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THE LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA THE COLLECTION OF NORTH CAROLINIANA C331 N87L 1954-/56 UNIVERSITY OF N C. AT CHAPEL HILL 00033939016 This BOOK may be kept out TWO WEEKS ONLY, and is subject to a fine of FIVE CENTS a day thereafter. It is DUE on the DAY indicated below: wAfcfc=#efi Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2011 with funding from Ensuring Democracy through Digital Access (NC-LSTA) http://www.archive.org/details/biereplab195456nort Biennial Report OF The Department of Labor JULY 1, 1954 TO JUNE 30, 1956 ISSUED BY THE NORTH CAROLINA DEPARTMENT OF LABOR FRANK CRANE, Commissioner RALEIGH Edited By The Information Service Fall, 1956 PRESSES OF CHRISTIAN PRINTING COMPANY DURHAM, N. C. v^ ^ '-^ 1 Ns 7 / ^ ry" i'^' LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL The Honorable Luther H. Hodges Governor of North Carolina Raleigh, North Carolina Dear Governor Hodges: I have the honor and pleasure of submitting to you here-with a report of the work of the Department of Labor cover-ing the biennial period of July 1, 1954 to June 30, 1956. In transmitting this report to you, I wish to acknowledge the fine cooperation of the heads of the various divisions of the Department of Labor which made possible the record of sound and useful accomplishment and service to the people of North Carolina which this Department rendered during the biennium. Respectfully, Frank Crane, Commissio72er of Labor. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Letter of Transmittal 3 Biennial Report of the Commissioner of Labor 7 Report of Expenditures 12 Division of Standards and Inspections 14 Industrial Safety and Labor Regulations Inspections 16 Wage and Hour Investigations 19 Boiler Inspections 20 Elevator I nspections 26 Mine and Quarry Inspections 28 Construction Safety Inspections 33 Special Safety Services 35 Division of Conciliation and Arbitration 40 Division of Apprenticeship Training 46 Bureau of Labor for the Deaf 53 Information Service 59 Division of Statistics 60 Index of Statistical Tables 109 / ORGANIZATION CHART OF THE DEPARTMENT OF LABOR General Assembly of North Carolina Department of Labor Federal Wage & Hour Advisory Unit Commissioner 1 Deputy Commissioner Arbitration Service Division of Standards and Inspections Office Administration and Budget Accounts Bureau of General Inspections State Labor Laws, Safety and Sanitation Regulations Bureau of Boiler Inspections Child Labor Certification, in cooperation with Supts. of Public Welfare Fair Labor Standards Act, Public Contracts Act; in cooperation with Wageand Hour and Public Contracts Divisions, U. S. Depart-ment of Labor Bureau of Elevator Inspections Bureau of Mine & Quarry Inspections — In cooperation with the Bureau of Labor Statistics, U. S. Department of Labor Division of Conciliation Division of Apprenticeship Training Bureau of Labor for the DeaC Information Service Division of Statistics BIENNIAL REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR The industrial population of North Carolina, which for the last four years has averaged well over a million people employed in nonagricul-tural occupations, experienced two prosperous years during the 1954- 56 biennium. Both employment and earnings registered substantial increases during that period. Nonagricultural employment in the State climbed from 980,500 in July, 1954 to 1,037,800 in June, 1956—an increase of 57,300 or more than five per cent. Following the first month of the biennium, the total of workers employed remained consistently above the million mark during the remainder of the 24-month period. Both total em-ployment and job opportunities remained excellent during the bien-nium. Average weekly earnings of the State's factory workers increased from $47.25 in July, 1954 to $53.84 in June, 1956, for a gain of nearly 14 per cent. Average hourly earnings increased 9.6 per cent, rising from $1.25 at the beginning of the biennium to $1.37 in June, 1956. The increase in both hourly and weekly earnings during the 1954- 56 biennium was in sharp contrast with the preceding biennial pe-riod, during w4iich time the increases in gross earnings of factory workers in North Carolina were very slight. Together with this increase in employment and earnings, many new^ and diversified industries began operations in the State and the long-term expansion of existing industrial establishments continued. Improvements w^ere made in working conditions and plant safety practices. The occupational accident frequency rate of industry as a whole continued to decline. The State's excellent record of produc-tive and peaceful labor-management relations continued to be one of the most outstanding in the nation. DECADE OF INDUSTRIAL PROGRESS North Carolina has made enormous strides forward during the ten years which have elapsed since the end of World War II. Total nonagricultural employment in the State increased 38.5 per cent during the last ten years, rising from 755,000 in 1946 to 1,046,000 in 1956, as follows: 8 Biennial Report of The Department of Labor Annual Avg. of Year Non-Farm Employment 1946 755,000 1947 864,000 1948 879,000 1949 850,000 1950 911,000 1951 970,000 1952 992,000 1953 1,012,000 1954 1,002,000 1955 1,037,000 1956 1,046,000 Nonagricultural employment increased an average of 29,100 per year in the State during the ten-year period. Employment in factories increased 28 per cent during the ten years, rising from 360,000 in 1946 to 461,000 in 1956. Non-manufacturing employment, exclusive of agriculture, in-creased 48 per cent, rising from 395,000 in 1946 to 585,000 in 1956. Average hourly earnings of all North Carolina factory workers increased 67 per cent during the last ten years, rising from an annual average of $.82 in 1946 to $1.37 in 1956. In the same period, the average weekly earnings of factory employees increased 69 per cent, rising from an annual average of $32.25 in 1946 to $54.56 in 1956. The average duration of the workweek in North Carolina factories was substantially the same in 1946 and 1956, rising only 1.5 per cent from an annual average of 39.3 hours in 1946 to 39.9 hours in 1956. Calculated upon the basis of 2,000 working hours per year, the average gross annual wage of North Carolina factory workers in-creased 67 per cent during the last ten years, rising from $1,640 in 1946 to $2,740 in 1956. The lost-time injury frequency rate in all North Carolina industry decreased 48 per cent during the last ten years, dropping from 15.8 lost-time injuries per million manhours in 1946 to 8.2 in the year 1955, the latest year for which complete studies are available. NEEDED LEGISLATION The Commissioner of Labor is directed by General Statute 95-5 to furnish the Governor with "recommendations of the Commissioner with reference to such changes in the law applying to or affecting in-dustrial and labor conditions as the Commissioner may deem ad-visable." Biennial Report of The Department of Labor 9 There are several fields in which legislation affecting industrial and labor conditions is needed in North Carolina. These are as fol-lows: 1. State Minimum Wage Law. By far the most pressing need in the State's legislative structure affecting labor conditions is the need for a State Minimum Wage Law. A wage survey based upon reports of the Department's inspection staff during the 1954-56 biennium indicated that among some 205,000 people employed by retail trade and service-industry establishments, more than 90,000—or 44 per cent—of these workers were earning less than 75 cents an hour. A total of 45,000 workers in retail trade and service-industry employment were found to be earning less than 55 cents an hour. This survey indicated that among 156,000 workers employed in retail trade establishments, 68,000 were earning under 75 cents an hour. In the personal service industries, the proportion of workers earning less than 75 cents was even higher—23,000 out of a total of 49,000 employed in these establishments. North Carolina cannot overcome her low per-capita income posi-tion or build effectively for the future upon the basis of a low-wage economy. The Federal Minimum Wage, applying to workers engaged in interstate commerce, has been raised to $1.00 an hour. This was accomplished with a minimum of dislocation and hardship. Some 170,000 North Carolinians received wage increases as a direct result of the $1.00 minimum which became effective on March 1, 1956. Em-ployment has not dropped in the industries which were principally affected; on the contrary, it has continued to increase. I therefore earnestly recommend that the General Assembly of North Carolina enact legislation providing a statutory minimum wage covering all of the industrial workers of the State. Such a law would have no direct effect upon the 600,000 workers already covered by the Federal Law, nor would it affect the earnings of employees of Federal, State and local government agencies. It would, however, provide the protection of the State for a large group of seriously un-derpaid workers who comprise 44 per cent of the total employment in retail trade and personal-service industries. 2. State Labor Relations Law. Application of the National Labor Relations Act to a particular case is determined by whether or not a labor dispute, if one should occur, would tend to burden, obstruct, or, in general, "affect" interstate commerce. The National Labor Re-lations Board has authority to act only when such disputes do affect interstate commerce. 10 Biennial Report of The Department of Labor Since the National Labor Relations Board has relinquished juris-diction of cases in which there is only a minor effect upon interstate commerce, I am of the opinion that legislative study should be given to ascertaining whether North Carolina needs a State Labor Rela-tions Law. A particular labor dispute occurring in a North Carolina community may have only a minor effect upon interstate commerce, yet may at the same time be an important matter in the econoiTiy of the local cominunity. 3. Improvement in Child Labor Law. A weakness of our present Child Labor Law is that it provides inadequate protection for young people engaged in street trades, particvdarly for those under 16 years of age. Special safeguards are needed for children who engage in street trades, since these youngsters are continually subject to influ-ences not ordinarily encountered by minors performing other types of work. I therefore recommend that the North Carolina Child Labor Law be made the subject of legislative study, -with the view of im-proving the protection of young people engaged in street trades. 4. Wage Collection Law, The Department of Labor for many years has received complaints from workers who state that their em-ployers have failed to pay them wages which they have earned. In instances where the employee's work is covered by the Federal Wage and Hour Law, the Department makes investigations and takes ap-propriate action in accordance with the provisions of that statute. In many other cases, however, the complaining employees' jobs are not covered by the Federal Law. In these instances, the Department is unable to act due to our lack of a State Wage Collection Law. These wage complaints have been sufhciently numerous to con-vince me that North Carolina needs a statute authorizing the De-partment of Labor to make investigations and take appropriate ac-tions in the courts of competent jurisdiction in cases where investi-gation reveals that employers have failed to pay employees wages which have been earned. The enactment of a State Minimum Wage Law would serve to alleviate this situation. DIVISION REPORTS The work and accomplishments of the Department of Labor during the 1954-56 biennium are summarized in the Division Reports which follow, by Mr. Lewis P. Sorrell, Deputy Commissioner of La-bor and Chief of the Division of Standards and Inspections; Mr. Gail Barker, Director of the Division of Conciliation and Arbitration; Mr. C. L. Beddingfield, Director of the Division of Apprenticeship Biennial Report of The Department of Labor 11 Training; Mr. J. M. Vestal, Director of the Bureau of Labor for the Deaf; and Mr. W. L. Strickland, Director of the Division of Statis-tics. Of particular significance are the sections which describe North Carolina's excellent record in labor-management relations during the last 16 years; the sharp reduction in industrial accidents during the last ten years; the large increase in the number of youngsters train-ing as apprentices in the skilled trades; the securing of profitable employment for deaf workers; and the detailed presentation of wages, hours and employment trends in North Carolina industries during recent years. 12 Biennial Report of The Department of Labor TABLE 1 REPORT OF EXPENDITURES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR 1954—1955 REVENUE Appropriation-Chapter 1165, P. L. 1953 $374,846.00 Federal Wage and Hour Payments 90 , 511 . 56 Boiler Bureau Fees for Inspections 34,694.34 Apprenticeship Training 18,063.12 $518,115.02 REFUNDS Refund of Expenditures $ 1,829.12 $519,944.14 EXPENDITURES Expenditures $482 , 969 . 02 Refund of Expenditures 1 , 829 . 12 $484 , 798 . 14 Unexpended Balance Reverted to General Fund. $ 35,146.00 PURPOSES Administration $ 31,966.88 Employment Services for the Deaf 7,540.35 Statistical Division 23 , 013 . 59 Standards and Inspections 208,974.25 Wage and Hour Division 89,610.32 Supplies, Services and Expenses 6 ,934 . 18 Apprenticeship Training 59,224.28 Conciliation Service 19,458.11 Arbitration Panel 190.62 Boiler Bureau 36,056.44 $482,969.02 OBJECTS Salaries and Wages $393 ,175.01 Supplies and Materials 2 , 509 . 59 Postage, Telephone and Telegrams 6,573.68 Travel Expenses 64 , 460 . 40 Printing and Binding 6,099.24 Repairs and Alterations 536.40 General Expenses 8 , 697 . 77 Equipment 916.93 $482,969.02 Biennial Report of The Department of Labor 13 TABLE 2 REPORT OF EXPENDITURES, DEPARTMENT OF LABOR 1955—1956 REVENUE Appropriation-Chapter 907, P. L. 1955 $359,887.00 Federal Wage and Hour Payments 107 ,763 . 54 Boiler Bureau Fees for Inspections 36,773.97 Apprenticeship Training 18,662.66 $523,087.17 REFUNDS Refunds of Expenditures $ 746.90 EXPENDITURES Expenditures $500,540.34 Refund of Expenditures 746.90 Unexpended Balance reverted to General Fund . PURPOSES Administration $ 32 ,306 . 10 Employment Service for the Deaf 7,869.23 Statistical Division 21,034.93 Standards and Inspections 208 , 528 . 00 Wage and Hour Division 112,979.32 Supplies, Services and Expenses 4 ,492 . 13 Apprenticeship Training 56,262.98 Conciliation Service 20,430.55 Arbitration Panel 88.15 Boiler Bureau 36 , 548 . 95 $500,540.34 OBJECTS Salaries and Wages $406,757.42 Supplies and Materials 2 , 049 . 24 Postage, Telephone and Telegrams 6,963.43 Travel Expenses 70,450.98 Printing and Binding 3,227.75 Repairs and Alterations 841 . 81 General Expenses 9 , 642 . 20 Equipment 607 . 51 $523,834.07 $501,287.24 $ 22,546.83 $500,540.34 14 Biennial Report of The Department of Labor DIVISION OF STANDARDS AND INSPECTIONS Lewis P. Sorrell Deputy Coynmissioner of Labor The division of standards and inspections performs a variety of inspection and investigation work required of the Department of Labor by statute. It enforces the State Child Labor Law, the State Maximum Hour Law, the State Elevator Code, the State Boiler Law, the Construction Safety Code, the Mine and Quarry Safety Code, the Federal Wage and Hour Law, and the Federal Public Contracts Act. It also plans, recommends for adoption, and enforces Safety and Health Regulations designed to eliminate industrial hazards and provide better working conditions in North Carolina industry. The work of our industrial safety inspectors is concerned pri-marily with the maintenance of safe and healthful working condi-tions in all places of industrial employment. The principal func-tions of these inspectors are to discover hazards to safety and health, to discuss these hazards with management, and to advise management concerning the most helpful methods of carrying out the provisions of the Safety and Health Regulations. Another important fvmction is making special investigations in response to complaints indicating Labor Law or Safety Code violations. The inspectors also consult and advise on problems of mutual concern to labor and management which are not specifically covered by the laws or safety codes. North Carolina's many alert and progressive employers do not have to be "sold" the desirability of providing satisfactory working conditions. In most instances, no direct enforcement measures are required in order to secure compliance with the laws and regulations, since a majority of Tar Heel employers are anxious to make im-provements which are needed. However, a minority of employers, some of whom will violate the law or disregard the Safety and Health Regulations even though inspections are made as frequently as our personnel permits, resist all efforts of the inspector to secure volun-tary compliance with the laws and regulations. In these cases, the Department of Labor has to resort to the courts to obtain the com-pliance which cannot be obtained by less drastic measures. The work of our labor regulations inspectors is similar to that performed by our industrial safety inspectors, except that the former work chiefly in the State's retail trade, service, and other intrastate establishments. These inspectors specialize in work concerning child labor and female employees. Biennial Report of The Department of Labor 15 The Department also uses the services of inspectors who devote their full time to inspections of elevators and to study and approval of proposed plans for elevator installations. Other inspectors make inspections of high and low pressure boilers. Another specialized type of inspection work is the inspection of mines and quarrying opera-tions. Likewise, we have a specialized inspection service to promote safety in the construction industry. Continuously since Dec. 1, 1939, the administration of the Fed-eral Wage and Hour Law and the Federal Public Contracts Act in North Carolina has been entrusted to the State Department of Labor. North Carolina is the only State in the nation which enforces these federal statutes by virtue of annually renewed cooperative agreements with the United States Department of Labor. Assisted by a Federal Representative and a small office staff assigned to the Department by the Wage and Hour and Public Contracts Divisions of the U. S. Labor Department, we have developed a well coordinated program under which we administer locally both State and Federal laws in the fields of safety and health, minimum wages, maximum hours, child labor and general working conditions. Operating under this arrangement, we have another group of inspectors whose work con-sists principally of making investigations under these Federal statutes. Under the North Carolina law requiring the licensing of private employment agencies by the Department of Labor, licenses were issued to eleven firms during the biennium. There has been a notice-able increase in the number of inquiries made by out-of-State firms. Most of these inquiries concerned the efforts of out-of-State firms to secure the services of domestic employees to work outside the State. The remainder of this report of the Division of Standards and Inspections will consist of detailed explanations of the various types of inspection work performed. An analysis of our industrial safety and labor regulations inspection work will be found in the report of Mr. W. G. Watson, Supervising Inspector. A detailed report of our wage and hour operations during the biennium will be found in the report of Mr. S. G. Harrington, our wage and hour Investigation Supervisor. The activities of the Bureau of Boiler Inspections have continued to expand greatly as a result of the General Assembly's action in bringing low pressure boilers under coverage of the State Boiler Law. An account of the Boiler Bureau's operations will be found in the report of Mr. S. F. Harrison, Boiler Inspection Supervisor. Installation of new elevator equipment and remodeling of older equipment has continued at an accelerated pace during the last two 16 Biennial Report of The Department of Labor years. This continued expansion in the demand for elevator service has kept our elevator inspection service very busy. A detailed report of these activities will be found in the report of Mr. Pryor E. Sugg, our Chief Elevator Inspector. Mining and quarrying operations also have continued at a high level. A detailed report of these activities will be found in the report of Mine Inspectors H. M. Hall and J. R. Brandon. The Department continued during the biennium to develop its specialized inspection and safety promotion service for the State's extensive construction industry. A detailed account of this work will be found in the report of Mr. J. E. Fisher, Construction Safety In-spector. In addition to our regular inspection services under State and Federal laws, the Division continued during the biennium to promote safety in industry through the Department's specialized accident pre-vention program. This program is aided by the expert assistance of 21 industrial safety experts employed by leading representative in-dustries, who serve without compensation as the Department's Safety Advisory Board. A detailed explanation of this phase of our safety work will be found in the report of Mr. W. C. Creel, Supervisor of Safety. INDUSTRIAL SAFETY AND LABOR REGULATIONS INSPECTIONS W. G. Watson, Supervisor Industrial Safety and Labor Regulations Inspectors of the Division of Standards and Inspections completed 28,040 inspections during the 1954-56 biennium. These inspections covered 799,336 employees, ex-clusive of duplications in plants in which more than one inspection was made. The inspectors also made 236 special investigations in response to complaints alleging violation of the State Labor Laws and the Safety and Health Regulations. Additional special investigations were made by the inspectors in 79 industrial accident cases involving fatal or serious injuries to work-ers. These investigations were made to determine the causes of the accidents and to find the methods necessary to prevent their recurrence. Reinspections or compliance visits were made in 3,215 instances to insure compliance with recommendations previously made to correct violations of the Labor Laws and assist management with problems arising in connection with safety, health and general working con-ditions. Biennial Report of The Department of Labor 17 A total of 6,477 conferences were held with employers, employees, superintendents of public welfare and other officials for the purpose of explaining the Labor Laws, Safety and Health Regulations and other matters with which the inspectors are officially concerned. A total of 20,604 violations were found in the course of inspection work during the biennium. Recommendations to correct these viola-tions were made by the inspectors. Compliances were reported in 21,771 instances, including a few compliances with recommendations made during the closing month of the previous biennium. A detailed analysis of these violations and compliances will be found in Tables 3 and 4. The 236 complaints received during the biennium alleged viola-tions of the Maximiuu Hour and Child Labor Laws, unsafe and un-healthful working conditions, unsanitary and inadequate toilet facili-ties, inadequate ventilation and lighting, and failure to provide seats for female employees. These complaints were given priority over routine inspection work and were investigated immediately. In each case, where violations were found, immediate action was taken to secure compliance. Where violations were considered willful and no disposition was shown to correct them, the Department instituted legal actions. Will-ful violations were found in 16 establishments during the biennium and the violators were prosecuted in the local courts. In each case, the defendants were found guilty of violations as charged and were penalized by fines, costs of court, and, in several instances, suspended jail sentences. The Division's Industrial Safety Inspectors completed a total of 5,990 routine and special accident prevention inspections during the biennium, extending their services to 401,235 employees in the in-spected establishments. The Division's Labor Regulations Inspectors completed 16,953 in-spections, extending their services to 199,867 employees. Another group of the Division's inspectors, who perform both in-dustrial safety and labor regulations inspection work, completed 5,097 inspections, extending their services to 198,234 employees. In accordance with the State-Federal Wage and Hour Agreement, our inspectors made spot checks for compliance with the Federal Wage and Hour Law on each routine inspection. Where indications of violations of the Federal Law were observed, a report containing this information was submitted. During the biennium the inspectors sub-mitted 262 such reports indicating some type of violation of the Fed-eral Law, including the record-keeping, child labor, minimum wage and overtime provisions. 18 Biennial Report of The Department of Labor Also in accordance with the State-Federal Agreement, our Industrial Safety Inspectors completed a total of 200 safety and health inspections under the Federal Public Contracts Act. These inspections were made concurrently with their regular State Law inspection work. TABLE 3 VIOLATIONS NOTED DURING THE BIENNIUM—JULY 1, 1954 THROUGH JUNE 30, 1956 INDUSTRY Child Labor Hours Record Keeping Posting Labor Laws Sanita-tion Seats First Aid Drink-ing Water Safety Total Textile Yarn & Weave Mills. Textile Knit Goods Other Textiles 2 12 43 9 23 25 4 20 1 6 34 36 1,808' 749 78 286 104 4 3 8 23 62 5 11 19 2 8 16 9 25 22 352 316 68 16 1 3 1 31 40 3 15 81 17 1 12 6 12 30 40 346 156 74 3 9 5 4 6 39 191 11 37 250 43 6 36 32 35 250 334 2,314 1,319 144 114 120 5 58 57 131 74 13 39 86 149 8 14 9 30 84 64 301 50 199 7 29 7 2 2 3 1 1 6 108 2 23 9 4 36 16 1 10 41 17 6 2 2 8 23 18 8 1 7 2 1 3 2 3 1 2 19 8 1 1 1 1 8 6 45 8 1 2 5 1,606 1,277 785 485 122 223 897 657 62 51 295 190 509 214 358 28 434 15 86 42 1,688 1,357 1,052 921 Tobacco Manufacturing Apparel Manufacturing Lumber and Timber Furniture Manufacturing _._ 152 341 1,408 935 90 Printing__- .... Chemical Manufacturing Stone, Clay and Glass Other Manufacturing Wholesale Trade Retail Trade .__ ^ Eating and Drinking. Laundries and Dry Cleaning Amusement. . Other Service* Other Non-Manufacturing- _ 144 362 291 963 740 5,640 2,621 1,035 426 368 70 GRAND TOTAL 3,244 966 885 5,280 1,409 148 212 124 8,.336 20,604 'Includes: Lod'-ini Places, Personal, Repair & Miscellaneous Business Service, and Radio Broadcasting & Televisicn TABLE 4 COMPLIANCE WITH ORDERS ISSUED JULY 1954—JUNE 1956 INCLUSIVE Posting Drink- INDUSTRY Child Record Labor Sanita- Seats First mg Safety Total Labor Hours Keeping Laws tion Aid Water Textile Yarn & Weave Mills_ 1 4 5 6 55 12 1,673 1,756 Textile Knit Goods 2 12 3 7 61 3 2 1,371 1,461 Other Textiles 14 26 36 36 128 1 33 2 792 1,068 Food Products. ._ 37 74 49 190 89 4 19 6 487 955 Tobacco Manufacturing 4 12 25 1 1 142 186 Apparel Manufacturing 10 5 17 32 40 2 12 144 266 Lumber and Tim'ner. . 21 17 72 227 84 41 20 957 1,439 Furniture Manufacturing., 22 14 15 39 162 22 657 936 4 1 2 6 9 6 54 83 Printing. 24 10 12 41 17 4 63 173 Chemical Manufacturing 1 17 6 33 13 3 370 444 Stone. Clav end Glass . 7 6 14 31 46 12 197 317 Other Manufacturing. 35 23 47 261 113 29 554 1,071 Wholesale Trade . . . . 34 21 50 317 75 6 16 218 744 Retail Trade 1,890 348 333 2,315 396 81 10 45 441 5,859 Eating and Drinking 689 336 162 1,329 96 3 1 46 2,663 Laundries and Dry Cleaning 80 63 68 148 217 26 11 12 529 1,154 Amusement .. 345 4 118 12 2 21 502 Other Service* . . . _ 127 23 16 143 94 8 2 5 201 619 Other Non-Manufacturing.. 4 6 5 6 1 5 48 75 GRAND TOTAL 3,347 1,000 921 5,296 1,738 132 238 134 8,965 21,771 'Includes: Lodging Places, Personal, Repair & Miscellaneous Service, and Radio Broadcasting & Television. Biennial Report of The Department of Labor 19 FEDERAL WAGE-HOUR AND PUBLIC CONTRACTS INVESTIGATIONS S. G. Harrington, Supervisor The Wage and Hour investigators check the payrolls of industrial and commercial establishments and interview employers and em-ployees to determine compliance with the Fair Labor Standards Act (Federal Wage and Hour Law) and the Walsh-Healey Public Contracts Act. Priority is given to complaint investigations, Public Contract in-vestigations, employer requests, and requests from the National Office of the Wage and Hour and Public Contracts Divisions in Washington, D. C. Special attention is given to establishments which have not previously been investigated. In addition to regular investigation activities mentioned above, special investigations are made to determine compliance with the provisions of the Davis-Bacon Act on government financed construc-tion projects when requested by the Secretary of Labor. Where pro-visions of the State labor laws apply, concurrent State inspections are made with Wage-Hour and Public Contracts investigations. Wage and Hour investigation activities during the biennium, vio-lations noted, and back wages found due workers, are summarized in the following Table: TABLE 5 WAGE AND HOUR WORK FOR PERIOD JULY 1, 1954—JUNE 30, 1956 Wage-Hour investigations (except agriculture) 1806 Public Contracts investigations made concurrent with Wage-Hour 104 Special Child Labor investigations in agriculture 288 Wage-Hour investigations (except agriculture) revealing violations of Child Labor provisions of Wage-Hour Law 63 Special Child Labor investigations in agriculture showing violations 139 Investigations showing violations of minimum wage provisions of ^Vage-Hour Law 298 Investigations showing violations of overtime provisions of Wage-Hour Law 788 Complaint investigations made 429 Davis-Bacon investigations made 24 Investigation visits in agriculture 72 Employees found due back wages 5672 Amount of back wages found due $427,822 State inspections made concurrent with Wage-Hour 1243 20 Biennial Report of The Department of Labor In addition to investigation activities, the staff is called upon to engage in public educational programs to bring employers and em-ployees up-to-date on the provisions of the Wage-Hour and Public Contracts Laws. For this purpose general clinics, as well as clinics for specific industries, are conducted. In addition, numerous appearances are made before civic clubs, employee and employer clubs. Countless numbers of individual conferences with both employees and employers are held. Individual inquiries by telephone and by mail have been answered. Special certificates for employment of the physically handicapped at subminimum rates, Sheltered Workshop Certificates, Homework Certificates in restricted industries. Apprenticeship Certificates, and Student Learner Certificates have been issued by the Raleigh office. With the passage of the bill increasing the minimum rate under the Wage and Hour Act, all of the above extra-investigative activity increased tremendously. Thousands of pieces of literature were dis-tributed, mail and telephone inquiries increased manifold, radio talks were made in vastly increased numbers, certificates of all kinds trebled many times, and new and additional investigators had to be selected and trained. During the fiscal year 1954-55, we operated with a staff of twelve field investigators. This staff was increased to nineteen on March 1, 1956. These new investigators underwent a fom-weeks period of formal classroom training, followed by a period of field training with trained investigators. By the end of the fiscal year 1955-56, they were ready to begin regular field investigations. BUREAU OF BOILER INSPECTIONS S. F. Harrison, Superx'isor The North Carolina Boiler Law is an important factor in the pro-tection of life and property from the disastrous results of high and low pressure boiler and hot water tank explosions. The usefulness of this law increases proportionately with the growing power demands of an industrially expanding State. Without an inspection service adequate to determine the need for periodic boiler repairs and replacements, boilers will deteriorate more rapidly and the likelihood of expensive and destructive explosions will increase. When an inspection is made by either the State Boiler Inspector or by an Insurance Company Inspector, the owner or oper-ator of the boiler inspected is instructed in the safe care and main-tenance of his boiler. Such instruction helps the boiler and tank Biennial Report of The Department of Labor 21 owners financially. It also undoubtedly helps to prevent explosions. The North Carolina Boiler Law, which is strictly a safety measure to prevent loss of life and property, covers all high pressure boilers, low pressure boilers, hot water boilers and hot water supply tanks, except those which are specifically exempt under General Statute 95-60. According to all reports received by the Boiler Bureau during the 1954-56 biennium, only one hot water supply tank explosion and three high pressure boiler explosions occurred in the State during the bien-nium. In the spring of 1955, a hot water storage tank 12" in diameter and 60" high exploded in a Service Station due to the bottom head rupturing with a force which carried the vessel through 2" x 8" timbers and wood roof, collapsing a 12" cement block wall. Fortu-nately, no one was injured. An employee had just walked away from the tank moments before the explosion occurred. The tank was not equipped with the approved type of relief devices. Two of the high pressure boiler explosions occurred due to low water conditions. One boiler failed due to an accumulation of scale in the automatic water feeding device, which locked the control on a normal water level and allowed the boiler to operate on low water conditions until the failure occurred, which damaged only the furnace sheet and tubes. Another high pressure boiler explosion was caused by the operator tampering with the control switches, causing the boiler to be operated after it had cut off on low water. The explosion occurred a few min-utes later, causing an estimated damage of approximately $15,000.00. The third high pressure explosion was of a vertical tubular boiler, ^vhich exploded when the corroded tubes of the bottom head slipped out of the tube holes, causing the boiler to explode with a jet action. The boiler landed approximately 125 feet from its original setting, causing approximately $1,500.00 damage. The three above-mentioned high pressure boilers have since been properly repaired, retubed and returned to service. A number of boilers have been damaged by low -water conditions due to the operating controls failing and the lack of attendance in keeping the controls in proper operating condition. During the last two years, this Bureau gave special attention to individual and special requests for boiler inspections. We operated with a staff of four inspectors until May, 1955, and four office em-ployees. From August 1, 1955, to November 1, 1955, a Boiler Inspector was in training who left our employment on November 1, 1955, for a higher salai~y. This job was filled on November 15, 1955 and we have 22 Biennial Report of The Department of Labor continued to operate since November 15, 1955, with four inspectors — tliree full-time boiler inspectors and the Supervising Boiler Inspector. Our inspection work in the Boiler Bureau has increased to such an extent that we need two additional inspectors for full-time field work in order to adequately inspect the boilers we have on our present records and pick up the boilers and tanks which have never been in-spected. There are estimated to be between five and eight thousand uninspected boilers and tanks. We need one additional office employee, a file clerk, to handle the growing increase in the Boiler Bureau Work and the additional work the two above-mentioned boiler inspectors will create from their inspection services. The Supervising Boiler Inspector, who is located in Raleigh, spends a considerable portion of his time in the office handling essential cor-respondence and supervising all phases of the Bureau's work. This work includes checking the inspection reports sent in by Insurance Company Boiler Inspectors, who are authorized representatives of the State insofar as inspection of insured boilers is concerned; checking blue prints on shop-inspected boilers and tanks in instances in which the State Inspector makes the shop inspections; and making field as-sembly inspections in cases where boilers are assembled in the field. The Supervisor has the responsibility of seeing that all boilers operating in the State are in compliance with the Boiler Law. One State Boiler Inspector is located in Charlotte, making inspec-tions in the southwestern part of the State and shop inspections. The second Inspector is located in High Point, making inspections in the northwestern part of the State. Our third Inspector is located in Ra-leigh, making inspections in the eastern part of the State. A detailed statistical explanation of the operations of the Boiler Bureau will be found in the accompanying tables concerning inspec-tion activities, revenues received and Boiler Bureau expenses from July 1, 1954, to June 30, 1956. TABLE 6 REPORT OF BOILER BUREAU REVENUE RECEIVED FOR BIENNIUM JULY 1, 1954, THRU' JUNE 30, 1956: Certificate fees $18,438.00 State inspections 52.114.15 Commissions (Insurance Companies) 883.50 Symbol Stamps for stamping boilers (Sold to Insurance Companies) 30.46 Testing Welders 105.00 TOTAL $71,571.11 Biennial Report of The Department of Labor 23 TABLE 7 COMBINED REPORT OF INSPECTORS' ACTIVITIES Number of Inspections Income Disbursements Externals 1,484 External fees collected $ 4.532.00 External fees due 1,508.00 Internals 2,408 Internal fees collected 8.526.00 Internal fees due 6,178.00 Generals 9,112 General fees collected 4,187.00 General fees due 20,655.70 Specials 74 Special fees collected 787.00 Special fees due 1,290.00 Shop inspections 153 Shop fees collected 300.00 Shop fees due 3,585.00 Field assembly inspections 11 Field assembly fees collected Field assembly fees due 280.00 Travel collected for inspections 279.41 Travel due for inspections 717.03 Testing Welders (Collected) 7 685.00 Testing Welders (Due) I 105.00 Total Inspections 13,250 $53,615.14 TABLE 8 COMBINED REPORT OF INSPECTORS' ACTIVITIES Income Disbursements Travel paid to Inspectors $10,321.63 Total salaries paid to Inspectors 34,900.66 Total amount paid to Inspectors $45,222.29 Total inspection income in excess of disbursements $ 8,392.85 Accidents investigated 3 Complaints investigated 22 Compliance visits 1,176 Conferences 74 Boilers found insured 339 Boilers found out of use 232 Firms found out of business 88 Boilers or tanks condemned 61 Boilers or tanks junked 58 Court Case I Total 2,054 24 Biennial Report of The Department of Labor TABLE 9 STATE-INSPECTED BOILERS AND TANKS UNDER STATE INSPECTION Low pressure boilers and tanks: Certificate file 9,236 Pending file 770 TOTAL 10,006 High pressure boilers: Certificate file 1,339 External pending file 48 Internal pending file 257 TOTAL 1,644 GRAND TOTAL 11,650 TABLE 10 BOILERS AND TANKS INSPECTED AND REPORTED BY INSURANCE COMPANIES Low pressure boilers and tanks: Certificate file 11,159 Pending file 767 TOTAL 11,926 High pressure boilers: Certificate file 4.580 Pending file 250 TOTAL 4,830 ACTIVE GRAND TOTAL 16,756 Total number of boilers and tanks in active use 28,406 Total number of boilers and tanks in out-of-use file 1,588 Grand Total worked 1954-1956 biennium 29,994 Number of Boilers & Number of Tanks State Inspected Inspections Required Low pressure number of inspections once 10,006 every two years 10.006 High pressure boilers number of inspections 1,644 over two year period 6,576 Total number of boilers and tanks to be 1 1 ,650 inspected Total niunber inspections required every two years 16,582 Present force can make paid inspections in two years 13.250 Inspection required but cannot be made with present force 3.332 Each fidl-time field inspector can make 4.417 (paid inspections) and non-paid compliance, etc 685 TOTAL 5,102 This ecjuals 2.551 inspections per year for each inspector. Biennial Report of The Department of Labor 25 TABLE 11 BIENNIAL REPORT OF BOILER BUREAU JULY 1, 1954 TO JUNE 30, 1956 Reports received 32,875 Bills sent 27,692 Certificates issued 27,207 Repair letters 5,587 Repair letters complied 5,170 Correspondence: Dictated 1-258 Composed 2,019 Follow-up letters 21,249 Form letters of insurance cancellation 188 Total fees received $71,571.11 TABLE 12 BUREAU OF BOILER INSPECTIONS REVENUES AND EXPENSES JULY 1, 1954—JUNE 30, 1956 Attending Board Meetings $ 353.29 Salaries and Wages 55,928.15 Office Supplies and Printing 2,057.95 Postage, Telephone and Telegrams 2,670.96 General Expense, Bonding Employees, Repairs, Reimbursement to State College 837.06 Travel Expense 10,321.63 Office Equipment 436.35 Total expense 72,605.39 Appropriated 4,942.00 Collections 71,468.31 Total Income 76,410.31 Less: Total Expense 72,605.39 Amount Reverted 3,804.92 State Inspection Fees Due $ 1,500.99 Insurance Inspected Boilers, Certificate Fees Due 274.00 TOTAL DUE $ 1,774.99 Repairs Pending 223 26 Biennial Report of The Department of Labor BUREAU OF ELEVATOR INSPECTIONS Prvor E. Sugg, Chief Elevator Inspector The public regulation of elevators in the State of North Carolina is now in its seventeenth year. During these 17 years, elevator and escalator equipment have been completely revolutionized. The ele-vator industry has kept pace with the general trend of progress by con-structing and installing highly technical, automatic type elevators with modern controls. With this trend has come more work for the Ele-vator Bureau personnel since the drawings and plans submitted to us for review are more complicated. Also, without the assistance of an attendant, the inspection of the elevator equipment requires more time and knowledge of the dangers involved. When the State Elevator Code came into existence in 1939, only one escalator was in operation in North Carolina. There are now 33 in use and 14 others in the process of being installed. There were very few hydraulic elevators in 1939, but at present approximately 30 percent of all freight elevators are of the hydraulic type. Our Elevator Code Regulations were not, in all cases, made retroactive; therefore, a number of sub-standard elevators, mainly freight ele-vators, are still in use. However, owners and users of passenger elevators are becoming more safety-minded and the absence of the State certificate displayed in an elevator car is quite noticeable. Often we have inquiries by the users of elevators as to whether or not the certificate is being withheld due to unsafe conditions of the elevator. Consequently, we have made a survey of all passenger elevators which were installed prior to the effective date of the Code and have been successful in having most of them brought into a sufficient degree of compliance to justify a certificate. The American Standard Code for Elevators, Dumbwaiters and Escalators is a supplement to our State Code and is used as standard and guide for our authority and regulations for installations and in-spections of elevators. This Code also is used as a standard by the leading architects; therefore, we are called upon very often to assist them with their elevator problems. We spend much time advising elevator manufacturers and agents in an effort to improve safety features and prevent Code violations. Numerous accidents occur while the elevators, dumbwaiters and esca-lators are being installed and serviced by the skilled mechanics. The injuries resulting from such activities range from minor to severe and fatal. We are including among our activities a safety campaign, visit- Biennial Report of The Department of Labor 27 ing the jobs as often as possible while they are under construction to observe the methods used and the general conditions on and around the project. In most cases we find that the time element appears to supercede many needed safety precautions. A lecture on safe methods of performance often is worthwhile. We have made a special effort to have safe access to the elevator machine rooms provided for the protection of the inspector and the mechanics. This is a serious prob-lem, especially with elevators which were installed prior to any legal regulations requiring such provisions. In this effort we have made some progress. Due to our varied activities, including all the necessary office work pertaining to elevator problems, it is impossible for us to make as many routine inspections as should be made according to Code re-quirements and in the interest of the safety of the users of elevators. During the past biennium we received plans, specifications and applications for review and permits by various elevator concerns for the installation of 453 elevators, dumbwaiters and escalators. Accord-ing to the reports of estimated costs furnished us with each applica-tion, the total of expenditures for new installations during the bien-nium amounts to $4,775,627.79. This represents an increase of .$1,015,351.79 over the previous biennial period. The figures, as shown, are only for the parts of the projects furnished by the elevator concerns. They do not include the cost of preparing hoistways, which must be constructed properly in order to maintain the load and impact of the elevator equipment and to comply Avith the Building Code and Ele-vator Regulations for various types and locations of elevators. A statistical summary of our activities during the 1954-56 bien-nium is contained in the table which follows. TABLE 13 BUREAU OF ELEVATOR INSPECTIONS SUMMARY OF ACTIVITIES FROM JULY 1, 1954 TO JUNE 30, 1956 Approval of plans and specifications for new elevators, dumbwaiters and escalators 453 Approval of plans and specifications for major repairs and alterations of ex-isting elevator projects 91 Test and inspection of new elevators and dimrbwaiters 369 Test and inspection of new escalators 17 Certificates issued for new installations 365 Certificates issued for existing elevators 593 Regular inspection of existing elevators 1422 Compliance inspection of existing elevators 367 Elevators condemned as being unsafe for further use 38 Elevator accidents investigated 19 Conferences with various elevator manufacturing representatives and agents relative to elevator problems 140 28 Biennial Report of The Department of Labor BUREAU OF MINE AND QUARRY INSPECTIONS H. M. Hall and J. R. Brandon, Miiie Inspectors The highly diversified mining and quarrying industry of North Carolina experienced considerable growth and achievement during the 1954-56 biennium. The more than $71,000,000 total value of materials produced by North Carolina mines and quarries during 1954 and 1955 exceeds the previous two-year total by five and one-half million dollars. Operations have continued at a rapid pace, in general paralleling economic trends throughout the United States. Highly favorable market conditions, stockpiling of strategic ma-terials, defense spending by the Federal Government, and a high rate of consumer demand have furnished the incentive for this substantial growth. Accordingly, the Bureau of Mine and Quarry Inspections has experienced an ever-increasing demand for its services. Two mine inspectors were available during most of the past bien-nium and were fully occupied in making routine inspections, pro-moting safety, and investigating accidents in what is generally recog-nized as one of the State's most hazardous industries. With accident prevention the goal, the mine and quarry inspectors have striven to make an adequate number of inspections in an in-dustry in which the workers are exposed to a number of unusual haz-ards. Falling rock and caving ground, dark working areas, the pres-ence of harmful dust, the use of explosives and powerful machinery, the handling and movement of heavy objects and loads through cramped, often rough-surfaced and inclined working areas—all of these factors tend to make mining and quarrying more dangerous than most other industrial operations. Many activities of the mining and quarrying industry require a great amount of physical exertion and stamina on the part of the worker: handling and setting up heavy drills, pushing loaded ore carts, climbing up and down steep walkways, walking through muddy, slippery, rock-strewn tunnels and working in an atmosphere often with extremes of temperature and humidity. Conditions of working places often change from day to day, particularly in mines, exposing workers to new hazards as the work progresses. Considering the un-usual hazards peculiar to this highly dispersed and diverse industry, it has become increasingly difficult for two inspectors to provide ade-quate inspection coverage. Consequently, safety programs and ac-cident prevention measures are of special importance in the industry. Biennial Report of The Department of Labor 29 During the past biennium the mine and quarry inspectors have worked closely and successfully with both management and labor in establishing and maintaining sound safety programs which extend to the individual worker level. Acceptance at this level governs the success of any accident prevention and safety program. Statistics show that during the biennium there has been a marked reduction in the lost-time injury frequency rate in the mining industry, a slight reduction in the processing plants, and an increase in the quarrying industry. An important service in the Bureau of Mine and Quarry Inspec-tions is assisting operators of mines and quarries in obtaining Work-men's Compensation Insurance under the Assigned Risk Program of the North Carolina Compensation Rating and Inspection Bureau. Due to occupational disease hazards in the industry, many insurance carriers are reluctant voluntarily to provide such coverage. Before insurance can be assigned under the program. Certificates of Com-pliance, sho^ving the applicant's operations meet the minimum safety and health standards of the State, must be obtained from the De-partment of Labor. They are issued upon the recommendation of the mine and quarry inspectors after a careful inspection of the ap-plicant's operation. These Certificates of Compliance are revocable at any time the operator fails to comply with the State's safety and health requirements but are renewable when the recommended cor-rections are made. A total of 63 Certificates of Compliance Avere is-sued during the biennium. None were revoked. It is anticipated that the mining and quarrying industry will shoAV further marked expansion during the next two years. The extension of the Federal Government-subsidized exploration and development ]3rogram until June, 1962, along with a 20 per cent increase in the subsidized price schedide for sheet mica, will promote growth in the industry. The largest known reserves of spodumene in the Western Hemisphere are located in North Carolina From this mineral the element lithium is refined. This element is reported to be a source of the hydrogen isotope tritium (H^) used in thermonuclear devices. Considerable demand for this material and other strategic minerals is seen in the future. North Carolina Avill receive many additional millions of dollars in Federal road building funds from a bill recently enacted into law. An extensive higliAvay construction program, as well as continued industrial expansion, will create a large demand for crushed stone, gravel and other quarry products and promote further expansion of the industi"y. 30 Biennial Report of The Department of Labor As mining and quarrying expand in North Carolina, an increased demand for the services o£ the Bureau of Mine and Quarry Inspections is generated. Only through careful apportionment of time has it been possible for the Bureau's two inspectors to make even a minimum niunber of routine inspections during the biennium. Although these inspections have been proven to be one of the most effective weapons in the elimination of the causes of accidents and occupational hazards, they are much more effective when made more frequently than has been possible. Though much has been accomplished during the biennimn, there still remains room for considerable improvement. Adequate time and sufficient personnel to organize and conduct safety programs, make frequent compliance and enforcement visits, and furnish technical assistance, together with routine inspections, w^ill do much in the future to continue the Bureau's effort to eliminate the needless waste of human lives and limbs in the mining and quarrying industry. Detailed statistical information regarding the operations of the Bureau of Mine and Quarry Inspections will be found in the ac-companying tables. TABLE 14 ACCIDENTS REPORT OF MINE AND QUARRY OPERATIONS, AS REPORTED BY INDUSTRY, FOR THE CALENDAR YEAR OF 1954 Total Time Lost Minor Number Number of not Lost Time no Ddys Accidents Compensable Compensable Tijne Lost Fatal Lost MINES: Mica 16 10 6 268 Feldspar 32 18 10 3 1 271 Pyrophyllite and Talc 35 8 9 18 674 Miscellaneous 212 53 76 3 1 2626 295 89 101 24 2 3839 QUARRIES: Stone Products 215 65 47 103 2978 PITS: Sand and Gravel 52 H 8 33 139 Biennial Report of The Department of Labor 31 TABLE 15 ACCIDENT REPORT OF MINE AND QUARRY OPERATIONS, AS REPORTED BY INDUSTRY, FOR THE CALENDAR YEAR 1955 Total Lost Time Minor Number Number of not Lost Time no Days Accidents Compensable Compensable Time Lost Fatal Lost MINES: Mica 16 7 7 1 1 310 Feldspar 48 24 22 1 1 787 Pyrophyllite 29 11 6 12 557 Kaolin 7 4 3 87 Olivine 4 3 1 34 Miscellaneous 227 44 48 135 1859 331 90 89 150 2 3634 QUARRIES: Stone Products 214 34 47 125 1218.75 PITS: Sand and Gravel .... 79 10 24 44 1 1383.50 TABLE 16 VIOLATIONS AND COMPLIANCES IN MINES, QUARRIES AND SAND AND GRAVEL PITS July 1, 1954—June 30, 1956 Industry Number Establishments Found in Violation State Safety & Labor Health Laws Regulations Total Mines, Quarries, Sand and Gra\el Pits 340 Violation 7 836 843 Compliance 3 716 719 32 Biennial Report of The Department of Labor TABLE 17 ANNUAL REPORT MINES, QUARRIES AND PITS FOR CALENDAR YEAR 1954 INCLUDING STATE HIGHWAY QUARRIES Number Mines and Quarry Oper-ations Kind Actual Number Em-ployed Payroll Exec, and Office Employees Payroll Other Employees Quantity Tons Value * 24 Stone Products State High-way & Public Works Commission 557 1,357 328 252 398 201 166 25 20 788 $ 19,932.00 576,693.19 208,805.08 71,761.00 77,129.21 1.33,574.73 10,895.00 4,060.00 351,706.66 $ 401,984.25 2,793,930.60 853,157.39 401,355.62 607,314.30 513,007.82 366,127.31 70,366.82 11,946.00 2,622,569.61 1,086,374.55 9,158,636.30 3,883,939.45 523,614.79 78,860.02 114,292.00 202,931.20 9,614.31 680.00 591,233.39 $ 1,400,728.50 42 9,527,993.47 20 3,408,003.37 29 Feldspar . 740 084.50 51 10 3 Mica Pyrophyllite and Talc Kaolin 2,027,345.80 1,515,272.08 344,598.00 3 5 Olivine- - 93,518.53 6,085.20 ** 5 Miscellaneous 11,196,474.87 192 4,092 SI, 454, 556. 87 $8,641,759.72 15,650,176.01 $30,260,104.32 *This represents quarries operated by the State Highway and Public Works Commission which are operated by State employees and prison labor. **Spodumene, Lithium, Halloysite and Tungsten. TABLE 18 ANNUAL REPORT MINES, QUARRIES AND PITS FOR CALENDAR YEAR 1955 INCLUDING STATE HIGHWAY QUARRIES Number Mines and Quarry Oper-ations Kind Actual Number Em-ployed Payroll Exec, and Office Employees Payroll Other Employees Quantity Tons Value * 22 Stone Products State High-way & Public Works 460 1,406 369 352 377 147 185 28 837 $ 68,157.00 615,681.58 222,391.01 89,754.00 119,025,42 45.309.96 33,040.00 4,800.00 409,612.34 J 363,134.15 3,892,875.00 943,664.22 589,060.64 585,647.73 304,071.25 319,354.88 60,435.21 2,962,983.91 989,870.05 10,311,013.43 4,017,962.40 341,794.94 50,321.42 115,243.00 194,601.90 13,699.26 2,143,555.00 $1,275,125.71 42 17 Stone Products Sand and Gravel 16,316,853.01 4,073,149.17 33 Feldspar 2,518,948.51 51 5 3 Mica Pyrophyllite 2,913,390.01 1,185,424.00 356,366.00 4 139,641.22 ** 6 Miscellaneous 12,270,965.83 183 4,161 $1,597,771.31 $10,021,226.99 18,178,061.40 $41,049,863.46 *This represents quarries operated by the State Highway and Public Works Commission which are operated by State employees and prison labor. **Spodumene, Lithium, Halloysite, Asbestos and Tungsten. Biennial Report of The Department of Labor 33 CONSTRUCTION SAFETY INSPECTIONS James E. Fisher, Construction Safety hispector The program of accident prevention in the construction industry of North Carolina was started by the Department of Labor in 1953. Details of the initial steps taken by the Department in launching this program can be read in the 1952-54 Biennial Report. The main problem that confronted the Commissioner of Labor in getting this program under way has been laregly overcome. This was to get the contractors of the State acquainted with the workings of our accident prevention work in their industry and also to get all the contractor participation in the program that was possible. Frequent conferences and contacts with the individual contractor and with the contractors' association has helped very much in getting this participa-tion of the contractors, which was and continues to be so necessary to make Construction Safety work of the Department a successful operation. During the past biennium, the construction inspector has con-tinued to assist construction companies in setting up safety progiams. This action takes the form of gathering accident statistics from the company records, compiling these statistics into report form, and then conferring with top management of the company on the need for setting up a safety program. Follow-up conferences are often neces-sary and follow-up studies are also necessary in getting a safety pro-gram set up and working. We feel that a great amount of good has been accomplished in this line of work. Due to the nature of construction operations, with conditions on projects undergoing constant change, the company itself must have a program of accident prevention. This program must extend to the individual project level in order to insure con-tinuing adherence to safety standards and practices. Otherwise, it would be necessary to have a safety inspector constantly on a project to maintain safe standards. The construction inspector has continued to compile educational pamphlets on current safety problems in the construction industry. These articles have received very favorable comment from the leaders of the industry. The contractors' association has published all of these articles in their Trade Bulletin so as to give the contents of the articles the widest possible circulation among its membership. The Department sends copies of these safety pairiphlets to a mailing list of 192 construction companies in the State. 34 Biennial Report of The Department of Labor As the work of this section has become more highly organized, it has become possible for more time to be devoted to project inspection work. The total number of initial inspections and reinspections made on North Carolina projects is listed in the accompanying table. In-spection of projects is without doubt the most important phase of accident prevention work in our construction industry. With this fact in mind, every effort has been made to organize the work so as to permit as much as possible of the inspector's time to be spent on project inspections Equally important is the fact that with only one man to cover all the construction projects in the entire State, constant attention has to be given to ways of better organizing the construction safety work in order to get at least a large proportion of the projects inspected. During the past biennial period, efforts have been continued to bring labor and management together in this work of accident pre-vention which is so important to both groups. Meetings have been held with representatives of labor for the purpose of getting their cooperation and ideas on how to make the program more successful. Considerable effort likewise has been made in promoting management interest in construction safety. An example of this, and a measure of the success of these efforts, is the recent attendance of the Con-struction Section of the State-wide Safety Conference which was held in Charlotte. There were sixty-four construction companies repre-sented at this meeting, whereas at the previous conference only sixteen companies were represented. As to enforcement and compliance with the Construction Safety Code of the Department, most of the project superintendents have usually shown very satisfactory cooperation. There have been few instances in which the superintendent did not start making the neces-sary corrections to make working conditions safe on the project. There have of course been several cases in which the project super-intendent did not show any cooperation and where no action was taken to carry out the recommendations of the inspector. Due to the limited time of one man, it has not always been possible for the inspector to follow up on these cases as needed. For example, if an unusually hazardous condition is found and then allowed to exist for a period of as much as two weeks, the conditions of the project change so that the violation is "corrected by default" so to speak. Due to the growing need for following up on violations where the condi-tions on the project are considered to be very hazardous and where Biennial Report of The Department of Labor 35 there is an indication that the superintendent does not intend to make the necessary correction, I feel that the addition of at least one man to help in this work would allow more time for the inspector to follow up on serious conditions whenever necessary. At the end of this biennial period, we can look back for three years and see that considerable progress has been made in the field of construction safety. All the major construction companies have set up safety programs, and these programs are working not only for the benefit of the contractor, but also for the benefit of the man working on the job. Relations between the Department and the construction industry's association are very satisfactory and the two are making real progress at getting the idea of safety across in the construction industry. All of the North Carolina contractors and their project superintendents are familiar with our safety program. With only a few exceptions they are working whole-heartedly with the Department to reduce the high toll of accidents in one of our most hazardous industries. SPECIAL SAFETY SERVICES W. C. Creel, Supervisor The safety work of the Division of Standards and Inspections is directed through a Special Safety Service Unit. The work of the Special Safety Service Unit is centered around a Safety Advisory Board from industry. This Board is composed of 23 men who are in charge of the plant safety programs of leading North Carolina industrial establishments. Organized in 1946, this group of industrial safety experts has served without compensation, devoting much time, effort and skill to working cooperatively with the Department of Labor in planning accident prevention programs for the industries of the State. Through the splendid cooperation and interest of industrial management in several of our leading industries, these men have been able to give the Department of Labor the benefit of their time and advice as a public service in safety. The work of the Safety Advisory Board with the Department of Labor is divided into three principal activities with a standing committee for each phase of the work. These committees are for the planning and promotion of Education, Awards, and Special Industry Safety Programs. Special Industry Safety Programs have continued to be most efiiec-tive and popular. During the Biennium special safety programs 36 Biennial Report of The Department of Labor have been conducted in the fertilizer industry and the cotton yarn division of the textile industry. The Special safety program for the fertilizer industry, including 70 plants with an average employment of 2,700, was started in 1952 and completed in 1955. The results were most pleasing. At the beginning of the program the accident frequency rate was 18.6. At the end of the program the rate had dropped to 9.8. This 47% re-duction in disabling injuries is highly indicative of the safety progress in the industry. Already requests for follow-up materials are being received from the industry and steps are being taken to comply with these requests. The Special Safety Program for the State's cotton yarn plants was started in 1953. Five visits by the Department's 14 industrial safety inspectors were made during the two-year program. In addition, monthly safety pamphlets and special material aids were sent to the 430 participating plants. At the beginning of the program, the ac-cident frequency rate was 10.0. At the end of the formal program, the rate was 7.3. During the two-year period the cotton yarn plants had an average of 132,626 employees. An important duty of the Safety Section of the department is the collection of accident frequency rate information. During the Bien-nium, accident information from more than 6,000 manufacturinsf plants and service establishments was collected each year. Accident frequency rate information is of immeasurable value to the Depart-ment in planning its safety activities- An individual record is kept for every industrial and service establishment. These records show the safety progress or lack of progress, in the individual plants. Industry accident rate averages are also compiled and used as a guide in planning Special Industry Safety Programs. Statewide and industry accident rates are compiled quarterly and published yearly. An indication of the effectiveness of the Depart-ment's statewide accident prevention services can be seen in the sub-stantial reduction in the statewide lost-time injury rate. In 1946, the year in which the Special Safety Service Program was started, the statewide accident frequency rate was 15.8. At the end of 1955 the rate was 8.2—a reduction of 48 per cent during the ten-year period. Safety awards are a basic part of any complete safety program. Since 1946, the North Carolina Department of Labor has recognized outstanding work in accident prevention in industrial and service establishments by a series of safety awards. Under this program, plants which reduce their accident frequency rates 40 per cent or Biennial Report of The Department of Labor 37 more during a calendar year, operate with an accident rate 75 per cent or more below the State average for the particular industry, or operate for a year without a lost-time injury, are eligible for the Department's Certificate of Safety Achievement. In 1954 a total of 947 awards were presented. In 1955 a total of 919 awards were pre-sented. Since the inauguration of the program in 1946, a total of 7,353 awards have been presented. Research and special projects for individul plants are continually being planned. The industrial safety inspectors as part of their safety work assist plant management in analyzing their accident problems and direct their attention to the safety services of the Department as a means of helping to solve their accident problems. Once a problem has been solved, the methods are summarized and reproduced for the use of the Department's inspectors and other industrial plants having similar situations. A well planned program of accident investigation is directed through the Safety Service Section. All industrial fatalities and many serious accidents are investigated. They are then analyzed for the purpose of preparing suitable materials to be used in helping to pre-vent the recurrence of similar accidents. While the safety services of the Department are available and used by both large and small plants, the program is directed principally to the small plant. The small plant does not have a safety director, the money, or the know-how to plan and conduct a safety program and for these reasons needs the special assistance of the State. This need has been recognized and met to the extent that thousands of small plants are being more safely operated. Lost Time Accident Plants Manhours Injuries Frequency Rates 1955 1955 1955 1955 1954 Biennial Report of The Department of Labor TABLE 19 Accident Frequency Rates In North Carolina Industries Final 1955, compared with final 1954 INDUSTRY MANUFACTURING Chemical: Drugs, Insecticides & Paints 31 Fertilizer (Manufacturing and mixing) 62 Miscellaneous Chemical and Allied Products 52 Clay, Cement and Stone: Block, Pipe and Cement 97 Brick, Tile and Pottery 43 Electrical: General 48 Furniture: Upholstering 98 Wood 249 Iron and Steel: Foundries 27 Machine Manufacturing 130 Machine Shop Ill Sheet Metal 69 Not Elsewhere Classified 113 Leather: Tanning, Manufacturing Shoes, Belting and Rolls 11 1,637,057 38 23.2 24.5 Lumber: Logging, Sawing and Planing 381 Millwork 224 Plywood and Veneer 82 Miscellaneous Wood Products 49 AVniing: Mines 51 Pits and Quarries 46 Processing Plants 82 Paper: Paper and Pulp 6 Set up boxes and containers 46 Printing: Job, Newspaper and Books 173 9,437,205 34 3.6 3.3 1,869,752 26 13.8 6.8 3,954,477 33 8.3 9.8 8,775,101 32 3.6 9.3 5,660,943 4,172,534 107 69 18.9 16.5 18.1 18.2 27,490,418 69 2.5 3.2 9,630,248 59,234,012 147 795 15.2 13.4 13.1 10.5 1,809,049 10,675,243 6,366,287 2,733,552 12,540,408 49 127 137 45 233 27.0 11.8 21.5 16.4 18.5 18.7 11.2 13.1 21.2 11.0 23,546,896 10,224,783 13,470,186 2,957,204 693 187 300 48 29.4 18.2 22.2 16.2 26.3 20.9 19.1 24.5 359,896 3,113,706 5,397,933 10 71 195 27.7 22.8 36.1 39.5 18.8 47.3 13,600,569 4,656,657 42 73 3.0 15.6 5.0 13.5 1,871 7.3 7.5 144 3.8 7.2 314 3.5 3.9 83 4.2 2.1 211 5.4 4.1 9 4.8 4.5 42 3.9 4.7 43 2.2 2.4 216 15.3 12.2 130 12.9 11.3 6,623 8.9 8.6 Biennial Report of The Department of Labor 39 Textiles: Cotton Yarn & Weaving 413 255,527,695 Dyeing and Finishing 58 37.426,388 Knit Goods 370 87,859,731 Silk and Synthetic 35 19,751,924 Wearing Apparel 144 38,872,689 Woolen Worsted 7 1,846,251 Not Elsewhere Classified 62 10,729,374 Tobacco: Cigarette, Cigar and Smoking 6 18,810,748 Leaf Processing 214 14,027,164 Miscellaneous Manufacturing: General 155 10,031,196 ALL manufacturing INDUSTRY 3,745 738,197,276 NON-MANUFACTURING Food: Baking 97 15,482,674 Botthng Plant 125 7,550,394 Canning and Preserving 23 1,192,907 Dairy Products 82 74,218,812 Ice and Coal 100 1,970.609 Meat Packing 77 5,925,598 Milling, Flour and Feed 161 6,871,387 Semice: Dry Cleaning 579 6,975,236 Dry Cleaning and Laundry 232 16,492,757 Garage 437 17,660,992 Trade: Petroleum Products 210 4,225,749 Wholesale & Retail 391 17,215,881 Miscellaneous Non-Manufacturing: General 67 6,333,865 ALL NON-MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY 2,581 182,116,861 1,058 5.8 9.4 ALL INDUSTRY MANUFACTURING & NON-MANUFACTURING 6,326 920,314,137 7,681 8.3 8.7 Technical Notes: (1) These data were compiled according to the American Standard Method of Compiling Industrial Injury Rates, approved 1954 by the American Standard Association. ( 2 ) The lost time injury frequency rate is the average number of disabling work injuries for each million manhours worked. A lost time injury is one which prevented the injured man's return to work on his next regular day, shift or turn; or which results in some permanent bodily impairment. 113 7.2 11.0 105 13.9 14.2 16 13.4 12.4 125 16.8 13.0 23 11.6 7.8 118 19.9 22.4 90 13.0 13.0 9 1.2 1.2 62 3.7 2.2 133 7.5 7.6 17 4.0 5.9 126 7.3 8.5 121 19.1 21.2 40 Biennial Report of The Department of Labor DIVISION OF CONCILIATION AND ARBITRATION E. Gail Barker, Director The North Carolina Conciliation Service is guided by legislative policy to the use of voluntary methods in the adjustment of labor-management disputes. The State Conciliator wields no club over the bargaining parties in the nature of regulatory powers; nor by the use of government pressure. The Conciliator strives to maintain com-plete freedom of action by the parties. Under this legislative and administrative policy, the State Conciliator is therefore committed to refrain from any statement or procedure which might appear to throw the weight of public pressure on either side. In the vast majority of establishments in North Carolina, working relationships of employers and employees are orderly and cooperative. It is well known that for every critical labor-management dispute which develops into a work stoppage, many more negotiations are culminated by joint agreement between the parties withovit the need for outside assistance. This is a great tribute to the common sense of management and labor representatives in North Carolina. Nevertheless, when employers and workers face each other over the bargaining table, there remain important areas in which conflict may arise. Group interests may flow in parallel but separate chan-nels. The issues may involve questions of principle, economic con-ditions, or terms of employment. In such labor-management conflicts, State Conciliators perform useful and valuable service both to the parties and to the economic community as a whole. Conciliation is a part of the collective bargaining process and is not a substitute for it. The essential problem of collective bargaining, when the parties are at loggerheads over an issue or issues, is the necessity of asserting strength, even as they seek a peaceful settlement. Each side may take an unyielding position to test out how determined the other side is to stick to its position. A willingness to make even the most fragmentary concession in some situations can be interpreted as an evidence of a hidden weakness. For this and other reasons it becomes extremely difficult, and sometimes impossible for them to explore various alternatives which might lead to a mutually accept-able solution. The Conciliator advises and makes suggestions in joint negotiating sessions, or in exploratory discussions with the parties separately, and thereby acts as a new line of communication. He possesses con- Biennial Report of The Department of Labor 41 fidential information of what the parties will give and take. He functions purposefully, and not just as a messenger carrying offers back and forth. He must possess a keen sense of timing and skill in revealing the information given to him, sometimes directly but more often by hint and indirection. Not the least of the Conciliator's skills is the knowledge of when to say nothing. Thus he protects the position of the parties while they are being brought closer to agreement, until the gap between them is finally bridged. The tables presented in this Section tell the 1954-56 story of the North Carolina Conciliation Service in terms of operating records. Table 20 presents the number of cases coming to the attention of the North Carolina Conciliation Service, shown by industry and month. The 396 cases were distributed among 19 industries (plus a "miscellaneous" classification) . Table 21 presents a monthly summary, including fiscal year totals, of the number of cases coming to the Division's attention, and the approximate number of workers involved. Table 22 presents a monthly summary, including fiscal year totals, of strikes, workers idle, and man-days idle. There were 81 strikes during the biennium. Six of these strikes during 1955 were interstate, and negotiations were not conducted in North Carolina. The three major ones involved the Southern Bell Telephone and Telegraph Company, The Atlantic Greyhound Company and the Louisville and Nashville Railroad. These six strikes involved 24% of the workers and accounted for 55% of the man-days idle in 1955. Table 23 presents a summary, on a calendar year basis, of the number of cases, workers directly involved, number of strikes, workers idle, man-days idle and the North Carolina percentage of the national total of man-days idle. This table includes data from 1941 through 1955. Knowledge of an existing controversy generally was brought to the attention of the Service by the initiating party desiring to amend or terminate the existing contract, giving the thirty-day notice required by the Labor-Management Relations Act of 1947. These notices were acknowledged promptly by the Service, with a copy of the acknowl-edgement always being sent to the other party to the contract. In order to encourage the parties to settle their own differences, it was constantly emphasized that it was our sincere hope that the parties would reach amicable agreement through collective bargaining and free discussions. 42 Biennial Report of The Department of Labor Whenever the parties were unable to reach agreement through their own endeavors, the services of the Conciliation Service were offered. Contact was maintained with the parties during the thirty-day notice period. In cases in which the parties had failed to reach agreement during that period, a representative of the Conciliation Service called the parties together and endeavored, through concilia-tion and mediation, to bring about a meeting of minds and an under-standing concerning the issues in dispute. The Division also responded to requests for assistance in settling grievances involving individuals and small groups of workers. Cases of this type are not included in the 396 total. Also, frequent requests for information about the conciliation, arbitration and related laws were acted upon. Consultations, both in the offices and in the field, on labor-management relations are handled as routine and on a day-to-day basis and no attempt is made to record these matters statistically. ARBITRATION SERVICE The Department of Labor attempts to promote the settlement of differences between labor and management. Through frank and open discussion of their differences and by the mutual exercise of good will, labor and management in North Carolina have been able in most instances to settle their problems peacefully and satisfactorily. The assistance of the Conciliation Service often is instrumental in bringing about such settlements. Differences between labor and management are not always ironed out in collective bargaining. In those instances where the parties are unable to reach agreement, the machinery of arbitration estab-lished under the North Carolina Voluntary Arbitration Act is avail-able to them. This method has proved itself very useful by bringing about expeditious decisions on the disputed issues. The Voluntary Arbitration Act gives legal status to contracts entered into by labor and management which provide for arbitration of disputes which may arise in the future. Where the parties' con-tract permits "demand" arbitration, the Act empowers the Commis-sioner of Labor to appoint an arbitrator at the request of either party; the Act further provides for the legal enforceability of arbitration awards made under its provisions. Getting quick disposition of the disputed issues is one of the prime attributes of arbitration. Because of that fact, the Department of Labor makes all requests for arbitration a first order of business. Biennial Report of The Department of Labor 43 In accordance with the provisions of the Act, the Commissioner of Labor has maintained since 1945 a list of qualified, public-spirited citizens who have served as arbitrators under the Act. The personnel of the list of arbitrators has changed from time to time due to resigna-tions and new appointments. The present list of 15 arbitrators is composed of men who have gained experience in previous government or private arbitration work. 44 Biennial Report of The Department of Labor 2 w < z o m S "^ 5 >" 2 ^ r '^ O O"- §5 £- -= C Pi sNur CO 1 ; : ; J 1 !—I(N i" -.-- ; ; ., AVW 1 S 1-1 CD i-H C<I <M iO i-^ ^ cco^-c. 7IHtIV 1 2 j I(M<M I [ [ Ico l^^co i i i •HVH S h :^ ico 1 "^ !«^ ro— i" i aa^ M h 1 1 i" - •Nvr « I 'C^ M i- c i-^ (M 05 oaa s Oi IrHrt MTf< \ ,co^ 1 -^ • c-q AON -rr ;— jc.^ ^ oq \ i- :-.. ; 1 ;- •100 1" , ;" - - ;— c^ i-^ 'Xdas 1° , i" C^— 1^ CO 1-^ ; onv 1" " i ; ;^-.^ - -, : - Ainr ' r^ 1=^ ; ; ; •X 1 1 ItMOl-H ! CM 1 I - aNnr »o rt CO— -;;";; ; i- i ^ CMOl ' 1 ^^ AVH ^ li«rtC^—i^rtrt—1 1 ; ;- ; CM O '*'-• 1 -^ TOHV s «3«5 1—1 1 1 1 i" •rr CO 1 ^ - •HVH J2 - - i "--- gaj ^ M Cq 1—1 rt ^ i c^ —ICO 1 i lO Nvr ^^ ;-«-< I i-^ ; ««co - oaa (M " ; i ; - CO CO CO-. 1 •AON - l—l !—1 -H h — •100 cooq 1 ; ^ ;'- ;-" •Idas O i-^ - onv 23 i" - - c i- "-- A7nr 3 -- 1«—l(M <M i :--" r SHiNOK nv OS CO »Ot^cOCOCOQOiOOOO'-^'*a;CD0500COt^05COC^ Q 2 E-CO QZ -< -2 3 -a 03 '1 i ij 1—^"S \ M * '5 g = «.£ =3 2 2 a 1 £ 1 = -o O X! 3 -a T3 c w 1 3 3 3 3 T3 O -a % a 3 -J > -a c -a a3 M ;> wo. Z a, p. 3 It' a, § T 3 3 -a 5 o 0) O a o 3 o. c a3 cr W OS a S" 3 >^ 5 « -0 §5 Biennial Report of The Department of Labor 45 TABLE 21 NUMBER OF WORKERS INVOLVED IN CASES COMING TO ATTENTION OF NORTH CAROLINA CONCILIATION SERVICE DURING PERIOD JULY 1, 1954 to JUNE 30, 1956 BY MONTH AND FISCAL YEAR.' MONTH TOTAL July August September.. October November. . December.. January February March April May June 1954-55 Number Workers Involved 6,678 .765 681 147 4 3 2 1,888 2,739 4,502 6,727 2,243 4,686 20,026 2,569 1955-56 Number 209 Workers Involved 53,495 5,739 3,027 3,556 2,057 3,813 6,898 1,670 530 14,476 6,917 3,389 1,423 'Source: North Carolina Conciliation Service; North Carolina Statistical Division; U. S. Department of Labor; Federal Mediation and Conciliation Service and Unpublished data. TABLE 22 STRIKES IN NORTH CAROLINA DURING PERIOD JULY 1, 1954 to JUNE 30, 1956, BY MONTH AND FISCAL YEAR.* MONTH TOTAL July.. August September.. October November.. December.. January February... March April May June.. 1954-55 Number 46 Workers Idle 13,790 970 417 332 55 1,569 762 209 2,844 3,622 683 1,011 1,316 Man-Days Idle (All Strikes) 301,853 5,734 2,289 2,043 275 38,076 2,156 627 13,951 151,105 56,197 11,106 18,294 Number 1955-56 Workers Idle 8,554 1,777 471 2,166 698 1,941 62 570 135 420 55 180 79 Man-Days Idle (All Strikes) 84,840 24,473 2,295 14,336 2,302 20,756 558 13,516 175 840 275 4,745 569 'Source: North Carolina Conciliation Service; North CaroUna Statistical Division; U ^. Department of Labor; Federal Mediation and Conciliation Service and Unpublished data. 46 Biennial Report of The Department of Labor TABLE 23 LABOR-MANAGEMENT CASES AND STRIKES IN NORTH CAROLINA* Percent Year Number of Workers Number of Workers Man-days of National Situations Involved Strikes Idle Idle Total 1941 State Concilia tion Service Established 34 18,731 105,085 .5 1942 109 """"64^827"""' 26 4,826 24,354 .6 1943 201 114,865 57 18,511 103,368 .8 1944 187 75,584 45 11,056 68,057 .8 1945 113 40,355 37 17,470 438,000 1.2 1946 109 37,424 56 14,400 452,000 .4 1947 193 61,212 37 16,000 542,000 1.6 1948 202 103,186 22 2,698 59,420 .2 1949 180 53,245 18 3,850 136,130 .3 1950 148 38,392 31 12,700 75,700 .2 1951 183 54,276 38 24,300 508,000 2.2 1952 173 63,557 37 15,600 277,000 .5 1953 160 54,475 25 10,100 196,000 .7 1954 163 45,375 31 5,540 82,900 .4 1955 229 65,843 49 16,800 316,000 1.1 *Source: North Carolina Conciliation Service; North Carolina Department of Labor, Statistical Division; U. S. De. partment of Labor; Federal Mediation and Conciliation Service and Unpublished data DIVISION OF APRENTICESHIP TRAINING C. L. Beddingfield, Director North Carolina's Voluntary Apprenticeship Act of 1939, which is the statute under which this Division operates, was designed as a working arrangement whereby committees of employers and em-ployees, working together, or individual employers or companies, may promote the training of young workers in the skilled trades of in-dustry. The law was designed to provide reasonably continuous employment for apprentices, guarantee them a living wage, and pro-vide them with thorough on-the-job training in their trades, supple-mented with related technical training. The welfare of the apprentice being trained is the first consider-ation of the Division of Apprenticeship Training. It is a well known fact that the interests of employers, employees and the public will be served best when the interest of the apprentice is kept in the fore-front. The Apprenticeship Act provides for the appointment of a State Apprenticeship Council by the Commissioner of Labor, with equal representation of employers and employees. It provides that the Commissioner of Labor shall be Chairman of the Council and that the State Supervisor of Trade and Industrial Education shall be Vice-Chairman. The law also provides for the appointment of a Director of Apprenticeship, whose responsibility, with the advice and guidance of the Council, is to promote a Statewide, voluntary ap- Biennial Report of The Department of Labor 47 prenticeship training program covering all o£ the skilled trades and requiring two years or more to become a recognized, skilled craftsman. The purpose of the law is to insure that a sufficient number of crafts-men will be trained to meet the needs of the State's industrial economy. APPRENTICESHIP COUNCIL The composition of the State Apprenticeship Council at present is as follows: Frank Crane, Commissioner of Labor, Chairman; M. D. Thornburg, State Supervisor of Trade and Industrial Education, Vice-Chairman; C. L. Beddingfield, Director of the Division of Ap-prenticeship Training, Secretary; and three members representing employers and three representing employees, as follows: Employer Representatives Employee Representative's DwiGHT L. Casey, CaroUnas Chapter W. L. Causey, Business Agent Mana(rer Plumbers and Steamfitters National Electrical Contractors Associa- Local Union 640 tion Greensboro, N. C. Charlotte, N. C. Henry C. Sawyer, Business Representa- A. J. Fox, General Contractor tive Raleigh, N. C. International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers, Local 553 D. W. Randolph, Supervisor of Training Durham, N. C. Champion Paper & Fibre Company Canton, N. C. Lloyd D. Hardy, Foreman The Raleigh Times Composing Room Raleigh, N. C. The Apprenticeship Council is recognized as the sole registration authority for apprenticeship training in North Carolina in connection with the National Defense Training Program, which includes im-provement of working skills and advanced workers' training- The Council works in close cooperation with other State and Federal agencies in the advancement of this program. It also serves as the certifying agency for registered apprenticeship training programs in connection with the deferment of apprentices from the draft until their training has been completed. It is the approving agency for all apprenticeable trades and occupations for veterans training under Public Law 550 passed by the 82nd Congress. DIVISION OPERATIONS For several years past, it has been thought that the fluctuation in registered apprenticeship programs and registered apprentices would level off and that the number of programs and apprentices in 48 Biennial Report of The Department of Labor training would remain upon a more or less constant level. Such, however, has not been the case. There has been a steady increase in both programs and apprentices training under these programs. Our Biennial Report of June 30, 1954 gave a total of 3,688 active apprenticeship training progiams registered in the State, with 3,582 apprentices training under these programs. During the 1954-56 biennium, a total of 1,423 new programs were approved and registered and 4,253 additional apprentices were reg-istered. A total of 670 programs were cancelled during the biennium. A total of 646 apprentices completed their training, and a total of 2,539 apprentice agreements were cancelled. At the end of the 1954-56 biennium, a total of 4,262 apprentices were in active training in the State—an increase of 780 over the previous biennial period. Also at the end of the 1954-56 biennium, a total of 4,350 programs were in operation in the State—an increase of 662 over the preceding two-year period. The 646 apprentices who completed their training during the biennium were awarded their Certificates of Completion. These ap-prentices have now taken their places as skilled craftsmen in the industries of the State. As of June 30, 1956, a total of 3,325 ap-prentices had received their Certificates of Completion since the be-ginning of the State apprenticeship training program. Distribution of these former apprentices by industry and occupational groups will be found in the accompanying tables. Our records indicate that there will be 900 or more apprentices completing their training each year through 1958. Special training programs for other types of on-the-job training were approved and certified to the Veterans Administration during the biennium. A total of 97 of these programs were approved under the provisions of Public Law 550 for the purpose of training veterans in occupations which are not apprenticeable as such but which are component parts of apprenticeable trades. Veterans trained under these programs in most cases become production-line workers in the industries of the State. North Carolina's skilled labor market continues to show a serious shortage of skilled workers and craftsmen. This fact indicates that apprenticeship training must be further advanced and extended in order to meet the demands of our expanding State economy. Biennial Report of The Department of Labor 49 TABLE 24 REGISTERED APPRENTICESHIP PROGRAMS, PARTICIPATING ESTABLISHMENTS, AND APPRENTICES, BY TYPE OF PROGRAM June 30, 1956 Programs, Total Programs with no Apprentices -- Programs having Apprentices Establishments Participating in all Programs Establishments Participating in Programs having Apprentices ._ Apprentices, Total Apprentices per Program having Apprentices Apprentice per Establishment in Programs having Apprentices _. Type of Program All Types 4350 2200 2150 4610 2400 4262 2.0 1.8 Group Joint 30 5 25 260 245 452 18.1 1.8 Not-joint 6 1 5 36 35 70 14.0 2.0 Individual Joint 21 9 12 21 12 57 4.8 4.8 Not-joint No Union 4289 2185 2104 4289 2104 3664 1.7 1.7 Union Waiver 4 4 4 19 4.8 4.8 *Group Joint More than one establishment participating, and a joint committee of labor and management to effectuate the over-all program. Group not-joint More than one establishment participating, but the program effectuated by representatives of one party only. Individual Joint One establishment only, with joint representation of management and organized labor to effec-tuate the over-all program. Individual not-joint (No union) one establishment only, but the program effectuated by management only, because of the absence of an interested union. Individual not-joint (Union Waiver) one establishment only, but the program effectuated by management only, because union has waived participation. 50 Biennial Report of The Department of Labor TABLE 25 REGISTERED PROGRAM-OCCUPATIONS, AND EXPECTED COMPLETION DATE OF REGISTERED APPRENTICES, BY OCCUPATION GROUP June 30, 1956 OCCUPATION GROUP All Occupation Groups Commercial Artist Draftsman Laboratory Technician Photographer _ Cook (Exc. Private Family) Barber, Beautician Technical and Personal Service (N.E.C.) Brick, Stone, Tile Layer Carpenter __ Cement Finisher Painter (Construction) Plasterer _. Plumber, Pipefitter Roofer, Slater Construction Occupations (N. E. C.) Electrician (Not Construction) Electrician (Construction) Machinist Tool Maker, Die Sinker Polisher, Buffer (Metal) __ Machine Shop (N.E. C.) Jeweler, Watchmaker Engraver Sheet Metal Worker Molder Foundry Worker (N.E.C.) Boilermaker Structural Iron Worker Metal Working Occupations (N.E.C.).. Auto Mechanic and Repairman Millwright Railroad Mechanic and Repairman. Airplane Mechanic and Renairman_ Mechanic and Repairman (N. E. C.) Compositor, Typesetter Electroty per, Stereotyper Lithographer Photoengraver Pressman ^Printing) .. Printing, Publishing (N. E. C.) Stationary Engineer Hoistman, Craneman Glazier Miscellaneous Occupations (N.E.C.) Powerhouse Operator Lineman Meatcutter (Excluding Slaughterhouse) - Nonmanufacturing (N. E. C.) Baker Loomfixer Furrier Milliner Dressmaker Tailor. Cabinetmaker Millman Upholsterer Shoe Repairman Stonecutter Optician, Lens Grinder. . . Painter (Not Construction! Pattern Maker (Not Paper) Mannfacturin"- Occms. (N. E. C.).. Occu-pation Group Code (1) 01 02 03 04 05 06 09 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 19 21 22 26 27 28 29 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 39 41 46 47 48 49 51 52 53 54 55 59 61 62 63 69 71 72 73 79 81 82 83 84 85 Prog- Occups Per Occup' Group (2) 5628 16 18 9 7 116 238 320 16 113 57 372 6 88 12 327 153 13 16 13 223 24 1 16 19 1696 8 1 8 630 141 8 12 176 33 1 19 16 1 49 6 1 155 15 82 17 13 29 18 9 88 All Ex-pected Com-ple-tions 4262 13 12 7 1 92 186 262 3 41 39 349 2 74 5 468 151 23 7 1 249 5 481 126 16 14 140 18 11 14 181 55 41 6 4 77 2 74 11 19 15 6 4 44 Expected Completion Date Before 1956 199 10 15 7 1 1 8 21 1 6 1 40 3 1 10 23 11 5 1 1 7 1 C 10 1956 1957 927 2 3 4 26 51 42 1 7 3 70 18 3 99 38 1 1 46 2 5 214 1 100 24 2 1 24 7 5 2 34 16 12 18 1 15 8 3 3 3 12 1057 4 5 3 1 29 67 72 15 7 89 1 28 88 30 4 3 64 1 2 2 173 1 1 2 151 19 5 3 34 5 2 11 27 21 14 3 1 14 1 28 10 3 2 11 1959 1210 4 3 11 28 91 1 6 7 72 13 1 126 41 10 81 3 1 334 4 140 30 5 3 41 2 2 1 1960 412 3 1 3 30 5 3 45 1 52 29 7 1 24 2 76 50 16 16 1 32 2 7 1 2 2 1 1961 4 17 9 1 4 2 7 2 1 1 1 iFor content see Table VI. aProgram-occupation is an occupation in a program. Because some programs include more than one occupation, total program-occupations exceed total program. Biennial Report of The Department of Labor 51 TABLE 26 JOURNEYMEN EMPLOYED, AND ESTIMATED POTENTIAL APPRENTICES, BY OCCUPATION GROUP, IN PROGRAMS CURRENTLY REGISTERED AND REPORTED TO THE BUREAU OF APPRENTICESHIP. June 30, 1956 OCCUPATION GROUPi Occup. Group Code Estimated - Journey-men Apprentices Ratio Actual Estimated Potential Actual Poten-tial 01 02 03 04 05 06 09 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 19 21 22 26 27 28 29 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 39 41 46 47 48 49 51 52 53 54 55 59 61 62 63 69 71 72 73 79 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 91 92 93 94 95 96 99 27,140 63 36 18 14 320 1,804 3,829 259 685 557 2,101 27 493 80 1,426 968 64 37 26 1,188 140 2 80 43 5,474 94 2 107 2,121 730 47 47 527 94 25 53 55 25 1,221 280 182 28 63 2 530 45 345 34 150 73 49 23 454 4,262 13 12 7 1 92 186 262 3 41 39 349 2 74 5 468 151 23 7 1 249 5 7 9 887 6 2 2 481 126 16 14 140 18 11 14 181 55 41 6 4 __0 2 74 11 19 15 6 4 44 15,229 37 36 18 14 237 803 1,352 80 286 227 1,211 17 276 49 940 512 41 32 26 657 73 2 42 43 3,797 36 2 41 1,450 362 31 29 372 76 7 38 37 7 441 241 177 18 17 2 350 40 214 34 51 63 36 18 231 6.4 4.8 3.0 2.6 14.0 0.0 3.5 9.7 14.6 86.3 16.7 14.3 6.0 13.5 6.7 16.0 3.0 6.4 2.8 0.0 0.0 5.3 26.0 4.8 28.0 0.0 0.0 11.4 4.8 6.2 15.7 1.0 53.5 4.4 5.8 2.9 0.0 3.4 3.8 5.2 0.0 0.0 4.8 3.9 0.0 6.7 5.1 4.4 4.7 15.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 6.9 22.5 4.7 3.1 7.9 4.9 8.2 5.8 10.3 1.8 1.7 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.0 Technical and Personal Service (N. E. C) 1.4 2.2 2.8 3.2 2.4 2.5 1.7 1.6 1.8 1.6 1.5 1.9 Tool Maker. Die Sinker . 1.6 Polisher, Buffer (Metal) 0.0 Machine Shop (N. E. C.) . _ 0.0 1.2 1.0 Sheet Metal Worker 1.8 Foundry Worker (N. E.G.) 1.9 0.0 1.0 1.9 1.0 1.4 2.6 1.0 2.6 Mechanic and Repairman (N. E. C.) 1.5 2.0 1.5 0.0 1.6 1.4 Printing, Publishing (N. E. C.) . 1.2 0.0 3.6 1.4 1.5 3.6 2.8 1.2 1.0 1.6 3.7 0.0 Milliner_ _ Dressmaker Tailor 0.0 0.0 1.0 Cabinetmaker - 1.5 1.1 Upholsterer Shoe Repairman 1.6 1.0 2.9 1.2 1.4 Pattern Maker (Not Paper) Man'iffictnrin" Occipations fN. E. C.) 1.3 2.0 iFor definitions see Table VI footnote 2. 52 Biennial Report of The Department of Labor TABLE 27 ALL APPRENTICES COMPLETED BY INDUSTRIAL GROUP July 1, 1954 - June 30, 1956 Industry Number Of Industry Groups Group Apprentices All Industry Groups 646 Construction 1 253 Wood Products Manufacturing 2 16 Machinery Manufacturing 3 20 Metal Products Manufacturing 4 11 Auto Repair Services 5 103 Other Repair Services 6 26 Building Supplies Retail 7 26 Printing 8 69 Food Preparation 9 52 Personal Services 4 Manufacturing N.E.C X 1 Non-Manufacturing N.E.C R 65 TABLE 28 APPRENTICES COMPLETED BY OCCUPATION GROUP July 1, 1954—June 30, 1956 Occupation Group All Occupation Groups Commercial Artist Draftsman Laboratory Technician Photographer Cook (Except Private Family) Barber, Beautician Technical and Personal Service (N.E.C.) ---. Brick, Stone, Tile Layer ., Carpenter Cement Finisher Painter (Construction) Plasterer ,_ Plumber, Pipefitter Roofer, Slater Construction Occupations (N.E.C; Electrician (Not construction) Electrician (Construction) , Machinist -. Tool Maker, Die Sinker. Polisher, Buffer (Metal) Machine Shop (N. E. C.) Jeweler, Watchmaker Engraver Sheet Metal Worker Molder Foundry Worker (N. E. C.) Boilermaker Structural Iron Worker Metal Working Occupations (N.E. C.)_. . Auto Mechanic and Repairman Occup. No. of Group Appren- Code tices 646 01 02 03 04 05 1 06 09 6 11 27 12 76 13 1 14 5 15 28 16 66 17 19 17 21 2 22 81 26 19 27 2 28 29 31 2 32 33 32 34 2 35 36 37 2 39 2 41 110 Occupation Group Millwright Railroad Mechanic and Repairman Airplane Mechanic and Repairman Mechanic and Repairman (N.E.C.) Compositor, Typesetter ElectroTyper, Stereotyper Lithographer __ Photoengraver __. Pressman (Printing) Printins, Publishing (N. E. C.).__. Stationary Engineer Hoistman, Craneman Glazier Miscellaneous Occupations (N.E.C.) Powerhouse Operator Lineman Meatcutter (Excluding Slaughterhouse) Nonmanufacturing (N. E. C.) Baker Loomfixer Furrier _ Milliner Dressmaker ^ Tailor Cabinetmaker Millman Upholsterer Shoe Repairman Stonecutter Optician, Lens Grinder Painter (Not Construction) Pattern Maker (Not Paper) Manufacturing Occupations (N.E.C.) Occup. Group Code No. of Appren-tices 33 19 3 23 4 3 6 12 2 1 1 20 12 12 1 Biennial Report of The Department of Labor 53 BUREAU OF LABOR FOR THE DEAF J. M. Vestal, Chief Herewith I respectfully submit my twelfth biennial report, covering the period from July 1, 1954 to June 30, 1956. Section 7312 (j) of the Consolidated Statutes of North Carolina refers to the creation of the Bureau of Labor for the Deaf by the General Assembly in 1923. Information which may not appear herein can be obtained in our previous reports. The purposes of this Bureau are many and varied but the most important aim is assisting the deaf to secure gainful employment in which they become self-supporting citizens and repay the State for having provided means by which they have been benefited educa-tionally, morally and socially. Briefly speaking, this Bureau serves as a clearing house for the deaf and their problems. In carrying on its work, the Bureau continues to operate with two employees—the Chief and his secretary. The duties required of this Bureau are outlined in the law creating it, but new trades re-sulting from mechanical changes have increased our load. Glancing at present-day world conditions, one can readily see and understand the essential role this Bureau must continue to play in its efforts to help the deaf hold their line in this fast-stepping industrial world. The size of the job of overcoming the many obstacles which con-tinue to confront our group is increasing daily- The employing public is becoming more and more safety-minded when it comes to employment for the deaf. However, it is a tedious task to convince employers that the deaf are already safety motivated and that they only need to become acquainted with the safety rules, as must all workers. This Bureau creates no jobs but by virtue of its day-to-day work, we have been able to keep informed on what has taken place in the labor market, and consequently we try to move as the industrial world moves. It has been, and continues to be, our job to place deaf em-ployees where their productivity will be the most efficient. Results of this are being shown in the increased acceptance of the deaf ap-plicants by industry as a whole. We have been pleased to have em-ployers inform us that our clients have made good workers and have had records of absenteeism, tardiness and turn-over strikingly better than other groups. However, in spite of this, preference usually will be given to hearing applicants whose principal qualification, from the employer's viewpoint, is that they are people of his own group. 54 Biennial Report of The Department of Labor In holding back this tendency so that our deaf clients can be placed, our Bureau continues to have a very difficult task to perform. Re-moved barriers must be kept down and others which may come up must be destroyed. With this report, I am presenting a table showing that in the past biennium the Bureau registered 60 applicants and placed 47 in jobs of their choice. For various reasons, three were cancelled, leaving an active file of 10 to be carried over to the next biennium. At the close of the 1956 term of the School for the Deaf in Morganton, we had 19 boys and 8 girls to register with us—a total increase of 27 added to our July, 1956 file, so that we now have an active file of 37 clients to be carried over to the next biennium. Some of these applicants have unfortunate limitations which will make it necessary for them to undergo special training and progress through experimental stages. Six of the new applicants already have prospec-tive employment, which we have found for them. The workmanship of our clients and the small turnover have removed many of the difficulties we once encountered, but we continue to be confronted with new problems from time to time. By request, I have spoken eighteen times during the past biennium at various conventions, banquets and special occasions—both to the deaf and hearing groups. To the deaf I dealt with labor problems and matters not clear to them, and to the hearing groups I referred to our program and gave information on matters about which they inquired. My service, when requested, was also given as interpreter in dealing with problems concerning the deaf, especially to those deaf coming from other states and violating our State laws. During the past biennium I made 82 official trips in this State, covering 16,990 miles. Follow-up visits were made, checking to see if the placements were satisfactory to both the employer and the employee. Contacts and interviews with employers and supervisors concerning the possibility of employing additional deaf clients were made. Inquiries and discussions were brought up about new job open-ings in which the deaf might be employed. My field work, as usual, has played an invaluable role in the success we have had in placing our applicants. Employers have displayed a very cordial attitude towards our group and have given our clients employment when and where conditions permitted. It can be repeated that our program of educating and getting employers interested in our group continues to bring gratifying results. Biennial Report of The Department of Labor 55 With reference to the overall employment situation among our deaf citizens, our file shows that on June 30, 1956, approximately 93 per cent of them had employment. In the manufacturing plants they earned an average weekly wage of $53.88. In the printing trades our linotype operators earned an average of |95.80 per week. This includes operators on weekly and daily newspapers and commercial job printing. Main types of employment for our men are: Linotype operators, printers, carpenters, furniture factory employees, weavers and cigarette factory employees. Average pay for men in manufactur-ing plants, $71.08. Main types of employment for our women: Key punch operators, typists and file clerks, loopers, seamers, knitters and seamstresses. On a monthly basis, the women earned an average of 1198.70; on a weekly basis in manufacturing plants, an average of $51.23. From July 1, 1933 to June 30, 1956, ^ve find that this Bureau has had 1,176 men and women to register with us seeking employment of their choice. Of this number we have placed 982 in gainful employ-ment. Deducting the number placed from the number registered, we have a difference of 194, a majority of whom have married, left the State, died or have been classified as unemployable. The pro-ductive abilities in action of those placed and the taxes which they have paid have brought additional wealth to the State. The harvest has been greater than the planting. Comparing the present employment of the deaf in North Carolina with that of other states is difficult, since we do not have definite information from other states. School publications and other periodi-cals from other states coming regularly to us contain references to the employment situation of their deaf which indicate that their per-centage of employed runs from 76 to 83 per cent. No figures are available as to the weekly or monthly wages. Besides State and Fed-eral agencies, Minnesota has a setup very much like ours. Wisconsin has the Service Bureau for the Deaf. Michigan has a Bureau for the Deaf and Hard of Hearing. These agencies are headed by competent deaf persons. On the eighth of this past June, upon invitation, I spoke to the Indiana Association of the Deaf on our setup and its functions. Plans have already been started by them to get a bill through the Legislature creating a division patterned after ours. Properly managed, better services are given by agencies which are of, for, and by the deaf because of their familiarity with that particular group. 56 Biennial Report of The Department of Labor With reference to organizations and activities of the adult deaf in our State, we have the North Carolina Association of the Deaf, the North Carolina Sunday School Association of the Deaf, the North Carolina School Alumni Association of the Deaf, and two divisions of the National Fraternal Society of the Deaf—one located in Durham and the other in Charlotte. These organizations, along with this Bureau, are able to give beneficial services—either individually or collectively. Without employment and financial means, our deaf would not have had these progressive avenues of activities. They naturally feel grateful for the opportunity of becoming self-support-ing citizens instead of wards of the courts. Here I should like to say that it is with profound gratitude that we make note of the very fine cooperation which continues to come to us from the North Carolina School for the Deaf in Morganton. As the boys and girls leave school each year, they are referred to this Bureau for placement in employment. On my field trips to the vicinity of this school, I have made as many stop-overs there as pos-sible in order to keep myself familiarized with each individual and his or her problems. This has served its purpose well by enabling us to match the applicants to jobs more effectively. Our working relationship with the other State agencies—the Blind Comission, the Social Security Commission, the Public Welfare De-partment, the Department of Vocational Rehabilitation, and others, continues to be very cordial and helpful. Much good for all con-cerned has come from this cooperation. As modern changes constantly develop in the personnel and job requirements of industry, this Bureau must always be prepared to meet the challenge in order to keep the deaf in pace with this fast-stepping age. Mechanical devices, taking the place of manpower, tend to create a surplus of available help. This fact will eventually increase the complexity of our problems. Much progress has been made in the services rendered by this Bureau but when I visualize what confronts us in the future, I do not foresee for our group a smooth road in the industrial field. The challenge ahead will continue to drain heavily on our efforts and means, but with hope and confidence we will strive to hang on to the "old boat." We naturally are looking to the coming Legislature for adequate provision so that we can meet the challenge and carry on efficiently. Biennial Report of The Department of Labor 57 TABLE 29 BUREAU OF LABOR FOR THE DEAF 1954-1956 Industry and Occupation Registered* Placed Cancelled* Building and Construction Carpenters 4 3 Clerical Filing and Clerical 1 1 Typist-Clerk 2 1 1 Machine Operators Ill Clothing and Textile Clipper 1 1 Knitter 8 6 Other Further Education School College 2 2 Furniture and AV^oodwork Cabinet Maker 3 1 Crater 1 1 Dry Cleaning Pressing and Laundry 2 2 Hotel Kitchen Help Machinery Operator 6 4 Printing Trades Proof Reader 2 Linotype Operator 7 7 Printer 2 2 Press Feeder 1 1 Photo Finisher Professional Teachers or Supervisors 2 2 Seamstress 5 5 Shoe Repairing 4 3 Watch Repairing 1 1 Lumber Company 1 Miscellaneous 4 3 1 TOTAL 60 47 3 *Includes those carried from last biennium. Includes those who have married, died, left the state, etc. ***Includes those now on active file. Actirt Balance* 1 1 10 58 Biennial Report of The Department of Labor TABLE 30 BUREAU OF LABOR FOR THE DEAF summary A glance at the summary of our report of activity from July 1, 1954 to June 30, 1956, shows the following: Active Registrations* Placements Cancellations** Balance*** Men 41 32 1 2 Women 19 15 2 8 TOTAL 60 47 3 10 Firm visits 221 Field interviews 761 Office interviews 96 Official trips made by the Chief 82 Miles traveled by the Chief 16,990 * Includes those carried over from last biennium. * * Includes those who have married, died, left the state, etc. * * * Includes those now on aaive file. Biennial Report of The Department of Labor 59 INFORMATION SERVICE Almon Barbour, Information Officer Working in cooperation with all divisions of the Department of Labor, the Information Service attempts to keep the public informed of all significant developments in labor and industrial conditions with which the Department is concerned. The Service publicizes regularly the data on wages, hours, employ-ment and building construction which are prepared by the Division of Statistics. It promotes compliance with the State and Federal labor statutes by publicizing important features of the laws and all significant changes which are made in these statutes. It prepares for publication the Department's official monthly bulletin. North Caro-lina Labor and Industry, assists in preparation of Departmental speeches, pamphlets, safety codes, and specialized promotional litera-ture, edits the Biennial Report, makes photographs used in illustrat-ing Departmental publications and feature articles, and answers re-quests from the public for information about a variety of labor and industrial matters. The Service prepared and circulated approximately 300 news and feature articles dealing with the various phases of the Department's work during the 1954-56 biennium; prepared or edited radio scripts and spot-announcements used on approximately 150 radio programs; answered approximately 800 requests from the public for various types of labor and industrial information; prepared approximately 35 speeches and special articles for trade magazines, industrial and labor publications; made approximately 180 photographs; edited the Bien-nial Report; made special studies of labor and industrial subjects for Departmental use or at the request of press and radio representatives; and performed miscellaneous research and inter-agency contact jobs. The Service also wrote, edited, proofread, and otherwise prepared for publication 24 monthly issues of North Carolina Labor and Industry. Productions of the Information Service continued to be used ex-tensively by the State's press and radio, and by labor and management. 60 Biennial Report of The Department of Labor DIVISION OF STATISTICS William Strickland, Director The industrial economy of North Carolina continued to expand and develop in numerous ways during the 1954-56 biennium. Substantial increases occurred in employment, hourly and weekly earnings of workers, new industrial plant development, and building construction in the State's principal cities. These changes are recorded in detail in the tabulated statistical summaries which follow. Compared with the preceding biennial period, total nonagricul-tural employment in the State registered a gain of more than five per cent during the 1954-56 period, rising from 980,500 in July, 1954 to 1,037,800 in June, 1956. This increase is consistent with the State's long-term trend of general economic expansion which has been in progress since the end. of World War II. An increase of more than 38 per cent has been recorded in total nonagricultural employment in North Carolina during the ten-year period 1946-1956, in which time the total job figure increased from 755,000 to 1,046,000. Substantial increases occurred in the average hourly and weekly earnings of Tar Heel factory workers during the biennium. Hourly earnings gained more than nine per cent, rising from $1.25 in July, 1954 to $1.37 in June, 1956. The increase in weekly earnings was even higher, due to the fact that the average factory workweek re-mained upon a somewhat higher level than during the preceding biennial period. Weekly earnings increased almost 14 per cent, rising from $47.25 in July, 1954 to $53.84 in June, 1956. Impressive gains likewise were recorded in the total volume of building construction in the State's cities of more than 10,000 popu-lation during the biennium. The total estimated cost of building in these cities, as reported by municipal building inspectors, soared to $298,200,793 during the 1954-56 biennium, for an increase of 24.4 per cent over the previous two years. The building increase was well distributed throughout all types of construction activity. New residential building, totaling $129,974,424, showed an increase of 20.6 per cent. New non-residential building in the cities, totaling $120,985,336, increased 28.3 per cent. Additions, alterations and repairs to existing buildings, both residential and non-residential, totaled $47,241,033, for an increase of 25.4 per cent over the preceding two years. In the residential building category, 15,583 new family dwelling units were reported. This represented a gain of six per cent over Biennial Report of The Department of Labor 61 the total of family dwelling units authorized in the cities during the preceding two years. One further indicator of the generally high economic level which prevailed during the last two years is the number of employment certificates which were issued to minors under 18 years of age. These certificates were issued by County Superintendents of Public Welfare, who serve as issuing agents for the Department of Labor with regard to the employment of minors under 18 years of age. A total of 46,868 employment certificates were issued during the biennium. Although this represents a decrease of five per cent from the 49,432 certificates issued during the 1952-54 biennium, the total number of certificates issued was sufficiently high to indicate that employment opportunities for minors were abundant. The Division of Statistics continued during the biennium its routine work of collecting, systematizing, tabulating and publishing each month valuable data on employment, hours and earnings in each of the principal industries of the State. The Division currently receives regular monthly reports from a total of 2,695 business estab-lishments. These reports form the basis of our detailed monthly summaries. Emphasis is placed upon improving the quality of re-porting by obtaining information from the more representative firms in each industry. By virtue of our arrangement with the Bureau of Labor Statistics of the U. S. Department of Labor, the information on employment, hours and earnings collected by this Division is also used by the Federal agency, and several Federal statistical employees work in the State office. The Division of Statistics also tabulates the statistical information reported by the Division of Standards and Inspections and the Divi-sion of Apprenticeship Training, handles the duplication of all De-partmental forms, form letters, bulletins, pamphlets and news releases, and maintains extensive addressograph plate files for use in the De-partment's mailing of bulletins and other materials. The Division of Statistics during the 1954-56 biennium collected the information which was used as the basis for the 1956 edition of the A^orth Carolina Directory of Mamijactiiring Firms, which was printed and released to the public immediately following the end of the biennium. This 540-page industrial directory is much in demand, both in and out of the State, and is extensively used by both buyers and sellers of products manufactured in North Carolina and of products used in the State's manufacturing industries. Each of the 62 Biennial Report of The Department of Labor individual listings contains the name of a manufacturing firm, the plant location, the firm's mailing address, the name of the principal official in charge, and code references to the type of industry, county in which located, and the approximate number of employees. The Directory lists all manufacturing firms alphabetically, by type of in-dustry, and geographically by county. The Directory is published at four-year intervals. The present volume is the fourth edition to be offered to the public, other editions having been published in 1944, 1948, and 1952. At two-year intervals in between the publishing of the Directory, a free, printed supplement containing information about new firms is issued and is available upon request to all purchasers of the regular Directory. TABLE 31 TOTAL NUMBER OF CERTIFICATES ISSUED TO MINORS FOR SELECTED YEARS BY TYPE OF CERTIFICATE AND BY SEX Total All Certificates. Boys Girls Minors 16 & 17 Years of Age. Boys First Regular Reissued Regular Vacation & Part-Time... Girls... First Regular Reissued Regular , Vacation & Part-Time... Minors 14 & 15 Years of Age*. Bovs Girls Minors 12 k 13 Years of Age* Year 1955 1954 1953 1952 1951 1950 24,295 18,641 25,981 26,998 26,118 20,331 12,349 9,237 13,998 13,922 13,904 10,514 11,946 9,404 11,983 13,076 12,214 9,817 18,809 13,994 19,608 20,352 19,679 15,245 9,467 6,767 10,657 10,839 10,829 8,163 3,382 2,630 4,637 5,013 5,166 4,246 931 772 1,586 1,911 1,696 1,171 5,154 3,365 4,434 3,915 3,967 2,746 9,342 7,227 8,951 9,513 8,850 7,082 2,374 1,972 2,723 3,027 2,883 2,340 854 624 1,116 1,367 1,166 822 6,114 4,631 5,112 5,119 4,801 3,920 5,226 4,418 6,101 6,438 6,241 4,906 2,622 2,241 3,069 2,875 2,877 2,171 2,604 2,177 3,0.32 3,563 3,364 2,735 260 229 272 208 198 180 1949 16,204 7,970 8,234 11,721 5,749 2,782 871 2,096 5,972 2,018 765 3,189 4,306 2,044 2,262 *Minors 14 & 15 Years of Age all Part-Time & Vacation certificates •*Minors 12 & 13 Years of Age all Par .-Time & Vacation certificates and all Boys Biennial Report of The Department of Labor 63 TABLE 32 TOTAL NUMBER OF CERTIFICATES ISSUED TO MINORS 16 AND 17 YEARS OF AGE FOR SELECTED YEARS BY EMPLOYING INDUSTRY AND BY TYPE OF CERTIFICATE Year 1955 1954 1953 1952 1951 1950 1949 Grand Total . 18.809 5,368 2,977 2,037 940 840 1,551 13,036 2,653 1,220 1,433 919 9,464 405 126 125 1 26 253 13,994 3,706 2,234 1,595 639 620 852 10,030 2,263 933 1,330 872 6,895 258 105 102 3 21 132 19,608 7,140 4,196 3,226 970 1,438 1,506 12,087 3,005 1,256 1,749 1,220 7,862 381 159 155 4 44 178 20,352 7,608 4,582 3,545 1,037 1,698 1,328 12,317 3,261 1,276 1,985 1,523 7,533 427 197 192 5 57 173 19,679 6,797 4,219 3,371 848 1,334 1,244 12,357 3,608 1,576 2,032 1,459 7,290 525 222 219 3 69 234 15,245 5,707 3,727 3,016 711 1,034 946 9,292 2,750 1,121 1,629 928 5,614 246 109 109 31 106 11,721 3,839 2,598 1,750 Girls 848 684 557 7,703 2,125 955 Girls 1,170 935 4,643 179 77 77 Girls 17 85 TABLE 33 EMPLOYMENT CERTIFICATES ISSUED TO MINORS IN SELECTED NORTH CAROLINA CITIES July 1954—June 1956 Asheville Charlotte Durham Greensboro Winston-Salem TOTAL ALL CERTIFICATES By Sex 1,190 657 533 187 74 929 19 46 1,125 3,288 1,677 1,611 451 184 2,653 67 287 2,934 2,352 1,297 1,055 216 202 1,934 37 100 2,215 3,104 1,661 1,443 684 372 2,048 52 953 2,099 3,434 1,775 Girls 1,659 By Type Certificate 676 279 2,479 By Employing Industry 100 638 2,696 64 Biennial Report of The Department of Labor TABLE 34 EMPLOYMENT CERTIFICATES ISSUED TO MINORS IN NORTH CAROLINA BY COUNTY OF ISSUE July, 1954—June, 1956 GRAND TOTAL Alamance Alexander Alleghany Anson Ashe Avery Beaufort Bertie. Bladen Brunswick Buncombe Burke. Cabarrus. _ Caldwell Camden _ Carteret Caswell Catawba Chatham Cherokee Chowan Clay Cleveland Columbus Craven Cumberland Currituck Dare. Davidson Davie Duplin Durham Edgecombe Forsyth Franklin.. Gaston Gates Graham Granville Greene Guilford Halifax Harnett Haywood Henderson.. Hertford Hoke.. -. Hyde Iredell Jackson Johnston Jones Lee Lenoir. Lincoln Macon Madison.. Martin McDowell Mecklenburg Mitchell Montgomery Moore Nash New Hanover Total 46,868 1,308 96 65 179 52 16 277 47 122 10 1,223 730 1,080 766 6 254 19 1,512 182 74 116 2 485 232 399 1,251 39 1,342 152 146 2,513 192 3,530 151 1,957 1 53 247 18 4,980 406 260 244 296 101 96 4 896 48 286 2 453 497 213 30 20 340 3,276 78 213 271 263 1,215 16-17 Years of Age First Regular Boys 6,398 273 24 1 11 1 25 2 14 2 106 234 376 149 2 13 4 342 17 1 170 13 9 77 4 358 49 6 132 17 242 7 511 1 16 1 762 13 37 11 56 8 4 230 4 24 37 43 50 2 63 201 14 70 34 10 60 Girls ,622 170 14 49 49 9 9 26 8 91 147 66 42 20 3 141 34 15 4 95 14 30 64 1 215 24 2 104 13 459 4 204 11 2 473 17 84 7 35 8 1 156 9 18 26 50 25 1 42 214 15 37 28 11 48 Reissued Regular Boys 1 2 1 5 1 40 64 46 40 10 92 2 23 3 2 27 146 5 1 129 4 106 102 3 485 2 1 1 7 2 22 5 16 14 7 1 3 86 1 4 1 1 9 Girls 1,572 86 1 2 3 1 9 35 45 21 13 8 54 3 2 12 6 18 38 74 2 87 6 185 53 5 1 276 10 10 1 26 3 10 15 4 5 98 1 9 4 16 Vacation and Part-Time Boys 9,935 219 24 2 28 3 1 55 14 30 3 336 26 206 160 1 54 3 364 29 24 23 39 48 87 283 10 152 31 27 531 57 896 49 422 25 40 3 1,164 75 35 53 75 13 28 1 107 15 57 2 74 65 33 17 7 89 1,078 4 32 51 50 223 Girls 11,511 261 10 5 39 28 2 76 6 27 351 26 262 136 60 4 276 35 13 45 43 54 89 368 5 237 10 50 790 37 884 46 337 24 73 7 1,247 135 48 62 63 16 22 1 124 9 123 119 136 52 3 5 104 978 20 15 39 113 3,56 14-15 Years of Age Boys Girls 5,383 120 18 3 19 5 1 30 11 24 3 190 89 50 102 3 48 2 144 26 6 17 1 46 40 48 149 11 83 16 23 413 19 586 21 167 3 41 2 302 43 24 59 38 28 9 2 115 7 38 44 37 27 8 2 25 297 4 15 33 36 211 5,076 81 4 1 29 5 3 49 14 17 1 65 99 52 75 41 3 99 36 7 17 57 54 116 200 8 76 15 37 167 39 162 24 161 1 51 2 271 111 21 51 21 28 30 115 4 18 127 136 15 1 3 9 324 19 39 72 38 148 12-13 Years of Age Biennial Report of The Department of Labor 65 Total 16-17 Years of Age 12-13 First Regular Reissued Regular Vacation and Part-Time 14-15 Years of Age Y'ears of Age Boys Girls Boys Girls Boys Girls Boys Girls Boys Northampton Onslow Orange 31 207 162 66 346 50 51 229 318 49 953 557 455 753 702 388 199 321 508 23 795 90 103 10 343 296 1,822 123 76 93 639 342 378 34 24 2 11 15 4 40 4 67 24 15 180 141 13 107 117 44 2 44 82 5 74 3 6 70
Object Description
Description
Title | Biennial report of the Department of Labor |
Creator | North Carolina. |
Date | 1954; 1956 |
Subjects |
Industrial safety North Carolina. Department of Labor--Periodicals Labor laws and legislation--North Carolina--Periodicals |
Place | North Carolina, United States |
Time Period | (1945-1989) Post War/Cold War period |
Description | Report year ends June 30. |
Publisher | Raleigh :The Dept.,1932-1972. |
Agency-Current |
North Carolina Department of Labor |
Rights | State Document see http://digital.ncdcr.gov/u?/p249901coll22,63754 |
Physical Characteristics | v. ;22 cm. |
Collection | Health Sciences Library. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill |
Type | text |
Language | English |
Format |
Annual reports Periodicals |
Digital Characteristics-A | 5866 KB; 130 p. |
Digital Collection | North Carolina Digital State Documents Collection |
Digital Format | application/pdf |
Related Items | Superseded by the Department's Report, which is issued annually. |
Title Replaced By | North Carolina. Department of Labor..Report |
Title Replaces | North Carolina. Department of Labor and Printing..Report of the Department of Labor and Printing |
Audience | All |
Pres File Name-M | pubs_edp_biennialreportdepartmentoflabor195456.pdf |
Pres Local File Path-M | \Preservation_content\StatePubs\pubs_edp\images_master\ |
Full Text | THE LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA THE COLLECTION OF NORTH CAROLINIANA C331 N87L 1954-/56 UNIVERSITY OF N C. AT CHAPEL HILL 00033939016 This BOOK may be kept out TWO WEEKS ONLY, and is subject to a fine of FIVE CENTS a day thereafter. It is DUE on the DAY indicated below: wAfcfc=#efi Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2011 with funding from Ensuring Democracy through Digital Access (NC-LSTA) http://www.archive.org/details/biereplab195456nort Biennial Report OF The Department of Labor JULY 1, 1954 TO JUNE 30, 1956 ISSUED BY THE NORTH CAROLINA DEPARTMENT OF LABOR FRANK CRANE, Commissioner RALEIGH Edited By The Information Service Fall, 1956 PRESSES OF CHRISTIAN PRINTING COMPANY DURHAM, N. C. v^ ^ '-^ 1 Ns 7 / ^ ry" i'^' LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL The Honorable Luther H. Hodges Governor of North Carolina Raleigh, North Carolina Dear Governor Hodges: I have the honor and pleasure of submitting to you here-with a report of the work of the Department of Labor cover-ing the biennial period of July 1, 1954 to June 30, 1956. In transmitting this report to you, I wish to acknowledge the fine cooperation of the heads of the various divisions of the Department of Labor which made possible the record of sound and useful accomplishment and service to the people of North Carolina which this Department rendered during the biennium. Respectfully, Frank Crane, Commissio72er of Labor. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Letter of Transmittal 3 Biennial Report of the Commissioner of Labor 7 Report of Expenditures 12 Division of Standards and Inspections 14 Industrial Safety and Labor Regulations Inspections 16 Wage and Hour Investigations 19 Boiler Inspections 20 Elevator I nspections 26 Mine and Quarry Inspections 28 Construction Safety Inspections 33 Special Safety Services 35 Division of Conciliation and Arbitration 40 Division of Apprenticeship Training 46 Bureau of Labor for the Deaf 53 Information Service 59 Division of Statistics 60 Index of Statistical Tables 109 / ORGANIZATION CHART OF THE DEPARTMENT OF LABOR General Assembly of North Carolina Department of Labor Federal Wage & Hour Advisory Unit Commissioner 1 Deputy Commissioner Arbitration Service Division of Standards and Inspections Office Administration and Budget Accounts Bureau of General Inspections State Labor Laws, Safety and Sanitation Regulations Bureau of Boiler Inspections Child Labor Certification, in cooperation with Supts. of Public Welfare Fair Labor Standards Act, Public Contracts Act; in cooperation with Wageand Hour and Public Contracts Divisions, U. S. Depart-ment of Labor Bureau of Elevator Inspections Bureau of Mine & Quarry Inspections — In cooperation with the Bureau of Labor Statistics, U. S. Department of Labor Division of Conciliation Division of Apprenticeship Training Bureau of Labor for the DeaC Information Service Division of Statistics BIENNIAL REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR The industrial population of North Carolina, which for the last four years has averaged well over a million people employed in nonagricul-tural occupations, experienced two prosperous years during the 1954- 56 biennium. Both employment and earnings registered substantial increases during that period. Nonagricultural employment in the State climbed from 980,500 in July, 1954 to 1,037,800 in June, 1956—an increase of 57,300 or more than five per cent. Following the first month of the biennium, the total of workers employed remained consistently above the million mark during the remainder of the 24-month period. Both total em-ployment and job opportunities remained excellent during the bien-nium. Average weekly earnings of the State's factory workers increased from $47.25 in July, 1954 to $53.84 in June, 1956, for a gain of nearly 14 per cent. Average hourly earnings increased 9.6 per cent, rising from $1.25 at the beginning of the biennium to $1.37 in June, 1956. The increase in both hourly and weekly earnings during the 1954- 56 biennium was in sharp contrast with the preceding biennial pe-riod, during w4iich time the increases in gross earnings of factory workers in North Carolina were very slight. Together with this increase in employment and earnings, many new^ and diversified industries began operations in the State and the long-term expansion of existing industrial establishments continued. Improvements w^ere made in working conditions and plant safety practices. The occupational accident frequency rate of industry as a whole continued to decline. The State's excellent record of produc-tive and peaceful labor-management relations continued to be one of the most outstanding in the nation. DECADE OF INDUSTRIAL PROGRESS North Carolina has made enormous strides forward during the ten years which have elapsed since the end of World War II. Total nonagricultural employment in the State increased 38.5 per cent during the last ten years, rising from 755,000 in 1946 to 1,046,000 in 1956, as follows: 8 Biennial Report of The Department of Labor Annual Avg. of Year Non-Farm Employment 1946 755,000 1947 864,000 1948 879,000 1949 850,000 1950 911,000 1951 970,000 1952 992,000 1953 1,012,000 1954 1,002,000 1955 1,037,000 1956 1,046,000 Nonagricultural employment increased an average of 29,100 per year in the State during the ten-year period. Employment in factories increased 28 per cent during the ten years, rising from 360,000 in 1946 to 461,000 in 1956. Non-manufacturing employment, exclusive of agriculture, in-creased 48 per cent, rising from 395,000 in 1946 to 585,000 in 1956. Average hourly earnings of all North Carolina factory workers increased 67 per cent during the last ten years, rising from an annual average of $.82 in 1946 to $1.37 in 1956. In the same period, the average weekly earnings of factory employees increased 69 per cent, rising from an annual average of $32.25 in 1946 to $54.56 in 1956. The average duration of the workweek in North Carolina factories was substantially the same in 1946 and 1956, rising only 1.5 per cent from an annual average of 39.3 hours in 1946 to 39.9 hours in 1956. Calculated upon the basis of 2,000 working hours per year, the average gross annual wage of North Carolina factory workers in-creased 67 per cent during the last ten years, rising from $1,640 in 1946 to $2,740 in 1956. The lost-time injury frequency rate in all North Carolina industry decreased 48 per cent during the last ten years, dropping from 15.8 lost-time injuries per million manhours in 1946 to 8.2 in the year 1955, the latest year for which complete studies are available. NEEDED LEGISLATION The Commissioner of Labor is directed by General Statute 95-5 to furnish the Governor with "recommendations of the Commissioner with reference to such changes in the law applying to or affecting in-dustrial and labor conditions as the Commissioner may deem ad-visable." Biennial Report of The Department of Labor 9 There are several fields in which legislation affecting industrial and labor conditions is needed in North Carolina. These are as fol-lows: 1. State Minimum Wage Law. By far the most pressing need in the State's legislative structure affecting labor conditions is the need for a State Minimum Wage Law. A wage survey based upon reports of the Department's inspection staff during the 1954-56 biennium indicated that among some 205,000 people employed by retail trade and service-industry establishments, more than 90,000—or 44 per cent—of these workers were earning less than 75 cents an hour. A total of 45,000 workers in retail trade and service-industry employment were found to be earning less than 55 cents an hour. This survey indicated that among 156,000 workers employed in retail trade establishments, 68,000 were earning under 75 cents an hour. In the personal service industries, the proportion of workers earning less than 75 cents was even higher—23,000 out of a total of 49,000 employed in these establishments. North Carolina cannot overcome her low per-capita income posi-tion or build effectively for the future upon the basis of a low-wage economy. The Federal Minimum Wage, applying to workers engaged in interstate commerce, has been raised to $1.00 an hour. This was accomplished with a minimum of dislocation and hardship. Some 170,000 North Carolinians received wage increases as a direct result of the $1.00 minimum which became effective on March 1, 1956. Em-ployment has not dropped in the industries which were principally affected; on the contrary, it has continued to increase. I therefore earnestly recommend that the General Assembly of North Carolina enact legislation providing a statutory minimum wage covering all of the industrial workers of the State. Such a law would have no direct effect upon the 600,000 workers already covered by the Federal Law, nor would it affect the earnings of employees of Federal, State and local government agencies. It would, however, provide the protection of the State for a large group of seriously un-derpaid workers who comprise 44 per cent of the total employment in retail trade and personal-service industries. 2. State Labor Relations Law. Application of the National Labor Relations Act to a particular case is determined by whether or not a labor dispute, if one should occur, would tend to burden, obstruct, or, in general, "affect" interstate commerce. The National Labor Re-lations Board has authority to act only when such disputes do affect interstate commerce. 10 Biennial Report of The Department of Labor Since the National Labor Relations Board has relinquished juris-diction of cases in which there is only a minor effect upon interstate commerce, I am of the opinion that legislative study should be given to ascertaining whether North Carolina needs a State Labor Rela-tions Law. A particular labor dispute occurring in a North Carolina community may have only a minor effect upon interstate commerce, yet may at the same time be an important matter in the econoiTiy of the local cominunity. 3. Improvement in Child Labor Law. A weakness of our present Child Labor Law is that it provides inadequate protection for young people engaged in street trades, particvdarly for those under 16 years of age. Special safeguards are needed for children who engage in street trades, since these youngsters are continually subject to influ-ences not ordinarily encountered by minors performing other types of work. I therefore recommend that the North Carolina Child Labor Law be made the subject of legislative study, -with the view of im-proving the protection of young people engaged in street trades. 4. Wage Collection Law, The Department of Labor for many years has received complaints from workers who state that their em-ployers have failed to pay them wages which they have earned. In instances where the employee's work is covered by the Federal Wage and Hour Law, the Department makes investigations and takes ap-propriate action in accordance with the provisions of that statute. In many other cases, however, the complaining employees' jobs are not covered by the Federal Law. In these instances, the Department is unable to act due to our lack of a State Wage Collection Law. These wage complaints have been sufhciently numerous to con-vince me that North Carolina needs a statute authorizing the De-partment of Labor to make investigations and take appropriate ac-tions in the courts of competent jurisdiction in cases where investi-gation reveals that employers have failed to pay employees wages which have been earned. The enactment of a State Minimum Wage Law would serve to alleviate this situation. DIVISION REPORTS The work and accomplishments of the Department of Labor during the 1954-56 biennium are summarized in the Division Reports which follow, by Mr. Lewis P. Sorrell, Deputy Commissioner of La-bor and Chief of the Division of Standards and Inspections; Mr. Gail Barker, Director of the Division of Conciliation and Arbitration; Mr. C. L. Beddingfield, Director of the Division of Apprenticeship Biennial Report of The Department of Labor 11 Training; Mr. J. M. Vestal, Director of the Bureau of Labor for the Deaf; and Mr. W. L. Strickland, Director of the Division of Statis-tics. Of particular significance are the sections which describe North Carolina's excellent record in labor-management relations during the last 16 years; the sharp reduction in industrial accidents during the last ten years; the large increase in the number of youngsters train-ing as apprentices in the skilled trades; the securing of profitable employment for deaf workers; and the detailed presentation of wages, hours and employment trends in North Carolina industries during recent years. 12 Biennial Report of The Department of Labor TABLE 1 REPORT OF EXPENDITURES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR 1954—1955 REVENUE Appropriation-Chapter 1165, P. L. 1953 $374,846.00 Federal Wage and Hour Payments 90 , 511 . 56 Boiler Bureau Fees for Inspections 34,694.34 Apprenticeship Training 18,063.12 $518,115.02 REFUNDS Refund of Expenditures $ 1,829.12 $519,944.14 EXPENDITURES Expenditures $482 , 969 . 02 Refund of Expenditures 1 , 829 . 12 $484 , 798 . 14 Unexpended Balance Reverted to General Fund. $ 35,146.00 PURPOSES Administration $ 31,966.88 Employment Services for the Deaf 7,540.35 Statistical Division 23 , 013 . 59 Standards and Inspections 208,974.25 Wage and Hour Division 89,610.32 Supplies, Services and Expenses 6 ,934 . 18 Apprenticeship Training 59,224.28 Conciliation Service 19,458.11 Arbitration Panel 190.62 Boiler Bureau 36,056.44 $482,969.02 OBJECTS Salaries and Wages $393 ,175.01 Supplies and Materials 2 , 509 . 59 Postage, Telephone and Telegrams 6,573.68 Travel Expenses 64 , 460 . 40 Printing and Binding 6,099.24 Repairs and Alterations 536.40 General Expenses 8 , 697 . 77 Equipment 916.93 $482,969.02 Biennial Report of The Department of Labor 13 TABLE 2 REPORT OF EXPENDITURES, DEPARTMENT OF LABOR 1955—1956 REVENUE Appropriation-Chapter 907, P. L. 1955 $359,887.00 Federal Wage and Hour Payments 107 ,763 . 54 Boiler Bureau Fees for Inspections 36,773.97 Apprenticeship Training 18,662.66 $523,087.17 REFUNDS Refunds of Expenditures $ 746.90 EXPENDITURES Expenditures $500,540.34 Refund of Expenditures 746.90 Unexpended Balance reverted to General Fund . PURPOSES Administration $ 32 ,306 . 10 Employment Service for the Deaf 7,869.23 Statistical Division 21,034.93 Standards and Inspections 208 , 528 . 00 Wage and Hour Division 112,979.32 Supplies, Services and Expenses 4 ,492 . 13 Apprenticeship Training 56,262.98 Conciliation Service 20,430.55 Arbitration Panel 88.15 Boiler Bureau 36 , 548 . 95 $500,540.34 OBJECTS Salaries and Wages $406,757.42 Supplies and Materials 2 , 049 . 24 Postage, Telephone and Telegrams 6,963.43 Travel Expenses 70,450.98 Printing and Binding 3,227.75 Repairs and Alterations 841 . 81 General Expenses 9 , 642 . 20 Equipment 607 . 51 $523,834.07 $501,287.24 $ 22,546.83 $500,540.34 14 Biennial Report of The Department of Labor DIVISION OF STANDARDS AND INSPECTIONS Lewis P. Sorrell Deputy Coynmissioner of Labor The division of standards and inspections performs a variety of inspection and investigation work required of the Department of Labor by statute. It enforces the State Child Labor Law, the State Maximum Hour Law, the State Elevator Code, the State Boiler Law, the Construction Safety Code, the Mine and Quarry Safety Code, the Federal Wage and Hour Law, and the Federal Public Contracts Act. It also plans, recommends for adoption, and enforces Safety and Health Regulations designed to eliminate industrial hazards and provide better working conditions in North Carolina industry. The work of our industrial safety inspectors is concerned pri-marily with the maintenance of safe and healthful working condi-tions in all places of industrial employment. The principal func-tions of these inspectors are to discover hazards to safety and health, to discuss these hazards with management, and to advise management concerning the most helpful methods of carrying out the provisions of the Safety and Health Regulations. Another important fvmction is making special investigations in response to complaints indicating Labor Law or Safety Code violations. The inspectors also consult and advise on problems of mutual concern to labor and management which are not specifically covered by the laws or safety codes. North Carolina's many alert and progressive employers do not have to be "sold" the desirability of providing satisfactory working conditions. In most instances, no direct enforcement measures are required in order to secure compliance with the laws and regulations, since a majority of Tar Heel employers are anxious to make im-provements which are needed. However, a minority of employers, some of whom will violate the law or disregard the Safety and Health Regulations even though inspections are made as frequently as our personnel permits, resist all efforts of the inspector to secure volun-tary compliance with the laws and regulations. In these cases, the Department of Labor has to resort to the courts to obtain the com-pliance which cannot be obtained by less drastic measures. The work of our labor regulations inspectors is similar to that performed by our industrial safety inspectors, except that the former work chiefly in the State's retail trade, service, and other intrastate establishments. These inspectors specialize in work concerning child labor and female employees. Biennial Report of The Department of Labor 15 The Department also uses the services of inspectors who devote their full time to inspections of elevators and to study and approval of proposed plans for elevator installations. Other inspectors make inspections of high and low pressure boilers. Another specialized type of inspection work is the inspection of mines and quarrying opera-tions. Likewise, we have a specialized inspection service to promote safety in the construction industry. Continuously since Dec. 1, 1939, the administration of the Fed-eral Wage and Hour Law and the Federal Public Contracts Act in North Carolina has been entrusted to the State Department of Labor. North Carolina is the only State in the nation which enforces these federal statutes by virtue of annually renewed cooperative agreements with the United States Department of Labor. Assisted by a Federal Representative and a small office staff assigned to the Department by the Wage and Hour and Public Contracts Divisions of the U. S. Labor Department, we have developed a well coordinated program under which we administer locally both State and Federal laws in the fields of safety and health, minimum wages, maximum hours, child labor and general working conditions. Operating under this arrangement, we have another group of inspectors whose work con-sists principally of making investigations under these Federal statutes. Under the North Carolina law requiring the licensing of private employment agencies by the Department of Labor, licenses were issued to eleven firms during the biennium. There has been a notice-able increase in the number of inquiries made by out-of-State firms. Most of these inquiries concerned the efforts of out-of-State firms to secure the services of domestic employees to work outside the State. The remainder of this report of the Division of Standards and Inspections will consist of detailed explanations of the various types of inspection work performed. An analysis of our industrial safety and labor regulations inspection work will be found in the report of Mr. W. G. Watson, Supervising Inspector. A detailed report of our wage and hour operations during the biennium will be found in the report of Mr. S. G. Harrington, our wage and hour Investigation Supervisor. The activities of the Bureau of Boiler Inspections have continued to expand greatly as a result of the General Assembly's action in bringing low pressure boilers under coverage of the State Boiler Law. An account of the Boiler Bureau's operations will be found in the report of Mr. S. F. Harrison, Boiler Inspection Supervisor. Installation of new elevator equipment and remodeling of older equipment has continued at an accelerated pace during the last two 16 Biennial Report of The Department of Labor years. This continued expansion in the demand for elevator service has kept our elevator inspection service very busy. A detailed report of these activities will be found in the report of Mr. Pryor E. Sugg, our Chief Elevator Inspector. Mining and quarrying operations also have continued at a high level. A detailed report of these activities will be found in the report of Mine Inspectors H. M. Hall and J. R. Brandon. The Department continued during the biennium to develop its specialized inspection and safety promotion service for the State's extensive construction industry. A detailed account of this work will be found in the report of Mr. J. E. Fisher, Construction Safety In-spector. In addition to our regular inspection services under State and Federal laws, the Division continued during the biennium to promote safety in industry through the Department's specialized accident pre-vention program. This program is aided by the expert assistance of 21 industrial safety experts employed by leading representative in-dustries, who serve without compensation as the Department's Safety Advisory Board. A detailed explanation of this phase of our safety work will be found in the report of Mr. W. C. Creel, Supervisor of Safety. INDUSTRIAL SAFETY AND LABOR REGULATIONS INSPECTIONS W. G. Watson, Supervisor Industrial Safety and Labor Regulations Inspectors of the Division of Standards and Inspections completed 28,040 inspections during the 1954-56 biennium. These inspections covered 799,336 employees, ex-clusive of duplications in plants in which more than one inspection was made. The inspectors also made 236 special investigations in response to complaints alleging violation of the State Labor Laws and the Safety and Health Regulations. Additional special investigations were made by the inspectors in 79 industrial accident cases involving fatal or serious injuries to work-ers. These investigations were made to determine the causes of the accidents and to find the methods necessary to prevent their recurrence. Reinspections or compliance visits were made in 3,215 instances to insure compliance with recommendations previously made to correct violations of the Labor Laws and assist management with problems arising in connection with safety, health and general working con-ditions. Biennial Report of The Department of Labor 17 A total of 6,477 conferences were held with employers, employees, superintendents of public welfare and other officials for the purpose of explaining the Labor Laws, Safety and Health Regulations and other matters with which the inspectors are officially concerned. A total of 20,604 violations were found in the course of inspection work during the biennium. Recommendations to correct these viola-tions were made by the inspectors. Compliances were reported in 21,771 instances, including a few compliances with recommendations made during the closing month of the previous biennium. A detailed analysis of these violations and compliances will be found in Tables 3 and 4. The 236 complaints received during the biennium alleged viola-tions of the Maximiuu Hour and Child Labor Laws, unsafe and un-healthful working conditions, unsanitary and inadequate toilet facili-ties, inadequate ventilation and lighting, and failure to provide seats for female employees. These complaints were given priority over routine inspection work and were investigated immediately. In each case, where violations were found, immediate action was taken to secure compliance. Where violations were considered willful and no disposition was shown to correct them, the Department instituted legal actions. Will-ful violations were found in 16 establishments during the biennium and the violators were prosecuted in the local courts. In each case, the defendants were found guilty of violations as charged and were penalized by fines, costs of court, and, in several instances, suspended jail sentences. The Division's Industrial Safety Inspectors completed a total of 5,990 routine and special accident prevention inspections during the biennium, extending their services to 401,235 employees in the in-spected establishments. The Division's Labor Regulations Inspectors completed 16,953 in-spections, extending their services to 199,867 employees. Another group of the Division's inspectors, who perform both in-dustrial safety and labor regulations inspection work, completed 5,097 inspections, extending their services to 198,234 employees. In accordance with the State-Federal Wage and Hour Agreement, our inspectors made spot checks for compliance with the Federal Wage and Hour Law on each routine inspection. Where indications of violations of the Federal Law were observed, a report containing this information was submitted. During the biennium the inspectors sub-mitted 262 such reports indicating some type of violation of the Fed-eral Law, including the record-keeping, child labor, minimum wage and overtime provisions. 18 Biennial Report of The Department of Labor Also in accordance with the State-Federal Agreement, our Industrial Safety Inspectors completed a total of 200 safety and health inspections under the Federal Public Contracts Act. These inspections were made concurrently with their regular State Law inspection work. TABLE 3 VIOLATIONS NOTED DURING THE BIENNIUM—JULY 1, 1954 THROUGH JUNE 30, 1956 INDUSTRY Child Labor Hours Record Keeping Posting Labor Laws Sanita-tion Seats First Aid Drink-ing Water Safety Total Textile Yarn & Weave Mills. Textile Knit Goods Other Textiles 2 12 43 9 23 25 4 20 1 6 34 36 1,808' 749 78 286 104 4 3 8 23 62 5 11 19 2 8 16 9 25 22 352 316 68 16 1 3 1 31 40 3 15 81 17 1 12 6 12 30 40 346 156 74 3 9 5 4 6 39 191 11 37 250 43 6 36 32 35 250 334 2,314 1,319 144 114 120 5 58 57 131 74 13 39 86 149 8 14 9 30 84 64 301 50 199 7 29 7 2 2 3 1 1 6 108 2 23 9 4 36 16 1 10 41 17 6 2 2 8 23 18 8 1 7 2 1 3 2 3 1 2 19 8 1 1 1 1 8 6 45 8 1 2 5 1,606 1,277 785 485 122 223 897 657 62 51 295 190 509 214 358 28 434 15 86 42 1,688 1,357 1,052 921 Tobacco Manufacturing Apparel Manufacturing Lumber and Timber Furniture Manufacturing _._ 152 341 1,408 935 90 Printing__- .... Chemical Manufacturing Stone, Clay and Glass Other Manufacturing Wholesale Trade Retail Trade .__ ^ Eating and Drinking. Laundries and Dry Cleaning Amusement. . Other Service* Other Non-Manufacturing- _ 144 362 291 963 740 5,640 2,621 1,035 426 368 70 GRAND TOTAL 3,244 966 885 5,280 1,409 148 212 124 8,.336 20,604 'Includes: Lod'-ini Places, Personal, Repair & Miscellaneous Business Service, and Radio Broadcasting & Televisicn TABLE 4 COMPLIANCE WITH ORDERS ISSUED JULY 1954—JUNE 1956 INCLUSIVE Posting Drink- INDUSTRY Child Record Labor Sanita- Seats First mg Safety Total Labor Hours Keeping Laws tion Aid Water Textile Yarn & Weave Mills_ 1 4 5 6 55 12 1,673 1,756 Textile Knit Goods 2 12 3 7 61 3 2 1,371 1,461 Other Textiles 14 26 36 36 128 1 33 2 792 1,068 Food Products. ._ 37 74 49 190 89 4 19 6 487 955 Tobacco Manufacturing 4 12 25 1 1 142 186 Apparel Manufacturing 10 5 17 32 40 2 12 144 266 Lumber and Tim'ner. . 21 17 72 227 84 41 20 957 1,439 Furniture Manufacturing., 22 14 15 39 162 22 657 936 4 1 2 6 9 6 54 83 Printing. 24 10 12 41 17 4 63 173 Chemical Manufacturing 1 17 6 33 13 3 370 444 Stone. Clav end Glass . 7 6 14 31 46 12 197 317 Other Manufacturing. 35 23 47 261 113 29 554 1,071 Wholesale Trade . . . . 34 21 50 317 75 6 16 218 744 Retail Trade 1,890 348 333 2,315 396 81 10 45 441 5,859 Eating and Drinking 689 336 162 1,329 96 3 1 46 2,663 Laundries and Dry Cleaning 80 63 68 148 217 26 11 12 529 1,154 Amusement .. 345 4 118 12 2 21 502 Other Service* . . . _ 127 23 16 143 94 8 2 5 201 619 Other Non-Manufacturing.. 4 6 5 6 1 5 48 75 GRAND TOTAL 3,347 1,000 921 5,296 1,738 132 238 134 8,965 21,771 'Includes: Lodging Places, Personal, Repair & Miscellaneous Service, and Radio Broadcasting & Television. Biennial Report of The Department of Labor 19 FEDERAL WAGE-HOUR AND PUBLIC CONTRACTS INVESTIGATIONS S. G. Harrington, Supervisor The Wage and Hour investigators check the payrolls of industrial and commercial establishments and interview employers and em-ployees to determine compliance with the Fair Labor Standards Act (Federal Wage and Hour Law) and the Walsh-Healey Public Contracts Act. Priority is given to complaint investigations, Public Contract in-vestigations, employer requests, and requests from the National Office of the Wage and Hour and Public Contracts Divisions in Washington, D. C. Special attention is given to establishments which have not previously been investigated. In addition to regular investigation activities mentioned above, special investigations are made to determine compliance with the provisions of the Davis-Bacon Act on government financed construc-tion projects when requested by the Secretary of Labor. Where pro-visions of the State labor laws apply, concurrent State inspections are made with Wage-Hour and Public Contracts investigations. Wage and Hour investigation activities during the biennium, vio-lations noted, and back wages found due workers, are summarized in the following Table: TABLE 5 WAGE AND HOUR WORK FOR PERIOD JULY 1, 1954—JUNE 30, 1956 Wage-Hour investigations (except agriculture) 1806 Public Contracts investigations made concurrent with Wage-Hour 104 Special Child Labor investigations in agriculture 288 Wage-Hour investigations (except agriculture) revealing violations of Child Labor provisions of Wage-Hour Law 63 Special Child Labor investigations in agriculture showing violations 139 Investigations showing violations of minimum wage provisions of ^Vage-Hour Law 298 Investigations showing violations of overtime provisions of Wage-Hour Law 788 Complaint investigations made 429 Davis-Bacon investigations made 24 Investigation visits in agriculture 72 Employees found due back wages 5672 Amount of back wages found due $427,822 State inspections made concurrent with Wage-Hour 1243 20 Biennial Report of The Department of Labor In addition to investigation activities, the staff is called upon to engage in public educational programs to bring employers and em-ployees up-to-date on the provisions of the Wage-Hour and Public Contracts Laws. For this purpose general clinics, as well as clinics for specific industries, are conducted. In addition, numerous appearances are made before civic clubs, employee and employer clubs. Countless numbers of individual conferences with both employees and employers are held. Individual inquiries by telephone and by mail have been answered. Special certificates for employment of the physically handicapped at subminimum rates, Sheltered Workshop Certificates, Homework Certificates in restricted industries. Apprenticeship Certificates, and Student Learner Certificates have been issued by the Raleigh office. With the passage of the bill increasing the minimum rate under the Wage and Hour Act, all of the above extra-investigative activity increased tremendously. Thousands of pieces of literature were dis-tributed, mail and telephone inquiries increased manifold, radio talks were made in vastly increased numbers, certificates of all kinds trebled many times, and new and additional investigators had to be selected and trained. During the fiscal year 1954-55, we operated with a staff of twelve field investigators. This staff was increased to nineteen on March 1, 1956. These new investigators underwent a fom-weeks period of formal classroom training, followed by a period of field training with trained investigators. By the end of the fiscal year 1955-56, they were ready to begin regular field investigations. BUREAU OF BOILER INSPECTIONS S. F. Harrison, Superx'isor The North Carolina Boiler Law is an important factor in the pro-tection of life and property from the disastrous results of high and low pressure boiler and hot water tank explosions. The usefulness of this law increases proportionately with the growing power demands of an industrially expanding State. Without an inspection service adequate to determine the need for periodic boiler repairs and replacements, boilers will deteriorate more rapidly and the likelihood of expensive and destructive explosions will increase. When an inspection is made by either the State Boiler Inspector or by an Insurance Company Inspector, the owner or oper-ator of the boiler inspected is instructed in the safe care and main-tenance of his boiler. Such instruction helps the boiler and tank Biennial Report of The Department of Labor 21 owners financially. It also undoubtedly helps to prevent explosions. The North Carolina Boiler Law, which is strictly a safety measure to prevent loss of life and property, covers all high pressure boilers, low pressure boilers, hot water boilers and hot water supply tanks, except those which are specifically exempt under General Statute 95-60. According to all reports received by the Boiler Bureau during the 1954-56 biennium, only one hot water supply tank explosion and three high pressure boiler explosions occurred in the State during the bien-nium. In the spring of 1955, a hot water storage tank 12" in diameter and 60" high exploded in a Service Station due to the bottom head rupturing with a force which carried the vessel through 2" x 8" timbers and wood roof, collapsing a 12" cement block wall. Fortu-nately, no one was injured. An employee had just walked away from the tank moments before the explosion occurred. The tank was not equipped with the approved type of relief devices. Two of the high pressure boiler explosions occurred due to low water conditions. One boiler failed due to an accumulation of scale in the automatic water feeding device, which locked the control on a normal water level and allowed the boiler to operate on low water conditions until the failure occurred, which damaged only the furnace sheet and tubes. Another high pressure boiler explosion was caused by the operator tampering with the control switches, causing the boiler to be operated after it had cut off on low water. The explosion occurred a few min-utes later, causing an estimated damage of approximately $15,000.00. The third high pressure explosion was of a vertical tubular boiler, ^vhich exploded when the corroded tubes of the bottom head slipped out of the tube holes, causing the boiler to explode with a jet action. The boiler landed approximately 125 feet from its original setting, causing approximately $1,500.00 damage. The three above-mentioned high pressure boilers have since been properly repaired, retubed and returned to service. A number of boilers have been damaged by low -water conditions due to the operating controls failing and the lack of attendance in keeping the controls in proper operating condition. During the last two years, this Bureau gave special attention to individual and special requests for boiler inspections. We operated with a staff of four inspectors until May, 1955, and four office em-ployees. From August 1, 1955, to November 1, 1955, a Boiler Inspector was in training who left our employment on November 1, 1955, for a higher salai~y. This job was filled on November 15, 1955 and we have 22 Biennial Report of The Department of Labor continued to operate since November 15, 1955, with four inspectors — tliree full-time boiler inspectors and the Supervising Boiler Inspector. Our inspection work in the Boiler Bureau has increased to such an extent that we need two additional inspectors for full-time field work in order to adequately inspect the boilers we have on our present records and pick up the boilers and tanks which have never been in-spected. There are estimated to be between five and eight thousand uninspected boilers and tanks. We need one additional office employee, a file clerk, to handle the growing increase in the Boiler Bureau Work and the additional work the two above-mentioned boiler inspectors will create from their inspection services. The Supervising Boiler Inspector, who is located in Raleigh, spends a considerable portion of his time in the office handling essential cor-respondence and supervising all phases of the Bureau's work. This work includes checking the inspection reports sent in by Insurance Company Boiler Inspectors, who are authorized representatives of the State insofar as inspection of insured boilers is concerned; checking blue prints on shop-inspected boilers and tanks in instances in which the State Inspector makes the shop inspections; and making field as-sembly inspections in cases where boilers are assembled in the field. The Supervisor has the responsibility of seeing that all boilers operating in the State are in compliance with the Boiler Law. One State Boiler Inspector is located in Charlotte, making inspec-tions in the southwestern part of the State and shop inspections. The second Inspector is located in High Point, making inspections in the northwestern part of the State. Our third Inspector is located in Ra-leigh, making inspections in the eastern part of the State. A detailed statistical explanation of the operations of the Boiler Bureau will be found in the accompanying tables concerning inspec-tion activities, revenues received and Boiler Bureau expenses from July 1, 1954, to June 30, 1956. TABLE 6 REPORT OF BOILER BUREAU REVENUE RECEIVED FOR BIENNIUM JULY 1, 1954, THRU' JUNE 30, 1956: Certificate fees $18,438.00 State inspections 52.114.15 Commissions (Insurance Companies) 883.50 Symbol Stamps for stamping boilers (Sold to Insurance Companies) 30.46 Testing Welders 105.00 TOTAL $71,571.11 Biennial Report of The Department of Labor 23 TABLE 7 COMBINED REPORT OF INSPECTORS' ACTIVITIES Number of Inspections Income Disbursements Externals 1,484 External fees collected $ 4.532.00 External fees due 1,508.00 Internals 2,408 Internal fees collected 8.526.00 Internal fees due 6,178.00 Generals 9,112 General fees collected 4,187.00 General fees due 20,655.70 Specials 74 Special fees collected 787.00 Special fees due 1,290.00 Shop inspections 153 Shop fees collected 300.00 Shop fees due 3,585.00 Field assembly inspections 11 Field assembly fees collected Field assembly fees due 280.00 Travel collected for inspections 279.41 Travel due for inspections 717.03 Testing Welders (Collected) 7 685.00 Testing Welders (Due) I 105.00 Total Inspections 13,250 $53,615.14 TABLE 8 COMBINED REPORT OF INSPECTORS' ACTIVITIES Income Disbursements Travel paid to Inspectors $10,321.63 Total salaries paid to Inspectors 34,900.66 Total amount paid to Inspectors $45,222.29 Total inspection income in excess of disbursements $ 8,392.85 Accidents investigated 3 Complaints investigated 22 Compliance visits 1,176 Conferences 74 Boilers found insured 339 Boilers found out of use 232 Firms found out of business 88 Boilers or tanks condemned 61 Boilers or tanks junked 58 Court Case I Total 2,054 24 Biennial Report of The Department of Labor TABLE 9 STATE-INSPECTED BOILERS AND TANKS UNDER STATE INSPECTION Low pressure boilers and tanks: Certificate file 9,236 Pending file 770 TOTAL 10,006 High pressure boilers: Certificate file 1,339 External pending file 48 Internal pending file 257 TOTAL 1,644 GRAND TOTAL 11,650 TABLE 10 BOILERS AND TANKS INSPECTED AND REPORTED BY INSURANCE COMPANIES Low pressure boilers and tanks: Certificate file 11,159 Pending file 767 TOTAL 11,926 High pressure boilers: Certificate file 4.580 Pending file 250 TOTAL 4,830 ACTIVE GRAND TOTAL 16,756 Total number of boilers and tanks in active use 28,406 Total number of boilers and tanks in out-of-use file 1,588 Grand Total worked 1954-1956 biennium 29,994 Number of Boilers & Number of Tanks State Inspected Inspections Required Low pressure number of inspections once 10,006 every two years 10.006 High pressure boilers number of inspections 1,644 over two year period 6,576 Total number of boilers and tanks to be 1 1 ,650 inspected Total niunber inspections required every two years 16,582 Present force can make paid inspections in two years 13.250 Inspection required but cannot be made with present force 3.332 Each fidl-time field inspector can make 4.417 (paid inspections) and non-paid compliance, etc 685 TOTAL 5,102 This ecjuals 2.551 inspections per year for each inspector. Biennial Report of The Department of Labor 25 TABLE 11 BIENNIAL REPORT OF BOILER BUREAU JULY 1, 1954 TO JUNE 30, 1956 Reports received 32,875 Bills sent 27,692 Certificates issued 27,207 Repair letters 5,587 Repair letters complied 5,170 Correspondence: Dictated 1-258 Composed 2,019 Follow-up letters 21,249 Form letters of insurance cancellation 188 Total fees received $71,571.11 TABLE 12 BUREAU OF BOILER INSPECTIONS REVENUES AND EXPENSES JULY 1, 1954—JUNE 30, 1956 Attending Board Meetings $ 353.29 Salaries and Wages 55,928.15 Office Supplies and Printing 2,057.95 Postage, Telephone and Telegrams 2,670.96 General Expense, Bonding Employees, Repairs, Reimbursement to State College 837.06 Travel Expense 10,321.63 Office Equipment 436.35 Total expense 72,605.39 Appropriated 4,942.00 Collections 71,468.31 Total Income 76,410.31 Less: Total Expense 72,605.39 Amount Reverted 3,804.92 State Inspection Fees Due $ 1,500.99 Insurance Inspected Boilers, Certificate Fees Due 274.00 TOTAL DUE $ 1,774.99 Repairs Pending 223 26 Biennial Report of The Department of Labor BUREAU OF ELEVATOR INSPECTIONS Prvor E. Sugg, Chief Elevator Inspector The public regulation of elevators in the State of North Carolina is now in its seventeenth year. During these 17 years, elevator and escalator equipment have been completely revolutionized. The ele-vator industry has kept pace with the general trend of progress by con-structing and installing highly technical, automatic type elevators with modern controls. With this trend has come more work for the Ele-vator Bureau personnel since the drawings and plans submitted to us for review are more complicated. Also, without the assistance of an attendant, the inspection of the elevator equipment requires more time and knowledge of the dangers involved. When the State Elevator Code came into existence in 1939, only one escalator was in operation in North Carolina. There are now 33 in use and 14 others in the process of being installed. There were very few hydraulic elevators in 1939, but at present approximately 30 percent of all freight elevators are of the hydraulic type. Our Elevator Code Regulations were not, in all cases, made retroactive; therefore, a number of sub-standard elevators, mainly freight ele-vators, are still in use. However, owners and users of passenger elevators are becoming more safety-minded and the absence of the State certificate displayed in an elevator car is quite noticeable. Often we have inquiries by the users of elevators as to whether or not the certificate is being withheld due to unsafe conditions of the elevator. Consequently, we have made a survey of all passenger elevators which were installed prior to the effective date of the Code and have been successful in having most of them brought into a sufficient degree of compliance to justify a certificate. The American Standard Code for Elevators, Dumbwaiters and Escalators is a supplement to our State Code and is used as standard and guide for our authority and regulations for installations and in-spections of elevators. This Code also is used as a standard by the leading architects; therefore, we are called upon very often to assist them with their elevator problems. We spend much time advising elevator manufacturers and agents in an effort to improve safety features and prevent Code violations. Numerous accidents occur while the elevators, dumbwaiters and esca-lators are being installed and serviced by the skilled mechanics. The injuries resulting from such activities range from minor to severe and fatal. We are including among our activities a safety campaign, visit- Biennial Report of The Department of Labor 27 ing the jobs as often as possible while they are under construction to observe the methods used and the general conditions on and around the project. In most cases we find that the time element appears to supercede many needed safety precautions. A lecture on safe methods of performance often is worthwhile. We have made a special effort to have safe access to the elevator machine rooms provided for the protection of the inspector and the mechanics. This is a serious prob-lem, especially with elevators which were installed prior to any legal regulations requiring such provisions. In this effort we have made some progress. Due to our varied activities, including all the necessary office work pertaining to elevator problems, it is impossible for us to make as many routine inspections as should be made according to Code re-quirements and in the interest of the safety of the users of elevators. During the past biennium we received plans, specifications and applications for review and permits by various elevator concerns for the installation of 453 elevators, dumbwaiters and escalators. Accord-ing to the reports of estimated costs furnished us with each applica-tion, the total of expenditures for new installations during the bien-nium amounts to $4,775,627.79. This represents an increase of .$1,015,351.79 over the previous biennial period. The figures, as shown, are only for the parts of the projects furnished by the elevator concerns. They do not include the cost of preparing hoistways, which must be constructed properly in order to maintain the load and impact of the elevator equipment and to comply Avith the Building Code and Ele-vator Regulations for various types and locations of elevators. A statistical summary of our activities during the 1954-56 bien-nium is contained in the table which follows. TABLE 13 BUREAU OF ELEVATOR INSPECTIONS SUMMARY OF ACTIVITIES FROM JULY 1, 1954 TO JUNE 30, 1956 Approval of plans and specifications for new elevators, dumbwaiters and escalators 453 Approval of plans and specifications for major repairs and alterations of ex-isting elevator projects 91 Test and inspection of new elevators and dimrbwaiters 369 Test and inspection of new escalators 17 Certificates issued for new installations 365 Certificates issued for existing elevators 593 Regular inspection of existing elevators 1422 Compliance inspection of existing elevators 367 Elevators condemned as being unsafe for further use 38 Elevator accidents investigated 19 Conferences with various elevator manufacturing representatives and agents relative to elevator problems 140 28 Biennial Report of The Department of Labor BUREAU OF MINE AND QUARRY INSPECTIONS H. M. Hall and J. R. Brandon, Miiie Inspectors The highly diversified mining and quarrying industry of North Carolina experienced considerable growth and achievement during the 1954-56 biennium. The more than $71,000,000 total value of materials produced by North Carolina mines and quarries during 1954 and 1955 exceeds the previous two-year total by five and one-half million dollars. Operations have continued at a rapid pace, in general paralleling economic trends throughout the United States. Highly favorable market conditions, stockpiling of strategic ma-terials, defense spending by the Federal Government, and a high rate of consumer demand have furnished the incentive for this substantial growth. Accordingly, the Bureau of Mine and Quarry Inspections has experienced an ever-increasing demand for its services. Two mine inspectors were available during most of the past bien-nium and were fully occupied in making routine inspections, pro-moting safety, and investigating accidents in what is generally recog-nized as one of the State's most hazardous industries. With accident prevention the goal, the mine and quarry inspectors have striven to make an adequate number of inspections in an in-dustry in which the workers are exposed to a number of unusual haz-ards. Falling rock and caving ground, dark working areas, the pres-ence of harmful dust, the use of explosives and powerful machinery, the handling and movement of heavy objects and loads through cramped, often rough-surfaced and inclined working areas—all of these factors tend to make mining and quarrying more dangerous than most other industrial operations. Many activities of the mining and quarrying industry require a great amount of physical exertion and stamina on the part of the worker: handling and setting up heavy drills, pushing loaded ore carts, climbing up and down steep walkways, walking through muddy, slippery, rock-strewn tunnels and working in an atmosphere often with extremes of temperature and humidity. Conditions of working places often change from day to day, particularly in mines, exposing workers to new hazards as the work progresses. Considering the un-usual hazards peculiar to this highly dispersed and diverse industry, it has become increasingly difficult for two inspectors to provide ade-quate inspection coverage. Consequently, safety programs and ac-cident prevention measures are of special importance in the industry. Biennial Report of The Department of Labor 29 During the past biennium the mine and quarry inspectors have worked closely and successfully with both management and labor in establishing and maintaining sound safety programs which extend to the individual worker level. Acceptance at this level governs the success of any accident prevention and safety program. Statistics show that during the biennium there has been a marked reduction in the lost-time injury frequency rate in the mining industry, a slight reduction in the processing plants, and an increase in the quarrying industry. An important service in the Bureau of Mine and Quarry Inspec-tions is assisting operators of mines and quarries in obtaining Work-men's Compensation Insurance under the Assigned Risk Program of the North Carolina Compensation Rating and Inspection Bureau. Due to occupational disease hazards in the industry, many insurance carriers are reluctant voluntarily to provide such coverage. Before insurance can be assigned under the program. Certificates of Com-pliance, sho^ving the applicant's operations meet the minimum safety and health standards of the State, must be obtained from the De-partment of Labor. They are issued upon the recommendation of the mine and quarry inspectors after a careful inspection of the ap-plicant's operation. These Certificates of Compliance are revocable at any time the operator fails to comply with the State's safety and health requirements but are renewable when the recommended cor-rections are made. A total of 63 Certificates of Compliance Avere is-sued during the biennium. None were revoked. It is anticipated that the mining and quarrying industry will shoAV further marked expansion during the next two years. The extension of the Federal Government-subsidized exploration and development ]3rogram until June, 1962, along with a 20 per cent increase in the subsidized price schedide for sheet mica, will promote growth in the industry. The largest known reserves of spodumene in the Western Hemisphere are located in North Carolina From this mineral the element lithium is refined. This element is reported to be a source of the hydrogen isotope tritium (H^) used in thermonuclear devices. Considerable demand for this material and other strategic minerals is seen in the future. North Carolina Avill receive many additional millions of dollars in Federal road building funds from a bill recently enacted into law. An extensive higliAvay construction program, as well as continued industrial expansion, will create a large demand for crushed stone, gravel and other quarry products and promote further expansion of the industi"y. 30 Biennial Report of The Department of Labor As mining and quarrying expand in North Carolina, an increased demand for the services o£ the Bureau of Mine and Quarry Inspections is generated. Only through careful apportionment of time has it been possible for the Bureau's two inspectors to make even a minimum niunber of routine inspections during the biennium. Although these inspections have been proven to be one of the most effective weapons in the elimination of the causes of accidents and occupational hazards, they are much more effective when made more frequently than has been possible. Though much has been accomplished during the biennimn, there still remains room for considerable improvement. Adequate time and sufficient personnel to organize and conduct safety programs, make frequent compliance and enforcement visits, and furnish technical assistance, together with routine inspections, w^ill do much in the future to continue the Bureau's effort to eliminate the needless waste of human lives and limbs in the mining and quarrying industry. Detailed statistical information regarding the operations of the Bureau of Mine and Quarry Inspections will be found in the ac-companying tables. TABLE 14 ACCIDENTS REPORT OF MINE AND QUARRY OPERATIONS, AS REPORTED BY INDUSTRY, FOR THE CALENDAR YEAR OF 1954 Total Time Lost Minor Number Number of not Lost Time no Ddys Accidents Compensable Compensable Tijne Lost Fatal Lost MINES: Mica 16 10 6 268 Feldspar 32 18 10 3 1 271 Pyrophyllite and Talc 35 8 9 18 674 Miscellaneous 212 53 76 3 1 2626 295 89 101 24 2 3839 QUARRIES: Stone Products 215 65 47 103 2978 PITS: Sand and Gravel 52 H 8 33 139 Biennial Report of The Department of Labor 31 TABLE 15 ACCIDENT REPORT OF MINE AND QUARRY OPERATIONS, AS REPORTED BY INDUSTRY, FOR THE CALENDAR YEAR 1955 Total Lost Time Minor Number Number of not Lost Time no Days Accidents Compensable Compensable Time Lost Fatal Lost MINES: Mica 16 7 7 1 1 310 Feldspar 48 24 22 1 1 787 Pyrophyllite 29 11 6 12 557 Kaolin 7 4 3 87 Olivine 4 3 1 34 Miscellaneous 227 44 48 135 1859 331 90 89 150 2 3634 QUARRIES: Stone Products 214 34 47 125 1218.75 PITS: Sand and Gravel .... 79 10 24 44 1 1383.50 TABLE 16 VIOLATIONS AND COMPLIANCES IN MINES, QUARRIES AND SAND AND GRAVEL PITS July 1, 1954—June 30, 1956 Industry Number Establishments Found in Violation State Safety & Labor Health Laws Regulations Total Mines, Quarries, Sand and Gra\el Pits 340 Violation 7 836 843 Compliance 3 716 719 32 Biennial Report of The Department of Labor TABLE 17 ANNUAL REPORT MINES, QUARRIES AND PITS FOR CALENDAR YEAR 1954 INCLUDING STATE HIGHWAY QUARRIES Number Mines and Quarry Oper-ations Kind Actual Number Em-ployed Payroll Exec, and Office Employees Payroll Other Employees Quantity Tons Value * 24 Stone Products State High-way & Public Works Commission 557 1,357 328 252 398 201 166 25 20 788 $ 19,932.00 576,693.19 208,805.08 71,761.00 77,129.21 1.33,574.73 10,895.00 4,060.00 351,706.66 $ 401,984.25 2,793,930.60 853,157.39 401,355.62 607,314.30 513,007.82 366,127.31 70,366.82 11,946.00 2,622,569.61 1,086,374.55 9,158,636.30 3,883,939.45 523,614.79 78,860.02 114,292.00 202,931.20 9,614.31 680.00 591,233.39 $ 1,400,728.50 42 9,527,993.47 20 3,408,003.37 29 Feldspar . 740 084.50 51 10 3 Mica Pyrophyllite and Talc Kaolin 2,027,345.80 1,515,272.08 344,598.00 3 5 Olivine- - 93,518.53 6,085.20 ** 5 Miscellaneous 11,196,474.87 192 4,092 SI, 454, 556. 87 $8,641,759.72 15,650,176.01 $30,260,104.32 *This represents quarries operated by the State Highway and Public Works Commission which are operated by State employees and prison labor. **Spodumene, Lithium, Halloysite and Tungsten. TABLE 18 ANNUAL REPORT MINES, QUARRIES AND PITS FOR CALENDAR YEAR 1955 INCLUDING STATE HIGHWAY QUARRIES Number Mines and Quarry Oper-ations Kind Actual Number Em-ployed Payroll Exec, and Office Employees Payroll Other Employees Quantity Tons Value * 22 Stone Products State High-way & Public Works 460 1,406 369 352 377 147 185 28 837 $ 68,157.00 615,681.58 222,391.01 89,754.00 119,025,42 45.309.96 33,040.00 4,800.00 409,612.34 J 363,134.15 3,892,875.00 943,664.22 589,060.64 585,647.73 304,071.25 319,354.88 60,435.21 2,962,983.91 989,870.05 10,311,013.43 4,017,962.40 341,794.94 50,321.42 115,243.00 194,601.90 13,699.26 2,143,555.00 $1,275,125.71 42 17 Stone Products Sand and Gravel 16,316,853.01 4,073,149.17 33 Feldspar 2,518,948.51 51 5 3 Mica Pyrophyllite 2,913,390.01 1,185,424.00 356,366.00 4 139,641.22 ** 6 Miscellaneous 12,270,965.83 183 4,161 $1,597,771.31 $10,021,226.99 18,178,061.40 $41,049,863.46 *This represents quarries operated by the State Highway and Public Works Commission which are operated by State employees and prison labor. **Spodumene, Lithium, Halloysite, Asbestos and Tungsten. Biennial Report of The Department of Labor 33 CONSTRUCTION SAFETY INSPECTIONS James E. Fisher, Construction Safety hispector The program of accident prevention in the construction industry of North Carolina was started by the Department of Labor in 1953. Details of the initial steps taken by the Department in launching this program can be read in the 1952-54 Biennial Report. The main problem that confronted the Commissioner of Labor in getting this program under way has been laregly overcome. This was to get the contractors of the State acquainted with the workings of our accident prevention work in their industry and also to get all the contractor participation in the program that was possible. Frequent conferences and contacts with the individual contractor and with the contractors' association has helped very much in getting this participa-tion of the contractors, which was and continues to be so necessary to make Construction Safety work of the Department a successful operation. During the past biennium, the construction inspector has con-tinued to assist construction companies in setting up safety progiams. This action takes the form of gathering accident statistics from the company records, compiling these statistics into report form, and then conferring with top management of the company on the need for setting up a safety program. Follow-up conferences are often neces-sary and follow-up studies are also necessary in getting a safety pro-gram set up and working. We feel that a great amount of good has been accomplished in this line of work. Due to the nature of construction operations, with conditions on projects undergoing constant change, the company itself must have a program of accident prevention. This program must extend to the individual project level in order to insure con-tinuing adherence to safety standards and practices. Otherwise, it would be necessary to have a safety inspector constantly on a project to maintain safe standards. The construction inspector has continued to compile educational pamphlets on current safety problems in the construction industry. These articles have received very favorable comment from the leaders of the industry. The contractors' association has published all of these articles in their Trade Bulletin so as to give the contents of the articles the widest possible circulation among its membership. The Department sends copies of these safety pairiphlets to a mailing list of 192 construction companies in the State. 34 Biennial Report of The Department of Labor As the work of this section has become more highly organized, it has become possible for more time to be devoted to project inspection work. The total number of initial inspections and reinspections made on North Carolina projects is listed in the accompanying table. In-spection of projects is without doubt the most important phase of accident prevention work in our construction industry. With this fact in mind, every effort has been made to organize the work so as to permit as much as possible of the inspector's time to be spent on project inspections Equally important is the fact that with only one man to cover all the construction projects in the entire State, constant attention has to be given to ways of better organizing the construction safety work in order to get at least a large proportion of the projects inspected. During the past biennial period, efforts have been continued to bring labor and management together in this work of accident pre-vention which is so important to both groups. Meetings have been held with representatives of labor for the purpose of getting their cooperation and ideas on how to make the program more successful. Considerable effort likewise has been made in promoting management interest in construction safety. An example of this, and a measure of the success of these efforts, is the recent attendance of the Con-struction Section of the State-wide Safety Conference which was held in Charlotte. There were sixty-four construction companies repre-sented at this meeting, whereas at the previous conference only sixteen companies were represented. As to enforcement and compliance with the Construction Safety Code of the Department, most of the project superintendents have usually shown very satisfactory cooperation. There have been few instances in which the superintendent did not start making the neces-sary corrections to make working conditions safe on the project. There have of course been several cases in which the project super-intendent did not show any cooperation and where no action was taken to carry out the recommendations of the inspector. Due to the limited time of one man, it has not always been possible for the inspector to follow up on these cases as needed. For example, if an unusually hazardous condition is found and then allowed to exist for a period of as much as two weeks, the conditions of the project change so that the violation is "corrected by default" so to speak. Due to the growing need for following up on violations where the condi-tions on the project are considered to be very hazardous and where Biennial Report of The Department of Labor 35 there is an indication that the superintendent does not intend to make the necessary correction, I feel that the addition of at least one man to help in this work would allow more time for the inspector to follow up on serious conditions whenever necessary. At the end of this biennial period, we can look back for three years and see that considerable progress has been made in the field of construction safety. All the major construction companies have set up safety programs, and these programs are working not only for the benefit of the contractor, but also for the benefit of the man working on the job. Relations between the Department and the construction industry's association are very satisfactory and the two are making real progress at getting the idea of safety across in the construction industry. All of the North Carolina contractors and their project superintendents are familiar with our safety program. With only a few exceptions they are working whole-heartedly with the Department to reduce the high toll of accidents in one of our most hazardous industries. SPECIAL SAFETY SERVICES W. C. Creel, Supervisor The safety work of the Division of Standards and Inspections is directed through a Special Safety Service Unit. The work of the Special Safety Service Unit is centered around a Safety Advisory Board from industry. This Board is composed of 23 men who are in charge of the plant safety programs of leading North Carolina industrial establishments. Organized in 1946, this group of industrial safety experts has served without compensation, devoting much time, effort and skill to working cooperatively with the Department of Labor in planning accident prevention programs for the industries of the State. Through the splendid cooperation and interest of industrial management in several of our leading industries, these men have been able to give the Department of Labor the benefit of their time and advice as a public service in safety. The work of the Safety Advisory Board with the Department of Labor is divided into three principal activities with a standing committee for each phase of the work. These committees are for the planning and promotion of Education, Awards, and Special Industry Safety Programs. Special Industry Safety Programs have continued to be most efiiec-tive and popular. During the Biennium special safety programs 36 Biennial Report of The Department of Labor have been conducted in the fertilizer industry and the cotton yarn division of the textile industry. The Special safety program for the fertilizer industry, including 70 plants with an average employment of 2,700, was started in 1952 and completed in 1955. The results were most pleasing. At the beginning of the program the accident frequency rate was 18.6. At the end of the program the rate had dropped to 9.8. This 47% re-duction in disabling injuries is highly indicative of the safety progress in the industry. Already requests for follow-up materials are being received from the industry and steps are being taken to comply with these requests. The Special Safety Program for the State's cotton yarn plants was started in 1953. Five visits by the Department's 14 industrial safety inspectors were made during the two-year program. In addition, monthly safety pamphlets and special material aids were sent to the 430 participating plants. At the beginning of the program, the ac-cident frequency rate was 10.0. At the end of the formal program, the rate was 7.3. During the two-year period the cotton yarn plants had an average of 132,626 employees. An important duty of the Safety Section of the department is the collection of accident frequency rate information. During the Bien-nium, accident information from more than 6,000 manufacturinsf plants and service establishments was collected each year. Accident frequency rate information is of immeasurable value to the Depart-ment in planning its safety activities- An individual record is kept for every industrial and service establishment. These records show the safety progress or lack of progress, in the individual plants. Industry accident rate averages are also compiled and used as a guide in planning Special Industry Safety Programs. Statewide and industry accident rates are compiled quarterly and published yearly. An indication of the effectiveness of the Depart-ment's statewide accident prevention services can be seen in the sub-stantial reduction in the statewide lost-time injury rate. In 1946, the year in which the Special Safety Service Program was started, the statewide accident frequency rate was 15.8. At the end of 1955 the rate was 8.2—a reduction of 48 per cent during the ten-year period. Safety awards are a basic part of any complete safety program. Since 1946, the North Carolina Department of Labor has recognized outstanding work in accident prevention in industrial and service establishments by a series of safety awards. Under this program, plants which reduce their accident frequency rates 40 per cent or Biennial Report of The Department of Labor 37 more during a calendar year, operate with an accident rate 75 per cent or more below the State average for the particular industry, or operate for a year without a lost-time injury, are eligible for the Department's Certificate of Safety Achievement. In 1954 a total of 947 awards were presented. In 1955 a total of 919 awards were pre-sented. Since the inauguration of the program in 1946, a total of 7,353 awards have been presented. Research and special projects for individul plants are continually being planned. The industrial safety inspectors as part of their safety work assist plant management in analyzing their accident problems and direct their attention to the safety services of the Department as a means of helping to solve their accident problems. Once a problem has been solved, the methods are summarized and reproduced for the use of the Department's inspectors and other industrial plants having similar situations. A well planned program of accident investigation is directed through the Safety Service Section. All industrial fatalities and many serious accidents are investigated. They are then analyzed for the purpose of preparing suitable materials to be used in helping to pre-vent the recurrence of similar accidents. While the safety services of the Department are available and used by both large and small plants, the program is directed principally to the small plant. The small plant does not have a safety director, the money, or the know-how to plan and conduct a safety program and for these reasons needs the special assistance of the State. This need has been recognized and met to the extent that thousands of small plants are being more safely operated. Lost Time Accident Plants Manhours Injuries Frequency Rates 1955 1955 1955 1955 1954 Biennial Report of The Department of Labor TABLE 19 Accident Frequency Rates In North Carolina Industries Final 1955, compared with final 1954 INDUSTRY MANUFACTURING Chemical: Drugs, Insecticides & Paints 31 Fertilizer (Manufacturing and mixing) 62 Miscellaneous Chemical and Allied Products 52 Clay, Cement and Stone: Block, Pipe and Cement 97 Brick, Tile and Pottery 43 Electrical: General 48 Furniture: Upholstering 98 Wood 249 Iron and Steel: Foundries 27 Machine Manufacturing 130 Machine Shop Ill Sheet Metal 69 Not Elsewhere Classified 113 Leather: Tanning, Manufacturing Shoes, Belting and Rolls 11 1,637,057 38 23.2 24.5 Lumber: Logging, Sawing and Planing 381 Millwork 224 Plywood and Veneer 82 Miscellaneous Wood Products 49 AVniing: Mines 51 Pits and Quarries 46 Processing Plants 82 Paper: Paper and Pulp 6 Set up boxes and containers 46 Printing: Job, Newspaper and Books 173 9,437,205 34 3.6 3.3 1,869,752 26 13.8 6.8 3,954,477 33 8.3 9.8 8,775,101 32 3.6 9.3 5,660,943 4,172,534 107 69 18.9 16.5 18.1 18.2 27,490,418 69 2.5 3.2 9,630,248 59,234,012 147 795 15.2 13.4 13.1 10.5 1,809,049 10,675,243 6,366,287 2,733,552 12,540,408 49 127 137 45 233 27.0 11.8 21.5 16.4 18.5 18.7 11.2 13.1 21.2 11.0 23,546,896 10,224,783 13,470,186 2,957,204 693 187 300 48 29.4 18.2 22.2 16.2 26.3 20.9 19.1 24.5 359,896 3,113,706 5,397,933 10 71 195 27.7 22.8 36.1 39.5 18.8 47.3 13,600,569 4,656,657 42 73 3.0 15.6 5.0 13.5 1,871 7.3 7.5 144 3.8 7.2 314 3.5 3.9 83 4.2 2.1 211 5.4 4.1 9 4.8 4.5 42 3.9 4.7 43 2.2 2.4 216 15.3 12.2 130 12.9 11.3 6,623 8.9 8.6 Biennial Report of The Department of Labor 39 Textiles: Cotton Yarn & Weaving 413 255,527,695 Dyeing and Finishing 58 37.426,388 Knit Goods 370 87,859,731 Silk and Synthetic 35 19,751,924 Wearing Apparel 144 38,872,689 Woolen Worsted 7 1,846,251 Not Elsewhere Classified 62 10,729,374 Tobacco: Cigarette, Cigar and Smoking 6 18,810,748 Leaf Processing 214 14,027,164 Miscellaneous Manufacturing: General 155 10,031,196 ALL manufacturing INDUSTRY 3,745 738,197,276 NON-MANUFACTURING Food: Baking 97 15,482,674 Botthng Plant 125 7,550,394 Canning and Preserving 23 1,192,907 Dairy Products 82 74,218,812 Ice and Coal 100 1,970.609 Meat Packing 77 5,925,598 Milling, Flour and Feed 161 6,871,387 Semice: Dry Cleaning 579 6,975,236 Dry Cleaning and Laundry 232 16,492,757 Garage 437 17,660,992 Trade: Petroleum Products 210 4,225,749 Wholesale & Retail 391 17,215,881 Miscellaneous Non-Manufacturing: General 67 6,333,865 ALL NON-MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY 2,581 182,116,861 1,058 5.8 9.4 ALL INDUSTRY MANUFACTURING & NON-MANUFACTURING 6,326 920,314,137 7,681 8.3 8.7 Technical Notes: (1) These data were compiled according to the American Standard Method of Compiling Industrial Injury Rates, approved 1954 by the American Standard Association. ( 2 ) The lost time injury frequency rate is the average number of disabling work injuries for each million manhours worked. A lost time injury is one which prevented the injured man's return to work on his next regular day, shift or turn; or which results in some permanent bodily impairment. 113 7.2 11.0 105 13.9 14.2 16 13.4 12.4 125 16.8 13.0 23 11.6 7.8 118 19.9 22.4 90 13.0 13.0 9 1.2 1.2 62 3.7 2.2 133 7.5 7.6 17 4.0 5.9 126 7.3 8.5 121 19.1 21.2 40 Biennial Report of The Department of Labor DIVISION OF CONCILIATION AND ARBITRATION E. Gail Barker, Director The North Carolina Conciliation Service is guided by legislative policy to the use of voluntary methods in the adjustment of labor-management disputes. The State Conciliator wields no club over the bargaining parties in the nature of regulatory powers; nor by the use of government pressure. The Conciliator strives to maintain com-plete freedom of action by the parties. Under this legislative and administrative policy, the State Conciliator is therefore committed to refrain from any statement or procedure which might appear to throw the weight of public pressure on either side. In the vast majority of establishments in North Carolina, working relationships of employers and employees are orderly and cooperative. It is well known that for every critical labor-management dispute which develops into a work stoppage, many more negotiations are culminated by joint agreement between the parties withovit the need for outside assistance. This is a great tribute to the common sense of management and labor representatives in North Carolina. Nevertheless, when employers and workers face each other over the bargaining table, there remain important areas in which conflict may arise. Group interests may flow in parallel but separate chan-nels. The issues may involve questions of principle, economic con-ditions, or terms of employment. In such labor-management conflicts, State Conciliators perform useful and valuable service both to the parties and to the economic community as a whole. Conciliation is a part of the collective bargaining process and is not a substitute for it. The essential problem of collective bargaining, when the parties are at loggerheads over an issue or issues, is the necessity of asserting strength, even as they seek a peaceful settlement. Each side may take an unyielding position to test out how determined the other side is to stick to its position. A willingness to make even the most fragmentary concession in some situations can be interpreted as an evidence of a hidden weakness. For this and other reasons it becomes extremely difficult, and sometimes impossible for them to explore various alternatives which might lead to a mutually accept-able solution. The Conciliator advises and makes suggestions in joint negotiating sessions, or in exploratory discussions with the parties separately, and thereby acts as a new line of communication. He possesses con- Biennial Report of The Department of Labor 41 fidential information of what the parties will give and take. He functions purposefully, and not just as a messenger carrying offers back and forth. He must possess a keen sense of timing and skill in revealing the information given to him, sometimes directly but more often by hint and indirection. Not the least of the Conciliator's skills is the knowledge of when to say nothing. Thus he protects the position of the parties while they are being brought closer to agreement, until the gap between them is finally bridged. The tables presented in this Section tell the 1954-56 story of the North Carolina Conciliation Service in terms of operating records. Table 20 presents the number of cases coming to the attention of the North Carolina Conciliation Service, shown by industry and month. The 396 cases were distributed among 19 industries (plus a "miscellaneous" classification) . Table 21 presents a monthly summary, including fiscal year totals, of the number of cases coming to the Division's attention, and the approximate number of workers involved. Table 22 presents a monthly summary, including fiscal year totals, of strikes, workers idle, and man-days idle. There were 81 strikes during the biennium. Six of these strikes during 1955 were interstate, and negotiations were not conducted in North Carolina. The three major ones involved the Southern Bell Telephone and Telegraph Company, The Atlantic Greyhound Company and the Louisville and Nashville Railroad. These six strikes involved 24% of the workers and accounted for 55% of the man-days idle in 1955. Table 23 presents a summary, on a calendar year basis, of the number of cases, workers directly involved, number of strikes, workers idle, man-days idle and the North Carolina percentage of the national total of man-days idle. This table includes data from 1941 through 1955. Knowledge of an existing controversy generally was brought to the attention of the Service by the initiating party desiring to amend or terminate the existing contract, giving the thirty-day notice required by the Labor-Management Relations Act of 1947. These notices were acknowledged promptly by the Service, with a copy of the acknowl-edgement always being sent to the other party to the contract. In order to encourage the parties to settle their own differences, it was constantly emphasized that it was our sincere hope that the parties would reach amicable agreement through collective bargaining and free discussions. 42 Biennial Report of The Department of Labor Whenever the parties were unable to reach agreement through their own endeavors, the services of the Conciliation Service were offered. Contact was maintained with the parties during the thirty-day notice period. In cases in which the parties had failed to reach agreement during that period, a representative of the Conciliation Service called the parties together and endeavored, through concilia-tion and mediation, to bring about a meeting of minds and an under-standing concerning the issues in dispute. The Division also responded to requests for assistance in settling grievances involving individuals and small groups of workers. Cases of this type are not included in the 396 total. Also, frequent requests for information about the conciliation, arbitration and related laws were acted upon. Consultations, both in the offices and in the field, on labor-management relations are handled as routine and on a day-to-day basis and no attempt is made to record these matters statistically. ARBITRATION SERVICE The Department of Labor attempts to promote the settlement of differences between labor and management. Through frank and open discussion of their differences and by the mutual exercise of good will, labor and management in North Carolina have been able in most instances to settle their problems peacefully and satisfactorily. The assistance of the Conciliation Service often is instrumental in bringing about such settlements. Differences between labor and management are not always ironed out in collective bargaining. In those instances where the parties are unable to reach agreement, the machinery of arbitration estab-lished under the North Carolina Voluntary Arbitration Act is avail-able to them. This method has proved itself very useful by bringing about expeditious decisions on the disputed issues. The Voluntary Arbitration Act gives legal status to contracts entered into by labor and management which provide for arbitration of disputes which may arise in the future. Where the parties' con-tract permits "demand" arbitration, the Act empowers the Commis-sioner of Labor to appoint an arbitrator at the request of either party; the Act further provides for the legal enforceability of arbitration awards made under its provisions. Getting quick disposition of the disputed issues is one of the prime attributes of arbitration. Because of that fact, the Department of Labor makes all requests for arbitration a first order of business. Biennial Report of The Department of Labor 43 In accordance with the provisions of the Act, the Commissioner of Labor has maintained since 1945 a list of qualified, public-spirited citizens who have served as arbitrators under the Act. The personnel of the list of arbitrators has changed from time to time due to resigna-tions and new appointments. The present list of 15 arbitrators is composed of men who have gained experience in previous government or private arbitration work. 44 Biennial Report of The Department of Labor 2 w < z o m S "^ 5 >" 2 ^ r '^ O O"- §5 £- -= C Pi sNur CO 1 ; : ; J 1 !—I(N i" -.-- ; ; ., AVW 1 S 1-1 CD i-H C -a c -a a3 M ;> wo. Z a, p. 3 It' a, § T 3 3 -a 5 o 0) O a o 3 o. c a3 cr W OS a S" 3 >^ 5 « -0 §5 Biennial Report of The Department of Labor 45 TABLE 21 NUMBER OF WORKERS INVOLVED IN CASES COMING TO ATTENTION OF NORTH CAROLINA CONCILIATION SERVICE DURING PERIOD JULY 1, 1954 to JUNE 30, 1956 BY MONTH AND FISCAL YEAR.' MONTH TOTAL July August September.. October November. . December.. January February March April May June 1954-55 Number Workers Involved 6,678 .765 681 147 4 3 2 1,888 2,739 4,502 6,727 2,243 4,686 20,026 2,569 1955-56 Number 209 Workers Involved 53,495 5,739 3,027 3,556 2,057 3,813 6,898 1,670 530 14,476 6,917 3,389 1,423 'Source: North Carolina Conciliation Service; North Carolina Statistical Division; U. S. Department of Labor; Federal Mediation and Conciliation Service and Unpublished data. TABLE 22 STRIKES IN NORTH CAROLINA DURING PERIOD JULY 1, 1954 to JUNE 30, 1956, BY MONTH AND FISCAL YEAR.* MONTH TOTAL July.. August September.. October November.. December.. January February... March April May June.. 1954-55 Number 46 Workers Idle 13,790 970 417 332 55 1,569 762 209 2,844 3,622 683 1,011 1,316 Man-Days Idle (All Strikes) 301,853 5,734 2,289 2,043 275 38,076 2,156 627 13,951 151,105 56,197 11,106 18,294 Number 1955-56 Workers Idle 8,554 1,777 471 2,166 698 1,941 62 570 135 420 55 180 79 Man-Days Idle (All Strikes) 84,840 24,473 2,295 14,336 2,302 20,756 558 13,516 175 840 275 4,745 569 'Source: North Carolina Conciliation Service; North CaroUna Statistical Division; U ^. Department of Labor; Federal Mediation and Conciliation Service and Unpublished data. 46 Biennial Report of The Department of Labor TABLE 23 LABOR-MANAGEMENT CASES AND STRIKES IN NORTH CAROLINA* Percent Year Number of Workers Number of Workers Man-days of National Situations Involved Strikes Idle Idle Total 1941 State Concilia tion Service Established 34 18,731 105,085 .5 1942 109 """"64^827"""' 26 4,826 24,354 .6 1943 201 114,865 57 18,511 103,368 .8 1944 187 75,584 45 11,056 68,057 .8 1945 113 40,355 37 17,470 438,000 1.2 1946 109 37,424 56 14,400 452,000 .4 1947 193 61,212 37 16,000 542,000 1.6 1948 202 103,186 22 2,698 59,420 .2 1949 180 53,245 18 3,850 136,130 .3 1950 148 38,392 31 12,700 75,700 .2 1951 183 54,276 38 24,300 508,000 2.2 1952 173 63,557 37 15,600 277,000 .5 1953 160 54,475 25 10,100 196,000 .7 1954 163 45,375 31 5,540 82,900 .4 1955 229 65,843 49 16,800 316,000 1.1 *Source: North Carolina Conciliation Service; North Carolina Department of Labor, Statistical Division; U. S. De. partment of Labor; Federal Mediation and Conciliation Service and Unpublished data DIVISION OF APRENTICESHIP TRAINING C. L. Beddingfield, Director North Carolina's Voluntary Apprenticeship Act of 1939, which is the statute under which this Division operates, was designed as a working arrangement whereby committees of employers and em-ployees, working together, or individual employers or companies, may promote the training of young workers in the skilled trades of in-dustry. The law was designed to provide reasonably continuous employment for apprentices, guarantee them a living wage, and pro-vide them with thorough on-the-job training in their trades, supple-mented with related technical training. The welfare of the apprentice being trained is the first consider-ation of the Division of Apprenticeship Training. It is a well known fact that the interests of employers, employees and the public will be served best when the interest of the apprentice is kept in the fore-front. The Apprenticeship Act provides for the appointment of a State Apprenticeship Council by the Commissioner of Labor, with equal representation of employers and employees. It provides that the Commissioner of Labor shall be Chairman of the Council and that the State Supervisor of Trade and Industrial Education shall be Vice-Chairman. The law also provides for the appointment of a Director of Apprenticeship, whose responsibility, with the advice and guidance of the Council, is to promote a Statewide, voluntary ap- Biennial Report of The Department of Labor 47 prenticeship training program covering all o£ the skilled trades and requiring two years or more to become a recognized, skilled craftsman. The purpose of the law is to insure that a sufficient number of crafts-men will be trained to meet the needs of the State's industrial economy. APPRENTICESHIP COUNCIL The composition of the State Apprenticeship Council at present is as follows: Frank Crane, Commissioner of Labor, Chairman; M. D. Thornburg, State Supervisor of Trade and Industrial Education, Vice-Chairman; C. L. Beddingfield, Director of the Division of Ap-prenticeship Training, Secretary; and three members representing employers and three representing employees, as follows: Employer Representatives Employee Representative's DwiGHT L. Casey, CaroUnas Chapter W. L. Causey, Business Agent Mana(rer Plumbers and Steamfitters National Electrical Contractors Associa- Local Union 640 tion Greensboro, N. C. Charlotte, N. C. Henry C. Sawyer, Business Representa- A. J. Fox, General Contractor tive Raleigh, N. C. International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers, Local 553 D. W. Randolph, Supervisor of Training Durham, N. C. Champion Paper & Fibre Company Canton, N. C. Lloyd D. Hardy, Foreman The Raleigh Times Composing Room Raleigh, N. C. The Apprenticeship Council is recognized as the sole registration authority for apprenticeship training in North Carolina in connection with the National Defense Training Program, which includes im-provement of working skills and advanced workers' training- The Council works in close cooperation with other State and Federal agencies in the advancement of this program. It also serves as the certifying agency for registered apprenticeship training programs in connection with the deferment of apprentices from the draft until their training has been completed. It is the approving agency for all apprenticeable trades and occupations for veterans training under Public Law 550 passed by the 82nd Congress. DIVISION OPERATIONS For several years past, it has been thought that the fluctuation in registered apprenticeship programs and registered apprentices would level off and that the number of programs and apprentices in 48 Biennial Report of The Department of Labor training would remain upon a more or less constant level. Such, however, has not been the case. There has been a steady increase in both programs and apprentices training under these programs. Our Biennial Report of June 30, 1954 gave a total of 3,688 active apprenticeship training progiams registered in the State, with 3,582 apprentices training under these programs. During the 1954-56 biennium, a total of 1,423 new programs were approved and registered and 4,253 additional apprentices were reg-istered. A total of 670 programs were cancelled during the biennium. A total of 646 apprentices completed their training, and a total of 2,539 apprentice agreements were cancelled. At the end of the 1954-56 biennium, a total of 4,262 apprentices were in active training in the State—an increase of 780 over the previous biennial period. Also at the end of the 1954-56 biennium, a total of 4,350 programs were in operation in the State—an increase of 662 over the preceding two-year period. The 646 apprentices who completed their training during the biennium were awarded their Certificates of Completion. These ap-prentices have now taken their places as skilled craftsmen in the industries of the State. As of June 30, 1956, a total of 3,325 ap-prentices had received their Certificates of Completion since the be-ginning of the State apprenticeship training program. Distribution of these former apprentices by industry and occupational groups will be found in the accompanying tables. Our records indicate that there will be 900 or more apprentices completing their training each year through 1958. Special training programs for other types of on-the-job training were approved and certified to the Veterans Administration during the biennium. A total of 97 of these programs were approved under the provisions of Public Law 550 for the purpose of training veterans in occupations which are not apprenticeable as such but which are component parts of apprenticeable trades. Veterans trained under these programs in most cases become production-line workers in the industries of the State. North Carolina's skilled labor market continues to show a serious shortage of skilled workers and craftsmen. This fact indicates that apprenticeship training must be further advanced and extended in order to meet the demands of our expanding State economy. Biennial Report of The Department of Labor 49 TABLE 24 REGISTERED APPRENTICESHIP PROGRAMS, PARTICIPATING ESTABLISHMENTS, AND APPRENTICES, BY TYPE OF PROGRAM June 30, 1956 Programs, Total Programs with no Apprentices -- Programs having Apprentices Establishments Participating in all Programs Establishments Participating in Programs having Apprentices ._ Apprentices, Total Apprentices per Program having Apprentices Apprentice per Establishment in Programs having Apprentices _. Type of Program All Types 4350 2200 2150 4610 2400 4262 2.0 1.8 Group Joint 30 5 25 260 245 452 18.1 1.8 Not-joint 6 1 5 36 35 70 14.0 2.0 Individual Joint 21 9 12 21 12 57 4.8 4.8 Not-joint No Union 4289 2185 2104 4289 2104 3664 1.7 1.7 Union Waiver 4 4 4 19 4.8 4.8 *Group Joint More than one establishment participating, and a joint committee of labor and management to effectuate the over-all program. Group not-joint More than one establishment participating, but the program effectuated by representatives of one party only. Individual Joint One establishment only, with joint representation of management and organized labor to effec-tuate the over-all program. Individual not-joint (No union) one establishment only, but the program effectuated by management only, because of the absence of an interested union. Individual not-joint (Union Waiver) one establishment only, but the program effectuated by management only, because union has waived participation. 50 Biennial Report of The Department of Labor TABLE 25 REGISTERED PROGRAM-OCCUPATIONS, AND EXPECTED COMPLETION DATE OF REGISTERED APPRENTICES, BY OCCUPATION GROUP June 30, 1956 OCCUPATION GROUP All Occupation Groups Commercial Artist Draftsman Laboratory Technician Photographer _ Cook (Exc. Private Family) Barber, Beautician Technical and Personal Service (N.E.C.) Brick, Stone, Tile Layer Carpenter __ Cement Finisher Painter (Construction) Plasterer _. Plumber, Pipefitter Roofer, Slater Construction Occupations (N. E. C.) Electrician (Not Construction) Electrician (Construction) Machinist Tool Maker, Die Sinker Polisher, Buffer (Metal) __ Machine Shop (N.E. C.) Jeweler, Watchmaker Engraver Sheet Metal Worker Molder Foundry Worker (N.E.C.) Boilermaker Structural Iron Worker Metal Working Occupations (N.E.C.).. Auto Mechanic and Repairman Millwright Railroad Mechanic and Repairman. Airplane Mechanic and Renairman_ Mechanic and Repairman (N. E. C.) Compositor, Typesetter Electroty per, Stereotyper Lithographer Photoengraver Pressman ^Printing) .. Printing, Publishing (N. E. C.) Stationary Engineer Hoistman, Craneman Glazier Miscellaneous Occupations (N.E.C.) Powerhouse Operator Lineman Meatcutter (Excluding Slaughterhouse) - Nonmanufacturing (N. E. C.) Baker Loomfixer Furrier Milliner Dressmaker Tailor. Cabinetmaker Millman Upholsterer Shoe Repairman Stonecutter Optician, Lens Grinder. . . Painter (Not Construction! Pattern Maker (Not Paper) Mannfacturin"- Occms. (N. E. C.).. Occu-pation Group Code (1) 01 02 03 04 05 06 09 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 19 21 22 26 27 28 29 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 39 41 46 47 48 49 51 52 53 54 55 59 61 62 63 69 71 72 73 79 81 82 83 84 85 Prog- Occups Per Occup' Group (2) 5628 16 18 9 7 116 238 320 16 113 57 372 6 88 12 327 153 13 16 13 223 24 1 16 19 1696 8 1 8 630 141 8 12 176 33 1 19 16 1 49 6 1 155 15 82 17 13 29 18 9 88 All Ex-pected Com-ple-tions 4262 13 12 7 1 92 186 262 3 41 39 349 2 74 5 468 151 23 7 1 249 5 481 126 16 14 140 18 11 14 181 55 41 6 4 77 2 74 11 19 15 6 4 44 Expected Completion Date Before 1956 199 10 15 7 1 1 8 21 1 6 1 40 3 1 10 23 11 5 1 1 7 1 C 10 1956 1957 927 2 3 4 26 51 42 1 7 3 70 18 3 99 38 1 1 46 2 5 214 1 100 24 2 1 24 7 5 2 34 16 12 18 1 15 8 3 3 3 12 1057 4 5 3 1 29 67 72 15 7 89 1 28 88 30 4 3 64 1 2 2 173 1 1 2 151 19 5 3 34 5 2 11 27 21 14 3 1 14 1 28 10 3 2 11 1959 1210 4 3 11 28 91 1 6 7 72 13 1 126 41 10 81 3 1 334 4 140 30 5 3 41 2 2 1 1960 412 3 1 3 30 5 3 45 1 52 29 7 1 24 2 76 50 16 16 1 32 2 7 1 2 2 1 1961 4 17 9 1 4 2 7 2 1 1 1 iFor content see Table VI. aProgram-occupation is an occupation in a program. Because some programs include more than one occupation, total program-occupations exceed total program. Biennial Report of The Department of Labor 51 TABLE 26 JOURNEYMEN EMPLOYED, AND ESTIMATED POTENTIAL APPRENTICES, BY OCCUPATION GROUP, IN PROGRAMS CURRENTLY REGISTERED AND REPORTED TO THE BUREAU OF APPRENTICESHIP. June 30, 1956 OCCUPATION GROUPi Occup. Group Code Estimated - Journey-men Apprentices Ratio Actual Estimated Potential Actual Poten-tial 01 02 03 04 05 06 09 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 19 21 22 26 27 28 29 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 39 41 46 47 48 49 51 52 53 54 55 59 61 62 63 69 71 72 73 79 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 91 92 93 94 95 96 99 27,140 63 36 18 14 320 1,804 3,829 259 685 557 2,101 27 493 80 1,426 968 64 37 26 1,188 140 2 80 43 5,474 94 2 107 2,121 730 47 47 527 94 25 53 55 25 1,221 280 182 28 63 2 530 45 345 34 150 73 49 23 454 4,262 13 12 7 1 92 186 262 3 41 39 349 2 74 5 468 151 23 7 1 249 5 7 9 887 6 2 2 481 126 16 14 140 18 11 14 181 55 41 6 4 __0 2 74 11 19 15 6 4 44 15,229 37 36 18 14 237 803 1,352 80 286 227 1,211 17 276 49 940 512 41 32 26 657 73 2 42 43 3,797 36 2 41 1,450 362 31 29 372 76 7 38 37 7 441 241 177 18 17 2 350 40 214 34 51 63 36 18 231 6.4 4.8 3.0 2.6 14.0 0.0 3.5 9.7 14.6 86.3 16.7 14.3 6.0 13.5 6.7 16.0 3.0 6.4 2.8 0.0 0.0 5.3 26.0 4.8 28.0 0.0 0.0 11.4 4.8 6.2 15.7 1.0 53.5 4.4 5.8 2.9 0.0 3.4 3.8 5.2 0.0 0.0 4.8 3.9 0.0 6.7 5.1 4.4 4.7 15.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 6.9 22.5 4.7 3.1 7.9 4.9 8.2 5.8 10.3 1.8 1.7 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.0 Technical and Personal Service (N. E. C) 1.4 2.2 2.8 3.2 2.4 2.5 1.7 1.6 1.8 1.6 1.5 1.9 Tool Maker. Die Sinker . 1.6 Polisher, Buffer (Metal) 0.0 Machine Shop (N. E. C.) . _ 0.0 1.2 1.0 Sheet Metal Worker 1.8 Foundry Worker (N. E.G.) 1.9 0.0 1.0 1.9 1.0 1.4 2.6 1.0 2.6 Mechanic and Repairman (N. E. C.) 1.5 2.0 1.5 0.0 1.6 1.4 Printing, Publishing (N. E. C.) . 1.2 0.0 3.6 1.4 1.5 3.6 2.8 1.2 1.0 1.6 3.7 0.0 Milliner_ _ Dressmaker Tailor 0.0 0.0 1.0 Cabinetmaker - 1.5 1.1 Upholsterer Shoe Repairman 1.6 1.0 2.9 1.2 1.4 Pattern Maker (Not Paper) Man'iffictnrin" Occipations fN. E. C.) 1.3 2.0 iFor definitions see Table VI footnote 2. 52 Biennial Report of The Department of Labor TABLE 27 ALL APPRENTICES COMPLETED BY INDUSTRIAL GROUP July 1, 1954 - June 30, 1956 Industry Number Of Industry Groups Group Apprentices All Industry Groups 646 Construction 1 253 Wood Products Manufacturing 2 16 Machinery Manufacturing 3 20 Metal Products Manufacturing 4 11 Auto Repair Services 5 103 Other Repair Services 6 26 Building Supplies Retail 7 26 Printing 8 69 Food Preparation 9 52 Personal Services 4 Manufacturing N.E.C X 1 Non-Manufacturing N.E.C R 65 TABLE 28 APPRENTICES COMPLETED BY OCCUPATION GROUP July 1, 1954—June 30, 1956 Occupation Group All Occupation Groups Commercial Artist Draftsman Laboratory Technician Photographer Cook (Except Private Family) Barber, Beautician Technical and Personal Service (N.E.C.) ---. Brick, Stone, Tile Layer ., Carpenter Cement Finisher Painter (Construction) Plasterer ,_ Plumber, Pipefitter Roofer, Slater Construction Occupations (N.E.C; Electrician (Not construction) Electrician (Construction) , Machinist -. Tool Maker, Die Sinker. Polisher, Buffer (Metal) Machine Shop (N. E. C.) Jeweler, Watchmaker Engraver Sheet Metal Worker Molder Foundry Worker (N. E. C.) Boilermaker Structural Iron Worker Metal Working Occupations (N.E. C.)_. . Auto Mechanic and Repairman Occup. No. of Group Appren- Code tices 646 01 02 03 04 05 1 06 09 6 11 27 12 76 13 1 14 5 15 28 16 66 17 19 17 21 2 22 81 26 19 27 2 28 29 31 2 32 33 32 34 2 35 36 37 2 39 2 41 110 Occupation Group Millwright Railroad Mechanic and Repairman Airplane Mechanic and Repairman Mechanic and Repairman (N.E.C.) Compositor, Typesetter ElectroTyper, Stereotyper Lithographer __ Photoengraver __. Pressman (Printing) Printins, Publishing (N. E. C.).__. Stationary Engineer Hoistman, Craneman Glazier Miscellaneous Occupations (N.E.C.) Powerhouse Operator Lineman Meatcutter (Excluding Slaughterhouse) Nonmanufacturing (N. E. C.) Baker Loomfixer Furrier _ Milliner Dressmaker ^ Tailor Cabinetmaker Millman Upholsterer Shoe Repairman Stonecutter Optician, Lens Grinder Painter (Not Construction) Pattern Maker (Not Paper) Manufacturing Occupations (N.E.C.) Occup. Group Code No. of Appren-tices 33 19 3 23 4 3 6 12 2 1 1 20 12 12 1 Biennial Report of The Department of Labor 53 BUREAU OF LABOR FOR THE DEAF J. M. Vestal, Chief Herewith I respectfully submit my twelfth biennial report, covering the period from July 1, 1954 to June 30, 1956. Section 7312 (j) of the Consolidated Statutes of North Carolina refers to the creation of the Bureau of Labor for the Deaf by the General Assembly in 1923. Information which may not appear herein can be obtained in our previous reports. The purposes of this Bureau are many and varied but the most important aim is assisting the deaf to secure gainful employment in which they become self-supporting citizens and repay the State for having provided means by which they have been benefited educa-tionally, morally and socially. Briefly speaking, this Bureau serves as a clearing house for the deaf and their problems. In carrying on its work, the Bureau continues to operate with two employees—the Chief and his secretary. The duties required of this Bureau are outlined in the law creating it, but new trades re-sulting from mechanical changes have increased our load. Glancing at present-day world conditions, one can readily see and understand the essential role this Bureau must continue to play in its efforts to help the deaf hold their line in this fast-stepping industrial world. The size of the job of overcoming the many obstacles which con-tinue to confront our group is increasing daily- The employing public is becoming more and more safety-minded when it comes to employment for the deaf. However, it is a tedious task to convince employers that the deaf are already safety motivated and that they only need to become acquainted with the safety rules, as must all workers. This Bureau creates no jobs but by virtue of its day-to-day work, we have been able to keep informed on what has taken place in the labor market, and consequently we try to move as the industrial world moves. It has been, and continues to be, our job to place deaf em-ployees where their productivity will be the most efficient. Results of this are being shown in the increased acceptance of the deaf ap-plicants by industry as a whole. We have been pleased to have em-ployers inform us that our clients have made good workers and have had records of absenteeism, tardiness and turn-over strikingly better than other groups. However, in spite of this, preference usually will be given to hearing applicants whose principal qualification, from the employer's viewpoint, is that they are people of his own group. 54 Biennial Report of The Department of Labor In holding back this tendency so that our deaf clients can be placed, our Bureau continues to have a very difficult task to perform. Re-moved barriers must be kept down and others which may come up must be destroyed. With this report, I am presenting a table showing that in the past biennium the Bureau registered 60 applicants and placed 47 in jobs of their choice. For various reasons, three were cancelled, leaving an active file of 10 to be carried over to the next biennium. At the close of the 1956 term of the School for the Deaf in Morganton, we had 19 boys and 8 girls to register with us—a total increase of 27 added to our July, 1956 file, so that we now have an active file of 37 clients to be carried over to the next biennium. Some of these applicants have unfortunate limitations which will make it necessary for them to undergo special training and progress through experimental stages. Six of the new applicants already have prospec-tive employment, which we have found for them. The workmanship of our clients and the small turnover have removed many of the difficulties we once encountered, but we continue to be confronted with new problems from time to time. By request, I have spoken eighteen times during the past biennium at various conventions, banquets and special occasions—both to the deaf and hearing groups. To the deaf I dealt with labor problems and matters not clear to them, and to the hearing groups I referred to our program and gave information on matters about which they inquired. My service, when requested, was also given as interpreter in dealing with problems concerning the deaf, especially to those deaf coming from other states and violating our State laws. During the past biennium I made 82 official trips in this State, covering 16,990 miles. Follow-up visits were made, checking to see if the placements were satisfactory to both the employer and the employee. Contacts and interviews with employers and supervisors concerning the possibility of employing additional deaf clients were made. Inquiries and discussions were brought up about new job open-ings in which the deaf might be employed. My field work, as usual, has played an invaluable role in the success we have had in placing our applicants. Employers have displayed a very cordial attitude towards our group and have given our clients employment when and where conditions permitted. It can be repeated that our program of educating and getting employers interested in our group continues to bring gratifying results. Biennial Report of The Department of Labor 55 With reference to the overall employment situation among our deaf citizens, our file shows that on June 30, 1956, approximately 93 per cent of them had employment. In the manufacturing plants they earned an average weekly wage of $53.88. In the printing trades our linotype operators earned an average of |95.80 per week. This includes operators on weekly and daily newspapers and commercial job printing. Main types of employment for our men are: Linotype operators, printers, carpenters, furniture factory employees, weavers and cigarette factory employees. Average pay for men in manufactur-ing plants, $71.08. Main types of employment for our women: Key punch operators, typists and file clerks, loopers, seamers, knitters and seamstresses. On a monthly basis, the women earned an average of 1198.70; on a weekly basis in manufacturing plants, an average of $51.23. From July 1, 1933 to June 30, 1956, ^ve find that this Bureau has had 1,176 men and women to register with us seeking employment of their choice. Of this number we have placed 982 in gainful employ-ment. Deducting the number placed from the number registered, we have a difference of 194, a majority of whom have married, left the State, died or have been classified as unemployable. The pro-ductive abilities in action of those placed and the taxes which they have paid have brought additional wealth to the State. The harvest has been greater than the planting. Comparing the present employment of the deaf in North Carolina with that of other states is difficult, since we do not have definite information from other states. School publications and other periodi-cals from other states coming regularly to us contain references to the employment situation of their deaf which indicate that their per-centage of employed runs from 76 to 83 per cent. No figures are available as to the weekly or monthly wages. Besides State and Fed-eral agencies, Minnesota has a setup very much like ours. Wisconsin has the Service Bureau for the Deaf. Michigan has a Bureau for the Deaf and Hard of Hearing. These agencies are headed by competent deaf persons. On the eighth of this past June, upon invitation, I spoke to the Indiana Association of the Deaf on our setup and its functions. Plans have already been started by them to get a bill through the Legislature creating a division patterned after ours. Properly managed, better services are given by agencies which are of, for, and by the deaf because of their familiarity with that particular group. 56 Biennial Report of The Department of Labor With reference to organizations and activities of the adult deaf in our State, we have the North Carolina Association of the Deaf, the North Carolina Sunday School Association of the Deaf, the North Carolina School Alumni Association of the Deaf, and two divisions of the National Fraternal Society of the Deaf—one located in Durham and the other in Charlotte. These organizations, along with this Bureau, are able to give beneficial services—either individually or collectively. Without employment and financial means, our deaf would not have had these progressive avenues of activities. They naturally feel grateful for the opportunity of becoming self-support-ing citizens instead of wards of the courts. Here I should like to say that it is with profound gratitude that we make note of the very fine cooperation which continues to come to us from the North Carolina School for the Deaf in Morganton. As the boys and girls leave school each year, they are referred to this Bureau for placement in employment. On my field trips to the vicinity of this school, I have made as many stop-overs there as pos-sible in order to keep myself familiarized with each individual and his or her problems. This has served its purpose well by enabling us to match the applicants to jobs more effectively. Our working relationship with the other State agencies—the Blind Comission, the Social Security Commission, the Public Welfare De-partment, the Department of Vocational Rehabilitation, and others, continues to be very cordial and helpful. Much good for all con-cerned has come from this cooperation. As modern changes constantly develop in the personnel and job requirements of industry, this Bureau must always be prepared to meet the challenge in order to keep the deaf in pace with this fast-stepping age. Mechanical devices, taking the place of manpower, tend to create a surplus of available help. This fact will eventually increase the complexity of our problems. Much progress has been made in the services rendered by this Bureau but when I visualize what confronts us in the future, I do not foresee for our group a smooth road in the industrial field. The challenge ahead will continue to drain heavily on our efforts and means, but with hope and confidence we will strive to hang on to the "old boat." We naturally are looking to the coming Legislature for adequate provision so that we can meet the challenge and carry on efficiently. Biennial Report of The Department of Labor 57 TABLE 29 BUREAU OF LABOR FOR THE DEAF 1954-1956 Industry and Occupation Registered* Placed Cancelled* Building and Construction Carpenters 4 3 Clerical Filing and Clerical 1 1 Typist-Clerk 2 1 1 Machine Operators Ill Clothing and Textile Clipper 1 1 Knitter 8 6 Other Further Education School College 2 2 Furniture and AV^oodwork Cabinet Maker 3 1 Crater 1 1 Dry Cleaning Pressing and Laundry 2 2 Hotel Kitchen Help Machinery Operator 6 4 Printing Trades Proof Reader 2 Linotype Operator 7 7 Printer 2 2 Press Feeder 1 1 Photo Finisher Professional Teachers or Supervisors 2 2 Seamstress 5 5 Shoe Repairing 4 3 Watch Repairing 1 1 Lumber Company 1 Miscellaneous 4 3 1 TOTAL 60 47 3 *Includes those carried from last biennium. Includes those who have married, died, left the state, etc. ***Includes those now on active file. Actirt Balance* 1 1 10 58 Biennial Report of The Department of Labor TABLE 30 BUREAU OF LABOR FOR THE DEAF summary A glance at the summary of our report of activity from July 1, 1954 to June 30, 1956, shows the following: Active Registrations* Placements Cancellations** Balance*** Men 41 32 1 2 Women 19 15 2 8 TOTAL 60 47 3 10 Firm visits 221 Field interviews 761 Office interviews 96 Official trips made by the Chief 82 Miles traveled by the Chief 16,990 * Includes those carried over from last biennium. * * Includes those who have married, died, left the state, etc. * * * Includes those now on aaive file. Biennial Report of The Department of Labor 59 INFORMATION SERVICE Almon Barbour, Information Officer Working in cooperation with all divisions of the Department of Labor, the Information Service attempts to keep the public informed of all significant developments in labor and industrial conditions with which the Department is concerned. The Service publicizes regularly the data on wages, hours, employ-ment and building construction which are prepared by the Division of Statistics. It promotes compliance with the State and Federal labor statutes by publicizing important features of the laws and all significant changes which are made in these statutes. It prepares for publication the Department's official monthly bulletin. North Caro-lina Labor and Industry, assists in preparation of Departmental speeches, pamphlets, safety codes, and specialized promotional litera-ture, edits the Biennial Report, makes photographs used in illustrat-ing Departmental publications and feature articles, and answers re-quests from the public for information about a variety of labor and industrial matters. The Service prepared and circulated approximately 300 news and feature articles dealing with the various phases of the Department's work during the 1954-56 biennium; prepared or edited radio scripts and spot-announcements used on approximately 150 radio programs; answered approximately 800 requests from the public for various types of labor and industrial information; prepared approximately 35 speeches and special articles for trade magazines, industrial and labor publications; made approximately 180 photographs; edited the Bien-nial Report; made special studies of labor and industrial subjects for Departmental use or at the request of press and radio representatives; and performed miscellaneous research and inter-agency contact jobs. The Service also wrote, edited, proofread, and otherwise prepared for publication 24 monthly issues of North Carolina Labor and Industry. Productions of the Information Service continued to be used ex-tensively by the State's press and radio, and by labor and management. 60 Biennial Report of The Department of Labor DIVISION OF STATISTICS William Strickland, Director The industrial economy of North Carolina continued to expand and develop in numerous ways during the 1954-56 biennium. Substantial increases occurred in employment, hourly and weekly earnings of workers, new industrial plant development, and building construction in the State's principal cities. These changes are recorded in detail in the tabulated statistical summaries which follow. Compared with the preceding biennial period, total nonagricul-tural employment in the State registered a gain of more than five per cent during the 1954-56 period, rising from 980,500 in July, 1954 to 1,037,800 in June, 1956. This increase is consistent with the State's long-term trend of general economic expansion which has been in progress since the end. of World War II. An increase of more than 38 per cent has been recorded in total nonagricultural employment in North Carolina during the ten-year period 1946-1956, in which time the total job figure increased from 755,000 to 1,046,000. Substantial increases occurred in the average hourly and weekly earnings of Tar Heel factory workers during the biennium. Hourly earnings gained more than nine per cent, rising from $1.25 in July, 1954 to $1.37 in June, 1956. The increase in weekly earnings was even higher, due to the fact that the average factory workweek re-mained upon a somewhat higher level than during the preceding biennial period. Weekly earnings increased almost 14 per cent, rising from $47.25 in July, 1954 to $53.84 in June, 1956. Impressive gains likewise were recorded in the total volume of building construction in the State's cities of more than 10,000 popu-lation during the biennium. The total estimated cost of building in these cities, as reported by municipal building inspectors, soared to $298,200,793 during the 1954-56 biennium, for an increase of 24.4 per cent over the previous two years. The building increase was well distributed throughout all types of construction activity. New residential building, totaling $129,974,424, showed an increase of 20.6 per cent. New non-residential building in the cities, totaling $120,985,336, increased 28.3 per cent. Additions, alterations and repairs to existing buildings, both residential and non-residential, totaled $47,241,033, for an increase of 25.4 per cent over the preceding two years. In the residential building category, 15,583 new family dwelling units were reported. This represented a gain of six per cent over Biennial Report of The Department of Labor 61 the total of family dwelling units authorized in the cities during the preceding two years. One further indicator of the generally high economic level which prevailed during the last two years is the number of employment certificates which were issued to minors under 18 years of age. These certificates were issued by County Superintendents of Public Welfare, who serve as issuing agents for the Department of Labor with regard to the employment of minors under 18 years of age. A total of 46,868 employment certificates were issued during the biennium. Although this represents a decrease of five per cent from the 49,432 certificates issued during the 1952-54 biennium, the total number of certificates issued was sufficiently high to indicate that employment opportunities for minors were abundant. The Division of Statistics continued during the biennium its routine work of collecting, systematizing, tabulating and publishing each month valuable data on employment, hours and earnings in each of the principal industries of the State. The Division currently receives regular monthly reports from a total of 2,695 business estab-lishments. These reports form the basis of our detailed monthly summaries. Emphasis is placed upon improving the quality of re-porting by obtaining information from the more representative firms in each industry. By virtue of our arrangement with the Bureau of Labor Statistics of the U. S. Department of Labor, the information on employment, hours and earnings collected by this Division is also used by the Federal agency, and several Federal statistical employees work in the State office. The Division of Statistics also tabulates the statistical information reported by the Division of Standards and Inspections and the Divi-sion of Apprenticeship Training, handles the duplication of all De-partmental forms, form letters, bulletins, pamphlets and news releases, and maintains extensive addressograph plate files for use in the De-partment's mailing of bulletins and other materials. The Division of Statistics during the 1954-56 biennium collected the information which was used as the basis for the 1956 edition of the A^orth Carolina Directory of Mamijactiiring Firms, which was printed and released to the public immediately following the end of the biennium. This 540-page industrial directory is much in demand, both in and out of the State, and is extensively used by both buyers and sellers of products manufactured in North Carolina and of products used in the State's manufacturing industries. Each of the 62 Biennial Report of The Department of Labor individual listings contains the name of a manufacturing firm, the plant location, the firm's mailing address, the name of the principal official in charge, and code references to the type of industry, county in which located, and the approximate number of employees. The Directory lists all manufacturing firms alphabetically, by type of in-dustry, and geographically by county. The Directory is published at four-year intervals. The present volume is the fourth edition to be offered to the public, other editions having been published in 1944, 1948, and 1952. At two-year intervals in between the publishing of the Directory, a free, printed supplement containing information about new firms is issued and is available upon request to all purchasers of the regular Directory. TABLE 31 TOTAL NUMBER OF CERTIFICATES ISSUED TO MINORS FOR SELECTED YEARS BY TYPE OF CERTIFICATE AND BY SEX Total All Certificates. Boys Girls Minors 16 & 17 Years of Age. Boys First Regular Reissued Regular Vacation & Part-Time... Girls... First Regular Reissued Regular , Vacation & Part-Time... Minors 14 & 15 Years of Age*. Bovs Girls Minors 12 k 13 Years of Age* Year 1955 1954 1953 1952 1951 1950 24,295 18,641 25,981 26,998 26,118 20,331 12,349 9,237 13,998 13,922 13,904 10,514 11,946 9,404 11,983 13,076 12,214 9,817 18,809 13,994 19,608 20,352 19,679 15,245 9,467 6,767 10,657 10,839 10,829 8,163 3,382 2,630 4,637 5,013 5,166 4,246 931 772 1,586 1,911 1,696 1,171 5,154 3,365 4,434 3,915 3,967 2,746 9,342 7,227 8,951 9,513 8,850 7,082 2,374 1,972 2,723 3,027 2,883 2,340 854 624 1,116 1,367 1,166 822 6,114 4,631 5,112 5,119 4,801 3,920 5,226 4,418 6,101 6,438 6,241 4,906 2,622 2,241 3,069 2,875 2,877 2,171 2,604 2,177 3,0.32 3,563 3,364 2,735 260 229 272 208 198 180 1949 16,204 7,970 8,234 11,721 5,749 2,782 871 2,096 5,972 2,018 765 3,189 4,306 2,044 2,262 *Minors 14 & 15 Years of Age all Part-Time & Vacation certificates •*Minors 12 & 13 Years of Age all Par .-Time & Vacation certificates and all Boys Biennial Report of The Department of Labor 63 TABLE 32 TOTAL NUMBER OF CERTIFICATES ISSUED TO MINORS 16 AND 17 YEARS OF AGE FOR SELECTED YEARS BY EMPLOYING INDUSTRY AND BY TYPE OF CERTIFICATE Year 1955 1954 1953 1952 1951 1950 1949 Grand Total . 18.809 5,368 2,977 2,037 940 840 1,551 13,036 2,653 1,220 1,433 919 9,464 405 126 125 1 26 253 13,994 3,706 2,234 1,595 639 620 852 10,030 2,263 933 1,330 872 6,895 258 105 102 3 21 132 19,608 7,140 4,196 3,226 970 1,438 1,506 12,087 3,005 1,256 1,749 1,220 7,862 381 159 155 4 44 178 20,352 7,608 4,582 3,545 1,037 1,698 1,328 12,317 3,261 1,276 1,985 1,523 7,533 427 197 192 5 57 173 19,679 6,797 4,219 3,371 848 1,334 1,244 12,357 3,608 1,576 2,032 1,459 7,290 525 222 219 3 69 234 15,245 5,707 3,727 3,016 711 1,034 946 9,292 2,750 1,121 1,629 928 5,614 246 109 109 31 106 11,721 3,839 2,598 1,750 Girls 848 684 557 7,703 2,125 955 Girls 1,170 935 4,643 179 77 77 Girls 17 85 TABLE 33 EMPLOYMENT CERTIFICATES ISSUED TO MINORS IN SELECTED NORTH CAROLINA CITIES July 1954—June 1956 Asheville Charlotte Durham Greensboro Winston-Salem TOTAL ALL CERTIFICATES By Sex 1,190 657 533 187 74 929 19 46 1,125 3,288 1,677 1,611 451 184 2,653 67 287 2,934 2,352 1,297 1,055 216 202 1,934 37 100 2,215 3,104 1,661 1,443 684 372 2,048 52 953 2,099 3,434 1,775 Girls 1,659 By Type Certificate 676 279 2,479 By Employing Industry 100 638 2,696 64 Biennial Report of The Department of Labor TABLE 34 EMPLOYMENT CERTIFICATES ISSUED TO MINORS IN NORTH CAROLINA BY COUNTY OF ISSUE July, 1954—June, 1956 GRAND TOTAL Alamance Alexander Alleghany Anson Ashe Avery Beaufort Bertie. Bladen Brunswick Buncombe Burke. Cabarrus. _ Caldwell Camden _ Carteret Caswell Catawba Chatham Cherokee Chowan Clay Cleveland Columbus Craven Cumberland Currituck Dare. Davidson Davie Duplin Durham Edgecombe Forsyth Franklin.. Gaston Gates Graham Granville Greene Guilford Halifax Harnett Haywood Henderson.. Hertford Hoke.. -. Hyde Iredell Jackson Johnston Jones Lee Lenoir. Lincoln Macon Madison.. Martin McDowell Mecklenburg Mitchell Montgomery Moore Nash New Hanover Total 46,868 1,308 96 65 179 52 16 277 47 122 10 1,223 730 1,080 766 6 254 19 1,512 182 74 116 2 485 232 399 1,251 39 1,342 152 146 2,513 192 3,530 151 1,957 1 53 247 18 4,980 406 260 244 296 101 96 4 896 48 286 2 453 497 213 30 20 340 3,276 78 213 271 263 1,215 16-17 Years of Age First Regular Boys 6,398 273 24 1 11 1 25 2 14 2 106 234 376 149 2 13 4 342 17 1 170 13 9 77 4 358 49 6 132 17 242 7 511 1 16 1 762 13 37 11 56 8 4 230 4 24 37 43 50 2 63 201 14 70 34 10 60 Girls ,622 170 14 49 49 9 9 26 8 91 147 66 42 20 3 141 34 15 4 95 14 30 64 1 215 24 2 104 13 459 4 204 11 2 473 17 84 7 35 8 1 156 9 18 26 50 25 1 42 214 15 37 28 11 48 Reissued Regular Boys 1 2 1 5 1 40 64 46 40 10 92 2 23 3 2 27 146 5 1 129 4 106 102 3 485 2 1 1 7 2 22 5 16 14 7 1 3 86 1 4 1 1 9 Girls 1,572 86 1 2 3 1 9 35 45 21 13 8 54 3 2 12 6 18 38 74 2 87 6 185 53 5 1 276 10 10 1 26 3 10 15 4 5 98 1 9 4 16 Vacation and Part-Time Boys 9,935 219 24 2 28 3 1 55 14 30 3 336 26 206 160 1 54 3 364 29 24 23 39 48 87 283 10 152 31 27 531 57 896 49 422 25 40 3 1,164 75 35 53 75 13 28 1 107 15 57 2 74 65 33 17 7 89 1,078 4 32 51 50 223 Girls 11,511 261 10 5 39 28 2 76 6 27 351 26 262 136 60 4 276 35 13 45 43 54 89 368 5 237 10 50 790 37 884 46 337 24 73 7 1,247 135 48 62 63 16 22 1 124 9 123 119 136 52 3 5 104 978 20 15 39 113 3,56 14-15 Years of Age Boys Girls 5,383 120 18 3 19 5 1 30 11 24 3 190 89 50 102 3 48 2 144 26 6 17 1 46 40 48 149 11 83 16 23 413 19 586 21 167 3 41 2 302 43 24 59 38 28 9 2 115 7 38 44 37 27 8 2 25 297 4 15 33 36 211 5,076 81 4 1 29 5 3 49 14 17 1 65 99 52 75 41 3 99 36 7 17 57 54 116 200 8 76 15 37 167 39 162 24 161 1 51 2 271 111 21 51 21 28 30 115 4 18 127 136 15 1 3 9 324 19 39 72 38 148 12-13 Years of Age Biennial Report of The Department of Labor 65 Total 16-17 Years of Age 12-13 First Regular Reissued Regular Vacation and Part-Time 14-15 Years of Age Y'ears of Age Boys Girls Boys Girls Boys Girls Boys Girls Boys Northampton Onslow Orange 31 207 162 66 346 50 51 229 318 49 953 557 455 753 702 388 199 321 508 23 795 90 103 10 343 296 1,822 123 76 93 639 342 378 34 24 2 11 15 4 40 4 67 24 15 180 141 13 107 117 44 2 44 82 5 74 3 6 70 |
OCLC Number-Original | 1607814 |