, L. Cox.
Lenoir
Dr. A. A. Kent.
Lexington
Dr. R. L. Payne.
Marion
Dr. B. A. Cheek.
Monroe
Dr. J. M. Blair.
Oxford
Dr. vr. O. Baskerville
Pittsboro
Dr. L. A. Hanks.
Raleigh
Dr. Jas. McKee.
Rocky Mount
Dr. G. L. Wimberley.
Salem
F. E. Keehlu, Esq.
Salisbury
Dr. John Whitehead.
Scotland Neck
Mayor J. A. Perry.
Southport....'-
L. A. Galloway, Esq.
Statesville
Dr. W. J. Hill.
Tarboro
Dr. Donald "Williams
Warrenton
Dr. P. J. Macon.
Washington
Dr. J. C. Rodman.
Weldon
Mayor J. T. Gooch.
Wilmington
Dr. R. D. Jewett.
AVilson
Dr. Albert Anderson
Winston
Dr. John Bynum.
Races.
White.
Colored.
White.
Colored.
White.
Colored.
White.
1 Colored.
t
White.
Colored.
White.
Colored.
i White.
Colored.
I
White.
Colored.
White.
Colored.
1 vvhite.
i Colored
.
White.
Colored.
White.
Colored.
White.
Colored.
White.
Colored
White.
Colored.
White.
Colored.
White.
Colored.
White.
Colored.
White.
Colored.
White.
Colored.
White.
Colored.
White.
Colored.
White.
Colored.
White.
Colored.
White.
Colored.
I White.
Colored.
AVhite.
Colored.
White.
iColored.
White.
Colored.
Popula-tion.
4,000 ^'^^1
B,000 ^^'"^,
8,000
5,000
5,300
8,000
4,250:
700|
600
1,000
2,100
800
1
2,400:
3,000,
t
600]
4,500
3,500
2,800
2,200
3,.500
i,soo:
5,500
'
2,500
2,250
2,000:
400,
300,
400'
200
j
800
200
1,800
300
650
150
1,800'
BOO,
1,600
'
1,400
350
250
^'tlJl 16,000
( ,oOO '
i,6oo;
4,284,
5,000,
1,100
1,200
3,500|
2,500
2,000
5,.500
1,450
22,000
3,500
1,200
400!
3,942
342
1
3,500
1,500
:
700'
4001
750
450
1
2,500;
1,000
1,:}00
1,200
1,150
850,
3,000
;
2,500!
700'
750
9,000
13,000
2,000
1,500
5,200 If, fvnn\
4,800 ^"'"^1
13.5
24.0
22.7
40.0
5.3
3.4
17.1
5.4
0.0
13.3
10.9
43.2
10.7
18.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
L5.0
0.0
6.7
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
20.0
7.5
8.6
0.0
0.0
24.0
25.6
200
0.0
9.1
32.2
13.7
32.0
17.1
30.0
32.0
53.3
9.6
12.0
2.8
0.0
0.0
0.0
24.0
3;^.6
0.0
0.0
21.3
29.5
18.0
40.0
9.3
40.0
H
17.0
29.6
4.2
12.0
4.5
21.0
14.1
0.0
0.0
12.0
.5.7
0.0
.5.0
8.0
0.0
24.7
15.0
11.2
19.2
21.8
40.0
10.3
14.4
0.0
28.4
0.0
36.2
27.4
24.0
^ , OJ
bl " *^
-5 io £ -r •= E-
03 .:r ^l mK
OJ 35 53 ^ 53
2 S » c -2
•t^ .s -r S ® 2
BULLETIN OF THE NORTH CAROLINA BOARD OF HEALTPI. 59
METEOROLOC^ICAL SUMMARY FOR NORTH CAROLINA, JUNE, 1895.
Furnished l)y the North Carolina Agricultural Experiment Station and State
Weather Service.
H. B. BATTLE, Ph. D., Director. C. F. VON HERRMAN, Meteorologist.
STATIONS.
Asheville...-
Baker