Annual report of the Bureau of Labor Statistics of the State of North Carolina |
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UNIVERSITY OF N.C. AT CHAPEL HILL 00033934191 This book may be kept out one month unless a recall notice is sent to you. It must be brought to the North Carolina Collection (in Wilson Library) for renewal. - i Z:^ SEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT (there was no sixth annual report) Bureau of Labor Statistics ^~^iPL.^^^^A/i--^^^-&'->^-^<^ ^yf^ V. ^^€1-^; S.^i.->^>^-r>'Z.^d,d^^€i--^'!'-^-^- B. R. LACY, Commissioner. RALEIGH : JosEPHUs Daniels, State Printer. PRESSES OF E. M. UZZELL. 1894. SEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT (there was no sixth annual report) Bureau of Labor Statistics STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA, FOR THE YEAR 1893. B. R. LACY, Commissioner. RALEIGH : JosEPHUs Daniels, State Printer. PRESSES OF E. M. UZZELL. 1894. \ CONTENTS. Page. Act Establishing Bureau iii Introduction v To the Public xii Factories 1 Agricultural Statistics, etc. 17 Unsigned Letters 50 Miscellaneous -. 79 Views of Mechanical and Other Employers 88 Railroads 93 Organized Labor 97 Employment Bureau 127 Newspapers 131 H? ACT ESTABLISHING BUREAU The foUowiug is the Act estabhshing the P>ureau of Labor Sta-tistics for North Carolina : CHAPTER 113, LAWS 1887. ' Sectiox 1. There shall be established in the Department of Agriculture, Immi-gration and Statistics, a Bureau of Labor Statistics, which shall be under the charge of a Commissioner of Labor Statistics, who shall be appointed by the Gov-ernor by and with the advice and consent of the Senate. The Commissioner of Labor Statistics shall hold his office for two years, and until his successor shall be appointed and qualified, unless sooner removed by the Governor for neglect of duty or other legal cause, and shall receive a salary of fifteen hundred dollars a year. The said Commissioner shall collect information upon the subject of labor, its relation to capital, the hours of labor, the earnings of laboring men and women; their educational, moral and financial condition and the best means of promoting their mental, material, social and moral prosperity. The Commissioner aforesaid shall have power to appoint a Chief Clerk to assist him in the perform-ance of his duties, which Clerk shall receive a salary of nine hundre.d dollars a year; he may also employ such other assistants as may be deemed by him necessary for the collection and collation of the information hereinbefore referred to and the general administration of his office: Prodded, that the total expense shall not exceed five thousand dollars ($5,000) for the first two years and two thousand dollars ($2,000) annually thereafter. During the necessary absence of the Com-missioner, or if the office shall become vacant, the Chief Clerk shall perform the duties of Commissioner. The Commissioner shall annually publish a report in pamphlet form and send or cause to be sent a copy of the same to every newspaper published in this State, a copy to each member of the General Assembly of North Carolina, a copy to each of the several States and county officers of the State, a copy to any citizen who may apply for the same either personally or by mail, and one hundred copies to each of the several labor organizations which may be in existence at the time of the publication of the reports, in this State. He shall also make a full report to each session of the General Assembly of the information collected and collated by him and containing such recommendations as he may deem calculated to promote the efficiency of the Bureau. The Commissioner is hereby directed to endeavor to obtain an accurate list of all the newspapers pub-lished in the State, and whether the same be published daily or weekly, and to /^ forward to each and all a copy of his report promptly upon its being published; ) he is also directed to diligently inquire after the labor organizations of the State ^ and see that none are omitted in the distribution of the reports; he is further directed to confine his labors to this State. The sum of three thousand dollars "*^ ($3,000) for the first year, two thousand dollars ($2,000) for the second year, and >- two thousand dollars ($2,000) annuallv thereafter, are hereby appropriated. The IV Act Establishing Bureau. Commissioner when money is required for the use of his Bureau shall certify to the Auditor the amount desired, and the Auditor shall thereupon draw his warrant upon the Treasurer for the same. The Commissioner shall disburse all money used by the Bureau. Sec. 2. The Governor is authorized and directed to nominate, within ten days after the ratification of this act, a proper person as Commissioner and send his name to the Senate for confirmation. If the Senate shall fail to confirm his nomi-nee, the Governor shall continue to nominate one after another until the Senate shall confirm some one of his nominees. Sec. 3. That this act shall be in force from and after its ratification. In the General Assembly read three times, and ratified this the 28th day of February, A. D. 1887. NTRODUCTION To His Excellency, Elias C'arr, Governor of North, Carolina, Dear Sir:—Accordiug to law it is my duty, as CommissioLier of Labor Statistics, to make an annual report, which I have the honor herewith to submit to you. At your solicitation I entered on the duties of the office, and took charge of it on the 4th of March in the present year, since which date I have given it my whole time and best endeavor. As I have devoted my life to work with my hands, it was like learning a new trade to begin as a statistician. The report of labor statistics for the State of North Carolina is sadly incomplete, but con-sidering my inexperience, and especially the smallness of the appro-priation, which necessitated meagre and insufficient responses from all departments of labor in the State, I have gotten out as full a report as could be done under the circumstances, though not as complete as the one I shall be able to issue for the year 1894. Another reason why the report is not as thorough as I had hoped to make it was the sickness and death of my Clerk, Mr. W. AV. Hall, of Weldon. This sad occurrence, at the very time when I was most busily engaged, disarranged the work and cast a gloom over the office. In the loss of Mr. Hall I have not only 1)een deprived of an efficient assistant, but of one who had greatly endeared himself to me by his many noble traits of character. He had given his entire attention to the work with great energy and vigor. He was patriotic and devoted to the welfare of North Caro-lina, and intelligent in his service for the State. He was one of the purest of men, and impressed every one who came in contact with him by his gentle manners and kindly disposition. Mr. Logan D. Terrell, of Wake, has been appointed Clerk in Mr. Hall's place, and entering on his duties when he did has done remarkably well. This report is largely due to his hard and faith-ful work. VI Introduction. The subject of labor statistics is fast coming to the front, and the importance of the subject is empliasized by the fact tliat l)ureaiis have been established in nearly every foreign country, and in thirty-two of the forty-four States of the American Union. If these statistics are accurately compiled from year to year, they give to the Executive Department a clear view of the condition and success of the laboring classes, by far the larger part of the popu-lation, and to the intelligent legislator a good opportunity to study and know the wants of the very people who, on account of their inability to help themselves, need any and all legislation that can accrue to their benefit. Thus the Governor can recommend and the Legislature can enact such laws as may relieve their burdens, promote their prosperity and the welfare of the State. The main difficulty in the operation of this Bureau, and conse-quently in the preparation of this report, is that the appropriation is so small it is not at all commensurate with the work to be done. To make a thorough and accurate record of the labor statistics of the State the Commissioner or a deputy should visit every county in it—certainly every county whose industries are worthy of inspec-tion and enumeration. It may be asked, cannot these facts be ascertained by correspondence and tlae use of blanks? I reply, they cannot, as this report, and as all the reports of this Bureau will show. Every State in the Union where these Bureaus are estab-lished has tried, as we have, to obtain complete and accurate sta-tistics by sending out blank questions by mail. In every instance this plan has failed; and they now secure information by send-ing agents instead. In further confirmation let me add that Colonel Carroll D. Wright, United States Commissioner of Labor, the highest authority on this subject in this country, and one of the first labor statisticians in the world, recently told me that he had entirely stopped sending blanks through the mails, as it was impossible to get accurate returns, but now sent agents. This is the testimony of an expert. The effi-cient manner in which he discharged his duties is attested by the fact that he has lately had the Census placed under his control. North Carolina appropriates $2,000; New York, $25,000; Massa-chusetts, in all, about $16,000; Minnesota, $13,500, and lUinois, Introduction. vii $10,500. None of the uppropriatious, I think, are under $7,000. If this State eannot afford to make the Bureau a real good— a positive benefit to the commonwealth—it would be better tliat it be abolished. It cannot be made a success on $2,000 per year. To abolish it, however, would certainly be, in the words of Colonel Wright, " a big step backward, and a great misfortune to the State" ; yet it had better be given up than to have hardly one-fourth accom-plished what might be done under a wise administration of that ofRce. But in this connection let me say I do not think any people have done better in answering the questions sent out from this Bureau than our people in North Carolina; yet while about thirty per cent, answer, we want one hundred per cent. Besides, is it likely that a man will answer who is not treating his fellow-man as he should? And further, is it a just and true statement of the wages and wants of the labor in the whole State that is summarized from the reports made in response to inquiries? Is it a safe calculation of the whole that can be made from those who are willing to have the light turned on? There has been, moreover, a decided improvement in the readiness to answer the blanks from the office, judging from previous reports. For example, I do not think ten per cent, of the cotton manufacturers ever answered before, while this year about forty-three per cent, have answered. It must not be forgotten that it has been a year of unusual finan-cial stringency, that many who had their capital invested in manu-factories and mills have felt that they could not make a fair show-ing, and, thoroughly disheartened, did not therefore wish to make reports ; that some have shut down, and others have done but half work, and have been compelled to reduce expenses. This may account in some measure for the failure to respond to the inquiries of the Bureau ; in their misfortune the State sutlers, and the intelligent sympathy of the State and wisely directed legislative aid might have been theirs, and should have been theirs, had they been willing to tell the story of their trials. But there are those who seem to think that it is not for the State to know the condi-tions and needs of those who are in their service, and utterly dis-regard the blanks, and the inquiries of the Bureau. Note.—The per cent, of manufacturers answering blanks sent out from this office should be thirty-nine instead of forty-three, as above stated. VIII Introductiox. The purpose of those inquiries, which represent a great deal of study and thought, and are not as radical and sweeping as those of the Bureaus of other States, is to gain accurate information, to the end that justice may be done both to the capitalist and the wage-earner, that the rights may be protected both of the laborer and his employer. Skill and toil and muscle and blood and humanity should be shielded and guarded by the law as truly as money and brains and property. The safety of the workingman is the safety and success of the capitalist. General Francis A. Walker, in his speech before the International Institute of Statisticians, congratulated America on the fact that the manufactories had met the Bureaus over half way. It may be so in the Northern States, but in North Carolina they have been the ones who liave given the Bureau the cold shoulder, and have treated the blanks with dignilied silence. In Connecticut the Com-missioner probed deeper and asked the most searching questions that were ever asked. The o})inion was abroad in the land, freely expressed and widely believed, that wages were not in proportion to the profits. The Commissioner presented the matter to the manufacturers. They laid their books open to him. Not a secret reposed in him was ever betrayed. But the effect of these efforts was that friction was allayed, confidence was restored, and there was almost a total stoppage of strikes. Not having any provision for traveling expenses, I have only been able to visit a few mills. I have been surprised and delighted at the happy, healthy and honest faces that the operatives wear. I was also gratified to find the mordle of the working force so high, and to know that some superintendents, while they were making money for their stockholders, were not negligent of the moral and intellectual as well as physical welfare of their people. Most of the mills work eleven and one half hours a day. The cotton and woolen operatives are not the class of labor who are worse oft' or who need the most sympathy. The people who are decidedly the most poorly paid are those engaged in farm labor, not-withstand'ng the extras received by them (such as house rent, wood, fruit, garden lots and yards for poultry and pigs), which are either for-gotten or made little of by the political demagogue. The worst of their Introduction. ix situation is that there can be for them no increase in wages, for the farm hiborer is getting all that it is possible to pay him at the present prices of crops, and is receiving no 'less than he did when cotton was selling at nine cents a pound. Let me here say the farmers have generally responded to all letters and inquiries very fully and readily. The chapter on organized labor will give a good many of our people a better insight into the reason why so many have banded themselves together into these societies. I know most of the writers, and can vouch for their being good citizens and sincere and true men, who "know whereof they speak," and would not say or write what they did not think to be true. If there is too prominent a part given to this subject, please remember that they are the only people who have met me more than half way. The \s.\f (chapter 113, Laws of 1887) requires the Commissioner to send each labor order one hundred copies. I have not only obtained the addresses of all I could hear of, but have secured a census of those who belong to these orders, and so the statistics given are not guess-work, but authentic and accurate numbers. There are in these orders in North Carolina 18,200, divided among the following organizations, viz.: Brotherhood of Locomotive Engi-neers, Order of Railway Conductors, Typographical Unions, Order of Railway Telegraphers, Machinists' Unions, Switchmen's Mutual Aid Association, Brotherhood of Locomotive Firemen and Farmers' Alliance. Under the head of each order will be found their strength, their object, and what they claim to have accomplished. In many cases I know from personal knowledge that these statements are cor-rect. The letters written by active, enthusiastic members are written, for the most part, by men whom I know personally, and I heartily vouch for their honesty and sincerity. The Brotherhood of Loco-motive Engineers report that of their membership one hundred per cent, can read and.write; so, too, report the Order of Railway Conductors, Order of Railway Telegraphers, and the Typographical Unions. There is an association entirely of the nature of an insur-ance society, known as the Raleigh & Gaston Railroad Relief Asso-ciation. It is composed of the employees of the road, though it does not require a member to resign if he severs his connection with Introduction. the road. It provides really a "burial fund." It numbers one hundred and forty-five, and at the death of any member each one pays one dollar and the society twenty-five dollars to the executor. It also pays a sick benefit of three dollars per week to any who are sick or disabled in any way. The initiation fee is one dollar, and the monthly dues twenty-five cents. These figures seem small, but the Association has done great good at a time of sore distress to many whose wages were small. For, besides the grief at the loss of a dear one, the question of how the funeral expenses are to be met will force itself on the mind, and add to the pain of the almost breaking heart. Few organizations have accomplished so much of real relief with such few numbers and limited resources. Let me here say that the great railroad corporations, so often called "soulless," are paying better wages than private enterprises, and that they also employ a good many men who are old, at light work and fair pay. The law also requires the Bureau to keep a correct list of the newspapers of the State and send a pamphlet copy of the report to each. I have tried to go a step further and find out other desira-ble information about the jDress, which will be found under that head. Among other things, I sought to ascertain the character, religious or political ; whether issued daily, weekly or monthly, the day issued, advertising rates and price of subscription, and other matters which I thought would be beneficial to the papers them-selves, as well as useful to the Bureau. It was the remark of a great historian that in writing the history of his country it was his purpose to chronicle impartially the story of prince and people ; but only the prince made history. This is the difficulty in our own times. The people, their needs and ser-vices, are unknown and unrecorded. Capital has its organs and can demand a hearing. Brain and toil, too, have their rights that should be proclaimed and protected. So the work of this Bureau is largely educational, to gather with diligence and painstaking care the facts relative to labor, the number, needs, wages and cir-cumstances of the great majority of our people and to enlighten the public as to these things. Thus the State may learn its Intuoductiox. XI resources, not of iield and forest and mine only, but of strong hearts- and willing hands and loyal, devoted sons of toil. In presenting the report laid before your Excellency I beg to add that as a laboring man myself I have striven with intelligent S3'mpathy to seek and further the interests of workingmen, and as a devoted son of North Carolina to seek the truest welfare of my native State. The more I have striven to learn the needs of the bone and sinew of the State the better have I known the true worth of the people. It should be, and it may be, one of the happy results of this Bureau that each may know others better, and the character of our citizen-ship as well as the glory of our history and the vastness and variety of our resources will be a matter of State pride and rejoicing. I have the honor to be, Very respectfully yours, B. R. LACY, Commissioner. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Raleigh, December 1, 1893. TO THE PUBLIC. The following extract from an article written for The Engineer-ing Magazine for November, 1893, entitled " The Value and Influ-ence of Labor Statistics," is most earnestly and heartily recom-mended to every person who is in any way interested in the labor problem. It is by Colonel C. I). Wright, United States Commis-sioner of Labor, he being by all odds the best informed man in the world on this subject. He was first Commissioner of Massachusetts, and has devoted twenty years of his life to this work, and, report says, at a decided sacrifice pecuniarily: THE VALUE AND INFLUENCE OF LABOR STATISTICS. BY CARROLL D. WRKiHT. Tliere are now in the United States, besides the National Department of Labor, thirty-two State Bureaus or departments devoted to the collection of statistics of labor by means of original investigations. Besides, the Federal Census Office, the . Bureaus of Statistics of the Federal Department of State and the Treasury Depart-ment, the State and Federal Departments of Agriculture, and various other offices may be considered as publishing labor statistics in part. But I speak here of the value and influence of those offices first mentioned,—those devoted specifically and technically to the investigation of social and industrial conditions and to the publication of distinctive labor statistics. These offices had their foundation in the establishment of the Massachusetts Bureau in 1869. Gradually other States created Bureaus of Statistics of Labor, and in 188-t the United States government added its own office to those already in existence. All the offices, together, have published nearly two hundred octavo volumes, covering a great variety of topics and the results of investigations relative to almost every condition and environ-ment of the workingman. The character of the work of the different offices varies in some degree, due to a considerable extent to the short tenure of the heads of the diff"erent Bureaus. Where the Governor of a State has allowed himself to ignore politics and insist upon scientific work, the Bureaus have achieved the greatest success; but as a rule a Governor feels that the office of the Chief of the Bureau of Statistics of Labor of his State must be filled by somebody from his party, without reference to the skill, the experience, or the integrity of the incumbent under the previous admin-istration. Yet I am glad to say, as the result of pretty careful study of the reports of all the officials who have done duty in this country during the past twenty-four To Till-: Pi;i5Lic'. XIII years, that no matter foi- what reason they were ai)pointe(], no matter how inex-perienced in tlie work of investigation and compilation and presentation of statis-tical matter, no matter from wliat party they came, and whether in sympathy with capital or with labor, and even if holding fairly radical socialistic views—the men have, almost without exception, at once comprehended the sacredness of the duty assigned them, and have served the public faithfully and honestly, being content to collect and publish facts without regard to their individual bias or their individual political sentiments. As soon as a man realizes that he is giving to the world a fact, he feels the necessity of accuracy, and that to distort the information collected would be to commit a crime worse than any ordinary lying, because it Avould mislead legislators and others and fix a falsehood in the history of the State. Many men, too, have come into the work of the statistical Bureaus feeling that they could use them as the means of propagandism in some way, and in a few cases this has been attempted, but almost always with failure, because Bureaus are looked to to furnish information relative to actual conditions sur-rounding industry. That what I have said is true is emphatically illustrated by other countries following the example of the American States. France, Belgium, some of the German States, England, New Zealand, and some of the Scandinavian countries have already established Bureaus or departments following in their duties very closely those assigned by law to the American Bureaus and departments. A dis-tinguished member of the House of Commons of England told me a few years ago that, whenever he wished to lay any facts relative to workingmen before his colleagues, he always had to carry into the House a copy of some American i-eport on the statistics of labor. In the Chamber of Deputies of France, in the German Reichstag, and in the legislative bodies of other countries the American labor reports have been freely used in the economic discussions of the past ten or fifteen years. Had the American offices been failures these things would not have occurred. It is true, of course, that the sentiment of the times is largely condu-cive to the successful operations of Bureaus of Statistics of Labor. The general attention paid to social and industrial conditions and all conditions affecting the environment of men has fitted the soil for statistical seed. The altruistic spirit of this age calls for accurate infoi-mation, that it may know how best to expend its efforts and not dissipate its energy. The question is constantly being asked : "What do social classes owe to each other?" and that any one class may not be deceived in the nature or magnitude of its debt it must turn to statistics to ascer-tain the true situation. The question is often asked, and by very intelligent ])eople: Of what good is a Bureau of Statistics of Labor? Does the woi-kingman secure any direct benefits from its existence? This question cannot be answered very specifically, any more than could one asking for the direct benefits of the public school. It would be a difficult process to show how a dollar more is made to enter the pockets of the working people through the existence of the public schools, or any other educa-tional institution, and yet all men will admit that the sum of benefits is largely increased by the existence of schools. Personally, I have always contended that the Bureau of Statistics of Labor, wherever it exists, is simply a part of the educa-tional niachinerv established bv the communitv through which it is enabled to XIV To THE Public know more of itself. "Know thyself" is an injunction wliich should be applied to communities as well as to individuals, and it is only through rigid, imijartial and fearless investigations that any connnunity can know itself in many directions. Notwithstanding this general view of the educational influence of the offices I am considering, very many instances of their specific influence can be cited. These instances, I must for purposes of convenience, draw largely from those which have come under my own observation or within my knowledge, for to enter upon a research of all the influences wliich have come in direct ways from the services of all the oflSces in existence in this country would take me too fnv afield. One of the first results that I remember, as being traceable to a published report, related to the tenement-house system of the city of Boston. In the second, third-, and fourth reports of the Massachusetts Bureau of Statistics of Labor there were many facts showing the condition of the tenement-houses in the city named. The public was fully apprised of the misery that existed in them, resulting from bad conditions, ill construction, and all that tended to make tenement-house life an evil. Public attention was aroused through these publications, better laws were framed and passed, and a public sentiment created which crystallized in a reform movement having for its purpose the improvement of tenement-houses in Boston. Some of the worst places were improved, and the impetus then given is still active, as is shown by the existence of societies in that city and tlieir influence in secur-ing from the Legislature two years ago an appropriation to enable the Bureau in that State to make a very exhaustive investigation covering every tenement of whatever grade in the city of Boston. The Bureaus everywhere, whenever conditions warranted it, have investigated the subject of child labor and shown to the public all the facts connected with such employment, the evils it entailed upon the community, and the methods which could be resorted to for its reduction, and everywhere, too, the results have been beneficial. If the Bureaus had never- accom2:)lished anything else than the marked reduction in the number of young children—those under ten years of age — who are employed in factories and workshops, they would have amply repaid the public for its expenditure in their equipment and support. The publication of information relative to the inspection of factories and work-shops in England and other countries, together with statistics showing the necessity for such inspection in this country, has led in several States to the establishment of boards of factory inspectors. These boards have committed to theni the execu-tion of all laws providing in any way for the benefit of those who have to work in any kind of productive establishments. These inspectors enforce the laws con-cerning the hours of labor, the employment of women and children, the guarding of machinery so that the operatives may be more free from accidents, and in all ways undertake the enforcement of all laws of the character specified. Through these efforts (and they were largely induced by the reports of labor statistics) child labor has decreased, accidents have been reduced in number and severity, the hours of labor have been shortened and recognized, and so all along that line of facts the influence of the reports of the offices we are considering has been enor-mous; the value of their statistics cannot be expressed by figures. The first ten-hour law in this country was passed by the Massachusetts Legisla-ture in 1874. The statistics published by the Bureau of that State helped the To THE Public. xv pa^-aoe of the law in a luarked degree, and they saved its repeal in later years. The manufacturers, tinding that they were brought under the ten-hour law so far as minors and women were concerned, felt that the manufacturers m surrounding States oucrht to be brought under like laws or else the law of Massachusetts should be repealed for thev claimed, as the claim was made in England years ago, that in workino- under a\en-hour law the manufacturers of Massachusetts were placed at a decided disadvantage relative to the manufacturers in the surrounding States; so the Leoislature directed the Bureau of Statistics of Labor to investigate the subject of the hours of labor in that State and in the other New England States. The result of the investigation showed that, working under a ten-hour system, the Massachusetts manufacturers paid more wages than those in the other States where eleven and twelve hours were the rule; that they produced more goods on any basis that could be named, whether individually or per machine; and that in 'every respect the Massachusetts operatives were under better conditions than those of the surrounding States. There has been no attempt since that report was published to repeal the ten-hour law of Massachusetts. On the other hand, other States have followed suit, until now that system prevails almost generally in the United States. . The Bureaus have been very influential in securing a modification ot the old common law rule relating to the liability of employers for accidents occurring to their employees. Under this rule a workman cannot recover damages for injuries received through the carelessness or negligence of a co-employee, although a stranger might recover damages for an injury following the same carelessness or negligence, as, for instance, under the old common law rule, a brakeman on a trahrrunning perhaps 500 miles could secure no damages from a railroad corpora-tion in consequence of injuries received through the carelessness or negligence of a switchman along any part of the line, although the brakeman knew nothing of the switchman, had no knowledge of his skill or capacity when he engaged with the company, and in no sense of the word, so far as reason is concerned, could be considered the co-emplovee of the switchman; yet, as that common law rule grew up before great industrial enterprises were established. Judges had projected it and had ruled that in such a case as that just mentioned the switchman and the brakeman were co-employees, and therefore the employer could not be held liable. The agitation for a legislative change in this common law rule in England resulted in the^'enactment of a law in 1880 changing or modifying the rule, and, in this countrv, the matter being taking up by Bureaus of Statistics of Labor, several Leoislatures have been convinced of the justice of a change, and have therefore matle it; the dire results which were predicted as sure to follow the change of the rule have not followed. In this direction the Bureaus have done a great seiwice, not only to the employees of railroads and corporations engaged in productive industry, but in securing the public against the employment of incompetent men. Another very emphatic influence which the Bureaus have exercised is in the abolishment or modification of what is known as the "truck-store" system, or, as it is more popularly known in some parts of the country, the "pluck-me" method of store trading. This system consists in the establishment of a store by the proprietors of a works for the supply of its employees. Formerly the prices charged at these stores were much Jiigher than those charged at other places, and XVI To THE Public. so the employee of a concern having a truck-store was ahnost compelled, and in many instances actually compelled, to purchase the necessaries of life for his family at an exorbitant price, whereby the employer made a second profit on the labor of the employee. In very many instances the workmen of such an estab-lishment never saw any money from one year's end to another. The pay for the goods purchased in the store was secured by the pay-rolls, and the debts and credits left no margin on pay day. Early in the existence of Bureaus of Statistics of Labor this system was attacked through the statistical method, and the result has been that in very many States laws have been passed making it a criminal offense, in some eases, to carry on such a system, and in other cases making it the duty of the proper officers to see to it that they are regulated. The evils of the truck-store system have not yet been entirely eradicated in this country, but the change during the last fifteen years has been great, and the value to the wage-receiver of the greatest importance. In this connection I might mention the influence wiiich the Bureaus have had in securing more frequent payments for the workinginan. Formerly the payments were monthly. Under this system the credit system grew also, because without ready money the wage-receiver must secure credit of his grocer, and the grocer, under such circumstances, looks out that the charges are sufficient to cover the delay in receiving his money or the losses which may come through his endeavors later on to collect the amount of his bill of the employer through the trustee or the garnishee system. Weekly payments have been shown by various Bureaus to be beneficial in eradicating some of the evils of the credit system. In some of the Western States there have grown up during the past few years some of the most rascally practices on the credulity of the workingman that have ever been known. They are robberies of the meanest sort, for they not only rob a man of his money, but in many instances of his manhood. The practice I refer to is that of a certain class of employmentroffices, located usually in the rear of some beer saloon, which advertise that a large number of men are wanted for labor in a certain city, but almost always at a distance. In a Western city one of these offices advertised for one thousand men to proceed immediately to Wash-ington, D. C, wiiere employment would be furnished at one dollar per day. Hun-dreds of men I'esponded to this advertisement. They were obliged to pay down three or four dollars, as the case might be or as the rascality of the manager might demand, and then the men were put off by various excuses for several days until they began to clamor for their contract. When they became too demonstrative the manager would pay back a part of the sum advanced, for the sake of integrity. Meantime, however, these hundreds of men, loafing about his beer saloon, had expended more or less money for beer, in addition to the fee paid for the supposed employment. In one city an advertisement appeared for a large number of men to be shij^ped to Iowa, while in Iowa an advertisement appeared for a large number of men to be shipped to the very place of the first call. The Bureaus in some of the States where such practices have been carried on have collected the information relative to these offices, and have exposed the swindle perpetrated upon the wage-receiver. Much good is being derived from these reports, and it is confidently expected that, in addition to the laws already passed, others of a more stringent nature will follow and the evil practice be eradicated. To THE Public. ^^'^'h These instances of the direct influence and vahie of Bureaus of Statistics of Lahor are sufficient, it seems to me, to prove beyond any question their right to exist their right to the sympathy and support of the public, and their right to ample equipment and means for carrying on their beneficent work. But they have another otfice to perform, which is one of the leading offices of statistics m everv direction and that is the correction of false impressions and the removal of apprehension, and two or three instances of*this kind may perhaps be of service. The statement is usuallv made by writers on the labor question from the capital-istic point of view that the prosperity of the savings banks of the country repre-sents absolutely the prosperity of the workingman; that the total amount of savin-s in such banks clearlv indicates the prosperity of labor. I am not disposed to questron this statement, so far as it applies as a principle, but I question the degree of accuracv contained in it, for the investigations of the Massachusetts Bureau have cleariv shown that only about one-half of the deposits in the savings banks of that State, in which the savings bank institution has flourished for many years, and prospered, too, belong to men and women engaged in manual labor or in the toil necessarv to the production of goods. Such a fact, properly brought out, sim-ply sets people's thoughts in the right direction, although it does not disprove the sentiment underlving the erroneous statements regarding the conditions involved- CHAPTER FACTORIES. This chapter is made u}) of the statistics gathered from facto-ries, both the emi)loyer and the employee, and from replies to inquiries made in Circular-letter No. 1. These inquiries were sent to factorymen in every part of tlie State, to both mill owner and laborer, without discrimination. The following is a copy of Circular No. 1, for factories. The questions will appear in heading of Table No. 1 : [drcaUtr-letter Xo. 1.] XoRTH Carolina Bl'reau of Labor Statistics, Raleigh, March 15, 1893. Dear Sir :—The statute establishing the Bureau of Labor Statistics (chapter llo, Laws of 1887) makes it the duty of the Commissioner of Labor Statistics to "collect statistics upon the subject of labor; its relations to capital; the hours of labor; the earnings of laboring men and women; their educational, moral and iinaneial condition, and the best means of promoting their mental, material, social and moral prosperity." These statistics are for the information of the people of the State generally, but especially to aid the General Assembly in correcting any evils that may exist to the injury of either capital or labor, and in ameliorating the condition of the working people, so far as these purposes can be attained by intelligent legislation. Owing to the small appropriation at the command of the Buieau the desired information must be largely obtained through correspondence with people of all callings in every part of the State. It is not the intention of the Bureau, however, to publish statistics relating to the business of individuals, but from the returns received to collate, tabulate and publish information of a general nature relating to the subjects included within the language of the act. The names of those furnishing information will in no instance be made public, neither will the facts obtained from them be used to the injury of any person or business. Will you kindly aid in this important work by answering the accomj^anying questions, and return them to the Bureau in the inclosed prepaid envelope at your earliest convenience? In return, the Commissioner will take pleasure in furnishing you at any time with such statistics in his possession as may be of service to you. Will be pleased to have any suggestions that may occur to you relative to the needs of the working people, and what, in your opinion, would benefit them; also state what you think would advance the work of this Bureau and increase its usefulness. North Carolina Labor Statistics. If you cannot answer the questions please hand them to some one who will, and you will greatly oblige, Yours respectfully, B. R. LACY, Coinmissio)ier. The following table will give, according to the most accurate reports we could obtain, the number of cotton and woolen mills heard from since the work of this report began. While from other sources w^e have been informed that there are 160 cotton and 15 woolen mills in North Carolina (we are not responsible for accu-racy), we were only successful in receiving replies from 39J per cent, of the cotton and 20 per cent, of the woolen mills, and of those there are in operation 234,491 spindles and 6,146 looms. This meagre information was obtained by continually mailing and re-mailing our blanks to them—employer and employee. The above shows the utter uselessness of attempting to do this work through the mails. North Carolina Labor Statistics. TABLE No. 1 — Showing Class of Goods Manu- CouNTiEs.—Class of Goods Manufactured. Alamance. Cotton 280 Cotton i 3600 Cotton Cotton Cotton Cotton Cotton AVoolen Alexander. Tobacco Ashe. Wagons Buncombe. Flour Mill Cigars Coal and Wood Machine Shop Woolen Mill Cotton Mill ; 84481 400 Broom Factory Sash Factory Burke. Tannery Lumber Cabarrus. Cotton Mill Cotton Mill I 10000 Cotton Gins, etc Caldwell. Cotton Mill Leather Carteret. Fish Oil and Guano Catawba. Cotton Mill Cotton Mill Wagon Factorv Saw Mill Flouring Mill Chatham. Wagon Chowan. Saw Mill Factories. FACTORED, SpINDLEW, Lt)OM!S, HoURS OF WoRK, ETC. OS ^ s O-r- '-* 't3 rc ;:^t3 a> 5 g i p g St' s \'^'$ 9\-^ ^\-^ S "« O (t 'S o ; O G c-^ IS P bt -^ ^ 'i? -3 i-"^ ^ S ! 5 S ; 'rl _ 3i S o :2i '12; c«s 1 c a \< <1 fl Oj ^ ' ^^ o Ok i ^-^ Av'kly yes w'kly yes w'kly yes Av'kly yes w'klj- yes w'kly yes w'kly yes w'kly ves same , ' 2 o _ deer' d 80 30 50 yes incr'd 40 15 25 yes incr'd 20 5 15 yes incr'd 40 15 25 yes decr'd251015yes 2 1 lyes incr'd 20 812 ves irood good good good good good good good good yes no good yes no good yes no good yes no good yes no good yes no good yes no good ves no ^or,:a- 'ji 7^ S o, g^ !^ -2 o cbTD *^ s ^ £ a:- > S cS =S G 2 .G i^- =4-1 c TT :^ X "'' ^ ' a"; cs -1^ -d o >o ' G cS O CO nj o ^ ^ cu i tf 2o^:= u , 5 a^:.2 S 0, " rt 03 ! C ftl O) no yes w'kly sup't lyes no yes w'kly prop' ryes no yes w'kly owner yes no yes often sup't yes no yes mthly ins co yes yes yes yes yes lyes iyes no yes no lyes no yes ms CO yes yes ves yes yes yes yes w'kly no same 12 8 4 yes good good yes no no yes lins co yes yes q'r'ly yes same yes good good j-es no no yes w'kly w'kly w^'kly w'klv w'kly s-m'th w'kly w'kly w'kly mthly yes yes j^es yes yes yes yes yes yes ves lyes yes good good j-es no no yes w'kly sup't lyes - yes igood - yes ,good - — - yes good same ------ yes good good same 13 2 11 yes good good same --yes good same no good yes no ves no —;yes L--iyes — yes no yes no yes i—;ves yes yes yes yes ves same | incr'd yes yes mthly yes iincr'dU-w'kly j'es same !--; w'kh' same '-- yes yes igood igood lyes no jno ,yes imthly ins co yes Igood good yes no |no lyes Imthly lins co ves ' ' — - -- '^--l-- w'kly yes [same |10 4 6yes good good yes no no lyes w'kly yes 'game !--,--;--yes j [ 1----! |---r---. mthly lyes I ;--'no ves decr'd 3 2 1 no good good 'yes no no 'yes yes yes w'kly owner yes w'kly jins co w'kly yes same :12i 5 7 j-es good good lyes no no yes w'kly tins co yes yes yes yes yes w'kly yes : w'kly yes jsame w'klv ves I 4: 4i--:yes 2 2l--yes yes yes w'kly yes Isame i--|----yes good ' ! i I ! '^ w'kly yes Isame -- L-i-.-lyes Igood 75 no J40 85 yes ;30 90 yes 45 30 35 30 30 40 lOOno 70|yes 65|yes 5o'yes 60 eoiyes 75lno 90 no no ! 90 no yes yes yes yes yes 95 60 45 North Carolina Labor Statistics. TABLE No. Counties.—Class of Goods Manufactured. ?H o 2^ 2? o V. CO c^- v.? G 'Z'^ ^ ^^ ."S 2^- aj ^ K^i 3 Qj O X .r:--C +j i) S CD y c to Si) r^-li ^ a; r^ •r' ''-' < " S-H ^_3 ^. os' t: o ci =3 03 r^ o btn-5 03 , S-'^ < o S b/j di o3 — -^. Cleveland. Cotton Mill 4025 Cotton Mill ' 884l_.. Cotton Mill I 4224 Cotton Mill i 3000 Craven. Machine Shop Guano Cumberland. WoodeuAvare j Cotton Mill ! 3056 62 Cotton Mill j 3200 88 Currituck. ' Saw Mill i j Mattress 1 -_-_' Davidson. Plug Tobacco Cotton Mill 3800 226 Davie. Roller Mills: Tobacco Tobacco Durham. Cotton Mill Cotton, Rope, Bag j 2000 20 Smoking Tobacco L . __^ Cotton : 5376 200 Edgecombe. Carriage Factory Knitting Mill-- Forsyth. Foundry Tobacco Wagon Factory Wood-work Tobacco Sash Factory ' Pipes and Earthenware- Saw MiU Flour Mill Franklin. Cotton Yarns : 650 Gaston. Cotton Yarns 2000 Cotton Yarns ! 2000 290i 2481 282' 300 313 120 355 306i 312! 12 no 12 no 11 no 12 yes 10 yes 10 no 10 yes 12 ho lUno 10 yes 10 ---- no bad no bad no bad yes good lyes good no yes good no bad no bad yes $1 00;$ 75$ 301 90! 70! 30! 90 70 30 1 50' 50 30 ] 90 1 OOi 65$ 40 60 40 65 40 1:^ =? <D' Qj ' 03 03 a -i-^ c-all all all 65 40! all all all 1 40. 1 25 1 25 1 00 60 70 283 11 no 11?, no no bad no 150! 6400 250 300 250 313 300 yes- 10 yes 12 yes 10 no 11 yes 10 no 10 yes 10 ----- 10 ---- no no yes 'good 1 00 1 25 1 50 75 701- 70! 75i 1 50 80 25 65 50 40 no yes no bad no bad no bad 1 301 60 25 1 25: 50! 25 1 35! 1 20' 25 1 25 60 25 75! 40 all all all 1 25 1 1 251 75i 50!- 300 292 240 305 365, 300 310 10 yes 11 yes 10 no 10 ---- 10 yes n yes 10 yes 10 yes Hi yes yes yes no yes good yes no yes good yes good 275 11 no 300i 300! 11 no 12 ves no bad bad ves 1 75 2 00 1 75 1 50 1 00 1 50 1 50 90 1 00 1 00 60 33 80 75 75 75 75; 75[ 75!--- 75i--- 40i--- 40 65l 60----J 50 30' 70' 50 70 40 all all all all -I all all all all all all all all all all all all all all fi 33 J The report of the Rocky Mount Mills was received after the above was in print. I visited these mills person-in the United States, and I am sorr\' I conld not get this report in, though it would not have viaterially changed Factokiks. 1—CoNTixrED. ! c3 5 h* k! I'll cs ^-^^ I - >-' S,l is nithly yes same :20 mthlyiyes 'Same j 3 w'kly yes same Il5 w'kly 'yes same !-- mtlily yes incr'd mthly !no isame w'kly yes same mthly yes same daily 'j-es same w'kly yes same ves ^- 3 2 2 14 6 T3 O 10 yes good good 1 ves good good 8|yes [good --[good good good yes (good good yes 'good --'good good -- yes jgood igood 8!ves 'good Igood i" _j good poor w'kly yes same w'kly yes same w'kly yes same w'klv i same O H/ O i^ "ii. <s 03 ?- > 03 -rs Cl; Oj K^ hfl cy a ^ n a .2'-2 o £>c a ri T^ ^ a = a ^ ^ ? ^ -^ g so -^.v-;=—;::-,;- -I-. a cij 0; c; . ^ . « s a T3 5 s: rt 5 ^ 0^ C3 -1^ 73 0^ b a ^ a)_a> <. t-H ^ a " '^ 0-- 0^ a .a a .a & M •'^ 03 Oi ^p. 5 P.S^ S -< -^ !^ 03 a « a a "^^ h5 H yes no no yes daily owner yes yes yes yes jno no yes mthly yes no no yes mthly owner yes yes yes yes Ino no j'es mthly owner yes yes yes yes jno no yes q'r'ly citj' yes yes yes 1 no yes daily e'g'nr yes yes !no no yes no <mc yes ;no no yes daily co yes iyes yes yes :no no yes mthly owner yes no yes yes yes no no i no - no no 85 yes 40 40 40 yes 45 60'-— 145 Wyes 60 90 yes 60 75 >'me45 90 s' me 60 50 no 60* - - - yes 60 - _ no 60 no yes ---yes yes yes yes no no no yes yes no yes yes yes dail.y yes |incr'd,12 4 8 yes good fair w'kiyiyes { J15i 5 lOiyes j Av'kly 3'es same |-- iyes fair fair w'kly yes same 1 5' 3' 2!yes 'good igood bi-wk "no incr'd 7; 5] 2!yes 'good good iyes lyes not no yes yes no yes yes yes yes daily prop' ryes yes yes I 8; 5i 3|yes 'good fair s! 4 4!yes good good 11! 2! 9]yes good good I 8i 51 3!yes Igood good yes lyes no yes daily co yes yes yes j no yes daily co yes yes yes yes jno no yes daily sup't yes yes yes yes ino no yes Idaily |co yes yes ! 75 no 60 90 no 40 75 yes 60 90 no 60 90 no 60 75 no 30 40 no 30 90 yes 60 90 ves 30' w'kly I same | L- --good good yes -- w'kiyiyes same I 6 2| 4|yes good |good !yes jno w'kly yes bi-wk yes bi-wk yes w'kly yes bi-wk yes bi-wk yes bi-wk yes w'kly yes w'kly "yes i w'kly yes incr'd -- --L-i |good [good yes no same , 8: 3; 5iyes good Igood lyes no same [----I 'good Igood lyes ino same |--|--l good igood [yes [no [decr'd] 1| li--yes good [good |yes ino good igood j [ - - - good [good yes I - incr'd-- good fair yes no w'kly yes same bi-wk ives decr'd 2 i I (S 2 4 --yes w'kly owner yes yes yes 90 no 60 -jes w'kly owner j'es yes yes 90 no 30 no yes w'kly prop'ryes yes yes 80 yes 60 no yes daily prop'ryes yes yes 50 yes 60 no yes daily owner yes yes yes 75 yes 60 no yes q'r'ly owner yes yes yes 100 yes 60 no yes often [owner yes iyes yes \ 80 yes 60 — yes often lowner yes lyes yes 50yes 60 — yes often owner yes yes yes 75 yes 60 — yes often owner yes yes yes 60 yes 60 — yes often owner yes yes yes 35 yes CO yes good good [yes no no no ves ves ves 100 ves 80 yes [good good iyes no no yes s-anly ins co yes no 75|no 45 50 no 45 ally, and they have no superior in the State. Without a doubt, Mr. Ruffin is one of the best cotton mill managers what I have already written with reeard to mills. B. R L. 13' 5: 8!no fair ifair Ij'es iyes ---yes q'r'ly owner yes yes yes North Carolina Labor Statistics. TABLE No. Counties—Class of < Joods; ~^ Manufactm-ed. 2800 6200 Gaston. Cotton 1 2500i Cotton Yarns 2880l Spinning Mill Cotton Yarns Cotton Yarns Cotton Yarns ! 12000i Cotton 1 2080i Cotton __.; 5000! Guilford. I Sash and Doors ! Shoes and Leather )/ Furniture Carding- and Spinning Weaving Cotton i 4000 Cotton - ! 1 Tiles and Fire-brick \ /Nursery ^Chairs Ice Factory Flour Mills Halifax. Knitting Mill Knitting Mill Haywood. Telegraph Pine Telegraph Pine . Henderson. Canned (roods Hertford. Saw Mill Iredell. Cotton Cotton Jackson. Kaolin Kaolin Lincoln. Cotton Cannery Lenoir. Hosiery : Martin. " Furniture 100 90 1152 4320 v/ 112 84 8? CO P ^ Xi O V. P !S5 03 ^ O 1^ '.-o^ -^ O OS O- ' >-^ i, t-s o O is ' ^ : OS 03 OS ? OS C <1 a; =- o a^ OS ^- q; -is 33 a; a.' c 5 15 cS — n ^,s ^T3 OS +i !-, a; OS '^ S ^ 305; 11 ino ,no bad $1 00 1 $ 40;|) 75$ 50 313! 12 yes 306 12 ves 300 11 no 305 12 no 310 12 no 300 1 1 1 no 280: 12 no yes yes no no no no no bad 1 25 1 25 1 50 75 - 7o 120' 300: 300; 10 yes lyes good 10 I yes I yes good yes ^ 3111 3201 260| 313 200 10 lyes 12 I yes llJlyes 12 iyes 11 ; -- 10 iyes 12 ---- 12 ives- 10 iyes 10 lyes 200 10 yes : 10 yes 200 10 lyes lO iyes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes ves 12 Ino no ! 1 00 200 1 11 iyes 290: 11 60| 10 Ives 250 10 301 280 12 |---- 10 yes 10 jyes 10 ves yes no no no yes no yes bad 1 50 1 OO! 65 1 00^ 60 1 00 55 1 00 80 75 75 75 75 1 00 2 25 2 00 1 16 75 75 90 2 50 1 62 50 65 65 1 00 90 75 2 00 1 50 30 35 35 30 20 "lo 25 50 30 70 50 50 1 80 75: 50! 40 i 50: 40' 75 75 1 go: 45: 75! all all all 40! all 50 all .--jail .--[all ^ all all all all ---[all ---all 40' all - all ---iall --- all .-- all 75:--- 45| 75 1 75 75 -Iall .-[all I -Iall -all 30 50 30--- 40 all --- 50 50 50 65 50 50 1 40 60 35 80 --- 75 65 all all all all 75 all all 25 1—COXTINCED. Factokies. •J. St \ o Have wages been increas-ed or decreased during the past two years? Child'n enq)rd under 14. Number boys employed. Number girls employed. Is employment regular? Sanitary condition of factory. Sanitary condition of em-ployees' houses. Are necessary conven-iences provided ? Are improvements needed? Accidents during year. Is property inspected? How often is property inspected? By whom is property inspected ? a: , , >h .5 2 .2 ^ < > 2 >>o 53 61 S ^ .si s a « m go m 1— 1 GS O) "^ a> g bi-wk yes bi-wk lyes Av'kly yes w'kly yes w'kly yes s-m'th yes w'kly yes w'kly yes bi-wk jves mthlv ves decr'd 8 10 10 110 same ' 1 '2 4 4 yes good 7 3 yes good 6 4 no good 6j 4yes good 7! Fi VPS oTicir\ fair yes |no -no yes good yes good yes 110 no 'yes good jyes ino luo yes good VPS VPS 'no VPS q'r'ly w'kly sup't daily ov'rs'r yes yes no yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes no no yes yes yes yes 80 75 100 50 90 90 50 100 90 100 75 90 90 90 yes yes no no s'ine yes no yes yes yes yes yes yes yes 30 45 35 30 45 same same same same same same same same same same uicr'd 7j 2 5 yes good 201 18| 8 yes good i ves crood good good good fair yes yes no yes yes ino no yes yes no mo ves 45 30 45 fair good good good good good good good good yes iyes Ino i 1 yes 60 80 bi-wk ves fair fair trOOd yco - -, 60 w'kly yes wk'lv ves -- - yes no no yes VPS nn no vph w'kly owner 45 45 w'kly yes w'kly yes w'kly yes w'klv yes 20i 8 l\ 1 12:yes 2;yes good yes no no lyes good yes no ino yes fair yes no no lyes good ves nn \r\ri Ives q'r'ly owner 30 incr'd - ~- bi-wk ves i good good yes yes ---yes ; bi-wk yes ves same same same decr'd same 35 2U 20 8 15 yes 12 yes good good good good good good D-nnd fair yes no no yes yes 100 60 bi-wk w'kly yes w'klv ves fair ves nn nn vpa yes yes yes 100 no 60 ' w'kly yes mthly no mthlv ves 1 fair fair good good bad ----- --- — yes yes yes yes no yes no 50 50 75 90 no 60 60 ,3 1 2 ves yes 45 mthly iyes w'kly yes 4i 2! 2 ves Lannd 1 good bi-wk yes yes yes ves same same same same 16 9 7 VPS yes yes yes yes 90 yes 45 w'klv . . , ^ good good yes ves no no no no no 60 w'kly bi-wk -- -- --yes -- ves yes no daily yes yes yes yes yes 90 100 yes no 45 60 10 North Carolina Labor Statistics. TABLE No. Counties.—Class of Goods ^ Manufactured. ^ c-« oo u r/3 ;? — X' O ?. j:: 03 W I?-- o >< T1 « •r— ' ^ '^c- C K^ o 02 >. -g g I pi Oi ^ .h O r- ^ s-s ^ a> c ;:^ Sti o so 03 ?r: ^ ;5 03 "2, 'CD r Mecklenburg. Wood-working Cotton Mill 420 Sjioke and Handle Furniture Cotton Yarns (3448 Cotton Yarns .3500 Cotton Yarns 7920 / Cotton Mill 100 Oil Mill Pants ^ Machine Shop Cotton Mill 5000-- MONTGOMERY. Tannery Moore. Sash and Blind Carriage Factory New Hanover. Machine Shop Ironworks Rice Mill .. Pasquotank. Saw Mill . ._ Carriage Factory i__ Cotton ' 900L-Shingle Mill Barrel Factory Randolph. Cotton 1800 -- Shirting and Yarns 1800 Cotton Mill 42401-- Cotton Mill 3936 -- Bags and Warps 2200 Cotton 11,500 Richmond. Cotton Mill 2000 Cotton Mill 4512 Cotton Mill ,5900 300 Rockingham. Wagon Factory Smoking Tobacco Cotton 6000" 300 Tobacco - Woolen Goods 1 000 35 ^- 10 290i lU -.- 10 -- 10 300 10 280 12 304 12 ---. 11 .--- 12 ,300: 10 300 10 150---- yes no no yes yes yes yes yes yes yes 'yes no no no no no- no yes |no yes ----i$l 40 275 no 10 yes yes 10 ves ves 200 10 no 313 10 no 12 no 110 no yes .300 10 yes yes 300 10 yes no 300 10 yes yes 200 10 yes ---- 310 11 no no 290 11 J no no bad 310 lU----no .bad 310 lljyes iyes good 40 350 130 300 12 yes ves 288 lUyes yes 300 12 no no .300 12 yes yes 300 11 yes yes 300 11 yes lyes 10 yes }^es 300 11 no no 280 10 yes no 2,30 10 ves no 278 11 ho no good 1 10 1 25 1 75 65 90 2 00 1 25 1 75 1 75 Si S 1 10 1 50 1 25 2 75 2 50 1 33 1 25 1 50 1 15 1 50 1 93 75 90 1 00 1 00 85 80i 95 >T3 o 9< 0.' fl til O) : |a o3 — > CO 40 50 60 60 60 1 50 60 40 o3 ^ CO [^ OQ g 90; 75 75 75 55 50 80 85 1 00 1 00 75 75 75 75 75 1 00 1 00 1 00 25 75 1 00 751 75! 75 75 75 65 50 75 50 40 all all all all all all all all all all all all 25 75 all all all all all all all all all all all all all all all all all all all all all all all \\CTOKIES. 11 1—CoXTINTED. S I o ^ S 53 - .5 S § "-S S -S & H. £ ^" cci ,.^ - « = = =^ K CxD K o ^ ^ ^' 'i rj <i 1^ ! -< , ^ ffi W K ^ < ?:: ^ H ^ .^ -o K^ -^^ n-, u &i <l 1— 1 w'kly yes yes good yes no no — .- . , bi-wk yes same -__-[— yes good fair yes jno no ! —| — w'kly yes same yes good fair yes jno ino ' ' w'kly no decr'd yes good good yes no no — w'kly yes same 8 6; 2yes good good 1 ,__.yes daily owneryes yes 60----4o w'kly yes same 8 2 6 yes good good yes 'no no yes w'kly ins co yes yes yes 75ino 45 w'kly yes same 2 1; lyes good good j-es no no yes q'r'ly prop'ryes yes 100' 40 mthly yes isame 20;10il0yes :good good yes no no yes w'kly may' r yes yes yes 75'yes 45 w'kly yes same --yes good fair yes no no yes w'kly yes yes yes lOOyes 45 w'kly -- - same :--yes good yes ;no ino ; , w'kly yes same --_-j--iyes good { 1 ! ! '' 1 — bi-wk'- 14 (5 8 yes good fair yes | L__yes mthly no no yes lOOyes 45 yes same yes good fair yes w'kly yes same yes good fair yes 1— yes incr'd yes good good yes no no w'kly yes incr'd yes bad good yes '— w'kly yes incr'd yes good good yes no no yes incr'd yes w'kly yes incr'd yes good good yes no no w'kly yes incr'di-- --:-- yes good good yes no no w'kly yes incr'd 4: 2' 2yes good good yes no no yes q'r'ly ownerlyes yes 75no 45 w'kly yes incr'd yes good good j j w'kly yes yes good < yes same 4 2 2 yes good good yes no no yes owneryes no yes lOOyes 35 mthly yes same 7 3 4yes good good yes ino no w'kly yes same 10 6 4 yes good good yes ino no yes s-anly ins co yes no yes lOOj'es 40 w'kly yes same 10 5 5yes good good yes yes q'r'lj^ insco yes no yes 90no 45 Av'kly yes same 9^ 7 2 yes good good yes no no yes q'r'ly insco yes no yes lOOyes 40 w'kly yes same yes good good yes no no yes q'r'ly insco yes yes no lOOyes 45 mthly yes jsame 7 4 3yes good fair yes Ino ino yes often no no no lOOno 45 mthly yes same 1110 lyes good fair yes no no yes often yes yes yes lOOyes 45 mthly yes same yes good fair yes no no yes often no' no no lOOno 60 s-m'thyes incr'd-- —:—jyes good yes no no 1 '"-', 1 — w'kly yes same 8--1 8yes good good yes no no 1 ! — bi-wk yes same 60 30 30 yes good good yes no no yes daily owner no no yes 75 no 45 bi-wk yes same 30 20 10 yes good fair yes no no yes mthly insco'— 90 yes 45 bi-wk yes same good good yes no no yes yes yes yes lOOyes 45 12 North Cakolina Labor Statistics. TABLE No. Counties.—Class of goods Manufactured. r o 3 -IJ o 03 f ' <D o c , ^ O i Q, o O >) I O C3 03 C^- O >< RowAX. Foundry Tobacco '- — Rutherford. Rim Works-. Stanly. Flues : Stokes. Tobacco ! Tobacco Tobacco yaw Mill i Surry. Tobacco , Tobacco -..-. j Leaf Tobacco -.-—-—, Cotton Mill ; 1200 Wake. Tin and Sheet Iron 1 Publishers ' -- Cotton Mills 4700 168 14 313 312 275 300 130 180 150 100 240 200 136 275 300 Cotton Mills 2500 Hosiery Mills 6000 Foundry Sash Factory : yCar Company i /Cabinet Factory i Harness Candv 1 Union. " Cotton Mills i Cotton I 5000 Wayne. Brick ,-- Tobacco i Tannery ! 1251 230 300 313 300 300 300 309 300 10 yes 10 yes 9 10 yes no no yes no 13 yes 14 ves 11 ho 10 yes IH yes yes no no 10 yes 10 yes yes * yes yes yes yes yes 210! 300l ]0 jyes 10 lyes 10 no 12 jyes 12 jyes 10 jyes 12 no 10 lyes wood yes yes ;good no yes yes no no yes yes yes no yes no yes yes yes yes no yes yes yes yes bad CO >. > Hi 03 >> bET3 rood o3 G >^ O n 50 1 50 1 00 1 00 1 00 75! 70 50 1 00 1 00 1 00 1 35 2 25 2 00 50 25 50 50 1 00 50 60^ 1 00 50' 2,51- 50 I 75 60 75 5t) 50 60 50 30 o J 03 rj 03.-. > QE be I be 03 1 03 vh o>-. :t(-i ' 02 . 1^ <^ 03. 03 > CO — .- I-. 01 --Jail 40| all ...jail .-'all all all 25 00 00 75 50 50 75 50 75 75 50 75 50 50] 501 25 25 30l all 40i all 40 all all all all all all all all all all all all all all all all all 35 40 with the meagre returns it is impossible to be very accurate, but as near as can be approximated, there are between A( TORIES. 13 1 CoXTIXlEl). O r- '»' ;r ' ^ a; ° a; c ^; ^ aT ir -£ ' Q 1 ;x .:=:i & I o ,2 i hi c3 J:^ o ;z; ^ o ^ O tJ ! <^ y P ^'s-w'kly yes same -- bi-wk yes same \25 i w'kly yes same L- 13 a) > -, a^ 1 G ^ — igood good )'es no no 12;yes igood good yes Ino no yes --yes good poor yes Ino mo daily yes same I yes good good |yes mthly no deer' d 13 8 o'yes good good yes l)i-wk yes |Same ;27 15;12yes good Igood yes yes |Same :40[20|20yes good good yes mthly !yes jsame i-_!__]__yes i l)i-wk yes same 14i 8 6 yes good bad j w'kly yes same 5U 2030 yes good good bi-wk yes same ' 4j 2! 2,yes igood fair lyes w'kly yes same i--i--i--yes igood fair ;yes w'kly w'kly w'kly w'kly w'kly w'klv w'kly yes |decr'd|-- --,-- yes --- 'same |------yes no no no no yes no yes no —'ves '— yes yes w'kly same yes same yes same yes same yes same yes same yes same --!--|--yes yes same i-.-i--i .-yes no same yes -lyes igood good yes |no |no yes -yes Igood good yes no no yes -iyes jgood igood yes no no 3'es --.yes --iyes --|yes good good yes no good i i o ft ffi O m ^H =S w OJ ^ 0^ G t! 0) Qj 1) T^ i-i ^ ' '^ a • ^ o ^' S ^ I 03 u3 cc ,— : a; - c ;= ,^ I >-> O a^ S — q; ftj-' '_s aj -:; C r " .::: a) ; a; .5 -G '< yes lOOyes 60 daily yes yes no 75 no 60 yes yes yes 100 no 60 i yes no no lOOno 30 ann'ly yes ins CO yes yes i 100 no 60 yes yes lyes lOOyes 60 ann'lyiinsco yes yes yes 75 no 60 mthly ow'ers yes often ow'ers yes w'kly jow'ersyes yes yes 75 yes 45 yes yes lOUyes |40 yes yes lOOiyes !45 w'kly yes 'same 13 8 5 yes good good yes yes same 1641 5yes good Igood yes w'kly yes same --'--u-'yes i bi-wk same i30l20ll0!yes [good mthly ves sanie ;yes 'good good lyes Ino 'no yes no no yes q'r'ly insco yes 3-es 3'es no ino yes I i yes lyes yes 50 ves 45 90 yes 45 ---; yes ! :---- lOOno 30 yes (daily ! yes iyes :yes lOOyes 16O ves lyes ves 160 eight and nine th'ousand operatives in the one hundred and sixty cotton and fifteen woolen mills. 14 North Carolina Labor Statistics. AVERAGE LIST — Showing the Average Workings of the Factories ix North * Tobacco, Furniture, etc., COUNTIES. CD <V 'O fi a o Oh o crt W t-1 =4-1 =M Oh o o O .- 220701364 !- ^ ^ , f- 5r-i5 ; fi lz ! ^ 03 C^. ^f* o i; ^j r, O CD >, rn IS c^. ca^ lC X5 cS 1,'^ rC rJ::'« O 03 a <D J^ Jji ~i ^ ^ '*-* !^ 275 200 300 300 313 3000il339'300 4000---- 300 86581 405 3000 12113 62561 150 3800 226 Alamance- -- Alexander -- Ashe Buncombe -- Burke Cabarrus - - - Caldwell---- Carteret Catawba Chatham .-. Chowan Cleveland - - - Craven Cumberland Currituck - - - Davidson --. Davie Durham Edgecombe - Forsyth Franklin 650j Gaston I 366601 190 Guilford i 5380! 196 Halifax 1 Haywood j Henderson ! Hertford Iredell Jackson Lincoln Lenoir Martin Mecklenburg- Montgomery - Moore New Hanover' 15376 240 1152 275 250 280 300 .306 283 150 275 313 290 275 305 300 200 200 11 yesyes 12 no no 11 no no 10 ivesno 10 I yes yes 11 no no 11 lyesj 10 'yesi 10 iyesiyes 10 lyesjyes 10 lyesjyes 12 no no no yes no yes no no ves good bad bad 10 ves 11 10 ves 11 no 11 yes 10 ves 10 10 yes good :good jbad ibad i', °= < II 00 1 00 1 50 1 ^5 75 1. 25 80 no no ves 43201 22868 --i200j --290| --i250! --301 --1280 no 520 Pasquotank - Randolph Richmond -- Rockingham Rowan Rutherford - Stanly Stokes Surry Union Wake 900 15476 12412 7000 .300 275 303 300 300 444i290; 430:313 335 275 312 275 300 150 1200 14'250 5000 J275 13200 2931310 11 no 12 no 10 lyes 10 yesl"--- 10 yes' yes 12 no no 11 vesves 11 ho " 10 yes 11 yes 10 yes no 10 yes yes 11 no no no i 10 yes! yes 10 :no no 10 yes no II2 no no 11 yeSjyes 11 no ino 10 yes]---. 9 yes yes 10 no no 11 yes yes 11 no no 11 iyesjyes 10 lyeslyes bad igood I bad |bad good Ibad ibad igood igood O oi o cc >> 03 , ^ s % 75 ll 30 o '^ 5 *- O c an Qj 03? 03 — t^ A -S <D I c3 C i «-^ .S'^ s Qj cc .0 -Q I «t-i I cc O 1 00 85 80 45 35 28! 50 1 25 1 50 70 70 I 25 25! 65: 43! 95: 90! 60 60 65 50 60 bad 85; 50-- 75! 75 75! 30i 60 35 60 60 65 75! 651 75i 75 80 40 70 85 50 75 50 30 50 75 80' bad good good good bad 1 25 90 00 50 00 00 00 00 25 50 40j 65 60 50! 35 all all 25 all all all all all all all all all all all all all 50 all all all 50 all all all all all 50 all all all all all 751 all --! 25 -. all -.1^11 all all all all all all all all all all all 65 40 --;w'kly --jw'klv 75; 1- --iw'kly --Iw'kly --Iw'kly --Iw'kly - mthly -- w'kly -- w'klv --iw'kly --Iw'kly --'mthly -- w'klv w'klV w'kly w'klv -- w'klv --w'kly -- bi-wk - - daily -- w'kly --bi-wk --bi-wk -- w'klv --'w'klV 50 mthly --imthly --Iw'kly -- w'klv' -w'kly -- bi-wk --iw'kly 75 -- w'kly -- w.'kly --w'kly --mthly --mthly --jbi-wk --|W'kly -_ w'kly --daily --Imthly -- w'kly --Iw'kly -iw'kly 03^ 03 '' O yes same no Isame yes{ yesIsame yeslsame yesisame yeSj yes! [yesjsame yesi yesjsame yesisame yes same yes same yesisame yesiincr'd yesisame yessame yessame yessame yes yes deer' d lyes'incr'd yes! lyesisame yessame no decr'd yesisame yes[ - yesjsame yesisame ves'same yes yes yes yes I yes same same same same same yes,same yessame yes incr'd yesjSame yesjsame yeS|Same yesjsame yeSjSame yessame yesJsame Factories. 15 Oakolixa, Both Cotton, Woolex and Miscellaxeou^ Factories, such as According to Counties. 7 3 4 no 16 9 7 yes yes O °f' 0) 9'" r- 85 yes 40 oOlyes .30 ---lyes 60 100 yes 45 75 yes 60 100 yes 45 90 ----50 90 60 95 no 60 50 yes 60 --60 60 yes 45 90no 60 75!s'me45 --lyes 60 80lno !45 so! no 60 85!no i45 85'no 45 90ves 60 lOOiyes '60 80ho 35 75ino 45 lOO'yes 60 no 60 --,60 no 60 yes I-- --iio 60 90|yes J45 41 231 18 ves 18i 14! 4 ves 50! 48:ves 25j 13, 12,yes ---I—1—ives 68; 28 64 1 26 100 no !60 "" no 45 yes 90 yes 60 yes 45 75 1no 45 90yes |40 75,no 45 90'yes '45 90no 60 100 no 160 75 no 60 90 no i45 90 no -45 95 yes 50 95 yes 50 16 North C*arolina Labor Statistics. The following letter was written to the Commissioner in answer to our inquiry relative to the school facilities in the neighborhood of the factories, and with permission of the writer we publish the same : W. I. Everett, Pres't and Treas. Great Falls Manufacturing Company, MANUFACTURERS OF Rockingham A-Extra 4-4 Sheeting. Rockingham, N. C, January 1, 1894. Mr. B. R. Lacy, Cominlssioner, Raleigh, N. C. Dear Sir :—The Great Falls Manufacturing Co. employ a teacher for the benefit of the children of the operatives, and all the children of a school age under twelve years are required to attend this school. However, we have a public school about six months each year, during which time our school is suspended, and the above-mentioned children can and do attend this i^ublic school. Both the Pee Dee Manufacturing Co', and the Roberdel Manufacturing Co. employ a teacher and keep the schools open for nearly twelve months in the year for the benefit of the children of their operatives. In no instance is any part of the expenses of these schools taxed on the opera-tives. While on this line I desire to state that the managers of these mills look closely after the morals of all their employees, and not only those of the mill, but the families of those in the mills. Should the least suspicion attach to any person in any way connected with these mills, they are immediately dismissed. The high standard of morality obtained by this policy is certainly surpassed by the opera-tives of no other industrial enterprise. Yours very truly, W. I. Everett, Fres. Great Falls Mfg. Co. CHAPTER AGRICULTURAL STATISTICS, ETC. The following ijs made from agricultural statistics, wages of farm laborers, etc., as gathered from replies of farmers to Circular No. 2. I trust that a careful study of the following table, statements and letters of this chapter will be made, not only by our farmers, but by all classes of our business men, that they may see the condition of agriculture in our State, as far as it was possible to get through correspondence. The following is a copy of Circular-letter No. 2, for farmers. (Questions and replies will appear in Table No. 2 : [Circular-letter No. 2.1 North Carolina Bureau of Labor Statistics, Raleigh, March 15, 1893. Dear Sir :—The statute estabhshing the Bureau of Labor Statistics (chapter 113, Laws of 1887) makes it the duty of the Commissioner of Labor Statistics to "collect statistics upon the subject of labor; its relations to capital; the hours of labor; the earnings of laboring men and women; their educational, moral and financial condition, and the best means of promoting their mental, material, social and moral prosperity." These statistics are for the information of the people of the State generally, but especially to aid the General Assembly in correcting any evils that may exist to the injury of either capital or labor, and in ameliorating the condition of the working people, so far as these purjioses can be attained by intelligent legislation. Owing to the small appropriation at the command of the Bui-eau the desired information must be largely obtained through correspondence with peoi^le of all callings in every part of the State. It is not the intention of the Bureau, however, to publish statistics relating to the business of individuals, but from the returns received to collate, tabulate and publish information of a general nature relating to the subjects included within the language of the act. The names of those furnishing information will in no instance be made public, neither will the facts obtained from them be used to the injury of any person or business. Will you kindly aid in this important work by answering the accompanying questions, and return them to the Bureau in the inclosed prepaid envelope at your earliest convenience ? In i-eturn, the Commissioner will take pleasure in furnishing you at any time with such statistics in his possession as may be of service to you. 2 18 NoETH Carolixa Labor Statistics. In answering all questions please bear in mind that not alone sliould your indi-vidual experience be considered, but that of your neighbors as well. Also bear in mind that while wage-workers in other branches of industry are generally paid wages only, farm laborers are usually given many advantages and privileges in addition to their actual wages, and questions 1, 2 and 3 are for the purpose of ascertaining the value of those advantages and privileges in order to arrive as near as possible at the actual expenses of farming. Please give*any other information bearing upon the questions contained in this blank that may occur to you; and also state how, in your opinion, the needs of the farmers might be remedied by the General Assembly; also what you think would increase the usefulness of this Bureau. If yon cannot answer the questions please hand them to some one who will, and you will greatly oblige. Yours respectfully, B. R. LACY, Commissioner. Agricultural Statistics, et(,\ 19 TABLE No. 2. AGRICULTURAL STATISTICS, WAGES OF FARM LABORERS, ETC. 20 North Carolina Labor Statistics. TABLE No. 2 — Agricultural Statis- COUNTIES. Alamance. Alexander. Alleghany. Ashe. Bertie. Bladen. Brunswick. t3 O IB Si CD § O >• 1 (1) ^ w f q=i m -u T, O cS g ^ C incr'd.no incr'd no no yes yes yes no yes yes no no yes yes yes yes yes no yes no yes yes no yes no yes no no no yes no no no yes no no no yes no no yes yes no yes yes yes no yes no no no p -, c g jH •l-H 'O c3 G c^. O CO a; c3 a ii > •s.S ID P 6JD s > I a. WAGES OP FARM LABORERS ?i'^-i ;^' o) Cti ^ tH cS O IB '^4-1 OJ (D " Or^ IS > d l-t= t. OJ r6° ?» smaller smaller smaller smaller smaller smaller smaller smaller smaller smaller smaller smaller smaller larger smaller smaller smaller smaller smaller smaller smaller smaller larger larger smaller larger smaller smaller. smaller smaller smaller smaller larger smaller larger smaller larger yes partly yes yes little same no ves yes yes yes yes yes no no no yes yes yes no yes yes gen ly yes yes yes partly yes yes ves yes - yes yes yes yes yes ves yes yes no yes yes yes yes yes yes ves yes yes yes yes partly ves yes yes yes yes yes ves no no no no yes yes ves ves ves yes yes ves no no partly! some decr'd$1.5 00 no board $. no no no yes ves incr'd incr'd incr'd incr'd idecr'd 6 00 to 7 00 to 8 00 8 00 13 00 10 00 10 00 yes 'decr'd 10 00 no same 8 00 yes incr'd 8 00 to ves incr'd 10 00 yes (Same some 'same some isame ?, 00 to 5 00 4 00 G 50 o 00 10 00 yes Idecr'd yes isame yes same yes incr'd ves incr'd 50 00 10 00 10 00 8 00 to 10 00 5 00 4 00 4 00 no no yes no yes yes no yes yes yes yes yes yes no yes yes yes yes no incr'd incr'd decr'd Isame I incr'd incr'd same decr'd Idecr'd jincr'd idecr'd decr'd incr'd same decr'd |decr'd jincr'd iincr'd incr'd incr'd 10 00 to 12 50 6 50 8 00 to 10 00 I ?> 00 to 5 00 8 00 to 18 00 10 00 7 00 to 10 00 I 3 00 to 6 00 8 00 to 10 00 I 6 00 to 8 00 '. 2 00 to 4 00 8 00 to 12 50 ; 3 00 to 6 00 7 00 to 10 00 ' 3 00 to 3 50 8 00 5 00 6 00 to 8 00 to 8 00 to 10 00 to 13 00 12 00 10 00 8 00 to 8 00 to 00 00 8 00 10 00 13 00 13 00 10 00 10 00 4 00 to 1 00 to 5 00 to 7 50 6 00 3 00 7 00 4 00 5 00 12 00 to 15 00 13 00 10 00 to 13 00 12 .50 to 15 00 I 00 to 8 00 6 00 to 10 00 9 00 8 00 Agricultural Statistics, etc. 21 TICS, Wages of Farm Laborers, etc. PER MOXTII. cc f- (D O O O ^ rO 03 ci '"^ a g u^^ «(>q a 0) '~^ =4-1 <K %. o . c3 o- 3 2 r-> 0«M c3=« O ffi ^ 03 03 *^a Og O ,— ^ > U CO .i-l c^- r« ^ ci O 03 bf o .S nrl s-< o n^ i-i $ j rations varies fruit, garden, etc. rations $2 00 to 5 00 house, wood, etc. 3 00 6 50 2 50 4 00 2 00 to 4 00 rations 4 00 house rations house rations I 3 00 rations i house fuel, horses, etc. scarce rations 5 00 to 7 00 house rations 4 00 house rations 6 00 house rations 3 00 house 4 00 to 4 00 1 00 to 9 00 5 00 rations ' 8 00 house rations 5 00 to 8 00 house rations | house rations i 4 00 to 6 00 house rations ! 4 00 to B 00 house rations 4 00 to 6 00 house rations I 5 00 house rations ! 7 00 I house 1 00 to 3 00 2 50 to 3 00 rations | 3 00 rations '\ 3 50 rations 5 00 rations i 5 00 to house house house 6 00 house rations house rations 4 00 house j rations ! house 1 rations i house 1 00 to 3 00 ! rations | - house house house house house house house house house house 2 00 to 3 oo' rations rations 3 00 4 50 2 00 rations rations 2 00 to 3 00 3 00 2 00 to 6 00 4 00 5 00 3 00 2 00 to 3 00 to rations 2 50 to 3 00 scarce sufficient garden, etc. scarce wood, etc. plenty garden, etc. scarce yes yes ' yes yes yes yes yes sli'tly no garden, etc.! common sli'tly yes garden, etc. abundant no no garden, etc. scarce no yes garden, etc. scarce yes yes garden, etc. abundant yes ; yes garden, etc. scarce yes yes garden, etc. yes yes garden, etc. abundant yes yes garden, etc. abundant no no garden, etc. sufficient yes garden, etc. abundant yes yes garden, etc. scarce no no garden, etc. sufficient --. garden, etc. abundant no no garden, etc. abundant yes yes garden, etc. sufficient no yes garden, etc. abundant yes yes no no no yes no no yes no no yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes ! yes no yes no I yes no no yes yes no yes yes yes yes yes no yes no 1 no no i yes no I no slowly yes garden, etc. garden, etc. garden, etc. garden, etc. garden, etc. garden, etc. garden, etc. garden, etc. garden, etc. garden, etc. abundant sufficient abundant abundant scarce abundant abundant scarce abundant abundant abundant yes ' yes no no yes : yes sli'tly yes sli'tly no yes yes no yes no yes yes no no no no no yes some yes yes yes yes ves garden, etc. abundant sli'tly yes garden, etc. sufficient yes yes garden, etc. scarce garden, etc. sufficient yes yes no no no I no no ' no no sli'tly j yes no j no no I yes no yes ! no yes yes I yes no yes 22 North Carolina Labor Statistics. TABLE No. ncJ o- , fl (D I'sl Sh " T3 •n t3 QJ wAGES OF FARM LABORERS oads incre£ ased value ' last five ve: 03 s^. 1 O 03 ^^ 1=1 ^ ility of lani led? lers improv of living? ing increas ased in last COUNTIES. value of ve years to have 1 er farms' [ Have raili or decre; land in ] Decline in in last fi Tendency or smalL 1— 1 Is the fert maintai] Cost of liv or decre vears ? Men. j s g O Brunswick. ' 1 _ _ _. . iS no yes yes smaller yes yes smaller vps yes yes yes yes yes no same no decr'd 8 00 i_ no decr'd 8 00 yes no 1 larger yes yes decr'd 15 00 7 50 Burke. 1 i yes no smaller slight yes - little same 8 00 _ yes no 1 smaller yes yes yes incr'd 9 00 "5'o6"""" Cabarrus. yes smaller no no no incr'd 7 00 to S 00 3 00 to 5 00 yes yes 1 same yes yes some decr'd 10 00 to 12 00 5 00 to 7 00 yes smaller yes yes yes decr'd 8 00 to 10 00 5 00 to 8 00 yes t larger yes some decr'd 7 on tn 10 00 - Caldwell. yes no smaller yes yes some incr'd 8 00 to 10 00 6 00 yes no smaller yes yes yes incr'd 8 00 to 12 00 5 00 to 6 00 yes yes same yes no incr'd 1 8 00 to 10 00 4 00 to 6 00 yes no smaller yes partly yes incr'd 8 00 to 10 00 3 00 to 4 00 yes no smaller yes partly -yes incr'd' 12 50 5 00 yes no 1 smaller ; yes yes yes incr'd' 10 00 4 00 yes yes smaller yes no yes 1 8 00 to 10 00 6 00 to J2 00 no smaller 1 12 00 to 15 00 8 00 Carteret. 1 yes , smaller no yes no incr'd 8 00 to 15 00 5 00 to 8 00 yes yes smaller no yes no incr'd, 10 00 3 00 to 5 00 sin a 1 1 pr some yes yes 15 00 to 18 00 Caswell. OIJ.KI'IIVJI. yes yes : smaller yes yes no deer' d 5 00 to 10 00 3 00 to 6 00 no yes smaller yes yes yes decr'd 9 00 to 10 00 4 Goto 6 00 Catawba. yes yes smaller yes yes yes decr'd 10 00 to 10 00 8 00 no yes smaller no no no incr'd 8 00 5 00 yes yes smaller yes yes yes 9 00 7 00 Chatham. yes smaller yes yes yes decr'd 6 00 2 00 yes yes 1 smaller no yes yes deer' d 10 00 7 00 no yes [ smaller no no no decr'd 8 00 to 15 00 5 00 Cherokee. yes no smaller yes yes little incr'd 10 00 5 00 to 8 00 yes yes smaller some no little decr'd 10 00 to 12 00 - yes no larger yes yes yes incr'd 10 00 to 12 00 - yes no no no no incr'd 10 00 no smaller yes yes i yes incr'd 10 00 ' '5"00"" J Agricultural Statistics, etc. 23 2 — Continued. PER MONTH. XJ Q 3 00 4 GO 3 Goto 5 GO 5 Goto 3 Goto 3 Goto 2 Goto 3 GO to 3 GO 5 GO 7 GO 3 GO > CD ffi O . > r3 o c3t3 c o 03 02 C 5<:S ! ^ "CO ."T3 h^ _« fl piH rations $3 00 rations 3 00 3 GO to 4 GO 2 GO to 5 00 2 GO to .6 GO 3 GO rations \ rations rations rations GO rations rations rations rations rations rations rations rations rations rations 5 GO 8 00 3 GO 3 GO 4 GO 5 GO 4 GO 5 00 to G 00 to 5 GO 6 Goto 4 GO 3 GO to 6 GO 8 GO I rations 3 GO 5 GO I rations 3 GO house house house house house house house liouse house house house house 7 GO house 8 GO house house 7 GO house house liouse liouse house i house I house 00 6 GO 5 00 4 GO rations house rations 3 GO to 5 GO ; house rations 7 GO jhouse rations 6 GO to 7 GO 'house rations house rations house rations 7 00 to 10 GO jhouse rations 4 GO , house 4 GO to 8 GO rations 8 00 to 10 GO house rations 5 GO to 6 GO house rations 8 GO house rations ; house 3 GO to 6 GO ' rations ' 3 GO house gai'den garden garden garden garden garden garden garden garden garden garden garden garden garden garden garden garden garden garden garden garden garden garden garden garden garden garden garden garden garden garden garden garden garden garden etc. sutHcient no etc. scarce ves no no no (D O etc. suflicient ves ves no yes etc. abundant ves no no yes etc. abundant no no no ves etc. abundant no no no ves etc. sufficient no yes no yes etc. abundant yes ves no yes etc. scarce yes yes no yes etc. abundant no no no yes etc. abundant ves yes 1 some yes etc. abundant ves ves no ves etc. scarce no no yes etc. suthcient ves ;ves ves ves etc. sufficient li^.tle little ves ves etc. sufficient ves no no yes etc. scarce ves ves no yes etc. sufficient ves yes yes yes etc. scarce ves no yes ves etc. sufficient ves yes yes yes etc. scarce ves yes ves etc. scarce little no no no etc.^ sufficient little no no i yes etc' scarce yes some yes yes yes ves etc. scarce yes yes yes yes etc. i scarce yes no no yes etc., scarce yes yes no yes etc. abundant yes - no . yes etc. sufficient yes yes yes \ yes etc. scarce no no no ' yes etc.' 3'es yes , yes [ yes etc.! sufficient yes yes ! yes | yes etc. abundant yes yes yes ; yes etc. abundant no no no : yes etc. abundant ves ves no ves 24 North Carolina Labor Statistics. TABLE No. S a; ? 'C 1 TS T3 WAGES OF FARM LABORERS _S ^ J2 > ^ CD -1^ ^^^ t .S > P Ci 03 05 O 03 OS O £ -2 >. > ? <B CO o ^ CD (D O COUNTIES. J2 oj^ O 02 >'3 11 ^ 5^ s^ i=l P 1° Ao3 "^ s O S g 3 S o Chowan. 1 little yes smaller little no no decr'dl 8 00 to 10 00 $ 3 00 to 5 00 Clay. yes no no smaller smaller yes yes yes yes yes yes incr'd same 10 00 10 00 to 15 GO 5 00 to 8 00 Cleveland. smaller yes yes yes same 7 00 6 00 I'/^ln fv-il^n c! no yes 1 smaller yes yes yes decr'd 6 00 to 10 00 3 00 to 5 00 VyOlLllIllDUh-. j yes no larger yes yes some deer' d S 00 to 10 00 3 00 to 4 00 yes yes smaller yes yes yes decr'd 10 00 6 00 yes same yes yes yes decr'd 8 00 to 12 00 4 00 to 6 00 Cumberland. yes ino smaller little no no deer' d 8 00 to 10 00 5 00 to 6 00 Currituck. no no smaller yes yes yes decr'd 10 00 to 12 00 4 00 to 6 00 no yes yes same no no yes yes decr'd 10 00 to 14 00 no smaller yes no decr'd 10 00 to 15 00 6 00 to 10 00 smaller no yes yes deer' d 10 00 to 12 00 6 00 to 8 00 Davidson. ^ yes no smaller yes yes some decr'd "7 00 to 9 00 3 00 to ' 5 00 yes no larger yes yes yes incr'd 5 00 to 10 00 3 00 to 6 00 yes yes smaller yes yes yes incr'd 8 00 to 10 00 5 00 to 7 00 yes smaller ves yes yes some incr'd 7 50 to 9 00 yes yes deer' d 6 00 to 10 00 Davie. no smaller yes yes some incr'd 8 00 6 00 Jve\_so yes smaller yes yes no incr'd 6 50 to 7 00 smaller yes yes decr'd 8 00 to 11 00 no smaller no no yes incr'd 8 00 ""5"00""" no no smaller yes yes yes incr'd 7 00 to 8 00 5 00 no larger no yes no yes no deer' d 7 00 to 10 00 yes smaller no decr'd 6 50 to 8 00 yes yes smaller yes yes some incr'd 7 00 4 00 to * 5 00 yes no smaller yes no yes no yes decr'd 8 00 no smaller no decr'd 8 00 to 12 00 yes yes larger no no some incr'd 6 00 to 8 00 smaller yes no no incr'd 7 00 to 10 00 3 00 to "e oo" yes yes smaller yes yes yes decr'd 8 00 to 12 00 4 00 no yes smaller yes no no same 8 00 to 10 00 4 00 to 5 00 no yes smaller yes yes sli'tly same 6 00 to 10 00 3 00 to 5 00 no smaller yes yes yes decr'd 10 00 2 00 smaller some no no incr'd 8 00 Duplin. yes smaller yes yes yes decr'd 10 00 to 13 00 6 50 Agricultural Statistics, etc. 25 2 — Continued. PER MONTH. > oo an T3 "^ • 3D ^^ a .r-I C5 T-j O O c^- ,„_, hn 03 '3 > 3 o 2 A -^ 2 50 to 2 00 to 5 GO 3 00 2 00 rations i$ house, gai'den, etc scarce rations ' 8 00 2 00 to 4 00 rations I 7 00 rations rations 3 00 4 00 to 1 00 to 4 00 rations ; rations I 3 00 rations ' 3 00 rations ' 3 75 house, garden, etc. sutficient yes yes j no house, garden, etc. abundant no house, garden, etc. abundant some ' no 7 00 house, garden, etc. abundant yes I abundant yes house, garden, etc. abundant no house, garden, etc. scarce yes house, garden, etc. abundant yes 2 00 to 5 00 rations 5 00 i house, garden, etc. scarce yes rations 3 75 to 4 00 ihouse, garden, etc. scarce yes 3 00 to 6 00 rations 2 50 to 3 00 house, garden, etc. scarce yes 4 00 to . 5 00 rations 3 00 to 5 00 house, garden, etc. scarce yes 00 00 3 50 to 6 50 rations 5 00 to 7 00 house, garden, etc. rations : 6 00 to 8 00 liouse, garden, etc. rations house, garden, etc. rations i 5 00 house, garden, etc. rations | 6 00 liouse, garden, etc. 2 00 to 4 00 00 to 4 00 rations rations rations rations rations rations rations rations rations rations rations rations rations rations rations rations rations 6 50 4 00 to 5 00 I 5 00 10 00 2 60 to 90 rations 6 00 5 00 5 00 5 00 5 00 4 00 3 50 hou.se, 4 50 house, house, house, !liouse, liouse, house, house, house, house, house, house, house, house, house, house, house. garden, etc garden, etc. garden, etc. garden, etc. garden, etc. garden, etc. garden, etc. garden, etc. garden, etc. garden, etc. garden, etc. garden, etc. garden, etc. garden, etc garden, etc. garden, etc. garden, etc. scarce abundant scarce abundant scarce abundant scarce abundant scarce scarce scarce scarce scarce abundant scarce abundant scarce abundant scarce suthcient sufficient scarce yes yes yes some yes some no yes yes no yes no yes yes no no no yes yes some yes some house, garden, etc. aljundant yes yes no yes yes no no yes yes yes no yes yes no yes no no yes no no yes ves yes ves yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes some no yes yes no yes ves yes yes ves no yes ves ves yes * little little yes yes no yes no no yes no no ves ves no yes no no yes ves no yes ves some yes some no no no no yes no no yes yes yes yes yes no yes no no yes ves no yes no no yes no no yes 26 North Carolina Labor Statistics. TABLE No. ;reased | ue of i'ears? t3 t3 03 03 m WAGES OF FARM LABORERS COUNTIES. ilroads inc reased val 1 last five ' O ^ Si ^ > y to have 1 Her farms' ments on 1 e years ? O >-^ SI s;> CD O cS ^.S *'"' 4_i O 03 <D > S -2 J- TS '—^ ri 0^. 0,' -^ ,o3 O go >. S 2 o ffi Q H i h5 03 1— t ffi g ^ Duplin. 1 yes yes smaller no no yes decr'd $ 8 00 1 3 00 to 3 50 no yes same yes yes no incr'd 8 00 3 00 to 4 00 no yes smaller no no no decr'd 8 00 5 00 yes smaller yes no yes incr'd 8 00 to 10 00 6 00 yes smaller no yes no same 10 00 4 00 to 6 00 yes same yes yes no same 7 00 to 12 00 4 00 smaller no yes ves no incr'd • 8 00 yes yes smaller yes yes some decr'd 7 50 to 10 00 no yes smaller some yes same 8 00 to 10 00 4 00 to "5' 00 no smaller no no no incr'd 8 00 to 10 00 6 00 to 7 50 yes yes smaller yes yes yes decr'd 10 00 4 00 to 6 00 no no smaller yes yes yes decr'd 7 00 to 10 00 6 00 yes yes smaller yes yes yes decr'd 8 00 5 00 no yes smaller 1 no yes no decr'd 6 00 to 10 00 3 00 to 4 00 yes smaller i no partly yes no incr'd 6 00 to 8 00 no smaller ! little yes same 10 00 4 00 to "5' 00' no yes smaller yes no no incr'd 8 00 3 00 yes yes larger no yes yes same 7 00 4 00 to" 5 00 yes smaller yes no yee incr'd 8 00 to 10 00 4 00 to 6 00 yes smaller yes no yes decr'd 8 00 to 16 00 10 00 10 00 Durham. yes yes smaller little no no decr'd 5 00 to 10 00 2 00 to 5 00 no yes smaller yes yes yes incr'd 6 00 to 8 00' 4 00 yefe yes smaller little no yes decr'd 8 00 5 00 yes yes smaller , some yes yes decr'd 8 00 to 10 00 4 00 to 5 00 yes smaller yes yes yes same 6 00 to 8 00 2 00 to 4 00 no yes smaller yes yes yes incr'd 6 00 to 7 00^ 2 00 to 3 00 no yes smaller no yes no same 6 00 to 8 00 : 3 00 to 5 00 yes yes smaller no yes no decr'd 8 00 4 00 no yes smaller yes yes yes decr'd 8 00 4 00 smaller no yes some decr'd Edgecombe. Forsyth. no yes smaller no no no incr'd 8 00 to 10 00 4 00 to 6 00 yes yes smaller yes yes yes incr'd 9 00 6 00 yes no smaller yes yes yes decr'd 6 00 to 10 00 3 00 to 7 00 yes smaller yes yes yes incr'd 8 00 , 4 00 Franklin. ! yes yes smaller no yes some incr'd 5 00 to 10 00 ' 2 00 to 10 00 yes yes smaller no no decr'd 7 00 to 8 00 3 00 to 5 00 yes yes smaller yes yes no decr'd 6 00 to 8 00 3 00 to 4 00 yes yes smaller j yes yes yes decr'd 6 00 to 9 00 4 00 . yes yes smaller yes yes yes decr'd 7 00 4 00 Agricultural Statistics, etc. 27 2 — Continued. PER MONTH. o 3 "^ be a* ^ 5 •r ^ bJLi tu 3 o . > cj CO a r-i C^. cS 3 ^^•=' $ 2 00 to .3 00 3 00 to 7 00 1 00 to 2 00 3 00 3 00 to 5 00 3 00 to 6 00 2 60 3 00 3 00 2 00 1 00 to 5 00 5 00 to 10 00 1 00 to 1 50 to 3 00 2 00 to 1 00 to 00 00 00 00 rations ratipns rations rations rations rations rations rations rations rations rations rations rations rations rations rations rations rations rations rations rations rations rations rations rations rations rations rations rations rations rations 12 00 to 2 30 5 00 4 00 3 00 to 4 00 3 00 3 50 to 3 25 3 30 4 00 to 3 50 5 44 5 00 3 00 3 50 4 00 4 00 to 00 lliouse, jhouse, jhouse, ihouse, 00 house, house, house, 00 house, house, house, iiouse, I house, jhouse, Ihouse, house, house, house, 00 -house, house, liouse, house, 5 00 4 00 to 3 00 to 3 50 3 50 to 2 00 to 2 00 3 50 3 00 4 00 3 00 to 00 house, 00 house, house, 50 house, 00 house, house, house, house, house, 5 00 house, 2 00 to 5 00 t rations i 3 00 garden, etc.| garden, etc. garden, etc.] garden, etc.j garden, etc. garden, etc. garden, etc. garden, etc. garden, etc. garden, etc. garden, etc. garden, etc.^ garden, etc. garden, etc. garden, etc. garden, etc. garden, etc. garden, etc. garden, etc. garden, etc. garden, etc. garden, etc. garden, etc. garden, etc. garden, etc. garden, etc. garden, etc. garden, etc. garden, etc. garden, etc. garden, etc. ample scarce ample scarce abundant ample scarce scarce ample scarce abundant ample abundant abundant scarce ample abundant abundant abundant ample scarce yes yes no yes yes yes slowly yes yes yes yes yes no yes no some some yes little yes i yes o S t— 1 yes no no no no no yes no ves no some no yes no ves no yes no some no no ves no yes no some no no no some no some no yes yes nd ves no . some no yes no 9 t. 5 1o yes yes yes yes yes no yes yes yes yes yes yes some yes yes yes yes scarce no ves scarce abundant yes yes yes no no no yes yes scarce ves ves no yes scarce abundant abundant abundant yes some no no yes no no no no no no yes yes yes ves scarce abundant no no no no no no yes ves house, garden, etc. ample yes yes no yes 5 00 3 00 to 2 00 1 00 to 2 00 to 2 00 to 1 00 rations 7 00 rations rations 5 00 rations 3 00 ! rations i rations 5 00 ! rations 1 rations 7 00 house, garden, etc.! scarce i yes yes 4 00 to 5 00 house, garden, etc. I scarce I yes no 5 00 house, garden, etc.' scarce ; ves yes i jhouse, garden, etc. ample yes no 3 00 to 5 00 ihouse, garden, etc. abundant; yes yes 3 00 Ihouse, garden, etc.; ample ' yes no 4 00 ihouse, garden, etc. ample ' yes ----house, garden, etc. abundant yes yes no yes no yes yes yes no yes no yes no yes no yes no ves 28 North Carolina Labor Statistics. TABLE No. Gates. ads increased sed value of st five years? alue of land e years? have larger • farms? .a CO 'J ty of land d? rs nnproved f living? ig increased ed in last five WAGES OF FARM LABORERS COUNTIES. ailro crea ni la in \ tfiv CO >» o > a, o s ^ livii reas s- sj^ ^ i - £ >-^ « ti ^fH ^ ^^T- s Jsljl.H '-1 CO I'i )St o ord veai S g o ffi |fi H ^ ffi o (^ ^ Franklin. ' no ves same no no incr'd % 6 00 % 3 00 yes yes smaller yes ves ves Idecr'd 8 00 to 10 00 4 00 to 6 00 no lyes smaller no yes no incr'd 6 00 to 7 00 3 00 no yes smaller no yes little decr'd 5 00 to 8 00 3 00 to r; 00 yes :yes smaller no yes yes same 8 00 4 00 yes lyes smaller yes yes yes decr'd 6 00 to 10 00 4 00 yes jyes yes yes smaller smaller yes yes yes yes yes yes same decr'd 8 00 8 00 B 00 yes yes smaller ves ves ves decr'd 6 00 to 9 00 4 50 no yes smaller yes yes yes incr'd 8 00 4 00 yes yes smaller yes no yes decr'd 8 00 to 10 00 2 50 to 4 00 no no smaller yes yes ves decr'd 6 00 to 8 00 4 00 yes ,yes smaller yes no yes no yes decr'd 7 50 no yes smaller no decr'd 8 00 5 00 yes no smaller yes yes yes same 6 00 to 9 00 5 00 ves larger no no yes decr'd 7 00 3 50 to 4 00 smaller yes yes no decr'd 7 00 5 00 no no no yes yes-decr'd 8 00 8 00 Gaston. no no no yes yes no yes no no Granville. yes iyes : smaller yes no yes yes smaller yes yes some yes same yes no yes yes larger yes yes yes jyes smaller no I no yes yes larger little j no ves ves 1 no iyes j smaller yes | yes lyes I smaller yes ; yes [yes smaller no \ same jyes smaller ' no yes yes yes ! yes no smaller yes | yes ;yes yes , yes no smaller yes yes lyes smaller yes yes tyes • .- -, yes yes yes I yes yes yes no no smaller yes i yes yes smaller yes no ives smaller no ; no yes yes no no yes no no yes yes no yes yes yes yes yes yes yes no no incr'd incr'd incr'd incr'd incr'd decr'd decr'd deer' d deer' d incr'd decr'd decr'd incr'd incr'd same incr'd deer' d incr'd 8 Oil 9 00 7 00 to 8 00 to 8 00 to 8 00 to 8 00 to 9 00 9 00 12 00 10 00 10 00 10 Oi) 6 00 4 00 to 5 00 5 00 to 6 00 6 00 to 8 00 5 00 no no yes incr'd yes decr'd ves incr'd 6 00 to 8 00 to 10 00 8 00 to 8 00 to 8 00 to 8 00 to 8 00 to 8 00 to 8 00 to 8 00 to 8 00 to 8 00 to . 6 00 j 2 00 to 3 00 10 00 , 2 00 to 5 00 10 00 5 00 4 00 to 5 00 10 00 ! 12 00 6 00 to 7 00 10 00 4 00 to 6 00 10 00 10 00 I 3 00 to 5 00 11 00 2 50 to 4 00 10 00 10 00 10 00 10 00 4 00 3 00 to 3 00 to 6 00 4 00 Agkicultukal Statistics, etc. 29 2 — Continued. PER MONTH. o o3 c^- o =8 c3=^ 2 00 to 2 50 1 00 to 5 00 4 00 2 00 to 4 00 2 oO to 2 00 to 50 to 9.T 3 00 3 00 1 00 2 00 to 2 50 to 2 00 to 4 00 to 5 00 to 3 00 to 1 00 to 2 00 to 3 00 to 1 00 to 2 00 to 2 00 to 1 00 to 3 00 to 3 00 2 00 to 1 00 to 5 00 5 00 3 00 2 00 4 00 4 50 3 00 6 00 6 00 4 00 3 00 6 00 7 00 3 00 3 00 4 00 2 50 5 00 rations rations rations rations rations rations rations rations rations rations rations rations rations rations rations rations rations rations rations $3 00 to 00 00 50 00 00 00 00 65 00 50 70 95 00 4 00 house house liouse house jhouse jhouse house liouse house house liouse house house house house house house jhouse house rations \ 5 00 house rations : 5 00 house rations 4 00 to 5 00 house rations (i 00 to 8 00 house rations 4 00 house rations ' 5 00 house rations house rations 4 00 house rations 5 00 house rations house rations 4 00 house rations 3 00 to 4 00 house rations 6 00 to 7 00 house rations i house rations 1 5 00 to 6 00 house rations I 3 00 to 4 00 house rations 3 00 to 4 00 house rations 5 00 house rations ihouse rations 6 00 to 00 house 5 00 j rations 2 50 house 2 00 I rations 3 00 to 4 00 house garden garden garden garden garden garden garden gai'den garden garden garden garden garden garden garden garden garden garden garden garden garden garden garden garden garden garden garden garden garden garden garden garden garden garden garden garden garden garden garden garden garden etc. etc. etc. etc. etc. etc. etc. etc. etc. etc. etc. etc. etc. etc. etc. etc. etc. etc. etc. abundant: yes abundant' yes abundant yes scarce no ample yes ample yes scarce yes abundant yes abundant yes scarce yes scarce yes abundant yes plentiful no abundant yes ample no scarce yes scarce no ample yes abundant etc. etc. etc. etc. etc. etc. etc. etc. etc. etc. etc etc. no yes no some yes ves little yes yes no yes yes no yes yes yes no yes no yes no yes no no yes yes no no no no no no no yes yes ample yes abundant yes abundant scarce yes abundant yes ample yes ample scarce ample scarce ample scarce yes no no no some no yes yes yes ves yes yes yes no yes yes yes ves no no yes no no no no no etc. abundant yes etc. scarce yes etc. ample j^es yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes etc. abundant some some no yes etc. scarce yes yes yes etc. abundant yes no etc. abundant yes yes little etc. scarce slowly no j no etc. scarce yes yes | no etc scarce • no ves ' no yes no yes no yes no ves ves yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes ves 30 North Carolina Labor Statistics. TABLE No. COUNTIES. 03 O at <b « C3 CD -- CD O f-i > CD c3 P 03 oi 13 ^3 w Graham. Greene. Guilford. Halifax. Harnett. Haywood. Henderson. no yes no yes no iyes jVes lyes lyes jno no 'yes yes no no yes no yes no yes no no no no no yes no yes lyes no lyes iyes no yes no yes yes yes no yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes O in ^ "1— I ns C c3 Co CO i2 ^ rl O) q; P^. P o; (B !> ><« a d O ^^^CD y £* 52 Vh Ct3 ,03 O a CD " > G w CD <S C IB > CD S o ^ no same j no smaller j yes larger yes smaller no same smaller smaller smaller smaller smaller -no yes yes yes yes no no yes yes no no no no no yes no no yes yes yes yes little i yes no same yes yes smaller j yes smaller i yes smaller yes smaller smaller smaller no yes smaller ! yes smaller ' no smaller no smaller j no smaller | no :yes ; smaller i yes no I smaller yes lyes smaller yes yes smaller j no yes smaller ! yes no smaller j yes no smaller no ! smaller yes larger yes smaller no smaller iyes smaller no ' same no smaller yes yes yes yes little yes yes yes yes no yes yea no yes yes no no no no yes yes yes no no yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes no yes yes yes yes yes no yes yes yes no no no no yes incr'd incr'd decr'd decr'd decr'd same decr'd decr'd same decr'd decr'd WAGES OF FARM LABORERS no yes yes yes yes no yes yes yes yes yes incr'd i decr'd decr'd incr'd decr'd incr'd Idecr'd decr'd decr'd incr'd decr'd decr'd decr'd decr'd decr'd incr'd incr'd incr'd incr'd incr'd incr'd incr'd decr'd incr'd decr'd decr'd $10 00 8 00 to 10 00 to 10 00 8 00 to 8 00 to 6 00 to 6 00 to 8 00 13 00 to 8 00 to 10 00 12 00 10 00 10 00 10 00 10 00 14 00 10 00 $ 6 00 4 00 to 6 00 to 5 00 to 4 00 to 5 00 to 00 00 to 00 00 to 00 to 10 00 8 00 to 8 00 9 00 8 00 to 8 00 9 50 10 00 10 50 4 00 4 00 to 00 00 to 6 50 12 00 10 00 8 00 to 7 00 to 8 00 6 00 8 00 to 10 00 7 80 to 8 00 to 8 00 6 00 to 6 00 to 7 00 to 8 00 to 10 00 8 00 10 00 10 00 10 00 10 00 6 00 to 15 00 12 00 10 00 10 00 to 13 00 10 00 15 00 to 18 00 8 00 to 10 00 2 50 5 00 7 00 6 00 2 00 to 3 00 to 4 00 to 4 00 to 4 00 4 00 to 5 00 00 6 00 8 00 7 00 5 00 7 00 7 00 9 00 6 00 5 00 6 50 60 4 00 6 00 7 00 5 00 6 00 4 00 to 5 00 Agricultural Statistics, etc. 31 2 — Continued. PER MONTH. 03 o-teT3 O =M 03.S o ^ r-3 &C ^5 fe o I" .2 o3 00 3 OOto 5 00 --I house, ararden, etc. scarce yes yes no yes 4 00 to 6 00 3 00 to 7 00 00 00 3 OOto 1 OOto 5 00 6 00 to 10 00 3 00 3 00 2 OOto 2 50 3 50 to 2 00 3 OOto 3 00 6 50 3 00 to 5 00 90 to 7 80 4 00 rations rations rations rations rations rations rations rations rations rations rations rations rations rations rations rations rations rations rations rations rations rations rations 6 00 30 00 50 00 00 OOto 75 3 00 house house house house house house 5 50 house house hovise house house 5 00 6 00 5 00 5 OOto 3 50 to 3 00 3 00 house house house house house house 6 00 house house . house 4 00 house house l:iouse 4 00 rations 4 00 rations rations rations 2 00 to 6 00 rations 4 00 rations rations 1 00 to 4 00 rations 4 00 to 5 00 rations rations rations rations rations rations 4 00 house 4 00 house house house house house 5 00 6 00 5 00 5 00 6 00 house house house house house 5 00 house 5 00 to 6 00 house 4 00 to 5 00 house garden garden garden garden garden garden garden garden garden garden garden garden garden garden garden garden garden garden garden garden garden garden garden garden garden garden garden garden garden garden garden-garden garden garden garden garden garden etc. etc. etc. etc. etc. etc. etc. etc. etc. etc. etc. scarce ample abundant same •scarce ample same ample ample plentiful no some yes some no some yes yes some yes no no yes no no no no some no yes yes no no yes no yes yes no 1 yes some yes yes ; yes no yes yes yes yes yes yes etc. plentiful yes etc. ample yes etc. scarce yes etc. scarce yes etc. abundant yes etc. scarce yes etc. yes etc. ample no etc. scarce yes etc. abundant yes etc. ample yes etc. ample yes etc. abundant yes etc. ample yes etc. abundant yes etc. scarce yes etc.- yes etc. abundant ves etc. scarce etc. scarce etc. scarce etc. scarce etc. scarce yes yes no no yes etc. abundant yes etc. abundant yes etc. scarce no yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes no no yes yes yes no yes yes no no no yes yes yes yes some 5'-es no yes no : yes no i yes yes yes yes yes no no yes no no no some no no yes no no yes no yes no yes yes no no no yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes 32 North Carolina Labor Statistics. TABLE No. COUNTIES. Henderson. Hertford. Hyde. Iredell. Jackson. Johnston. Jones. Lenoir. C 03 (i; 03 tB cc O oj od 5 2^:: t> s-i 5 CO rt > C5 O tn zj cd 5^! yes ves no no yes no yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes no no lyes lyes lyes ves no yes yes yes yes no no no no no no -73 a 53 o ,03 O CD CU -4-t O) 03 :0 WAGES OF P.\R.\I LABORERS smaller yes smaller little yes smaller no yes , smaller little lyes I smaller no lyes i smaller no Ives smaller no some smaller no no larger no same no smaller yes same yes smaller yes smaller yes smaller yes smaller yes larger yes smaller yes smaller yes smaller ves yes no no no no no no no no no no yes no no no yes no no yes yes yes yes no yes yes yes yes yes I no yes I yes i smaller yes yes I smaller yes yes yes I smaller yes yes yes 1 smaller yes ; yes yes ! larger yes ] yes yes smaller yes no no no yes no smaller some yes no I larger yes yes no I smaller yes yes yes I smaller no yes no 1 some yes yes ' smaller yes yes no smaller some yes yes smaller yes yes yes ves yes no no yes yes yes same no yes yes yes yes no yes no yes yes yes yes yes ,incr'd $15 00 incr'dl 10 00 incr'd same decr'dj incr'd' decr'd incr'd, [incr'dl Isame \ incr'd decr'd 8 00 to 10 00 8 00 8 00 6 00 to 8 00 8 00 to 10 00 8 00 to 12 00 10 00 to 12 00 11 00 to 14 00 10 00 to 12 50 decr'd decr'dl : decr'd! 7 00 6 00 to 7 00 to 8 00 to 8 00 to incr'd 12 00 incr'd 12 00 to incr'dl 10 00 incr'd i 10 00 incr'd 10 00 incr'd 8 00 to Idecr'd^ 12 00 incr'dl incr'd, decr'dj same decr'd decr'd decr'd incr'd incr' d same same 10 00 10 00 to 12 00 to 10 0(ito 10 00 10 00 yes incr'd 10 00 some incr'd 8 00 to yes decr'd 10 00 to 10 00 10 00 10 00 13 00 15 00 10 00 9 00 8 00 to 12 00 8 00 to 12 00 8 00 to 10 00 10 00 12 00 14 00 13 00 13 00 12 00 $ 5 00 5 00 to 6 00 4 00 5 00 8 00 to 4 00 4 00 to 5 00 3 00 to 4 00 4 00 3 00 to 7-00 2 00 to 3 50 2 50 4 00 to 6 00 4 00 to 7 00 5 00 6 00 4 00 8 00 6 00 4 00 to 6 00 4 00 to 6 00 5 00 to 7 00 4 00 to 5 00 5 00 8 00 to 10 00 7 00 to 9 00 6 00 to 8 00 7 00 5 50 to 6 00 8 00 6 00 Agricultural Statistics, etc. 33 2—CONTINI'EI). IE tc TEK MONTH. Oj "ao s. 41 QJ © O O O *> ^ rQ r^ ej cS & r- >"C O . c o c5 O . > O • •73 °* ^3i -^ u: fa $— rations $4 00 to 5 00 house, garden, etc.; scarce rations house, garden, etc scarce ^ 3 00 to 5 00 2 00 to 3 00 2 00 to 3 00 to 4 00 4 00 3 00 to 2 00 to 3 00 to 1 00 to 5 00 3 00 4 00 6 00 3 00 2 00 to 4 00 3 00 to 3 00 to 3 00 5 00 6 00 4 00 to 6 00 to 3 00 to 3 00 to 4 00 to' 6 00 4 00 to 6 00 7 00 5 00 6 00 6 00 6 00 rations rations rations rations rations rations rations rations 00 rations --- rations 00 rations --- rations rations rations rations rations rations rations rations rations rations rations rations rations rations rations rations rations rations rations rations rations rations rations rations 4 00 to 5 3 00 5 00 6 00 3 00 00 house house house house house 5 00 3 60 2 60 4 00 to 4 00 to house house house 6 00 house 00 house house 2 00 to 3 00 house 3 00 to 4 00 house 3 00 to 5 00 house 6 00 (i 00 to 6 00 house 00 house — house — house house house 4 00 3 00 3 00 3 30 3 00 3 50 3 00 to 3 00 to 3 30 4 00 2 7.5 3 00 8 00 5 00 — house house house house house house house 00 house 00 house house house house house house house garden garden garden garden garden garden garden garden garden garden garden garden garden garden garden garden garden garden garden garden garden garden garden garden garden garden garden garden garden garden garden garden garden garden garden some yes ves ves etc.! abundant I yes etc. abundant j yes etc. abundant lyes etc. abundant! yes etc. abundant; yes etcj scarce j yes etc.' scarce ! yes etc.j scarce j yes etc. abundant! no etc. etc. etf. etc. etc. etc. etc. etc. etc. etc. etc. ample ample ample scarce scarce sutiicient • scarce ; ample scarce ample abundant no yes yes yes I yes ' yes : yes yes yes yes ves no yes yes yes yes yes yes etc.: abundant yes etc. ample yes etc.! suflBcient ! yes etc.; ample i yes etc! abundant! yes etc.; ample [ yes etc. ample i no etc. abundant! yes etc. abundant! yes etc.: ample j no etc' sufficient j some etc! ample | some etc.; ample j yes etc.: scarce i yes etc' ample : some no no no no yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes no yes yes yes no no no no no no yes no some I yes no no no no no no yes no yes yes yes no yes some yes i no 1 yes no yes no yes yes yes no no no some no [ no some no yes some no no no yes yes 34 NoRTPi Carolixa Labor Statistics. TABLE No. COUNTIES. Lenoir. Lincoln. McDowell. Macon. Madison. Martin. Mecklenburg. Mitchell. Montgomery. Moore. yes ves yes yes no no yes yes no yes yes yes yes no yes no no yes no yes no yes yes yes no yes yes no yes yes yes yes no no yes no yes no yes yes no yes yes no same smaller same smaller smaller siiialler smaller larger same same smaller smaller smaller smaller smaller smaller smaller smaller smaller smaller smaller smaller same smaller smaller smaller same smaller smaller same smaller smaller yes yes yes yes no yes yes yes yes yes yes ves yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes no I no yes i yes 72 a; >c-- PH.S m > 2 S o'~' WAGES OF FARM LABORERS SQ, O .S CSth •r cs r o^- O no liner' d yes liner' ves 'decr'd no yes yes yes yes some ves same decr'd incr' d same same incr'd incr'd some no no no yes yes no yes ves yes yes yes yes yes yes no yes yes yes no yes no yes yes yes yes some yes yes yes yes yes some yes yes yes no yes few yes yes decr'd yes incr'd yes incr'd some incr' d yes decr'd yes decr'd ves incr'd decr'd decr'd decr'd decr'd decr'd incr'd incr'd decr'd $ 8 00 to 10 00 $ 4 00 to 5 00 7 00 to 10 00 <S 00 to 12 00 3 50 to 4 00 to 8 00 to 8 00 to 12 00 ; 4 00 to 10 00 I 4 00 8 00 to 8 00 to 9 00 9 00 8 00 to 10 00 12 00 5 00 6 00 6 00 10 00 10 00 4 00 to 6 00 13 00 7 00 10 00 10 00 to 15 00 ! 6 00 to 8 00 10 00 to 15 00' 8 00 to 13 00 : I 8 00 '4 00 to 5 00 8 00 to 10 00 4 00 to 7 00 8 00 ' 5 00 8 OU to 9 00 : 4 00 to 5 00 5 00 to 6 00 2 00 to 6 00 4 00 to 6 00 10 00: 4 00 to 6 00 10 00 to 15 00 8 00 12 00 to 18 00 7 00 to 10 00 8 00 to 8 00 8 00 to 7 00 to 7 00 to 10 00 10 00 8 00 10 00 6 00 to 10 00 13 00 6 00 to 9 00 8 00 to 10 00 6 00 to 10 00 2 00 5 00 4 00 6 60 4 00 to 6 00 4 00 to 6 00 5 00 to 4 00 3 00 to 5 6 00 7 00 00 Agricultukal Statistics, etc. 35 2 — Continued. PER MONTH. 3 O be O; "C CD O % $ 1-ations $2 00 to, 3 00 house, garden, etc. ample 4 00 to 5 00 rations house rations 4 00 to 5 00 house 4 00 to 3 00 6 00 rations . rations 5 00 5 00 rations 5 00 rations 10 00 rations 5 00 7 00 rations rations ^ 6 00 3 00 to 5 00 rations 6 00 ._. rations 5 00 rations 7 00 house house, house house house house house house house house 2 50 rations 3 00 2 00 to 5 00 rations 4 00 to 2 00 rations , 3 75 rations rations rations rations rations 2 00 to 6 00 rations 5 00 to 8 00 rations rations rations 3 00 to 5 00 rations rations 2 00 rations rations 1 00 to 5 00 rations rations 2 00 to 5 00 rations 2 00 rations rations | 4 00 rations ! 6 00 house 00 house ^ , ^ house ;. house 3 00 house 2 00 to 4 00 house 3 00 to 4 00 house 3 00 house —_ house house house house 8 00 house 3 50 to 5 00 to 3 00 to 5 00 to 3 00 4 00 to 4 00 house house 6 00 liouse 5 00 house 7 00 house house 6 00 house house house garden gai'den garden garden garden garden garden garden garden garden garden garden garden garden garden garden garden garden garden garden garden garden garden garden garden garden garden garden garden garden garden garden garden garden etc. ample etc. scarce yes ves etc. abundant yes etc. ample yes etc. abundant yes etc. abundant yes etc ample yes yes ves no ves no yes no no etc. scarce yes etc. abundant yes etc. ample no no etc. abundant yes yes yes yes etc. scarce some ves no no no no no no yes yes yes no no no ves no etc. abundant no etc. abundant yes etc. I abundant yes etc' abundant yes etc.: ample yes etc.: abundant yes etc. abundant yes etc. abundant yes yes yes etc. scarce yes yes no etc. plenty no no no etc. ample yes yes no etc. abundant yes yes yes etc. scarce yes yes no etc. ample yes yes yes no no no no no no yes no no no etc. abundant no no no etc. scarce yes yes no etc. scarce yes yes yes etc. scarce yes yes no etc. ample no no no etc. scarce yes no yes etc. scarce no no no etc. ample some little no yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes no yes 36 North Carolina Labor Statistics. TABLE No. ^ o g 73 G rger 173 t3 WAGES OF FARM LABORERS ave railroads lucres or decreased value land in last five yea c3 ^- G« <X) CO G ^ 3ndency to have la or smaller farms? nprovements on Ian last five years? G ^ 0) ll ll ave farmers improv in mode of living? )st of living increasi or decreased in last years? COUNTIES. 53 5 rj ^ ffi P H hM t— 1 K S ?- Moore. Nash. yes yes larger yes no no decr'd * 8 00 8 5 00 smaller no no decr'd 7 00 to 8 00 2 00 to 5 00 4 00 yes smaller no no no decr'd 8 00 no yes smaller yes no ' yes decr'd 7 50 to 9 00 3 00 to 5 00 yes yes smaller yes no yes decr'd 7 00 to 11 00 5 00 to 7 00 no yes smaller no no yes decr'd 8 00 4 00 New Hanover. yes yes smaller yes no yes decr'd 7 00 to 10 00 3 00 to 6 00 yes no smaller yes yes ' yes decr'd 13 00 9 00 yes yes smaller yes yes no deer' d 8 00 • 4 00 Northampton. yes yes smaller some no yes decr'd 8 00 to 10 00 5 00 to 8 00 no yes larger yes : yes yes incr'd 6 00 to 10 00 3 00 to (3 00 yes yes smaller yes yes yes decr'd 8 00 to 10 00 5 00 yes no smaller yes yes yes same 8 00 to 12 00 no yes smaller no yes yes decr'd 8 33 Onslow. yes no smaller yes -yes incr'd 8 00 to 10 00 3 00 to 5 00 no smaller no yes yes incr'd 8 00 to 13 00 5 00 yes no smaller yes yes yes decr'd 10 00 7 00 yes no •smaller no no no decr'd 10 00 smaller no yes decr'd 8 00 to 10 00 Orange. no yes smaller no no no incr'd 7 00 3 00 no yes smaller yes yes yes decr'd 8 00 5 00 no yes smaller yes no yes incr'd 8 00 to 10 00 2 00 to 4 00 yes smaller no yes no decr'd 6 00 to 10 00 2 00 to 6 00 yes yes smaller yes no yes decr'd 10 00 5 00 Pasquotank. , yes smaller yes yes yes same 10 00 to 12 50 yes yes smaller some no no decr'd 8 00 to 15 00 yes yes smaller yes yes 1 yes decr'd 12 00 to 13 00 5 00 to "e'ob' no yes same yes no [ some incr'd 10 00 to 12 00 6 00 yes no smaller yes yes ; same 8 00 to 12 00 4 00 to 6 00 Pender. 1 •yes yes smaller no no no same 7 00 5 00 yes yes smaller yes no some decr'd 8 00 to 10 00 5 00 to 6 00 yes no smaller yes yes yes decr'd 10 00 6 00 some yes smaller yes no yes incr'd 10 00 to 14 00 5 00 to 8 00 no yes smaller no no no incr'd 6 00 3 00 no smaller no no no decr'd 6 00 to 9 00 Agricultural Statistics, etc 37 2 — Continued. PER MONTH. :;3 o 05 73 bc C 1 • > a c o • l-i ^H a tc a, s S o bo 2 o ^ "aS o o^ c^. O C- >.^ SP§ 'S .—1 &c .5 !=! ^.2 .3n3 ^ « O Si $ 3 00 2 00 to 2 00 rations $5 00 house, garden, etc., scarce some no 4 00 5 00 2 00 3 00 to 2 00 1 50 to 1 00 to 3 00 rations 4 00 to 5 00 house, garden, etc. ample yes rations 3 00 to 4 00 house, garden, etc. scarce ' no rations 2 50 house, garden, etc.! abundant yes rations 3 00 house, garden, etc.j ample , yes rations 3 00 house, garden, etc. ample i yes yes ; no no no no no some yes no no 6 00 rtitions 4 00 ' rations rations 3 00 house, garden, etc.j ample | some yes house, garden, etc.i abundant | yes j yes house, garden, etc. ample no yes 5 00 rations 3 25 to 3 75 house, garden, etc. ample ' yes 3 00 rations 5 00 to 6 00 house, garden, etc. scarce [ yes rations 3 00 house, garden, etc. abundant yes rations 1 00 to 4 00 house, garden, etc. scarce i yes rations 3 00 house, garden, etc. abundant i yes 2 00 to 3 00 5 00 4 3 00 50 to 2 00 to 2 00 3 00 to 1 00 5 00 6 00 3 00 to 4 00 2 00 to 2 00 5 00 3 00 to 5 00 00 rations 3 00 to 4 00 house, garden, etc. ample , yes rations 4 00 house, garden, etc. ample | yes rations 3 50 house, garden, etc. abundant^ yes rations house, gai'den, etc. scarce j yes rations house, garden, etc. abundant some yes rations house, garden, etc.j ample yes yes rations rations rations rations rations rations rations rations rations rations rations rations rations rations rations rations house, garden, etc. scarce house, garden, etc! abundant 3 00 house, garden, etc.! scarce 3 50 to 6 00 house, garden, etc.! abundant 3 00 to 4 00 house, garden, etc.i scarce 3 00 to 4 00 house, garden, etc. ample 2 50 to 3 00 house, garden, etc. ample 4 00 house, garden, etc. scarce 5 00 house, garden, etc.! scarce house, garden, etc.j ample 4 00 to 6 00 house, garden, etc. abundant no sl'owly 3 00 house, garden, etc' abundant; yes | some 2 00 to 3 00 house, garden, etc.! ample j yes j yes 3 00 to 4 00 house, garden, etc.i abundant! 1 yes house, garden, etc.! abundant' no i no house, garden, etc scarce no no 38 North Car(jlina Labor Statistics. TABLE No. COUNTIES. Perquimans. Person. Pitt. Polk. Eandolph. Eichmond. Eobeson. Eockingliam. > c3 cS f* ^ i) CD :w .ft be > a O in ^^ ? 2 O ^ yes no no no no yes yes no no yes yes yes yes no yes lyes yes yes :yes !yes yes yes yes no iyes yes no no no smaller yes smaller smaller ...-yes smaller i no smaller larger smaller larger smaller larger yes yes no yes yes yes no yes smaller [ yes no yes yes smaller j yes yes no yes smaller no no yes no no no no no no smaller j no no smaller i some no : no same i some yes larger i yes \ no yes yes no yes yes yes a; o > c «; *i OS tc OT3 WAGES OP FARM LABORERS no no no yes yes no yes no yes no yes no no yes yes yes yes yes no yes yes yes yes yes no ves decr'd$ 6 00 to decr'd: 8 00 to decr'd 10 00 10 00 ,$- 12 00!-- decr'd decr'd incr'd decr'd same decr'd decr'd decr'd decr'd incr'd incr'd incr'd incr'd incr'd decr'd same 00 to 00 to 00 to 00 to 50 to 8 00 12 00 10 00 8 00 10 00 8 50 9 00 8 00 7 00 to 10 00 6 00 to 10 00 8 00 to 8 00 to 6 00 10 00 10 00 10 00 10 00 10 00 incr'd 7 00 incr'd 10 00 incr'd: 10 00 same 8 00 decr'd decr'd same incr'd! no yes yes yes yes yes yes yes no lyes yes no same yes smaller larger ! yes larger \ yes yes smaller yes yes smaller | yes yes smaller I no smaller yes decr'd decr'd same same decr'd 8 00 to 8 50 to 8 00 to 9 00 to 10 00 to 10 00 10 00 8 00 to 10 00 8 00 to decr'd! 10 00 incr'd 10 00 ____ 8 00 to 10 00 10 00 3 00 to 4 00 to 3 00 to 4 00 to 3 00 to 00 00 00 00 to 00 to 5 00 to 00 to 4 00 8 00 6 50 () 50 o 00 10 00 10 00 10 00 13 00 13 00 10 00 5 00 6 00 6 00 6 00 6 00 6 00 () 00 6 00 8 00 6 00 4 00 6 00 to 4 00 to 7 50 (j 00 8 00 to 10 00 5 00 6 00 4 00 8 00 to 00 to 3 00 to 5 00 10 00 8 00 () 00 Aghicultural Statistics, etc. 39 2 — Continued. PER MONTH. leges orers. tarce? be a o 1 a .'^ 'A 'ji o pi o S '"' G -^ 60 o =« O W be o > y CO I o ^3 C O .-3 &C 2 !=! 1^ S 1 00 to 5 00 3 00 to 4 00 2 50 to 5 00 3 00 3 00 3 50 3 00 to 6 00 rations $ rations 6 00 rations 4 00 rations rations rations rations rations rations rations rations rations rations 3 00 to 6 00 2 00 to 2 00 to 3 00 3 50 3 25 3 50 house, garden, etc.; scarce no , no house, garden, etc. scarce yes \ yes house, garden, etc. scarce yes , yes 4 00 house, garden, etc. abundant yes no house, garden, etc. abundant no i no 3 00 house, garden, etc. scarce some J no 3 00 house, garden, etc. abundant yes I yes house, garden, etc. abundant yes ; some house, garden, etc. ample house, garden, etc. scarce house, garden, etc. ample ihouse, garden, etc. ample house, garden, etc. ample yes , yes : yes no 1 no yes j yes some I no 4 00 to 2 00 5 00 5 00 rations house, garden, etc. ample yes 5 00 rations 5 00 house, garden, etc. — some j rations \ 8 00 ihouse, garden, etc. scarce yes i rations j [house, garden, etc. scarce yes i rations |house, garden, etc.: ample yes j rations 5 00 house, garden, etc. abundant: yes no no yes yes ves no no no no no no no no yes no no no no no some yes 2 00 3 00 2 00 rations 5 00 rations 6 00 rations 6 00 house, garden, etc. abundant no house, garden, etc. scarce yes house, garden, etc. abundant yes house, garden, etc. ample yes no I no yes I some no j no some no a; P no ; yes yes j yes no yes 5 00 to 3 00 to 6 00 to 8 00 2 00 to 3 00 4 00 2 00 to 4 00 6 00 rations 5 00 rations rations rations , rations rations , i-ations 1 rations j rations rations rations rations i rations 2 75 to 3 00 house, garden, etc. ample yes no 3 40 house, garden, etc. ample ;- 3 00 to 4 00 ihouse, garden, etc. ample yes yes jhouse, gai'den, etc. amj>le no some Ihouse, garden, etc. ample yes yes no 3 00 house, garden, etc. ample yes I yes 4 00 house, garden, etc. ample yes yes 3 00 house, garden, etc. abundant yes yes 3 50 .house, garden, etc. ample yes yes 4 00 house, garden, etc. abundant yes no no no no some some no yes no yes yes yes yes yes ^ yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes no yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes some yes yes yes yes yes house, garden, etc. scarce yes : some , no , yes 5 00 house, garden, etc. ample some ; yes \ some yes 3 00 to 5 00 house, garden, etc. abundant yes no I no ; 40 North Carolina Labor Statistics. TABLE No. COUNTIES. Rowan. Rutherford. Sampson. Stanly. Stokes. burry. Swain. Transylvania. &D 1< X -^^ iS ?? 2 !^ .s^ S > B s 13 fi HhI « H H^ no I smaller yes .yes yes yes larger I no no yes yes smaller ' yes yes lyes ! smaller yes no yes iyes ' smaller yes j yes no smaller yes | yes yes no , smaller yes i yes yes no smaller no no yes yes same some yes yes no yes no yes yes yes yes yes yes yes ves no yes smaller j^es yes yes lyes no yes yes lyes no smaller yes smaller ' no smaller ves yes yes yes yes ves yes I larger yes yes ; smaller no yes yes I smaller ^ yes | yes yes : smaller yes ; yes no no no no no |yes no no no ao no yes no no I no no yes larger yes J'es larger smaller yes yes yes no smaller yes no smaller some ; no smaller yes no smaller yes ves smaller yes : ves smaller yes yes smaller yes yes sanje ves i no smaller yes yes smaller larger smaller yes yes yes yes ves smaller yes yes smaller ; yes | yes smaller yes yes yes WAGES OF FARM LABORERS dj O 1.^ ." S Qj a =H :^ yes decr'dl! 6 00 to 9 00 $ 2 50 to 4 00 no ;same 6 00 to 8 00 4 00 to 6 00 yes idecr'd 7 00 to 8 00 yes 'decr'd 6 00 to 8 00 2 00 to 4 00 little decr'd 10 00 6 25 ves incr'd 10 00 to 15 00 yes decr'd 5 00 to 15 00 ves incr'd 8 00 to 10 00 3 00 to 6 00 no decr'd 9 00 , 5 00 some decr'd 7 00 to 10 00 3 00 to 4 00 no incr'd. 8 00 to 10 00 4 00 ves incr'd 7 00 to 10 00 5 00 no decr'd ' 8 00 to 10 00 4 00 to 5 00 yes decr'd 15 00 10 00 yes decr'd 8 00 to 10 00 (3 00 to 8 00 yes decr'd 6 00 to 8 00 5 00 to 6 00 no same 8 00 to 14 00 4 00 to 6 00 yes same 7 00 to 10 00 3 00 to 7 00 no incr'd 8 00 to 12 00 j 3 00 to 5 00 some decr'd 8 00 to 12 00 ' 6 00 to 8 00 yes incr'd 15 00 7 00 yes incr'd 8 00 to 10 00 I no incr'd 8 00 to 10 00 | 4 00 to 5 00 yes 'incr'd' 8 00 ' 2 00 yes decr'd; 8 00 to 13 00 5 00 to 8 00 yes incr'd 8 00 . 5 00 ves incr'd 10 00 I 5 00 yes incr'd: 8 00 to 12 00' 6 50 yes incr' d ' yes incr'd 13 00 little incr'd 10 00 to 15 00 : 8 00 to 10 00 yes incr'd 13 00 to 15 00 yes decr'd 8 00 to 13 00 yes same 7 00 to 10 00; yes decr'd 9 00 I yes incr'd 10 GO I ves same 8 00 to 12 00 Agkicultural Statistics, etc. 41 2—COXTIXUEO. PER ]NU)NTH. O 03 .S-o o „ -^ 3 oi"'- be 0) 0; J. btp > C3 f3 eS o ^& 1 c .2 OQ o 5,3 -M (B c nS _6C o^ 03 o q Sc^ TO H '§> 5^1 c3 tn 1 00 to 2 00 rations $5 00 to 6 00 house 2 00 to 4 00 rations 2 50 to 3 50 house rations 2 00 to 5 00 house rations 5 00 house 5 00 to 00 rations 8 00 house rations 3 00 liouse rations 5 00 to 8 00 house rations 4 00 to (3 00 house rations 6 00 house 1 00 to 2 00 to 1 00 to 2 00 to 6 00 2 00 2 00 to 3 00 4 00 3 00 2 50 rations rations rations rations rations 5 00 4 00 4 00 4 00 house house house house house 4 00 to 6 00 rations rations rations 6 00 rations 3 00 to 6 00 rations 3 00 to 6 00 rations 5 00 rations rations 2 00 to 3 00 rations rations 3 00 to 6 00 rations 3 00 rations rations 6 50 rations rations rations rations rations rations rations rations rations rations 5 00 house 3 00 to 5 00 house house 00 house house 00 house house 4 00 to 5 00 house 4 00 house 4 00 house 4 00 house 4 00 house 3 00 to 5 00 house 8 00 house 7 00 house 6 00 house 6 00 to 8 00 house 6 00 house (3 00 house 5 00 to 7 00 house 5 00 house 5 00 house house garden, etc. ample yes yes garden, etc. scarce yes i some garden, etc. scarce yes | yes garden, etc. scarce yes | yes yes yes garden, etc. ample yes garden, etc. scarce yes garden, etc. ample yes ; garden, etc. ample some! garden, etc. abundant yes i yes garden, etc. ample some j no garden, etc. abundant yes I yes garden, etc. ample no I no garden, etc. abundant yes yes garden, etc. scarce yes yes garden, etc. abundant yes some garden, etc. scarce yes ' no garden, etc. scarce some no garden, etc. ample no no some I yes no yes no yes no yes no no yes no yes garden, etc. ample yes ' yes i no garden, etc. ample no no | no garden, etc. scarce no !
Object Description
Description
Title | Annual report of the Bureau of Labor Statistics of the State of North Carolina |
Contributor |
North Carolina. Department of Labor and Printing. North Carolina. Department of Mines. |
Date | 1893 |
Subjects |
Labor--North Carolina--Periodicals Labor laws and legislation--North Carolina--Periodicals Mines and mineral resources--North Carolina--Periodicals North Carolina--Economic conditions--Periodicals |
Place | North Carolina, United States |
Time Period | (1876-1900) Gilded Age |
Description | There was no sixth annual report Cf. Title pg., 7th, 1893. |
Publisher | [Raleigh :Office Bureau Labor Statistics],1887-1899(Raleigh:Josephus Daniels, state printer and binder). |
Agency-Current | North Carolina Department of Labor |
Rights | State Document see http://digital.ncdcr.gov/u?/p249901coll22,63754 |
Collection | Health Sciences Library. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill |
Type | text |
Language | English |
Format |
Annual reports Periodicals |
Digital Characteristics-A | 12719 KB; 174 p. |
Digital Collection | North Carolina Digital State Documents Collection |
Digital Format | application/pdf |
Title Replaced By | North Carolina. Bureau of Labor and Printing..Annual report of the Bureau of Labor and Printing of the State of North Carolina |
Audience | All |
Pres File Name-M | pubs_edp_annualreportbureauoflabor1893.pdf |
Pres Local File Path-M | \Preservation_content\StatePubs\pubs_edp\images_master\ |
Full Text |
UNIVERSITY OF N.C. AT CHAPEL HILL
00033934191
This book may be kept out one month unless a recall
notice is sent to you. It must be brought to the North
Carolina Collection (in Wilson Library) for renewal.
-
i
Z:^
SEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT
(there was no sixth annual report)
Bureau of Labor Statistics
^~^iPL.^^^^A/i--^^^-&'->^-^<^ ^yf^
V. ^^€1-^;
S.^i.->^>^-r>'Z.^d,d^^€i--^'!'-^-^-
B. R. LACY, Commissioner.
RALEIGH
:
JosEPHUs Daniels, State Printer.
PRESSES OF E. M. UZZELL.
1894.
SEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT
(there was no sixth annual report)
Bureau of Labor Statistics
STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA,
FOR THE YEAR 1893.
B. R. LACY, Commissioner.
RALEIGH
:
JosEPHUs Daniels, State Printer.
PRESSES OF E. M. UZZELL.
1894.
\
CONTENTS.
Page.
Act Establishing Bureau iii
Introduction v
To the Public xii
Factories 1
Agricultural Statistics, etc. 17
Unsigned Letters 50
Miscellaneous -. 79
Views of Mechanical and Other Employers 88
Railroads 93
Organized Labor 97
Employment Bureau 127
Newspapers 131
H?
ACT ESTABLISHING BUREAU
The foUowiug is the Act estabhshing the P>ureau of Labor Sta-tistics
for North Carolina :
CHAPTER 113, LAWS 1887.
'
Sectiox 1. There shall be established in the Department of Agriculture, Immi-gration
and Statistics, a Bureau of Labor Statistics, which shall be under the
charge of a Commissioner of Labor Statistics, who shall be appointed by the Gov-ernor
by and with the advice and consent of the Senate. The Commissioner of
Labor Statistics shall hold his office for two years, and until his successor shall be
appointed and qualified, unless sooner removed by the Governor for neglect of
duty or other legal cause, and shall receive a salary of fifteen hundred dollars a
year. The said Commissioner shall collect information upon the subject of labor,
its relation to capital, the hours of labor, the earnings of laboring men and
women; their educational, moral and financial condition and the best means of
promoting their mental, material, social and moral prosperity. The Commissioner
aforesaid shall have power to appoint a Chief Clerk to assist him in the perform-ance
of his duties, which Clerk shall receive a salary of nine hundre.d dollars a
year; he may also employ such other assistants as may be deemed by him necessary
for the collection and collation of the information hereinbefore referred to and
the general administration of his office: Prodded, that the total expense shall not
exceed five thousand dollars ($5,000) for the first two years and two thousand
dollars ($2,000) annually thereafter. During the necessary absence of the Com-missioner,
or if the office shall become vacant, the Chief Clerk shall perform the
duties of Commissioner. The Commissioner shall annually publish a report in
pamphlet form and send or cause to be sent a copy of the same to every newspaper
published in this State, a copy to each member of the General Assembly of North
Carolina, a copy to each of the several States and county officers of the State, a
copy to any citizen who may apply for the same either personally or by mail, and
one hundred copies to each of the several labor organizations which may be in
existence at the time of the publication of the reports, in this State. He shall
also make a full report to each session of the General Assembly of the information
collected and collated by him and containing such recommendations as he may
deem calculated to promote the efficiency of the Bureau. The Commissioner is
hereby directed to endeavor to obtain an accurate list of all the newspapers pub-lished
in the State, and whether the same be published daily or weekly, and to
/^ forward to each and all a copy of his report promptly upon its being published;
)
he is also directed to diligently inquire after the labor organizations of the State
^ and see that none are omitted in the distribution of the reports; he is further
directed to confine his labors to this State. The sum of three thousand dollars
"*^
($3,000) for the first year, two thousand dollars ($2,000) for the second year, and
>- two thousand dollars ($2,000) annuallv thereafter, are hereby appropriated. The
IV Act Establishing Bureau.
Commissioner when money is required for the use of his Bureau shall certify to
the Auditor the amount desired, and the Auditor shall thereupon draw his warrant
upon the Treasurer for the same. The Commissioner shall disburse all money
used by the Bureau.
Sec. 2. The Governor is authorized and directed to nominate, within ten days
after the ratification of this act, a proper person as Commissioner and send his
name to the Senate for confirmation. If the Senate shall fail to confirm his nomi-nee,
the Governor shall continue to nominate one after another until the Senate
shall confirm some one of his nominees.
Sec. 3. That this act shall be in force from and after its ratification.
In the General Assembly read three times, and ratified this the 28th day of
February, A. D. 1887.
NTRODUCTION
To His Excellency, Elias C'arr,
Governor of North, Carolina,
Dear Sir:—Accordiug to law it is my duty, as CommissioLier of
Labor Statistics, to make an annual report, which I have the honor
herewith to submit to you.
At your solicitation I entered on the duties of the office, and
took charge of it on the 4th of March in the present year, since
which date I have given it my whole time and best endeavor.
As I have devoted my life to work with my hands, it was like
learning a new trade to begin as a statistician. The report of labor
statistics for the State of North Carolina is sadly incomplete, but con-sidering
my inexperience, and especially the smallness of the appro-priation,
which necessitated meagre and insufficient responses from
all departments of labor in the State, I have gotten out as full a
report as could be done under the circumstances, though not as
complete as the one I shall be able to issue for the year 1894.
Another reason why the report is not as thorough as I had hoped
to make it was the sickness and death of my Clerk, Mr. W. AV.
Hall, of Weldon. This sad occurrence, at the very time when I
was most busily engaged, disarranged the work and cast a gloom
over the office. In the loss of Mr. Hall I have not only 1)een
deprived of an efficient assistant, but of one who had greatly
endeared himself to me by his many noble traits of character. He
had given his entire attention to the work with great energy and
vigor. He was patriotic and devoted to the welfare of North Caro-lina,
and intelligent in his service for the State. He was one of
the purest of men, and impressed every one who came in contact
with him by his gentle manners and kindly disposition.
Mr. Logan D. Terrell, of Wake, has been appointed Clerk in Mr.
Hall's place, and entering on his duties when he did has done
remarkably well. This report is largely due to his hard and faith-ful
work.
VI Introduction.
The subject of labor statistics is fast coming to the front, and the
importance of the subject is empliasized by the fact tliat l)ureaiis
have been established in nearly every foreign country, and in
thirty-two of the forty-four States of the American Union. If
these statistics are accurately compiled from year to year, they give
to the Executive Department a clear view of the condition and
success of the laboring classes, by far the larger part of the popu-lation,
and to the intelligent legislator a good opportunity to study
and know the wants of the very people who, on account of their
inability to help themselves, need any and all legislation that can
accrue to their benefit. Thus the Governor can recommend and
the Legislature can enact such laws as may relieve their burdens,
promote their prosperity and the welfare of the State.
The main difficulty in the operation of this Bureau, and conse-quently
in the preparation of this report, is that the appropriation
is so small it is not at all commensurate with the work to be done.
To make a thorough and accurate record of the labor statistics of
the State the Commissioner or a deputy should visit every county
in it—certainly every county whose industries are worthy of inspec-tion
and enumeration. It may be asked, cannot these facts be
ascertained by correspondence and tlae use of blanks? I reply,
they cannot, as this report, and as all the reports of this Bureau will
show. Every State in the Union where these Bureaus are estab-lished
has tried, as we have, to obtain complete and accurate sta-tistics
by sending out blank questions by mail. In every instance
this plan has failed; and they now secure information by send-ing
agents instead.
In further confirmation let me add that Colonel Carroll D. Wright,
United States Commissioner of Labor, the highest authority on this
subject in this country, and one of the first labor statisticians in the
world, recently told me that he had entirely stopped sending blanks
through the mails, as it was impossible to get accurate returns, but
now sent agents. This is the testimony of an expert. The effi-cient
manner in which he discharged his duties is attested by the fact
that he has lately had the Census placed under his control.
North Carolina appropriates $2,000; New York, $25,000; Massa-chusetts,
in all, about $16,000; Minnesota, $13,500, and lUinois,
Introduction. vii
$10,500. None of the uppropriatious, I think, are under $7,000.
If this State eannot afford to make the Bureau a real good—
a
positive benefit to the commonwealth—it would be better tliat it
be abolished. It cannot be made a success on $2,000 per year. To
abolish it, however, would certainly be, in the words of Colonel
Wright, " a big step backward, and a great misfortune to the State"
;
yet it had better be given up than to have hardly one-fourth accom-plished
what might be done under a wise administration of that
ofRce.
But in this connection let me say I do not think any people have
done better in answering the questions sent out from this Bureau
than our people in North Carolina; yet while about thirty per cent,
answer, we want one hundred per cent. Besides, is it likely that
a man will answer who is not treating his fellow-man as he should?
And further, is it a just and true statement of the wages and wants
of the labor in the whole State that is summarized from the reports
made in response to inquiries? Is it a safe calculation of the whole
that can be made from those who are willing to have the light
turned on? There has been, moreover, a decided improvement in
the readiness to answer the blanks from the office, judging from
previous reports. For example, I do not think ten per cent, of the
cotton manufacturers ever answered before, while this year about
forty-three per cent, have answered.
It must not be forgotten that it has been a year of unusual finan-cial
stringency, that many who had their capital invested in manu-factories
and mills have felt that they could not make a fair show-ing,
and, thoroughly disheartened, did not therefore wish to make
reports ; that some have shut down, and others have done but
half work, and have been compelled to reduce expenses. This
may account in some measure for the failure to respond to the
inquiries of the Bureau ; in their misfortune the State sutlers, and
the intelligent sympathy of the State and wisely directed legislative
aid might have been theirs, and should have been theirs, had they
been willing to tell the story of their trials. But there are those
who seem to think that it is not for the State to know the condi-tions
and needs of those who are in their service, and utterly dis-regard
the blanks, and the inquiries of the Bureau.
Note.—The per cent, of manufacturers answering blanks sent out from this office should be
thirty-nine instead of forty-three, as above stated.
VIII Introductiox.
The purpose of those inquiries, which represent a great deal of
study and thought, and are not as radical and sweeping as those of
the Bureaus of other States, is to gain accurate information, to the
end that justice may be done both to the capitalist and the wage-earner,
that the rights may be protected both of the laborer and
his employer. Skill and toil and muscle and blood and humanity
should be shielded and guarded by the law as truly as money and
brains and property. The safety of the workingman is the safety
and success of the capitalist.
General Francis A. Walker, in his speech before the International
Institute of Statisticians, congratulated America on the fact that
the manufactories had met the Bureaus over half way. It may be
so in the Northern States, but in North Carolina they have been
the ones who liave given the Bureau the cold shoulder, and have
treated the blanks with dignilied silence. In Connecticut the Com-missioner
probed deeper and asked the most searching questions
that were ever asked. The o})inion was abroad in the land, freely
expressed and widely believed, that wages were not in proportion
to the profits. The Commissioner presented the matter to the
manufacturers. They laid their books open to him. Not a secret
reposed in him was ever betrayed. But the effect of these efforts
was that friction was allayed, confidence was restored, and there
was almost a total stoppage of strikes.
Not having any provision for traveling expenses, I have only
been able to visit a few mills. I have been surprised and delighted
at the happy, healthy and honest faces that the operatives wear. I
was also gratified to find the mordle of the working force so high,
and to know that some superintendents, while they were making
money for their stockholders, were not negligent of the moral and
intellectual as well as physical welfare of their people. Most of
the mills work eleven and one half hours a day.
The cotton and woolen operatives are not the class of labor who
are worse oft' or who need the most sympathy. The people who are
decidedly the most poorly paid are those engaged in farm labor, not-withstand'ng
the extras received by them (such as house rent, wood,
fruit, garden lots and yards for poultry and pigs), which are either for-gotten
or made little of by the political demagogue. The worst of their
Introduction. ix
situation is that there can be for them no increase in wages, for the
farm hiborer is getting all that it is possible to pay him at the
present prices of crops, and is receiving no 'less than he did when
cotton was selling at nine cents a pound. Let me here say the
farmers have generally responded to all letters and inquiries very
fully and readily.
The chapter on organized labor will give a good many of our
people a better insight into the reason why so many have banded
themselves together into these societies. I know most of the writers,
and can vouch for their being good citizens and sincere and true
men, who "know whereof they speak," and would not say or write
what they did not think to be true. If there is too prominent a
part given to this subject, please remember that they are the only
people who have met me more than half way.
The \s.\f (chapter 113, Laws of 1887) requires the Commissioner
to send each labor order one hundred copies. I have not only
obtained the addresses of all I could hear of, but have secured a
census of those who belong to these orders, and so the statistics
given are not guess-work, but authentic and accurate numbers.
There are in these orders in North Carolina 18,200, divided among
the following organizations, viz.: Brotherhood of Locomotive Engi-neers,
Order of Railway Conductors, Typographical Unions, Order
of Railway Telegraphers, Machinists' Unions, Switchmen's Mutual
Aid Association, Brotherhood of Locomotive Firemen and Farmers'
Alliance. Under the head of each order will be found their strength,
their object, and what they claim to have accomplished. In many
cases I know from personal knowledge that these statements are cor-rect.
The letters written by active, enthusiastic members are written,
for the most part, by men whom I know personally, and I heartily
vouch for their honesty and sincerity. The Brotherhood of Loco-motive
Engineers report that of their membership one hundred
per cent, can read and.write; so, too, report the Order of Railway
Conductors, Order of Railway Telegraphers, and the Typographical
Unions. There is an association entirely of the nature of an insur-ance
society, known as the Raleigh & Gaston Railroad Relief Asso-ciation.
It is composed of the employees of the road, though it
does not require a member to resign if he severs his connection with
Introduction.
the road. It provides really a "burial fund." It numbers one
hundred and forty-five, and at the death of any member each one
pays one dollar and the society twenty-five dollars to the executor.
It also pays a sick benefit of three dollars per week to any who are
sick or disabled in any way. The initiation fee is one dollar, and
the monthly dues twenty-five cents. These figures seem small, but
the Association has done great good at a time of sore distress to
many whose wages were small. For, besides the grief at the loss
of a dear one, the question of how the funeral expenses are to be
met will force itself on the mind, and add to the pain of the
almost breaking heart. Few organizations have accomplished so
much of real relief with such few numbers and limited resources.
Let me here say that the great railroad corporations, so often
called "soulless," are paying better wages than private enterprises,
and that they also employ a good many men who are old, at light
work and fair pay.
The law also requires the Bureau to keep a correct list of the
newspapers of the State and send a pamphlet copy of the report to
each. I have tried to go a step further and find out other desira-ble
information about the jDress, which will be found under that
head. Among other things, I sought to ascertain the character,
religious or political ; whether issued daily, weekly or monthly, the
day issued, advertising rates and price of subscription, and other
matters which I thought would be beneficial to the papers them-selves,
as well as useful to the Bureau.
It was the remark of a great historian that in writing the history
of his country it was his purpose to chronicle impartially the story
of prince and people ; but only the prince made history. This is
the difficulty in our own times. The people, their needs and ser-vices,
are unknown and unrecorded. Capital has its organs and
can demand a hearing. Brain and toil, too, have their rights that
should be proclaimed and protected. So the work of this Bureau
is largely educational, to gather with diligence and painstaking
care the facts relative to labor, the number, needs, wages and cir-cumstances
of the great majority of our people and to enlighten
the public as to these things. Thus the State may learn its
Intuoductiox. XI
resources, not of iield and forest and mine only, but of strong
hearts- and willing hands and loyal, devoted sons of toil.
In presenting the report laid before your Excellency I beg to
add that as a laboring man myself I have striven with intelligent
S3'mpathy to seek and further the interests of workingmen, and as
a devoted son of North Carolina to seek the truest welfare of my
native State.
The more I have striven to learn the needs of the bone and sinew
of the State the better have I known the true worth of the people.
It should be, and it may be, one of the happy results of this Bureau
that each may know others better, and the character of our citizen-ship
as well as the glory of our history and the vastness and variety
of our resources will be a matter of State pride and rejoicing.
I have the honor to be,
Very respectfully yours,
B. R. LACY, Commissioner.
Bureau of Labor Statistics,
Raleigh, December 1, 1893.
TO THE PUBLIC.
The following extract from an article written for The Engineer-ing
Magazine for November, 1893, entitled " The Value and Influ-ence
of Labor Statistics," is most earnestly and heartily recom-mended
to every person who is in any way interested in the labor
problem. It is by Colonel C. I). Wright, United States Commis-sioner
of Labor, he being by all odds the best informed man in the
world on this subject. He was first Commissioner of Massachusetts,
and has devoted twenty years of his life to this work, and, report
says, at a decided sacrifice pecuniarily:
THE VALUE AND INFLUENCE OF LABOR STATISTICS.
BY CARROLL D. WRKiHT.
Tliere are now in the United States, besides the National Department of Labor,
thirty-two State Bureaus or departments devoted to the collection of statistics of
labor by means of original investigations. Besides, the Federal Census Office, the .
Bureaus of Statistics of the Federal Department of State and the Treasury Depart-ment,
the State and Federal Departments of Agriculture, and various other offices
may be considered as publishing labor statistics in part. But I speak here of the
value and influence of those offices first mentioned,—those devoted specifically
and technically to the investigation of social and industrial conditions and to the
publication of distinctive labor statistics. These offices had their foundation in
the establishment of the Massachusetts Bureau in 1869. Gradually other States
created Bureaus of Statistics of Labor, and in 188-t the United States government
added its own office to those already in existence. All the offices, together, have
published nearly two hundred octavo volumes, covering a great variety of topics
and the results of investigations relative to almost every condition and environ-ment
of the workingman.
The character of the work of the different offices varies in some degree, due to
a considerable extent to the short tenure of the heads of the diff"erent Bureaus.
Where the Governor of a State has allowed himself to ignore politics and insist
upon scientific work, the Bureaus have achieved the greatest success; but as a
rule a Governor feels that the office of the Chief of the Bureau of Statistics of Labor
of his State must be filled by somebody from his party, without reference to the
skill, the experience, or the integrity of the incumbent under the previous admin-istration.
Yet I am glad to say, as the result of pretty careful study of the reports
of all the officials who have done duty in this country during the past twenty-four
To Till-: Pi;i5Lic'. XIII
years, that no matter foi- what reason they were ai)pointe(], no matter how inex-perienced
in tlie work of investigation and compilation and presentation of statis-tical
matter, no matter from wliat party they came, and whether in sympathy with
capital or with labor, and even if holding fairly radical socialistic views—the
men have, almost without exception, at once comprehended the sacredness of the
duty assigned them, and have served the public faithfully and honestly, being
content to collect and publish facts without regard to their individual bias or
their individual political sentiments. As soon as a man realizes that he is giving
to the world a fact, he feels the necessity of accuracy, and that to distort the
information collected would be to commit a crime worse than any ordinary lying,
because it Avould mislead legislators and others and fix a falsehood in the history
of the State. Many men, too, have come into the work of the statistical Bureaus
feeling that they could use them as the means of propagandism in some way, and
in a few cases this has been attempted, but almost always with failure, because
Bureaus are looked to to furnish information relative to actual conditions sur-rounding
industry.
That what I have said is true is emphatically illustrated by other countries
following the example of the American States. France, Belgium, some of the
German States, England, New Zealand, and some of the Scandinavian countries
have already established Bureaus or departments following in their duties very
closely those assigned by law to the American Bureaus and departments. A dis-tinguished
member of the House of Commons of England told me a few years
ago that, whenever he wished to lay any facts relative to workingmen before his
colleagues, he always had to carry into the House a copy of some American i-eport
on the statistics of labor. In the Chamber of Deputies of France, in the German
Reichstag, and in the legislative bodies of other countries the American labor
reports have been freely used in the economic discussions of the past ten or fifteen
years. Had the American offices been failures these things would not have
occurred. It is true, of course, that the sentiment of the times is largely condu-cive
to the successful operations of Bureaus of Statistics of Labor. The general
attention paid to social and industrial conditions and all conditions affecting the
environment of men has fitted the soil for statistical seed. The altruistic spirit
of this age calls for accurate infoi-mation, that it may know how best to expend
its efforts and not dissipate its energy. The question is constantly being asked :
"What do social classes owe to each other?" and that any one class may not be
deceived in the nature or magnitude of its debt it must turn to statistics to ascer-tain
the true situation.
The question is often asked, and by very intelligent ])eople: Of what good is a
Bureau of Statistics of Labor? Does the woi-kingman secure any direct benefits
from its existence? This question cannot be answered very specifically, any more
than could one asking for the direct benefits of the public school. It would be a
difficult process to show how a dollar more is made to enter the pockets of the
working people through the existence of the public schools, or any other educa-tional
institution, and yet all men will admit that the sum of benefits is largely
increased by the existence of schools. Personally, I have always contended that
the Bureau of Statistics of Labor, wherever it exists, is simply a part of the educa-tional
niachinerv established bv the communitv through which it is enabled to
XIV To THE Public
know more of itself. "Know thyself" is an injunction wliich should be applied
to communities as well as to individuals, and it is only through rigid, imijartial
and fearless investigations that any connnunity can know itself in many directions.
Notwithstanding this general view of the educational influence of the offices I am
considering, very many instances of their specific influence can be cited. These
instances, I must for purposes of convenience, draw largely from those which
have come under my own observation or within my knowledge, for to enter upon
a research of all the influences wliich have come in direct ways from the services
of all the oflSces in existence in this country would take me too fnv afield.
One of the first results that I remember, as being traceable to a published report,
related to the tenement-house system of the city of Boston. In the second, third-,
and fourth reports of the Massachusetts Bureau of Statistics of Labor there were
many facts showing the condition of the tenement-houses in the city named. The
public was fully apprised of the misery that existed in them, resulting from bad
conditions, ill construction, and all that tended to make tenement-house life an
evil. Public attention was aroused through these publications, better laws were
framed and passed, and a public sentiment created which crystallized in a reform
movement having for its purpose the improvement of tenement-houses in Boston.
Some of the worst places were improved, and the impetus then given is still active,
as is shown by the existence of societies in that city and tlieir influence in secur-ing
from the Legislature two years ago an appropriation to enable the Bureau in
that State to make a very exhaustive investigation covering every tenement of
whatever grade in the city of Boston.
The Bureaus everywhere, whenever conditions warranted it, have investigated
the subject of child labor and shown to the public all the facts connected with
such employment, the evils it entailed upon the community, and the methods
which could be resorted to for its reduction, and everywhere, too, the results have
been beneficial. If the Bureaus had never- accom2:)lished anything else than the
marked reduction in the number of young children—those under ten years of age
—
who are employed in factories and workshops, they would have amply repaid the
public for its expenditure in their equipment and support.
The publication of information relative to the inspection of factories and work-shops
in England and other countries, together with statistics showing the necessity
for such inspection in this country, has led in several States to the establishment of
boards of factory inspectors. These boards have committed to theni the execu-tion
of all laws providing in any way for the benefit of those who have to work in
any kind of productive establishments. These inspectors enforce the laws con-cerning
the hours of labor, the employment of women and children, the guarding
of machinery so that the operatives may be more free from accidents, and in all
ways undertake the enforcement of all laws of the character specified. Through
these efforts (and they were largely induced by the reports of labor statistics) child
labor has decreased, accidents have been reduced in number and severity, the
hours of labor have been shortened and recognized, and so all along that line of
facts the influence of the reports of the offices we are considering has been enor-mous;
the value of their statistics cannot be expressed by figures.
The first ten-hour law in this country was passed by the Massachusetts Legisla-ture
in 1874. The statistics published by the Bureau of that State helped the
To THE Public. xv
pa^-aoe of the law in a luarked degree, and they saved its repeal in later years.
The manufacturers, tinding that they were brought under the ten-hour law so far
as minors and women were concerned, felt that the manufacturers m surrounding
States oucrht to be brought under like laws or else the law of Massachusetts should
be repealed for thev claimed, as the claim was made in England years ago, that
in workino- under a\en-hour law the manufacturers of Massachusetts were placed
at a decided disadvantage relative to the manufacturers in the surrounding States;
so the Leoislature directed the Bureau of Statistics of Labor to investigate the subject
of the hours of labor in that State and in the other New England States. The
result of the investigation showed that, working under a ten-hour system, the
Massachusetts manufacturers paid more wages than those in the other States
where eleven and twelve hours were the rule; that they produced more goods on
any basis that could be named, whether individually or per machine; and that
in 'every respect the Massachusetts operatives were under better conditions than
those of the surrounding States. There has been no attempt since that report was
published to repeal the ten-hour law of Massachusetts. On the other hand, other
States have followed suit, until now that system prevails almost generally in the
United States. .
The Bureaus have been very influential in securing a modification ot the old
common law rule relating to the liability of employers for accidents occurring to
their employees. Under this rule a workman cannot recover damages for injuries
received through the carelessness or negligence of a co-employee, although a
stranger might recover damages for an injury following the same carelessness or
negligence, as, for instance, under the old common law rule, a brakeman on a
trahrrunning perhaps 500 miles could secure no damages from a railroad corpora-tion
in consequence of injuries received through the carelessness or negligence of
a switchman along any part of the line, although the brakeman knew nothing of
the switchman, had no knowledge of his skill or capacity when he engaged with
the company, and in no sense of the word, so far as reason is concerned, could be
considered the co-emplovee of the switchman; yet, as that common law rule grew
up before great industrial enterprises were established. Judges had projected it
and had ruled that in such a case as that just mentioned the switchman and the
brakeman were co-employees, and therefore the employer could not be held liable.
The agitation for a legislative change in this common law rule in England resulted
in the^'enactment of a law in 1880 changing or modifying the rule, and, in this
countrv, the matter being taking up by Bureaus of Statistics of Labor, several
Leoislatures have been convinced of the justice of a change, and have therefore
matle it; the dire results which were predicted as sure to follow the change of the
rule have not followed. In this direction the Bureaus have done a great seiwice,
not only to the employees of railroads and corporations engaged in productive
industry, but in securing the public against the employment of incompetent men.
Another very emphatic influence which the Bureaus have exercised is in the
abolishment or modification of what is known as the "truck-store" system, or,
as it is more popularly known in some parts of the country, the "pluck-me"
method of store trading. This system consists in the establishment of a store by
the proprietors of a works for the supply of its employees. Formerly the prices
charged at these stores were much Jiigher than those charged at other places, and
XVI To THE Public.
so the employee of a concern having a truck-store was ahnost compelled, and in
many instances actually compelled, to purchase the necessaries of life for his
family at an exorbitant price, whereby the employer made a second profit on the
labor of the employee. In very many instances the workmen of such an estab-lishment
never saw any money from one year's end to another. The pay for the
goods purchased in the store was secured by the pay-rolls, and the debts and credits
left no margin on pay day. Early in the existence of Bureaus of Statistics of
Labor this system was attacked through the statistical method, and the result has
been that in very many States laws have been passed making it a criminal offense,
in some eases, to carry on such a system, and in other cases making it the duty of
the proper officers to see to it that they are regulated. The evils of the truck-store
system have not yet been entirely eradicated in this country, but the change
during the last fifteen years has been great, and the value to the wage-receiver of
the greatest importance.
In this connection I might mention the influence wiiich the Bureaus have had
in securing more frequent payments for the workinginan. Formerly the payments
were monthly. Under this system the credit system grew also, because without
ready money the wage-receiver must secure credit of his grocer, and the grocer,
under such circumstances, looks out that the charges are sufficient to cover the
delay in receiving his money or the losses which may come through his endeavors
later on to collect the amount of his bill of the employer through the trustee or
the garnishee system. Weekly payments have been shown by various Bureaus to
be beneficial in eradicating some of the evils of the credit system.
In some of the Western States there have grown up during the past few years
some of the most rascally practices on the credulity of the workingman that have
ever been known. They are robberies of the meanest sort, for they not only rob
a man of his money, but in many instances of his manhood. The practice I refer
to is that of a certain class of employmentroffices, located usually in the rear of
some beer saloon, which advertise that a large number of men are wanted for
labor in a certain city, but almost always at a distance. In a Western city one of
these offices advertised for one thousand men to proceed immediately to Wash-ington,
D. C, wiiere employment would be furnished at one dollar per day. Hun-dreds
of men I'esponded to this advertisement. They were obliged to pay down
three or four dollars, as the case might be or as the rascality of the manager
might demand, and then the men were put off by various excuses for several
days until they began to clamor for their contract. When they became too
demonstrative the manager would pay back a part of the sum advanced, for the
sake of integrity. Meantime, however, these hundreds of men, loafing about his
beer saloon, had expended more or less money for beer, in addition to the fee
paid for the supposed employment. In one city an advertisement appeared for a
large number of men to be shij^ped to Iowa, while in Iowa an advertisement
appeared for a large number of men to be shipped to the very place of the first
call. The Bureaus in some of the States where such practices have been carried
on have collected the information relative to these offices, and have exposed the
swindle perpetrated upon the wage-receiver. Much good is being derived from
these reports, and it is confidently expected that, in addition to the laws already
passed, others of a more stringent nature will follow and the evil practice be
eradicated.
To THE Public. ^^'^'h
These instances of the direct influence and vahie of Bureaus of Statistics of
Lahor are sufficient, it seems to me, to prove beyond any question their right to
exist their right to the sympathy and support of the public, and their right to
ample equipment and means for carrying on their beneficent work. But they
have another otfice to perform, which is one of the leading offices of statistics m
everv direction and that is the correction of false impressions and the removal of
apprehension, and two or three instances of*this kind may perhaps be of service.
The statement is usuallv made by writers on the labor question from the capital-istic
point of view that the prosperity of the savings banks of the country repre-sents
absolutely the prosperity of the workingman; that the total amount of
savin-s in such banks clearlv indicates the prosperity of labor. I am not disposed to
questron this statement, so far as it applies as a principle, but I question the degree
of accuracv contained in it, for the investigations of the Massachusetts Bureau
have cleariv shown that only about one-half of the deposits in the savings banks
of that State, in which the savings bank institution has flourished for many years,
and prospered, too, belong to men and women engaged in manual labor or in the
toil necessarv to the production of goods. Such a fact, properly brought out, sim-ply
sets people's thoughts in the right direction, although it does not disprove the
sentiment underlving the erroneous statements regarding the conditions involved-
CHAPTER
FACTORIES.
This chapter is made u}) of the statistics gathered from facto-ries,
both the emi)loyer and the employee, and from replies to
inquiries made in Circular-letter No. 1. These inquiries were sent
to factorymen in every part of tlie State, to both mill owner and
laborer, without discrimination.
The following is a copy of Circular No. 1, for factories. The
questions will appear in heading of Table No. 1 :
[drcaUtr-letter Xo. 1.]
XoRTH Carolina Bl'reau of Labor Statistics,
Raleigh, March 15, 1893.
Dear Sir :—The statute establishing the Bureau of Labor Statistics (chapter llo,
Laws of 1887) makes it the duty of the Commissioner of Labor Statistics to
"collect statistics upon the subject of labor; its relations to capital; the hours of
labor; the earnings of laboring men and women; their educational, moral and
iinaneial condition, and the best means of promoting their mental, material, social
and moral prosperity."
These statistics are for the information of the people of the State generally, but
especially to aid the General Assembly in correcting any evils that may exist to
the injury of either capital or labor, and in ameliorating the condition of the
working people, so far as these purposes can be attained by intelligent legislation.
Owing to the small appropriation at the command of the Buieau the desired
information must be largely obtained through correspondence with people of all
callings in every part of the State. It is not the intention of the Bureau, however,
to publish statistics relating to the business of individuals, but from the returns
received to collate, tabulate and publish information of a general nature relating
to the subjects included within the language of the act. The names of those
furnishing information will in no instance be made public, neither will the facts
obtained from them be used to the injury of any person or business.
Will you kindly aid in this important work by answering the accomj^anying
questions, and return them to the Bureau in the inclosed prepaid envelope at
your earliest convenience? In return, the Commissioner will take pleasure in
furnishing you at any time with such statistics in his possession as may be of
service to you.
Will be pleased to have any suggestions that may occur to you relative to the
needs of the working people, and what, in your opinion, would benefit them;
also state what you think would advance the work of this Bureau and increase its
usefulness.
North Carolina Labor Statistics.
If you cannot answer the questions please hand them to some one who will,
and you will greatly oblige,
Yours respectfully, B. R. LACY,
Coinmissio)ier.
The following table will give, according to the most accurate
reports we could obtain, the number of cotton and woolen mills
heard from since the work of this report began. While from other
sources w^e have been informed that there are 160 cotton and 15
woolen mills in North Carolina (we are not responsible for accu-racy),
we were only successful in receiving replies from 39J per
cent, of the cotton and 20 per cent, of the woolen mills, and of
those there are in operation 234,491 spindles and 6,146 looms.
This meagre information was obtained by continually mailing and
re-mailing our blanks to them—employer and employee.
The above shows the utter uselessness of attempting to do this
work through the mails.
North Carolina Labor Statistics.
TABLE No. 1
—
Showing Class of Goods Manu-
CouNTiEs.—Class of Goods
Manufactured.
Alamance.
Cotton 280
Cotton i
3600
Cotton
Cotton
Cotton
Cotton
Cotton
AVoolen
Alexander.
Tobacco
Ashe.
Wagons
Buncombe.
Flour Mill
Cigars
Coal and Wood
Machine Shop
Woolen Mill
Cotton Mill ; 84481 400
Broom Factory
Sash Factory
Burke.
Tannery
Lumber
Cabarrus.
Cotton Mill
Cotton Mill I
10000
Cotton Gins, etc
Caldwell.
Cotton Mill
Leather
Carteret.
Fish Oil and Guano
Catawba.
Cotton Mill
Cotton Mill
Wagon Factorv
Saw Mill
Flouring Mill
Chatham.
Wagon
Chowan.
Saw Mill
Factories.
FACTORED, SpINDLEW, Lt)OM!S, HoURS OF WoRK, ETC.
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deer' d 80 30 50 yes
incr'd 40 15 25 yes
incr'd 20 5 15 yes
incr'd 40 15 25 yes
decr'd251015yes
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incr'd 20 812 ves
irood
good
good
good
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good yes no
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yes yes
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lyes iyes
no yes
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ms CO yes
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ves
yes yes
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j^es
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
ves
lyes
yes good good j-es no no yes w'kly sup't lyes
- yes igood
- yes ,good - —
- yes good
same ------ yes good good
same 13 2 11 yes good good
same --yes good
same no good
yes no
ves no
—;yes
L--iyes — yes
no yes
no yes
i—;ves
yes
yes
yes
yes
ves
same |
incr'd
yes
yes
mthly yes iincr'dU-w'kly
j'es same !--;
w'kh' same '--
yes
yes igood igood lyes no jno ,yes imthly ins co
yes Igood good yes no |no lyes Imthly lins co
ves '
' — - -- '^--l--
w'kly yes [same |10 4 6yes good good yes no no lyes
w'kly yes 'game !--,--;--yes j
[
1----! |---r---.
mthly lyes I ;--'no
ves decr'd 3 2 1 no good good 'yes no no 'yes
yes
yes
w'kly owner yes
w'kly jins co
w'kly yes same :12i 5 7 j-es good good lyes no no yes w'kly tins co
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
w'kly yes :
w'kly yes jsame
w'klv ves I
4: 4i--:yes
2 2l--yes
yes yes
w'kly yes Isame i--|----yes good
'
!
i I
!
'^
w'kly yes Isame -- L-i-.-lyes Igood
75 no J40
85 yes ;30
90 yes 45
30
35
30
30
40
lOOno
70|yes
65|yes
5o'yes 60
eoiyes
75lno
90 no
no ! 90 no
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
95
60
45
North Carolina Labor Statistics.
TABLE No.
Counties.—Class of Goods
Manufactured.
?H o
2^
2?
o V.
CO c^-
v.?
G 'Z'^ ^
^^ ."S
2^-
aj ^ K^i
3 Qj
O X
.r:--C +j i)
S CD y c
to Si)
r^-li ^ a;
r^ •r' ''-'
< " S-H ^_3
^. os'
t: o ci =3
03 r^
o
btn-5
03 ,
S-'^
<
o S
b/j di
o3 —
-^.
Cleveland.
Cotton Mill 4025
Cotton Mill ' 884l_..
Cotton Mill
I
4224
Cotton Mill i 3000
Craven.
Machine Shop
Guano
Cumberland.
WoodeuAvare j
Cotton Mill ! 3056 62
Cotton Mill
j
3200 88
Currituck. '
Saw Mill i
j
Mattress 1 -_-_'
Davidson.
Plug Tobacco
Cotton Mill 3800 226
Davie.
Roller Mills:
Tobacco
Tobacco
Durham.
Cotton Mill
Cotton, Rope, Bag j 2000 20
Smoking Tobacco L . __^
Cotton : 5376 200
Edgecombe.
Carriage Factory
Knitting Mill--
Forsyth.
Foundry
Tobacco
Wagon Factory
Wood-work
Tobacco
Sash Factory '
Pipes and Earthenware-
Saw MiU
Flour Mill
Franklin.
Cotton Yarns : 650
Gaston.
Cotton Yarns 2000
Cotton Yarns ! 2000
290i
2481
282'
300
313
120
355
306i
312!
12 no
12 no
11 no
12 yes
10 yes
10 no
10 yes
12 ho
lUno
10 yes
10 ----
no bad
no bad
no bad
yes good
lyes good
no
yes good
no bad
no bad
yes
$1 00;$ 75$ 301
90! 70! 30!
90 70 30
1 50' 50 30
] 90
1 OOi
65$ 40
60 40
65 40
1:^ =?
|