NATURAL HERITAGE PROGRAM LIST
OF THE
RARE ANIMAL SPECIES
OF NORTH CAROLINA
2006
Eastern Tiger Salamander (Ambystoma tigrinum)
Photo by Alvin Braswell; courtesy of the N.C. Museum of Natural Sciences
Compiled by
Harry E. LeGrand, Jr., Vertebrate Zoologist
Stephen P. Hall, Invertebrate Zoologist
Sarah E. McRae, Freshwater Ecologist
John T. Finnegan, Information Systems Manager
North Carolina Natural Heritage Program
Office of Conservation and Community Affairs
N.C. Department of Environment and Natural Resources
NATURAL HERITAGE PROGRAM LIST
OF THE
RARE ANIMAL SPECIES
OF NORTH CAROLINA
2006
Compiled by
Harry E. LeGrand, Jr., Vertebrate Zoologist
Stephen P. Hall, Invertebrate Zoologist
Sarah E. McRae, Freshwater Ecologist
John T. Finnegan, Information Systems Manager
North Carolina Natural Heritage Program
Office of Conservation and Community Affairs
N.C. Department of Environment and Natural Resources
This list is dynamic and is revised frequently as further data become available.
New species are added to the list, and others are dropped from the list for various
reasons. The list is published periodically, generally every two years. Further
information on these species may be obtained by contacting the North Carolina
Natural Heritage Program, Department of Environment and Natural Resources,
1601 MSC, Raleigh, NC 27699-1601, or by contacting the North Carolina Wildlife
Resources Commission, 1722 MSC, Raleigh, NC 27699-1722. Additional
information on rare species, as well as a downloadable version of this rare animal
list, can be obtained from the Natural Heritage Program's website at
<www.ncnhp.org>.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
LIST FORMAT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
STATUS OF ANIMAL TAXA ON NHP RARE ANIMAL LIST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
MAMMALS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
BIRDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
REPTILES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
AMPHIBIANS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
FRESHWATER FISHES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
MOLLUSKS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
FRESHWATER BIVALVES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
FRESHWATER GASTROPODS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
TERRESTRIAL GASTROPODS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
ARACHNIDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
CRUSTACEANS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
INSECTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
MAYFLIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
STONEFLIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
CADDISFLIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
DRAGONFLIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
DAMSELFLIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
FLIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
MOTHS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
BUTTERFLIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
GRASSHOPPERS AND KATYDIDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
BEETLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
TRUE BUGS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
NORTH CAROLINA ANIMAL WATCH LIST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
MAMMALS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
BIRDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
REPTILES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
AMPHIBIANS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
FRESHWATER FISHES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
MOLLUSKS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
FRESHWATER BIVALVES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
FRESHWATER GASTROPODS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
TERRESTRIAL GASTROPODS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
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ARACHNIDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
CRUSTACEANS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
INSECTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
MAYFLIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
STONEFLIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
CADDISFLIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
DRAGONFLIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
DAMSELFLIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
MOTHS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
BUTTERFLIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
GRASSHOPPERS AND KATYDIDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
BEETLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
EXTIRPATED ANIMALS IN NORTH CAROLINA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
MAMMALS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
BIRDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
FRESHWATER FISHES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
MOLLUSKS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
FRESHWATER BIVALVES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
POTENTIAL NEW TO NORTH CAROLINA ANIMALS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
MAMMALS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
BIRDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
REPTILES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
AMPHIBIANS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
FISHES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
INSECTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
BUTTERFLIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
SIGNIFICANT 2006 REVISIONS TO THE ANIMAL LIST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
INDEX OF GENERA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
NORTH CAROLINA NATURAL HERITAGE PROGRAM
SPECIAL ANIMAL SURVEY FORM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Portions of this list have been developed with the assistance of biologists in North Carolina and elsewhere.
Scientific Councils for each vertebrate group and several invertebrates groups compiled the bulk of the rare
species lists (for N.C. Endangered, Threatened, and Special Concern species). Members of the current
Scientific Councils are:
MAMMALS -- David Webster (chair), Mary Kay Clark, Matina Kalcounis-Rüppell, Heather Koopman,
Susan Loeb, Chris McGrath, Nancy Moncrief, David Rabon. Former members: Bill Adams, David Adams,
Carl Betsill, Mary Bunch, John Funderburg, Nora Murdock, Roger Powell, Terry Sharpe, Peter Weigl.
BIRDS -- John Gerwin (chair), Dave Allen, Walker Golder, Mark Johns, Harry LeGrand, Merrill Lynch, Jim
Parnell, Ted Simons, Curtis Smalling, Haven Wiley. Former members: Allen Boynton, Phil Crutchfield,
Herb Hendrickson, Tom Howard, Wayne Irvin, Dave Lee, Eloise Potter, Matt Rowe, Jeff Walters.
AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES -- Alvin Braswell (chair), Jeff Beane, Dick Bruce, Sarah Cross, Michael
Dorcas, Matt Godfrey, Julian Harrison, Harold Heatwole, Dennis Herman, Wilson Laney, Dave Stephan.
Former members: Ruth Boettcher, Nora Murdock, Bill Palmer, Jim Parnell, Wayne Van Devender, Dave
Woodward.
FRESHWATER FISHES -- Wayne Starnes (chair), Steve Fraley, Ryan Heise, Gabriela M. Hogue, Tom
Kwak, Sarah McRae, Gerald Pottern, Angie Rodgers, Fred Rohde, Bryn Tracy. Former members: John
Alderman, Alvin Braswell, Brooks Burr, Peter Coleman, David Etnier, Robert Jenkins, David Lindquist, Ed
Menhinick, Anthony Mullis, Richard Neves, Richard Noble, Bill Palmer, Steve Ross, Jerry West.
MARINE AND ESTUARINE FISHES [no longer active]-- Steve Ross (chair), Fred Rohde, David Lindquist.
FRESHWATER AND TERRESTRIAL MOLLUSKS -- Art Bogan (chair), Gregory Cope, Christopher Eads,
John Fridell, Ryan Heise, Eugene Keferl, Jay Levine, Tim Savidge, Amy Van Devender, Scott Van Horn,
Lora Zimmerman. Former members: John Alderman, Bill Adams, Dick Biggins, Andy Gerberich, Hugh
Porter.
FRESHWATER AND TERRESTRIAL CRUSTACEANS -- John Clamp (chair), John Cooper, Gabriela M.
Hogue, Janet Reid, Jeff Simmons. Former members: Bill Adams, John Alderman, David DeMont, Chris
McGrath, Bill McLarney, Annette Taylor, Jan Williams.
John Cooper (crayfishes), Dale Schweitzer (various groups but especially moths), Bo Sullivan (butterflies and
moths), and Duncan Cuyler (dragonflies and damselflies) have been especially helpful in assisting the N.C.
Natural Heritage Program (NC NHP) in the development of many of the invertebrate lists of rare species.
Also, the Biological Monitoring group of the N.C. Division of Water Quality (especially Trish MacPherson,
Kathy Herring, Dave Lenat, and Dave Penrose) drafted the lists of mayflies, stoneflies, and caddisflies for a
previous (2001) publication of the rare animal list; and Lenat drafted lists of additional aquatic insects,
including beetles, for other versions of the NC NHP rare animal list. In addition to those above who helped
compile the rare species lists, other persons need to be acknowledged for providing data on rare species
and/or providing input on versions of the NC NHP rare animal list. Those who have made significant
contributions (and not already listed above) include: Janice Allen, Hal Bain, Scott Bosworth, Sue Cameron,
Susan Campbell, Mark Cantrell, Derb Carter, Jay Carter, Therese Conant, Will Cook, Sam Cooper, Bob
Currie, Mark Danaher, Ricky Davis, Bob Dellinger, Phil Doerr, Aimee Fullerton, John Fussell, L.L. Gaddy,
Ron Gatrelle, Gilbert Grant, Nelson Hairston, Paul Hart, Scott Hartley, Tom Henson, Richard Highton, Erich
Hoffman, Cato Holler, Donna Hollingsworth, Joshua Laerm, Seth Lambiase, Kevin Markham, Jonathan
Mays, Doug McNair, Jeff Nekola, James Padgett, Tom Padgett, Jesse Perry, James Petranka, Jeff
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Pippen, Judith Ratcliffe, Bob Rose, Mara Savacool, Frank Schwartz, Rowland Shelley, Mark Simpson, John
Slapcinsky, Alan Smith, Ann Somers, Bob Soots, Phil Spivey, Simon Thompson, Brian Watson, Ted Wilcox,
Logan Williams, Lori Williams, Chris Wilson, Randy Wilson.
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NATURAL HERITAGE PROGRAM
LIST OF THE RARE ANIMALS OF NORTH CAROLINA
INTRODUCTION
The attached list of animals represents those species of vertebrates and invertebrates for which the
N.C. Natural Heritage Program (NC NHP) is collecting data - in files and in a computer database. This
is not strictly a list of protected animals; in fact, the majority of these species receive no formal
protection whatsoever. Rather, it is a list of species that are endangered, threatened, or otherwise occur
in small or unknown numbers in the state. The primary functions of the list are its use: 1) in determining
priorities of inventory and protection for these animals - including the proposed listing of species for
federal or state protection; 2) in determining priorities for protection of natural areas that contain such
listed animals; and 3) in environmental assessments to "flag" rare species and their locations that might
be negatively affected by proposed actions.
The majority of the vertebrates, mollusks, and crustaceans on the list are those species currently listed for
state protection by the N.C. Wildlife Resources Commission (WRC), based on lists of Endangered (E),
Threatened (T), and Special Concern (SC) species developed nearly 20 years ago by Scientific Councils
on mammals, birds, reptiles and amphibians, freshwater fishes, mollusks, and crustaceans. All of these
species are included on this list, with the corresponding status listed in the "N.C. Status" column. (In
addition, NC NHP is tracking other rare vertebrates, mollusks, and crustaceans not given a formal state
designation. These species are considered to be Significantly Rare [SR] in North Carolina.)
As of May 2006, Endangered, Threatened, and Special Concern species of mammals, birds, reptiles,
amphibians, freshwater fishes, freshwater and terrestrial mollusks, and crustaceans are protected by state
law, under the jurisdiction of the WRC. Protection for crustaceans (so far, only crayfishes) and certain
venomous snakes was enacted in 2002. However, State law does not allow for protection of invertebrate
groups other than mollusks and crustaceans.
During 1997 and 1998, the Scientific Councils re-convened, prepared updated lists of species needing
State protection, and submitted these lists to the WRC’s Nongame Wildlife Advisory Committee. These
lists were sent to the WRC for review; and approved in 1999. A recent change in State law requires any
proposed legislation (such as lists of Endangered, Threatened, and Special Concern species) must go to
the State General Assembly; if there is no action by that body to overturn proposed legislation by a
specified date, the legislation becomes law. Fortunately, these lists became law on July 1, 2002. Since
that date, most Scientific Councils have met again and made additional proposed changes in state
statuses, which have not yet been sent to the WRC for review and approval. Unlike with the previous
NC NHP rare animal list (2004), these proposed changes in status are not listed in this current version
(2006) of the rare animal list. Several councils have not yet provided proposed status changes, and thus
coverage in the list would be uneven from animal group to animal group; also, the proposed statuses in
the 2004 animal list have not yet been reviewed by WRC, and it may still be several more years before
such proposed statuses become enacted into law.
2
The list of rare marine and estuarine fishes was presented in 1988 by the N.C. Museum of Natural
Sciences. Except for the federally listed Endangered Shortnose Sturgeon, all other marine and estuarine
fishes were listed in 1988 as "Vulnerable, Category 2". Because the Atlantic Sturgeon also occurs in
fresh waters, it has been listed by WRC as a Special Concern species, and thus it is listed in this
publication under Freshwater Fishes (as is the state Endangered Shortnose Sturgeon). Marine and
estuarine fishes are under the jurisdiction of the N.C. Division of Marine Fisheries; however, this agency
does not have a list of endangered, threatened, and special concern fishes. Beginning with the 2004 list,
the NC NHP decided to no longer track (nor including on the Watch List) marine and estuarine fishes.
This decision was not due to their lack of state listing; rather, we receive few data on such species,
survey for such species can be cumbersome, protection of them is difficult if not impossible, and there
has no been no recent systematic account of the rarity and distribution of the hundreds of such fishes that
occur in our salt and brackish waters.
NC NHP lists of rare invertebrates -- other than mollusks and crustaceans -- have been derived from
multiple sources. These lists have been prepared in consultation with other biologists in North Carolina
and in the eastern United States. Because none of the invertebrates -- other than mollusks and crayfishes
-- have been given legal state protection by WRC as Endangered, Threatened, or Special Concern, these
species are given a status of Significantly Rare by NC NHP. For the same reasons as for marine and
estuarine fishes given above, the NC NHP is no longer keeping marine invertebrates on its Rare or
Watch lists. NC NHP has also removed millipedes, scorpionflies, most beetles, ants, and annelids from
its Watch List, primarily due to lack of new data on them and the apparent lack or scarcity of biologists
working with these groups to provide data or provide updated lists of rare taxa. Beginning with this
2006 list, the NC NHP has moved ostracods from the Rare List to the Watch List, even though some are
Federal Species of Concern. This move is due to the great difficulty in surveying for such tiny,
symbiotic species and to the difficulty in assessing population status and range in the state.
3
LIST FORMAT
Species are grouped by major taxa. The vertebrates are arranged by class, beginning with the most
advanced phylogenetically (mammals). Within a given taxa, species are listed alphabetically by
scientific name. The following information is presented for each species on the list. "Status" is a word
or phrase that indicates the degree of protection (if any), based on rarity, of a species; "rank" is a
numerical scale of the rarity of a species, regardless of legal protection.
Scientific Name.
Common Name. For most groups, these names are not standardized.
North Carolina Status. Endangered, Threatened, and Special Concern species of mammals, birds,
reptiles, amphibians, freshwater fishes, freshwater and terrestrial mollusks, and crustaceans have legal
protection status in North Carolina (Wildlife Resources Commission). In addition to the above
categories, the Natural Heritage Program maintains computerized records on Significantly Rare species,
as well as species considered Extirpated. Paper files only are maintained for a few of the above species;
these species are indicated by the phrase "not tracking."
STATUS
CODE
STATUS DEFINITION
E Endangered "Any native or once-native species of wild animal whose continued
existence as a viable component of the State's fauna is determined by
the Wildlife Resources Commission to be in jeopardy or any species
of wild animal determined to be an 'endangered species' pursuant to
the Endangered Species Act." (Article 25 of Chapter 113 of the
General Statutes; 1987).
T Threatened "Any native or once-native species of wild animal which is likely to
become an endangered species within the foreseeable future
throughout all or a significant portion of its range, or one that is
designated as a threatened species pursuant to the Endangered
Species Act." (Article 25 of Chapter 113 of the General Statutes;
1987).
SC Special
Concern
"Any species of wild animal native or once-native to North Carolina
which is determined by the Wildlife Resources Commission to
require monitoring but which may be taken under regulations
adopted under the provisions of this Article." (Article 25 of Chapter
113 of the General Statutes; 1987).
4
STATUS
CODE
SR
STATUS
Significantly
Rare
DEFINITION
Any species which has not been listed by the N.C. Wildlife
Resources Commission as an Endangered, Threatened, or Special
Concern species, but which exists in the state in small numbers and
has been determined by the N.C. Natural Heritage Program to need
monitoring. (This is a N.C. Natural Heritage Program designation.)
Significantly Rare species include "peripheral" species, whereby
North Carolina lies at the periphery of the species' range (such as
Hermit Thrush).
EX Extirpated A species which is no longer believed to occur in the state. (This is a
N.C. Natural Heritage Program designation, though WRC also uses
this status; the NHP list includes those on the WRC list.)
W Watch List Any other species believed to be rare and of conservation concern in the
state but not warranting active monitoring at this time (see the Watch List
section for a more complete discussion). (This is a N.C. Natural Heritage
Program designation.)
G ------ Species is a game animal, and therefore (by law) cannot be listed for
State protection as E, T, or SC.
5
United States Status. This status is designated by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Federally listed
Endangered and Threatened species are protected under the provisions of the Endangered Species Act of
1973, as amended through the 100th Congress. Unless otherwise noted, definitions are taken from the
Federal Register, Vol. 56, No. 225, November 21, 1991 (50 CFR Part 17).
STATUS
CODE
STATUS DEFINITION
E Endangered A taxon "which is in danger of extinction throughout all or a significant
portion of its range" (Endangered Species Act, Section 3).
T Threatened A taxon "which is likely to become an endangered species within the
foreseeable future throughout all or a significant portion of its range"
(Endangered Species Act, Section 3).
C Candidate "Taxa for which the [Fish and Wildlife] Service has on file enough
substantial information on biological vulnerability and threat(s) to support
proposals to list them as endangered or threatened. Proposed rules have
not yet been issued because this action is precluded at present by other
listing activity. Development and publication of proposed rules on these
taxa are anticipated. The Service encourages State and other Federal
agencies as well as other affected parties to give consideration to these
taxa in environmental planning.” (Federal Register, February 28, 1996).
Taxa formerly considered as ‘Category 1' are now considered as
‘Candidate’.
FSC (Federal)
Species of
Concern
[also known as
Species at Risk]
"... the Service is discontinuing the designation of Category 2 species
as candidates in this notice. The Service remains concerned about
these species, but further biological research and field study are needed
to resolve the conservation status of these taxa. Many species of
concern will be found not to warrant listing, either because they are not
threatened or endangered or because they do not qualify as species
under the definition in the [Endangered Species] Act. Others may be
found to be in greater danger of extinction than some present candidate
taxa. The Service is working with the States and other private and
public interests to assess their need for protection under the Act. Such
species are the pool from which future candidates for listing will be
drawn.” (Federal Register, February 28, 1996). The Service suggests
that such taxa be considered as “Species of Concern” or “Species at
Risk���, neither of which has official status. The N.C. Natural Heritage
Program uses “(Federal) Species of Concern” in this document for
those taxa formerly considered as Category 2.
6
STATUS
CODE
STATUS DEFINITION
P_ Proposed Species proposed in the Federal Register as a status different from its
current Federal status.
T (S/A) Threatened due
to Similarity of
Appearance
“Section 4 (e) of the [Endangered Species] Act authorizes the treatment
of a species (subspecies or population segment) as endangered or
threatened even though it is not otherwise listed as endangered or
threatened if -- (a) the species so closely resembles in appearance an
endangered or threatened species that enforcement personnel would
have substantial difficulty in differentiating between the listed and
unlisted species; (b) the effect of this substantial difficulty is an
additional threat to an endangered or threatened species; and (c) such
treatment of an unlisted species will substantially facilitate the
enforcement and further the policy of the Act.” (Federal Register,
November 4, 1997). [The American Alligator is listed as T (S/A) due
to Similarity of Appearance with other rare crocodilians, and the
southern population of the Bog Turtle is listed as T (S/A) due to
Similarity of Appearance with the northern population of the Bog
Turtle (which is federally listed as Threatened and which does not
occur in North Carolina).]
XN Nonessential
Expermiental
Population
“Section 10 (j) of the Endangered Species Act of 1973, as amended,
provides for the designation of introduced populations of federally
listed species as nonessential experimental. This designation allows
for greater flexibility in the management of these populations by local,
state, and Federal agencies. Specifically, the requirement for Federal
agencies to avoid jeopardizing these populations by their actions is
eliminated and allowances for taking the species are broadened.” (U.S.
Fish and Wildlife Service, 1995).
D De-listed Species has been proposed by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service for
de-listing from the List of Endangered and Threatened Wildlife.
However, at the present time, the species is still on the List of
Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and is thus protected under the
Endangered Species Act. Because such species still have legal Federal
protection, the NHP will maintain existing records on the species,
though new records might not necessarily be added. If the status
becomes law prior to the next publication of the NHP Rare Animal
List, the Program will remove the Federal designation from its
database (and thus the species will no longer appear on printouts of
Federally listed species). NHP may or may not continue to track the
species, depending on its legal State status and other factors such as
overall abundance and range in the state.
7
North Carolina Rank. Natural Heritage Programs and NatureServe have developed a consistent method for
evaluating the relative imperilment of both species and ecological communities. These assessments lead to the
designation of a conservation status rank. For plant and animal species these ranks provide an estimate of
extinction risk. This information has been developed over the past 30 years by the NC Natural Heritage
Program, NatureServe, and a large number of collaborators in government agencies, universities, natural
history museums and botanical gardens, and other conservation organizations. This information has been
developed primarily to help in guiding conservation and informing environmental planning and management.
Conservation status ranks are based on a one to five scale, ranging from critically imperiled (S1) to
demonstrably secure (S5). These status assessments are based on the best available information, considering a
variety of factors such as abundance, distribution, population trends, and threats. State ranks are assigned by
biologists within each Natural Heritage Program.
RANK NUMBER OF
EXTANT
POPULATIONS
DESCRIPTION
S1 1-5 Critically imperiled - Critically imperiled in North Carolina due to
extreme rarity or some factor(s) making it especially vulnerable to
extirpation (local extinction) from the state. Typically 5 or fewer
occurrences or very few remaining individuals (<1,000).
S2 6-20 Imperiled - Imperiled in North Carolina due to rarity or some factor(s)
making it very vulnerable to extirpation from the state. Typically 6 to 20
occurrences or few remaining individuals (1,000 to 3,000).
S3 21-100 Vulnerable - Vulnerable to extinction in North Carolina either because
rare or uncommon, or found only in a restricted range (even if abundant
at some locations), or due to other factors making it vulnerable to
extirpation. Typically 21 to 100 occurrences or between 3,000 and
10,000 individuals.
S4 100-1000 Apparently secure - Apparently secure and widespread in North Carolina,
usually with more than 100 occurrences and more than 10,000
individuals.
S5 1000+ Secure - Common, widespread, and abundant in North Carolina.
Essentially ineradicable under present conditions. Typically with
considerably more than 100 occurrences and more than 10,000
individuals.
SH 0? Historical - Of historical occurrence in North Carolina, with some
expectation that it may be rediscovered. Its presence may not have been
verified in the past 20 years. Upon verification of an extant occurrence,
SH-ranked elements would typically receive an S1 rank. Note: an
element is not automatically assigned an SH (or SX) rank if it has not
been verified in the past 20 years; some effort must have been made to
locate or relocate occurrences.
8
RANK
SX
NUMBER OF
EXTANT
POPULATIONS
0
DESCRIPTION
Presumed extirpated -- Believed to be extirpated in North Carolina. Has
not been located despite intensive searches of historical sites and other
appropriate habitat, and virtually no likelihood that it will be
rediscovered.
SU Unknown Unrankable - Currently unrankable in North Carolina due to lack of
information or substantially conflicting information about status or
trends. Need more information.
SNR Unknown Not Ranked - Rank in NC not yet assessed.
SNA N/A Not Applicable - A conservation status rank is not applicable because the
element is not a suitable target for conservation for one of the following
reasons:
- Hybrid - an interspecific hybrid without conservation value;
- Exotic Origin - not native to North Carolina;
- Accidental/nonregular - outside usual range and not regularly found in
North Carolina;
- Not confidently present - never documented as present in North
Carolina;
- Synonym - the taxon is not recognized by the NC Natural Heritage
Program.
_B
_N
-?
1-?
1-?
---
Rank of the breeding population in the state. Used for migratory species
only.
Rank of the non-breeding population in the state. Used for migratory
species only.
Uncertain - Denotes inexact or uncertain numeric rank.
A rank involving two numbers indicates a range of uncertainty about the conservation rank in North Carolina.
For example, a S2S3 rank indicates that the species may be a S2 or a S3, but existing data do not allow that
determination to be made.
9
Global Rank. Global ranks are assigned by NatureServe (formerly the science branch of The Nature
Conservancy) staff biologists and contract biologists, based on a consensus of scientific experts, the
individual natural heritage programs, and the Natural Heritage Network. They apply to the status of a species
throughout its range. This system is widely used by other agencies and organizations, as the best available
scientific and objective assessment of a species' rarity throughout its range.
RANK NUMBER OF
EXTANT
POPULATIONS
DESCRIPTION
G1 1-5 Critically imperiled - Critically imperiled globally because of
extreme rarity or because of some factor(s) making it especially
vulnerable to extinction. Typically 5 or fewer occurrences or very
few remaining individuals (<1,000) or acres (<2,000) or linear miles
(<10).
G2 6-20 Imperiled - Imperiled globally because of rarity or because of some
factor(s) making it very vulnerable to extinction. Typically 6 to 20
occurrences or few remaining individuals (1,000 to 3,000) or acres
(2,000 to 10,000) or linear miles (10 to 50).
G3 21-100 Vulnerable - Vulnerable globally either because very rare
throughout its range, found only in a restricted range (even if
abundant at some locations), or because of other factors making it
vulnerable to extinction. Typically 21 to 100 occurrences or
between 3,000 and 10,000 individuals.
G4 100-1000 Apparently Secure - Uncommon but not rare (although it may be
rare in parts of its range, particularly on the periphery) and usually
widespread. Apparently not vulnerable in most of its range, but
possibly cause for long-term concern. Typically more than 100
occurrences and more than 10,000 individuals.
G5 1000+ Secure - Common, widespread, and abundant (although it may be
rare in parts of its range, particularly on the periphery). Not
vulnerable in most of its range. Typically with considerably more
than 100 occurrences and more than 10,000 individuals.
GH 0? Historical - Known from only historical occurrences, but with some
expectation that it may be rediscovered. May still be extant; further
searching is needed.
GX 0 Presumed Extinct - Believed to be extinct throughout its range (e.g.,
Passenger Pigeon) with virtually no likelihood that it will be
rediscovered. Not located despite intensive searches of historical
sites and other appropriate habitat.
GU Unknown Unrankable - Currently unrankable due to lack of information or
due to substantially conflicting information about status or trends;
need more information.
10
RANK
GNR
NUMBER OF
EXTANT
POPULATIONS
Unknown
DESCRIPTION
Not Ranked - Global rank not yet assessed.
T_ – The rank of a subspecies or variety. As an example, G4T1 would
apply to a subspecies of a species with an overall rank of G4, but
the subspecies warranting a rank of G1.
-? – Uncertain - Denotes inexact or uncertain numeric rank.
Q – Questionable taxonomy that may reduce conservation priority.
Distinctiveness of this entity as a taxon at the current level is
questionable. Resolution of this uncertainty may result in change
from a species to a subspecies or inclusion of this taxon in another
taxon, with the resulting Element having a lower-priority
conservation status rank.
A rank involving two numbers indicates uncertainty of rank. For example, a G2G3 rank indicates that the
species may be a G2 or a G3, but that existing data do not allow that determination to be made.
Physiographic Province/Region. The provinces/regions in which the species is known to occur are indicated.
This should not be regarded as the only province(s) or region(s) of the state in which the species could occur;
our knowledge of the fauna of North Carolina is still very imperfect. The provinces are abbreviated as
follows:
M Mountains (Blue Ridge) All parts of North Carolina west of the foot of the Blue Ridge
Escarpment.
P Piedmont All parts of North Carolina east of the foot of the Blue Ridge Escarpment
and west of the Fall Line, including outlying "foothill" ranges, such as the
Brushy, Uwharrie, Sauratown, and South mountains.
S Sandhills The southwestern portion of the Coastal Plain province consisting mostly
of deep aeolian sands of the Middendorf and Pinehurst formation
(portions of Cumberland, Harnett, Hoke, Lee, Moore, Richmond,
Scotland, and Montgomery counties). The Sandhills are actually part of
the Coastal Plain but are here distinguished because of their distinctive
geomorphology and vegetation.
C Coastal Plain All parts of North Carolina east of the Fall Line, but excluding the
Sandhills region and those portions associated with tidal water (ocean,
sounds, barrier islands, and mainland brackish or salt marshes).
T Tidewater That part of the state associated with tidal water, such as the ocean and
barrier islands, sounds, estuaries and mainland brackish or salt marshes.
11
Habitat. The known habitats are described; as with provinces, these should not be regarded as the only
possible habitats of the species in the state.
Counties of known occurrence. Following the description of habitats is a listing of the known counties of
occurrence in the N.C. Natural Heritage Program database.
* All recorded occurrences in the county are either extirpated, have not been found in recent
surveys, or have not been surveyed recently enough to be confident they are still present.
Un-surveyed occurrences are regarded as historical after 20-40 years, the number depending
on the species and the amount of alteration in the area. An asterisk should not be regarded as
a definitive statement that the species is gone from the county, but indicates that there is
reason to doubt its continued existence.
+ Counties with obscure or undatable records are marked with a plus (+).
? If there is some question as to the validity of the county report, it is marked with a question
mark (?).
For most vertebrate species, this listing of counties is complete or reasonably complete. However, for
many invertebrates, and a few vertebrates (generally those newly added to the Rare List), there is no
listing of counties, as records have yet to be added to the database. Where county names appear in
brackets, records from these counties have not yet been added to the database. Records taken from dot
maps in atlases are among the types of data for which a year of last observation cannot be assigned, and
thus they appear in this list with a plus (+).
The zoological exploration of North Carolina is far from complete, and many additional county records will
be found, generally (but not always) in proximity to counties listed. Visit the Natural Heritage Program
website for the most up-to-date county occurrence information: www.ncnhp.org.
12
STATUS OF ANIMAL TAXA ON NHP RARE ANIMAL LIST
(as of May, 2006)
For names and definitions of statuses, see pages 3-6. Numbers in the table indicate number of taxa –
generally species – for each group and status. Because many taxa have both an N.C. and a U.S. status, totals
cannot be added across a complete line.
Group
Total Number
of Species
(rounded to
nearest five)
N.C. Status U.S. Status
E T SC SR E T FSC
Mammals 120 6 2 11 11 7 0 9
Birds 460 5 4 16 30 4 2 14
Reptiles 70 5 4 11 5 3 4 4
Amphibians 90 1 4 12 15 0 0 6
Freshwater
Fishes
245 9 13 26 22 2 2 26
(+ 2 C)
Freshwater
Bivalves 75
19 10 6 7 7 0 11
Freshwater and
Terrestrial
Gastropods
250+ 4 10 24 22 0 1 10
Arachnids ? 0 0 0 13 1 0 2
Crustaceans
[Crayfishes]
? [45] 0 [0] 0 [0] 0 [8] 14 0 0 10
Mayflies ? 0 0 0 17 0 0 1
13
Group
Total Number
of Species
(rounded to
nearest five)
N.C. Status U.S. Status
E T SC SR E T FSC
Stoneflies ? 0 0 0 8 0 0 0
Caddisflies ? 0 0 0 16 0 0 0
Dragonflies
and
Damselflies
190 0 0 0 33 0 0 8
Flies ? 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
Moths ? 0 0 0 85 0 0 4
Butterflies 170 0 0 0 35 1 0 8
Grasshoppers
and
Katydids
? 0 0 0 15 0 0 0
Beetles ? 0 0 0 5 1 0 1
True Bugs ? 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
Totals ? 49 47 114 355 26 9 114
(+2 C)
NATURAL HERITAGE PROGRAM LIST OF THE RARE ANIMALS OF NORTH CAROLINA
Scientific Name Common Name Status Rank
Province: Habitat (Counties of occurrence) N.C. U.S. N.C. Global
____________________________________________________________________________________________
14
MAMMALS
Canis rufus Red Wolf SR E, XN S1 G1
CM: swamps, pocosins, extensive
forests (Beaufort+, Dare, Hyde,
Tyrrell, Washington)
Condylura cristata pop. 1 Star-nosed Mole - Coastal Plain SC - S2 G5T2Q
SC: moist meadows, bogs, swamps, population
bottomlands [mountain population
not of concern] (Bladen, Brunswick,
Currituck*, Dare, Hoke,
Mecklenburg*, Moore, New
Hanover*, Pitt, Randolph, Richmond,
Robeson*, Sampson, Scotland, Wake,
Washington*)
Corynorhinus rafinesquii macrotis Rafinesque's Big-eared Bat - T FSC S3 G3G4TNR
CS: roosts in hollow trees, old Coastal Plain subspecies
buildings, and beneath bridges,
usually near water (Beaufort*, Bertie,
Bladen, Brunswick, Chowan,
Columbus*, Dare, Duplin, Gates,
Hoke+, Martin, Northampton, Pender,
Perquimans, Richmond, Robeson,
Sampson, Tyrrell, Washington,
Wayne*)
Corynorhinus rafinesquii rafinesquii Rafinesque's Big-eared Bat - T FSC S2 G3G4TNR
M: roosts in caves, mines, and hollow Mountain subspecies
trees, usually near water (Alexander*,
Buncombe*, Burke, Cherokee*,
Graham, Macon, Madison*, Swain,
Transylvania*)
Corynorhinus townsendii virginianus Virginia Big-eared Bat E E S1 G4T2
M: roosts in caves (and rarely in
mines), especially in limestone areas
(Avery, Watauga, Yancey)
Glaucomys sabrinus coloratus Carolina Northern Flying Squirrel E E S2 G5T1
M: high elevation forests, mainly
spruce-fir (Avery, Buncombe,
Graham, Haywood, Jackson,
McDowell, Mitchell, Swain,
Transylvania, Watauga, Yancey)
Lasionycteris noctivagans Silver-haired Bat SR - S2?B,S4N G5
MP: roosts near water in tree cavities,
clumps of leaves, crevices, etc.
[breeding season only] (Burke,
Macon*, Mitchell*)
Lasiurus cinereus Hoary Bat SR - S2?B,S3?N G5
M: mid- to high elevations [breeding
season only] (Burke, Watauga)
Lasiurus intermedius Northern Yellow Bat SR - SU G4G5
CP: roosts in Spanish moss and other
thick vegeation near water, often in
longleaf pine habitats
(Mecklenburg+, New Hanover)
NATURAL HERITAGE PROGRAM LIST OF THE RARE ANIMALS OF NORTH CAROLINA
Scientific Name Common Name Status Rank
Province: Habitat (Counties of occurrence) N.C. U.S. N.C. Global
____________________________________________________________________________________________
15
Microtus chrotorrhinus carolinensis Southern Rock Vole SC FSC S3 G4T3
M: rocky areas at high elevations,
forests or fields (Avery, Haywood,
Jackson*, Macon, McDowell*, Swain,
Yancey)
Mustela nivalis Least Weasel SR - S2 G5
M: fields and forests, mostly at high
elevations (Avery, Buncombe,
Haywood, Henderson, Jackson+,
Madison*, Mitchell*, Watauga,
Yancey*)
Myotis austroriparius Southeastern Myotis SC FSC S3 G3G4
CP: roosts in buildings, hollow trees;
forages near water (Bertie, Bladen,
Chowan+, Clay, Columbus, Gates,
Halifax, Hoke, Martin, Moore, New
Hanover, Pender, Richmond,
Robeson, Scotland, Wake*)
Myotis grisescens Gray Myotis E E S1? G3
M: roosts in caves; forages mainly
over open water (Buncombe,
Haywood, Swain)
Myotis leibii Eastern Small-footed Myotis SC FSC S3 G3
M: roosts in hollow trees (warmer
months), in caves and mines (winter)
(Alleghany, Avery, Buncombe,
Cherokee, Clay, Davidson, Graham,
Haywood, Henderson, Jackson,
Macon, Rutherford, Swain, Watauga,
Wilkes, Yancey)
Myotis septentrionalis Northern Long-eared Myotis SC - S3 G4
MP: roosts in hollow trees and
buildings (warmer months), in caves
and mines (winter) (Ashe, Avery,
Buncombe, Burke, Cherokee*, Clay+,
Graham, Haywood, Henderson,
Jackson, Macon, Madison,
McDowell+, New Hanover, Polk,
Rutherford, Swain, Transylvania,
Wake*, Watauga, Wilkes, Yancey)
Myotis sodalis Indiana Myotis E E S1? G2
M: roosts in hollow trees or under
loose bark (warmer months), in caves
(winter) (Graham, Haywood*,
Henderson, Jackson*, Mitchell*,
Rutherford, Swain)
Neotoma floridana floridana Eastern Woodrat - Coastal Plain T - S1 G5T5
C: forests, mainly in moist areas population
(Brunswick*, Carteret*, New
Hanover, Onslow, Pender)
NATURAL HERITAGE PROGRAM LIST OF THE RARE ANIMALS OF NORTH CAROLINA
Scientific Name Common Name Status Rank
Province: Habitat (Counties of occurrence) N.C. U.S. N.C. Global
____________________________________________________________________________________________
16
Neotoma floridana haematoreia Eastern Woodrat - Southern SC FSC S3 G5T4Q
MP: rocky places in deciduous or Appalachian population
mixed forests, in southern mountains
and adjacent Piedmont (Buncombe,
Burke, Catawba, Haywood,
Henderson, Jackson, Macon, Madison,
McDowell, Polk, Rutherford, Swain,
Transylvania)
Neotoma magister Appalachian Woodrat SC FSC S2 G3G4
MP: rocky places and abandoned
buildings in deciduous or mixed
forests in the northern mountains and
adjacent Piedmont (Ashe, Avery,
Buncombe, Burke, Caldwell+, Iredell,
McDowell, Mitchell+, Watauga,
Yancey)
Peromyscus leucopus easti Pungo White-footed Mouse SC - S1? G5T1
T: dunes and maritime thickets along
coast south to Corolla (Currituck)
Peromyscus leucopus ssp. 1 Buxton Woods White-footed Mouse SR FSC S1? G5TNR
T: maritime forests in Cape Hatteras
vicinity (endemic to this area)
(Dare+)
Peromyscus polionotus Oldfield Mouse SR - S1 G5
P: sandy, fallow fields near South
Carolina line (Cleveland, Rutherford)
Puma concolor couguar Eastern Cougar E E SH G5THQ
MPC: extensive forests, remote areas
(Brunswick*, Buncombe*, Carteret*,
Haywood*, Montgomery*, Onslow*,
Swain*, Yancey*)
Sciurus niger pop. 1 Eastern Fox Squirrel -- Mountain SR - G - S1? G5TNR
M: open, upland forests and edges population
(Alleghany, Ashe, Avery*,
Buncombe*, Cherokee*, Clay*,
Graham*, Macon*, Swain*, Watauga)
Sorex dispar Long-tailed Shrew SC - S3 G4
M: high elevation forests with talus or
rocky slopes (Avery, Buncombe,
Caldwell, Haywood, Macon, Swain+,
Transylvania*, Watauga, Yancey)
Sorex palustris punctulatus Southern Water Shrew SC FSC S2 G5T3
M: stream banks in montane forests
(Avery, Buncombe, Clay, Haywood,
Jackson, Macon, Swain, Watauga+)
Sorex sp. 1 an undescribed shrew SR - S1S2 G1G2Q
C: early succession fields, possibly
low pocosins (endemic to eastern
North Carolina) (Dare, Hyde)
NATURAL HERITAGE PROGRAM LIST OF THE RARE ANIMALS OF NORTH CAROLINA
Scientific Name Common Name Status Rank
Province: Habitat (Counties of occurrence) N.C. U.S. N.C. Global
____________________________________________________________________________________________
17
Sylvilagus obscurus Appalachian Cottontail SR - G FSC S3 G4
M: dense cover of montane woods and
thickets (Alleghany, Ashe, Avery,
Clay, Graham, Haywood, Macon,
Mitchell, Swain, Transylvania*,
Watauga*, Yancey)
Synaptomys cooperi helaletes Dismal Swamp Southern SR - S2 G5T3
C: low pocosins, early succession Bog Lemming
wetlands (Beaufort, Craven, Gates,
Jones, Pasquotank, Perquimans*)
Trichechus manatus West Indian Manatee E E S1N G2
T: warm waters of estuaries and river
mouths (Beaufort, Brunswick,
Carteret, Craven, Currituck, Dare,
Hyde, New Hanover, Onslow,
Pamlico*, Pender, Pitt)
BIRDS
Accipiter striatus Sharp-shinned Hawk SR - S2B,S4N G5
MPS: forests and woodlands (for
nesting) [breeding evidence only]
(Avery, Mitchell+, Orange, Watauga,
Yancey)
Aegolius acadicus pop. 1 Northern Saw-whet Owl - T FSC S2B,S2N G5TNR
M: spruce-fir forests or mixed Southern Appalachian population
hardwood/spruce forests (for nesting)
[breeding season only] (Avery,
Buncombe, Graham, Haywood,
Jackson, Macon, Madison, Mitchell,
Swain, Transylvania, Watauga,
Yancey)
Aimophila aestivalis Bachman's Sparrow SC FSC S3B,S2N G3
PSC: open longleaf pine forests, old
fields [breeding season only] (Bladen,
Brunswick, Buncombe*, Carteret,
Chatham, Columbus, Craven,
Cumberland, Halifax*, Harnett, Hoke,
Jones, Macon*, Moore, Onslow,
Pender, Richmond, Robeson,
Sampson, Scotland, Wake*, Warren)
Ammodramus henslowii susurrans Eastern Henslow's Sparrow SR FSC S2B,S1N G4TNR
C: clearcut pocosins and other damp
weedy fields [breeding season only]
(Beaufort, Bertie, Brunswick,
Carteret, Columbus, Edgecombe,
Gates, Martin, Onslow, Pender, Pitt,
Wilson)
NATURAL HERITAGE PROGRAM LIST OF THE RARE ANIMALS OF NORTH CAROLINA
Scientific Name Common Name Status Rank
Province: Habitat (Counties of occurrence) N.C. U.S. N.C. Global
____________________________________________________________________________________________
18
Anhinga anhinga Anhinga SR - S2B G5
C: wooded lakes or ponds, or open
swamps (for nesting) [breeding
evidence only] (Bertie, Bladen,
Brunswick, Carteret, Columbus,
Craven+, Cumberland, Dare, Duplin,
Halifax, Hoke, Jones, New Hanover,
Robeson)
Botaurus lentiginosus American Bittern SR - S1B,S3N G4
CT: fresh or brackish marshes
[breeding season only] (Beaufort,
Carteret, Hyde, Pamlico)
Catharus guttatus Hermit Thrush SR - S2B,S5N G5
M: spruce-fir forests (for nesting)
[breeding season only] (Avery,
Buncombe, Haywood, Jackson,
Mitchell, Swain, Yancey)
Certhia americana Brown Creeper SC - S3B,S5N G5
M: high elevation forests, favoring
spruce-fir mixed with hardwoods
(Avery, Buncombe, Haywood,
Jackson, Mitchell, Swain,
Transylvania, Watauga, Yancey)
Charadrius melodus Piping Plover T T S2B,S2N G3
T: ocean beaches and island-end flats
[breeding evidence only] (Brunswick,
Carteret, Currituck, Dare, Hyde, New
Hanover, Onslow, Pender)
Charadrius wilsonia Wilson's Plover SR - S3B G5
T: beaches, island-end flats, estuarine
islands [breeding evidence only]
(Brunswick, Carteret, Dare, Hyde,
New Hanover, Onslow, Pender)
Chondestes grammacus Lark Sparrow SR - S1B G5
S: barren, sandy fields with scattered
saplings in the sandhills region
[breeding season only] (Cumberland,
Hoke, Richmond, Scotland)
Circus cyaneus Northern Harrier SR - S1B,S4N G5
T: extensive brackish marshes (for
nesting) [breeding evidence only]
(Carteret, Dare, Hyde)
Coccyzus erythropthalmus Black-billed Cuckoo SR - S2B G5
M: deciduous forests, mainly at higher
elevations [breeding season and
habitat only] (Ashe*, Avery,
Buncombe, Burke, Caldwell,
Haywood, Henderson, Jackson,
McDowell, Mitchell+, Transylvania,
Watauga)
NATURAL HERITAGE PROGRAM LIST OF THE RARE ANIMALS OF NORTH CAROLINA
Scientific Name Common Name Status Rank
Province: Habitat (Counties of occurrence) N.C. U.S. N.C. Global
____________________________________________________________________________________________
19
Columbina passerina Common Ground-Dove SR - SHB G5
T: dunes, sandy fields, margins of
maritime woods and thickets
[breeding season only] (Brunswick,
New Hanover, Pender)
Contopus cooperi Olive-sided Flycatcher SC FSC SUB G4
M: montane conifer forests (mainly
spruce-fir) with openings or dead trees
[breeding season only] (Haywood,
Macon*, McDowell, Mitchell, Swain,
Yancey)
Coturnicops noveboracensis Yellow Rail SR - S2N G4
TC: brackish or fresh marshes, wet
fields [winter season only] (Carteret,
Currituck, Dare, Hyde, New Hanover)
Dendroica cerulea Cerulean Warbler SR FSC S2B,SZN G4
MC: mature hardwood forests; steep
slopes and coves in mountains, natural
levees in Coastal Plain [breeding
season only] (Bertie, Buncombe,
Clay, Graham, Halifax, Haywood,
Johnston, Macon, McDowell,
Northampton, Polk, Rutherford,
Transylvania, Watauga, Wilkes)
Dendroica magnolia Magnolia Warbler SR - S1S2B G5
M: spruce-fir forests, especially in
immature stands [breeding season
only] (Avery, Buncombe, Graham,
Haywood, Jackson, McDowell,
Mitchell, Watauga, Yancey)
Dendroica virens waynei Black-throated Green Warbler - SR FSC S2S3B,SZN G5TU
C: nonriverine wetland forests, Coastal Plain population
especially where white cedar or
cypress are mixed with hardwoods
[breeding season only] (Beaufort,
Bladen, Brunswick, Camden, Carteret,
Craven, Cumberland, Dare, Gates,
Hyde, Jones, Pamlico, Tyrrell,
Washington)
Egretta caerulea Little Blue Heron SC - S3B,S3N G5
T: forests or thickets on maritime
islands [breeding sites only]
(Brunswick, Carteret, Columbus,
Cumberland, Currituck, Dare, Hyde,
Jones, New Hanover, Robeson)
Egretta thula Snowy Egret SC - S3B,S3N G5
T: forests or thickets on maritime
islands [breeding sites only]
(Brunswick, Carteret, Columbus,
Currituck, Dare, Hyde, New Hanover,
Robeson)
NATURAL HERITAGE PROGRAM LIST OF THE RARE ANIMALS OF NORTH CAROLINA
Scientific Name Common Name Status Rank
Province: Habitat (Counties of occurrence) N.C. U.S. N.C. Global
____________________________________________________________________________________________
20
Egretta tricolor Tricolored Heron SC - S3B,S3N G5
T: forests or thickets on maritime
islands [breeding sites only]
(Brunswick, Carteret, Currituck, Dare,
Hyde, New Hanover)
Empidonax alnorum Alder Flycatcher SR - S2B G5
M: high elevation shrub/sapling
thicket [breeding season only]
(Alleghany, Ashe, Avery, Buncombe,
Haywood, Jackson, Mitchell,
Watauga, Yancey)
Falco peregrinus Peregrine Falcon E - S1B,S2N G4
MT: cliffs (for nesting); coastal ponds
and mudflats (for foraging in winter)
[nesting evidence; regular wintering
sites] (Avery, Brunswick, Buncombe,
Burke, Carteret, Dare, Haywood,
Hyde, Jackson, Madison, Rutherford,
Stokes, Surry, Transylvania, Wilkes*,
Yancey)
Haematopus palliatus American Oystercatcher SR - S3B,S4N G5
T: estuaries, oyster beds, mudflats
[breeding evidence only] (records not
yet entered)
Haliaeetus leucocephalus Bald Eagle T T (PD) S3B,S3N G5
PCT: mature forests near large bodies
of water (for nesting); lakes and
sounds [nesting sites; regular
non-breeding sites] (Alexander,
Anson, Beaufort, Bertie, Bladen,
Brunswick, Burke*, Camden*,
Catawba, Chatham, Chowan,
Columbus, Craven, Currituck, Dare,
Davidson, Durham, Edgecombe,
Gaston, Granville, Guilford, Halifax,
Harnett, Haywood, Hyde, Johnston,
Lenoir, Martin, Mecklenburg,
Montgomery, Nash, Northampton,
Onslow*, Orange*, Pamlico,
Pasquotank, Pender, Perquimans, Pitt,
Richmond, Rowan, Stanly, Surry,
Swain, Tyrrell, Vance, Wake,
Warren*, Washington, Wayne,
Yadkin)
Himantopus mexicanus Black-necked Stilt SR - S2B G5
T: fresh or brackish ponds and
impoundments [breeding sites only]
(Beaufort, Brunswick, Carteret, Dare,
Onslow, Pamlico)
NATURAL HERITAGE PROGRAM LIST OF THE RARE ANIMALS OF NORTH CAROLINA
Scientific Name Common Name Status Rank
Province: Habitat (Counties of occurrence) N.C. U.S. N.C. Global
____________________________________________________________________________________________
21
Ictinia mississippiensis Mississippi Kite SR - S2B G5
C: mature, extensive bottomland
forests, mainly in Roanoke River
floodplain [regular summer locations
only] (Bladen, Carteret, Columbus,
Halifax, Harnett, Johnston, Martin,
Nash, Richmond, Scotland, Wayne)
Lanius ludovicianus Loggerhead Shrike SC - S3B,S3N G4
PSC: fields and pastures [breeding
season only] (Alamance+, Ashe+,
Bladen+, Brunswick, Carteret,
Catawba, Chatham, Cleveland, Davie,
Duplin, Edgecombe+, Forsyth,
Franklin, Gaston, Granville+,
Greene+, Guilford, Halifax, Iredell,
Johnston+, Lenoir+, Lincoln,
Mecklenburg, Montgomery, Moore,
New Hanover, Orange, Pitt, Polk,
Richmond, Robeson, Rowan,
Rutherford, Sampson, Scotland+,
Stanly, Transylvania+, Wake+,
Wayne)
Laterallus jamaicensis Black Rail SR FSC S3B,S2N G4
TCP: brackish marshes, rarely fresh
marshes [breeding season only]
(Carteret, Craven, Currituck, Dare,
Hyde, Onslow, Pamlico)
Loxia curvirostra pop. 1 Southern Appalachian Red Crossbill SC FSC S3B,S3N G5TNR
M: coniferous forests, preferably
spruce-fir (Ashe, Avery, Buncombe,
Burke, Haywood, Jackson, McDowell,
Mitchell, Swain, Transylvania,
Yancey)
Mycteria americana Wood Stork E E S1B,S1N G4
CT: swamps, fresh or brackish ponds
(for foraging) [breeding sites and
regular non-breeding sites]
(Brunswick, Columbus)
Passerculus sandwichensis Savannah Sparrow SR - S2B,S5N G5
M: grassy fields and pastures
[breeding season only] (Alleghany,
Ashe, Watauga)
Passerina ciris ciris Eastern Painted Bunting SR FSC S3B G5T3T4
T: maritime shrub thickets and forest
edges [breeding season only]
(Brunswick, Carteret, New Hanover,
Onslow, Pender)
Pelecanus occidentalis Brown Pelican SR - S3B,S4N G4
T: maritime islands [breeding sites
only] (Brunswick, Carteret, Dare,
New Hanover)
NATURAL HERITAGE PROGRAM LIST OF THE RARE ANIMALS OF NORTH CAROLINA
Scientific Name Common Name Status Rank
Province: Habitat (Counties of occurrence) N.C. U.S. N.C. Global
____________________________________________________________________________________________
22
Phalacrocorax auritus Double-crested Cormorant SR - S1B,S5N G5
CP: lakes with scattered trees for
nesting [breeding sites only]
(Chatham, Craven)
Picoides borealis Red-cockaded Woodpecker E E S2 G3
PSC: mature open pine forests, mainly
in longleaf pine [breeding evidence
only] (Anson, Beaufort, Bertie,
Bladen, Brunswick, Camden, Carteret,
Chatham+, Columbus, Craven,
Cumberland, Currituck+, Dare,
Duplin, Edgecombe*, Forsyth*,
Gates, Halifax, Harnett, Hertford,
Hoke, Hyde, Johnston, Jones, Lee*,
Lenoir+, Montgomery, Moore, Nash+,
New Hanover, Northampton*,
Onslow, Orange*, Pamlico, Pender,
Pitt, Richmond, Robeson, Sampson,
Scotland, Tyrrell, Wake*,
Washington, Wayne, Wilson)
Plegadis falcinellus Glossy Ibis SC - S2B G5
T: forests or thickets on maritime
islands [breeding sites only]
(Brunswick, Carteret, Currituck, Dare,
Hyde, New Hanover)
Poecile atricapillus practica Southern Appalachian SC FSC S3 G5TNR
M: high elevation forests, mainly Black-capped Chickadee
spruce-fir [breeding season only]
(Avery, Buncombe*, Haywood,
Jackson, Swain, Transylvania,
Yancey*)
Pooecetes gramineus Vesper Sparrow SR - S2B,S2N G5
M: high elevation pastures and grassy
fields [breeding season only] (Ashe,
Avery, Haywood, Mitchell, Watauga)
Porphyrio martinica [formerly Purple Gallinule SR - S1?B G5
Porphyrula]
C: freshwater ponds with floating
vegetation [breeding sites only]
(Brunswick, Onslow*, Robeson)
Riparia riparia Bank Swallow SR - SUB G5
MP: high, vertical banks for nesting
[breeding sites only] (Avery,
Wilkes*)
Rynchops niger Black Skimmer SC - S3B,S3N G5
T: sand flats on maritime islands
[breeding sites only] (Brunswick,
Carteret, Dare, Hyde, New Hanover,
Onslow, Pender)
NATURAL HERITAGE PROGRAM LIST OF THE RARE ANIMALS OF NORTH CAROLINA
Scientific Name Common Name Status Rank
Province: Habitat (Counties of occurrence) N.C. U.S. N.C. Global
____________________________________________________________________________________________
23
Sphyrapicus varius appalachiensis Appalachian Yellow-bellied SC FSC S3B,S5N G5TNR
M: mature, open hardwoods with Sapsucker
scattered dead trees [breeding season
only] (Avery, Buncombe, Clay*,
Graham, Haywood, Henderson+,
Jackson, Macon, Mitchell*, Swain,
Transylvania, Watauga, Yancey)
Sterna antillarum Least Tern SC - S3B G4
T: beaches, sand flats, open dunes
(Brunswick, Carteret, Craven, Dare,
Hyde, New Hanover, Onslow, Pender)
Sterna caspia Caspian Tern SR - S1B,S2N G5
T: sand flats on maritime islands
[breeding sites only] (Dare, Hyde*)
Sterna dougallii Roseate Tern E E SUB G4
T: sand flats on maritime islands
[breeding evidence only] (Carteret,
Dare)
Sterna hirundo Common Tern SC - S3B G5
T: sand flats on maritime islands
[breeding sites only] (Carteret, Dare,
Hyde, New Hanover, Onslow, Pender)
Sterna nilotica Gull-billed Tern T - S3B G5
T: sand flats on maritime islands
[breeding sites only] (Brunswick,
Carteret, Dare, Hyde, Onslow*)
Thryomanes bewickii altus Appalachian Bewick's Wren E FSC SHB G5T2Q
M: woodland borders or openings,
farmlands or brushy fields, at high
elevations [breeding season only]
(Ashe*, Avery*, Buncombe*,
Haywood*, Jackson*, Macon*,
Transylvania*)
Vermivora chrysoptera Golden-winged Warbler SR FSC S3B G4
M: old fields and successional
hardwoods (Alleghany, Ashe,
Watauga; plus most other mountain
counties)
Vermivora pinus Blue-winged Warbler SR - S2B G5
M: low elevation brushy fields and
thickets [breeding season only]
(Alleghany, Ashe, Buncombe,
Cherokee, Graham, Macon)
Vireo gilvus Warbling Vireo SR - S2B G5
MP: groves of hardwoods along rivers
and streams [breeding season only]
(Alleghany, Ashe, Avery, Buncombe,
Caldwell, Cleveland, Halifax,
Henderson, Macon*, Orange,
Watauga)
NATURAL HERITAGE PROGRAM LIST OF THE RARE ANIMALS OF NORTH CAROLINA
Scientific Name Common Name Status Rank
Province: Habitat (Counties of occurrence) N.C. U.S. N.C. Global
____________________________________________________________________________________________
24
REPTILES
Alligator mississippiensis American Alligator T T(S/A) S3 G5
CT: fresh to slightly brackish lakes,
ponds, rivers, and marshes (Bladen,
Brunswick, Camden, Carteret,
Columbus, Craven, Cumberland,
Dare, Duplin, Gates, Hoke, Hyde,
Jones, New Hanover, Onslow,
Pamlico, Pender, Robeson, Sampson+,
Scotland, Tyrrell, Washington)
Apalone spinifera spinifera Eastern Spiny Softshell SC - S1 G5T5
M: large streams in the French Broad
system (Buncombe, Madison)
Caretta caretta Loggerhead T T S3B,S3N G3
T: nests on beaches; forages in ocean
and sounds (Brunswick, Carteret,
Currituck, Dare, Hyde, New Hanover,
Onslow, Pender)
Chelonia mydas Green Turtle T T S1B,SUN G3
T: nests on beaches; forages in ocean
and sounds (Brunswick, Carteret,
Dare, Hyde+, New Hanover, Onslow,
Pender)
Crotalus adamanteus Eastern Diamondback Rattlesnake E - S1 G4
C: pine flatwoods, savannas, pine-oak
sandhills (Bladen, Brunswick,
Carteret, Columbus, Craven+,
Cumberland*, Duplin+, Jones*, New
Hanover, Onslow, Pender, Robeson*,
Sampson*)
Crotalus horridus Timber Rattlesnake SC - S3 G4
CMP: wetland forests in the Coastal
Plain; rocky, upland forests elsewhere
(Alexander, Alleghany, Anson, Ashe,
Avery, Beaufort, Bertie, Bladen,
Brunswick, Buncombe, Burke,
Cabarrus, Camden, Carteret, Catawba,
Cherokee, Chowan, Clay*, Cleveland,
Columbus, Craven, Cumberland,
Currituck, Dare, Davidson, Duplin,
Durham, Gaston, Graham*, Granville,
Haywood, Henderson, Hoke, Hyde,
Jackson, Jones, Lenoir, Lincoln,
Macon, Madison, McDowell,
Mecklenburg, Mitchell*,
Montgomery, Moore, New Hanover,
Onslow, Pamlico, Pasquotank, Pender,
Perquimans, Pitt, Polk, Randolph,
Richmond, Robeson, Rutherford,
Sampson, Scotland, Stanly, Stokes,
Surry, Swain*, Transylvania, Tyrrell,
Union, Washington, Watauga, Wayne,
Wilkes, Yancey)
NATURAL HERITAGE PROGRAM LIST OF THE RARE ANIMALS OF NORTH CAROLINA
Scientific Name Common Name Status Rank
Province: Habitat (Counties of occurrence) N.C. U.S. N.C. Global
____________________________________________________________________________________________
25
Deirochelys reticularia Chicken Turtle SR - S3 G5
SC: quiet waters of ponds, ditches,
and sluggish streams (Bladen,
Brunswick, Carteret+, Columbus,
Craven+, Cumberland, Dare, Hoke,
New Hanover, Onslow+, Pender,
Robeson, Sampson, Scotland,
Wayne+)
Dermochelys coriacea Leatherback E E S1B,SUN G2
T: oceans, rarely in sounds
(Brunswick, Carteret, Craven,
Currituck, Dare, Hyde, Onslow)
Eretmochelys imbricata Hawksbill E E SUN G3
T: oceans, very rarely in sounds
(Carteret+, Dare)
Eumeces anthracinus Coal Skink SR - S2S3 G5
M: rocky slopes, wooded hillsides,
roadbanks (records not yet entered)
Glyptemys muhlenbergii Bog Turtle T T(S/A) S2 G3
MP: bogs, wet pastures, wet thickets
(Alexander, Alleghany, Ashe, Avery,
Buncombe, Burke, Caldwell,
Cherokee, Clay, Forsyth, Gaston,
Graham, Henderson, Iredell, Macon,
McDowell, Mitchell, Surry,
Transylvania, Watauga, Wilkes,
Yancey)
Heterodon simus Southern Hognose Snake SC FSC S2 G2
SC: sandy woods, particularly
pine-oak sandhills (Bladen,
Brunswick, Carteret+, Craven+,
Cumberland+, Duplin+, Edgecombe+,
Hoke, Jones+, Moore, New Hanover,
Onslow, Pender, Pitt+, Richmond+,
Robeson, Sampson, Scotland, Wake+,
Wayne+)
Lampropeltis getula sticticeps Outer Banks Kingsnake SC - S2 G5T2Q
T: maritime forests, thickets, and
grasslands on the Outer Banks
(endemic to North Carolina) (Carteret,
Currituck, Dare, Hyde)
Lepidochelys kempii Atlantic Ridley E E S1B,SUN G1
T: ocean and sounds (Beaufort,
Brunswick, Carteret, Dare, Hyde,
Pamlico)
Malaclemys terrapin centrata Carolina Diamondback Terrapin SC - S3 G4T4Q
T: salt or brackish marshes, estuaries;
southern half of the coast (Beaufort+,
Brunswick, Carteret, Hyde+, New
Hanover, Onslow, Pamlico, Pender)
Malaclemys terrapin terrapin Northern Diamondback Terrapin SC FSC S3 G4T4Q
T: salt or brackish marshes, estuaries;
northern half of the coast (Dare+)
NATURAL HERITAGE PROGRAM LIST OF THE RARE ANIMALS OF NORTH CAROLINA
Scientific Name Common Name Status Rank
Province: Habitat (Counties of occurrence) N.C. U.S. N.C. Global
____________________________________________________________________________________________
26
Masticophis flagellum Coachwhip SR - S3 G5
SCTP: dry and sandy woods, mainly
in pine/oak sandhills (Anson*,
Bladen, Brunswick, Carteret+,
Cumberland, Hoke+, Lenoir+,
Moore+, New Hanover, Onslow+,
Pender, Richmond, Sampson,
Scotland, Stanly, Union+, Wayne+)
Micrurus fulvius Eastern Coral Snake E - S1 G5
CS: pine-oak sandhills, sandy
flatwoods, maritime forests (Bladen,
Brunswick, Cumberland, Harnett+,
Hoke*, Moore+, New Hanover,
Onslow, Pender, Scotland+)
Nerodia sipedon williamengelsi Carolina Water Snake SC - S3 G5T3
T: salt or brackish marshes (endemic
to North Carolina) (Beaufort, Carteret,
Currituck, Dare, Hyde, Pamlico)
Ophisaurus mimicus Mimic Glass Lizard SC FSC S2 G3
C: pine flatwoods, savannas, pine/oak
sandhills (Bladen, Brunswick,
Carteret, Columbus*, New Hanover*,
Onslow, Sampson)
Pituophis melanoleucus melanoleucus Northern Pine Snake SC FSC S3 G4T4
SCM: dry and sandy woods, mainly in
pine/oak sandhills (Brunswick,
Cherokee*, Clay+, Cumberland+,
Graham*, Harnett+, Hoke,
Montgomery, Moore, New Hanover,
Richmond, Rutherford+, Scotland,
Swain*)
Regina rigida Glossy Crayfish Snake SR - S2S3 G5
C: marshes, cypress ponds, other
wetlands (Bladen+, Brunswick,
Carteret+, Craven, Dare, Hoke,
Hyde+, Jones+, New Hanover*,
Onslow+, Robeson, Tyrrell+)
Seminatrix pygaea Black Swamp Snake SR - S2 G5
C: in lush vegetation of ponds,
ditches, or sluggish streams
(Brunswick, Carteret+, Craven+,
Dare, Hyde+, New Hanover,
Onslow+, Pender*, Tyrrell+)
NATURAL HERITAGE PROGRAM LIST OF THE RARE ANIMALS OF NORTH CAROLINA
Scientific Name Common Name Status Rank
Province: Habitat (Counties of occurrence) N.C. U.S. N.C. Global
____________________________________________________________________________________________
27
Sistrurus miliarius Pigmy Rattlesnake SC - S3 G5
CSP: pine flatwoods, pine/oak
sandhills, other pine/oak forests
(Beaufort, Bladen, Brunswick,
Carteret, Cleveland*, Craven,
Cumberland, Gaston, Harnett+, Hoke,
Hyde, Montgomery, Moore, New
Hanover, Onslow, Pender, Pitt,
Richmond+, Sampson, Scotland,
Tyrrell)
Sternotherus minor Loggerhead Musk Turtle SC - S1 G5
M: streams and rivers in Mississippi
drainage (Cherokee, Madison)
AMPHIBIANS
Ambystoma mabeei Mabee's Salamander SR - S3 G4
SC: swamps, Carolina bays (Bladen*,
Brunswick, Columbus*, Hoke, New
Hanover*, Pender*, Robeson,
Sampson, Scotland)
Ambystoma talpoideum Mole Salamander SC - S2 G5
MP: breeds in fish-free
semipermanent woodland ponds;
forages in adjacent woodlands
(Alleghany, Buncombe, Cherokee,
Guilford, Henderson, Macon,
Montgomery, Person, Polk,
Richmond, Rockingham, Rowan,
Surry, Transylvania*, Union)
Ambystoma tigrinum Eastern Tiger Salamander T - S2 G5
SC: breeds in fish-free semipermanent
ponds; forages in adjacent woods,
usually sandy pinewoods
(Cumberland, Hoke, Richmond,
Robeson, Scotland, Wake)
Aneides aeneus Green Salamander E FSC S2 G3G4
M: damp, shaded crevices of cliffs or
rock outcrops in deciduous forests
(southern mountains) (Henderson,
Jackson, Macon, Polk, Rutherford,
Transylvania)
Bufo quercicus Oak Toad SR - S3 G5
CS: pine flatwoods and savannas, pine
sandhills where near water (Carteret,
Cumberland, Pender; many other
counties not yet entered)
Cryptobranchus alleganiensis Hellbender SC FSC S3 G3G4
M: large and clear fast-flowing
streams (Alleghany, Ashe, Avery*,
Buncombe, Cherokee, Clay, Graham,
Haywood, Henderson, Jackson,
Macon, Madison, Mitchell, Swain+,
Transylvania, Watauga, Yancey)
NATURAL HERITAGE PROGRAM LIST OF THE RARE ANIMALS OF NORTH CAROLINA
Scientific Name Common Name Status Rank
Province: Habitat (Counties of occurrence) N.C. U.S. N.C. Global
____________________________________________________________________________________________
28
Desmognathus aeneus Seepage Salamander SR FSC S3 G3G4
M: seeps, springs, or streams in forests
in extreme southwestern counties
(Cherokee, Clay*, Graham, Macon,
Swain)
Desmognathus imitator pop. 1 Imitator Salamander - Waterrock SR - S1 G3G4T1Q
M: forests in the vicinity of Waterrock Knob population
Knob (endemic to this area)
(Jackson+)
Desmognathus santeetlah Santeetlah Dusky Salamander SR - S2S3 G3G4Q
M: stream headwaters and seepage
areas; southwestern mountains
(Graham, Jackson, Swain)
Desmognathus wrighti Pigmy Salamander SR FSC S3 G3G4
M: spruce-fir and other high elevation
forests (Ashe*, Avery, Buncombe,
Caldwell, Haywood, Henderson,
Jackson, Macon, McDowell*,
Mitchell*, Swain, Transylvania,
Watauga, Yancey)
Eurycea junaluska Junaluska Salamander T FSC S2 G3
M: forests near seeps and streams,
mainly in the Cheoah River system
(Cherokee, Clay, Graham)
Eurycea longicauda Longtail Salamander SC - S1S2 G5
M: moist woods and floodplains;
small ponds for breeding
(Alleghany*, Clay, Graham,
Haywood*, Macon, Watauga+)
Eurycea quadridigitata [formerly E. Dwarf Salamander SC - S2 G5
quadridigitata pop. 1]
C: pocosins, Carolina bays, pine
flatwoods, savannas, and other
wetland habitats, usually under leaf
litter, moss, and rotting logs (Hoke,
Robeson, Scotland)
Hemidactylium scutatum Four-toed Salamander SC - S3 G5
MPC: pools, bogs, and other wetlands
in hardwood forests (Alamance+,
Avery, Bladen, Buncombe, Chatham,
Cherokee, Cumberland*, Duplin,
Durham, Gates, Graham+, Granville,
Henderson, Macon, Mitchell,
Montgomery, Moore, Nash, Orange,
Person, Polk+, Randolph,
Rockingham, Surry, Wake)
Hyla andersonii Pine Barrens Treefrog SR - S3 G4
SC: pocosins, bay forests, boggy areas
(Bladen*, Cumberland, Harnett*,
Hoke+, Johnston, Jones, Lee*, Moore,
Onslow+, Richmond, Sampson+,
Scotland, Wayne*)
NATURAL HERITAGE PROGRAM LIST OF THE RARE ANIMALS OF NORTH CAROLINA
Scientific Name Common Name Status Rank
Province: Habitat (Counties of occurrence) N.C. U.S. N.C. Global
____________________________________________________________________________________________
29
Hyla versicolor Northern Gray Treefrog SR - S1? G5
PM?: deciduous or mixed forests,
often near water, near VA border
(Caswell, Person, Warren+)
Necturus lewisi Neuse River Waterdog SC - S3 G3
PC: rivers and large streams in Neuse
and Tar drainages (endemic to North
Carolina) (Beaufort*, Craven*,
Durham, Edgecombe, Franklin,
Granville*, Greene*, Halifax,
Johnston, Jones, Lenoir, Nash,
Orange, Person*, Pitt*, Vance*,
Wake, Warren, Wayne*, Wilson*)
Necturus maculosus Common Mudpuppy SC - S1 G5
M: rivers and large streams (French
Broad and New drainages) (Ashe,
Buncombe*, Henderson*,
Transylvania*)
Plethodon amplus Blue Ridge Gray-cheeked Salamander SR - S1S2 G1G2
M: mesic forests in the Hickorynut
Gorge vicinity (endemic to this area)
(Buncombe+, Henderson+,
Rutherford+)
Plethodon aureolus Tellico Salamander SR - S2 G2G3
M: forests in the Unicoi Mountains
(Cherokee, Graham)
Plethodon chattahoochee Chattahoochee Slimy Salamander SR - S2? G2G3Q
M: moist forests in the southwestern
counties (records not yet entered)
Plethodon cheoah Cheoah Bald Salamander SR - S2? G2
M: mesic forests on Cheoah Bald
(endemic to this area) (Graham+,
Swain+)
Plethodon meridianus South Mountain Gray-cheeked SR - S1S2 G1G2
P: mesic forests of the South Salamander
Mountains (endemic to this area)
(records not yet entered)
Plethodon shermani Red-legged Salamander SR - S2? G2
M: moist forests in the southwestern
counties (records not yet entered)
Plethodon ventralis Southern Zigzag Salamander SC - S1 G4
M: moist areas of talus slopes or rock
outcrops in hardwood forests
(Buncombe, Haywood, Henderson*,
Madison, Yancey)
Plethodon wehrlei Wehrle's Salamander T - S1 G4
P: upland forests (low mountains near
Virginia border) (Alleghany, Stokes,
Surry, Wilkes)
Plethodon welleri Weller's Salamander SC - S2 G3
M: high elevation forests in northern
mountains, mainly in spruce-fir, but
also in northern hardwood forests
(Avery, Mitchell, Watauga, Yancey)
NATURAL HERITAGE PROGRAM LIST OF THE RARE ANIMALS OF NORTH CAROLINA
Scientific Name Common Name Status Rank
Province: Habitat (Counties of occurrence) N.C. U.S. N.C. Global
____________________________________________________________________________________________
30
Plethodon yonahlossee pop. 1 Crevice Salamander SC - S1 G4T1Q
M: Hickorynut Gorge area (endemic
to this area); crevices in moist shaded
rocks (Buncombe, Henderson,
McDowell, Rutherford)
Pseudacris brachyphona Mountain Chorus Frog SC - S1 G5
M: forests near temporary pools or
ponds, in extreme southwestern
mountains (Cherokee, Haywood)
Pseudacris ornata Ornate Chorus Frog SR - S3 G5
SC: swamps, savannas, wooded ponds
and pools (Bladen, Brunswick, Hoke,
New Hanover*, Robeson, Sampson*,
Scotland)
Rana capito Carolina Gopher Frog T FSC S2 G3
SC: breeds in temporary fish-free
pools; forages in sandy woods,
especially pine-oak sandhills
(Beaufort*, Bladen, Brunswick,
Carteret, Hoke, Jones*, New Hanover,
Onslow, Pender, Robeson, Sampson,
Scotland)
Rana heckscheri River Frog SC - SH G5
SC: river floodplains, such as pools or
borrow pit ponds (Cumberland*,
Moore*, Robeson*, Sampson*,
Scotland*)
FRESHWATER FISHES
Acipenser brevirostrum Shortnose Sturgeon E E S1 G3
TC: brackish water of large rivers and
estuaries; spawns in freshwater areas
(Anson, Bertie, Bladen, Brunswick,
Camden*, Carteret*, Columbus,
Hyde*, New Hanover, Onslow*,
Pamlico*, Pasquotank*, Pender,
Richmond)
Acipenser oxyrinchus Atlantic Sturgeon SC C S3 G3
TC: coastal waters, estuaries, large
rivers (records not yet entered)
Ambloplites cavifrons Roanoke Bass SR FSC S2 G3
PC: streams in Neuse and Tar systems
(Durham, Edgecombe, Franklin+,
Granville, Halifax, Johnston, Moore,
Nash, Orange, Person, Pitt, Wake+,
Warren)
Aplodinotus grunniens Freshwater Drum T - S1 G5
M: French Broad River (Madison)
Carpiodes carpio River Carpsucker SC - SH G5
M: French Broad River (Madison*)
NATURAL HERITAGE PROGRAM LIST OF THE RARE ANIMALS OF NORTH CAROLINA
Scientific Name Common Name Status Rank
Province: Habitat (Counties of occurrence) N.C. U.S. N.C. Global
____________________________________________________________________________________________
31
Carpiodes cyprinus Quillback SR - S1 G5
MP: French Broad and Roanoke
drainages [native river/stream
populations only; reservoir
populations not tracked]
(records not yet entered)
Carpiodes sp. cf. cyprinus a carpsucker SR - S2 GNR
P: Yadkin - Pee Dee drainage
[native river/stream populations
only; reservoir populations not
tracked] (records not yet entered)
Carpiodes sp. cf. velifer [formerly a carpsucker SC - S1 GNR
C. velifer]
PC: Catawba, Pee Dee, and Cape Fear
rivers (Anson, Bladen, Catawba,
Gaston, Iredell, Mecklenburg,
Richmond)
Clinostomus sp. 1 [formerly C. funduloides Smoky Dace SC FSC S2 G3Q
ssp 1]
M: Little Tennessee drainage
(Jackson, Macon, Swain)
Cottus caeruleomentum Blue Ridge Sculpin SR - S1 G4
P: Dan drainage (Stokes+)
Cottus carolinae Banded Sculpin T - S1 G5
M: French Broad River system
(Avery, Madison)
Cyprinella monacha – see Erimonax
Cyprinella sp. 1 Thinlip Chub SC - S2 G2Q
CS: Cape Fear, Lumber, and Pee Dee
drainages (Anson, Bladen,
Cumberland+, Richmond, Robeson+,
Sampson, Scotland+)
Cyprinella zanema Santee Chub SR - S3 G4
P: Catawba and Broad drainages
(Burke, Caldwell, Catawba, Iredell+,
Lincoln, McDowell+, Mecklenburg+,
Polk, Rutherford)
Elassoma boehlkei Carolina Pygmy Sunfish T FSC S1 G2
C: streams and canals in Waccamaw
drainage (Brunswick, Columbus)
Erimonax monachus [formerly Cyprinella Spotfin Chub T T S1 G2
monacha]
M: Little Tennessee River; formerly in
French Broad drainage (Buncombe*,
Macon, Madison*, Swain)
Erimystax insignis eristigma Mountain Blotched Chub SR FSC S2 G3G4TNR
M: primarily French Broad drainage
(Buncombe+, Cherokee+, Clay+,
Henderson+, Madison+, Mitchell+,
Yancey+)
Etheostoma acuticeps Sharphead Darter T FSC S1 G3
M: streams in Nolichucky system
(Toe and Cane rivers) (Mitchell,
Yancey)
NATURAL HERITAGE PROGRAM LIST OF THE RARE ANIMALS OF NORTH CAROLINA
Scientific Name Common Name Status Rank
Province: Habitat (Counties of occurrence) N.C. U.S. N.C. Global
____________________________________________________________________________________________
32
Etheostoma collis pop. 1 Carolina Darter - central Piedmont SC FSC S3 G3T3Q
P: streams in the Yadkin - Pee Dee population
and Catawba drainages (Anson+,
Cabarrus, Davidson+, Mecklenburg,
Montgomery, Randolph+, Richmond,
Stanly, Union)
Etheostoma collis pop. 2 Carolina Darter - eastern Piedmont SC FSC S2 G3T3Q
P: streams in the Roanoke, Tar, Neuse, population
and Cape Fear drainages (Chatham,
Durham+, Granville, Guilford, Moore,
Orange)
Etheostoma inscriptum Turquoise Darter SC - S1 G4
M: streams of Savannah drainage
(Jackson, Macon, Transylvania)
Etheostoma jessiae Blueside Darter SC - SH G4Q
M: streams in Mills River system
(Henderson*)
Etheostoma kanawhae Kanawha Darter SR - S3 G4
M: New drainage (Alleghany, Ashe,
Watauga)
Etheostoma mariae Pinewoods Darter SC FSC S3 G3
SC: streams of Lumber drainage,
mainly in the sandhills; perhaps in
adjacent Pee Dee drainage (Hoke,
Montgomery, Moore, Richmond,
Robeson+, Scotland)
Etheostoma perlongum Waccamaw Darter T FSC S1 G1Q
C: Lake Waccamaw (endemic to
North Carolina) (Columbus)
Etheostoma podostemone Riverweed Darter SC - S2 G4
P: large streams in Dan River system
(Caswell, Rockingham, Stokes)
Etheostoma simoterum Snubnose Darter SC - SH G5
M: streams of French Broad drainage
(formerly) (Madison+)
Etheostoma vulneratum Wounded Darter SC FSC S1 G3
M: streams of Little Tennessee
system; perhaps extirpated from
French Broad system (Jackson,
Macon, Madison*, Swain)
Exoglossum laurae Tonguetied Minnow SR - S2 G4
M: New drainage (Alleghany, Ashe,
Watauga)
Exoglossum maxillingua Cutlip Minnow E - S1 G5
P: streams of Dan River system
(Stokes)
Fundulus cf. diaphanus [formerly Lake Phelps Killifish SR FSC S1 GUQ
considered part of F. waccamensis]
(taxon endemic to North Carolina, but
may be a population of F. diaphanus)
C: Lake Phelps (Washington)
Fundulus confluentus Marsh Killifish SR - S2 G5
T: fresh to brackish waters along coast
(Carteret, Dare, Hyde, Onslow+)
NATURAL HERITAGE PROGRAM LIST OF THE RARE ANIMALS OF NORTH CAROLINA
Scientific Name Common Name Status Rank
Province: Habitat (Counties of occurrence) N.C. U.S. N.C. Global
____________________________________________________________________________________________
33
Fundulus luciae Spotfin Killifish SR - S2 G4
TC: ponds and pools along coast
(Brunswick, Carteret, New Hanover,
Onslow+)
Fundulus waccamensis Waccamaw Killifish SC FSC S1 G1
C: Lake Waccamaw (endemic to
North Carolina) (Columbus)
Heterandria formosa Least Killifish SC - S2 G5
C: streams and lakes near Wilmington
(Brunswick, New Hanover)
Hiodon tergisus Mooneye SC - SH G5
M: French Broad River (Henderson*,
Madison)
Hybopsis rubrifrons Rosyface Chub T - S1 G4
M: Savannah drainage (Transylvania)
Hypentelium roanokense Roanoke Hog Sucker SR - S3 G4
P: Dan drainage (Caswell,
Rockingham+, Stokes)
Ichthyomyzon bdellium Ohio Lamprey SR - S1 G3G4
M: French Broad drainage (Madison)
Ictiobus bubalus Smallmouth Buffalo SR - S1 G5
M: French Broad River [native
river/stream population only; reservoir
populations not tracked] (Madison)
Ictiobus niger Black Buffalo SR - S1 G5
M: French Broad River (Madison)
Lampetra aepyptera Least Brook Lamprey T - S2 G5
CP: Tar and Neuse drainages
(Franklin, Halifax, Jones*, Pitt*,
Wake, Warren)
Lampetra appendix American Brook Lamprey T - S1 G4
M: French Broad drainage (Madison)
Luxilus chrysocephalus Striped Shiner T - S2 G5
M: Cane drainage; reported in Little
Tennessee drainage (Macon, Yancey)
Menidia extensa Waccamaw Silverside T T S1 G1
C: Lake Waccamaw (endemic to
North Carolina) (Columbus)
Micropterus coosae Redeye Bass SR - S1 G5
M: Savannah drainage (Burke*,
Jackson, Transylvania)
Moxostoma breviceps Smallmouth Redhorse SR - S2 G5
M: Tennessee drainages (records
not yet entered)
Moxostoma robustum Robust Redhorse SR FSC S1 G1
P: Pee Dee River (Anson, Davie*,
Richmond, Rowan*, Surry*, Yadkin*)
Moxostoma sp. 2 Sicklefin Redhorse SR C S1 G2Q
M: Little Tennessee and Hiwassee
drainages (Cherokee, Clay, Jackson+,
Macon, Swain)
NATURAL HERITAGE PROGRAM LIST OF THE RARE ANIMALS OF NORTH CAROLINA
Scientific Name Common Name Status Rank
Province: Habitat (Counties of occurrence) N.C. U.S. N.C. Global
____________________________________________________________________________________________
34
Moxostoma sp. 3 Carolina Redhorse SR FSC S1 G1G2Q
P: Cape Fear and Pee Dee drainages
(Anson, Chatham, Harnett, Lee,
Moore, Richmond)
Notropis bifrenatus Bridle Shiner SC FSC S1 G3
C: stream near lower Neuse River
(Craven)
Notropis lutipinnis Yellowfin Shiner SC - S2 G4Q
MP: Savannah, Little Tennessee, and
Broad drainages [only the Savannah
and Little Tennessee drainages are
listed as SC] (Jackson, Macon,
Transylvania)
Notropis mekistocholas Cape Fear Shiner E E S1 G1
P: Cape Fear drainage (endemic to
North Carolina) (Chatham, Harnett,
Lee, Moore, Randolph)
Noturus eleutherus Mountain Madtom SC - SH G4
M: French Broad drainage
(Madison*)
Noturus flavus Stonecat E - S1 G5
M: Nolichucky, French Broad, and
Little Tennessee drainages (Madison,
Swain, Yancey)
Noturus furiosus Carolina Madtom SC FSC S2 G2
CP: Tar and Neuse drainages
(endemic to North Carolina) (Craven,
Durham*, Edgecombe, Franklin,
Greene*, Halifax, Johnston, Jones,
Lenoir, Nash, Pitt*, Vance, Wake,
Wayne, Wilson*)
Noturus gilberti Orangefin Madtom E FSC S1 G2
P: Dan drainage (Stokes)
Noturus sp. 1 Broadtail Madtom SC FSC S1 G2
C: Cape Fear, Waccamaw, and
Lumber drainages (Bladen,
Brunswick, Columbus, Cumberland+,
Duplin, Robeson, Sampson)
Percina burtoni Blotchside Logperch E FSC S1 G2
M: South Toe River; formerly in
French Broad drainage (Buncombe*,
Yancey)
Percina caprodes Logperch T - S1 G5
M: Tennessee drainages (Alleghany,
Ashe, Madison)
Percina nigrofasciata Blackbanded Darter SR - S1 G5
M: Savannah drainage (Transylvania)
Percina oxyrhynchus Sharpnose Darter SC - S1 G4
M: New River drainage (Alleghany,
Ashe)
Percina sciera Dusky Darter E - SH G5
M: French Broad drainage
(Madison*)
NATURAL HERITAGE PROGRAM LIST OF THE RARE ANIMALS OF NORTH CAROLINA
Scientific Name Common Name Status Rank
Province: Habitat (Counties of occurrence) N.C. U.S. N.C. Global
____________________________________________________________________________________________
35
Percina squamata Olive Darter SC FSC S2 G3
M: Tennessee drainages (Cherokee,
Haywood, Jackson, Macon,
Madison+, Mitchell, Swain, Yancey)
Phenacobius teretulus Kanawha Minnow SC FSC S2 G3G4
M: New drainage (Alleghany, Ashe,
Watauga)
Polyodon spathula Paddlefish E FSC SH G4
M: French Broad River (Buncombe*,
Madison)
Sander canadensis Sauger SR - S2 G5
M: French Broad and Hiwassee rivers
(Cherokee+, Haywood+, Madison)
Scartomyzon ariommus Bigeye Jumprock T - S1 G4
P: Dan drainage (Forsyth,
Rockingham, Stokes)
Semotilus lumbee Sandhills Chub SC FSC S3 G3
S: streams in the sandhills
(Cumberland, Harnett, Hoke,
Montgomery*, Moore, Richmond,
Scotland)
Thoburnia hamiltoni Rustyside Sucker E FSC S1 G3
P: Dan drainage (Stokes)
MOLLUSKS – FRESHWATER BIVALVES
Alasmidonta heterodon Dwarf Wedgemussel E E S1 G1G2
PC: Tar and Neuse drainages, mainly
near Fall Line (Franklin, Granville,
Halifax, Johnston, Nash, Orange,
Person+, Pitt*, Vance, Wake, Warren,
Wilson)
Alasmidonta raveneliana Appalachian Elktoe E E S1 G1
M: Tennessee drainages
(Buncombe*, Graham, Haywood,
Henderson, Jackson, Macon, Mitchell,
Swain, Transylvania, Yancey)
Alasmidonta sp. 2 a mussel from the Uwharries region SR - S1? GNR
P: Uwharries region streams (endemic
to North Carolina) (Davidson+,
Montgomery, Randolph)
Alasmidonta undulata Triangle Floater T - S2 G4
PC: most river systems in Piedmont
and Coastal Plain (Caswell, Chatham,
Durham, Edgecombe, Franklin, Gates,
Granville, Halifax, Harnett, Hertford,
Johnston, Jones, Montgomery, Moore,
Nash, Northampton, Orange, Person,
Pitt*, Randolph, Vance, Wake,
Warren, Wilson)
NATURAL HERITAGE PROGRAM LIST OF THE RARE ANIMALS OF NORTH CAROLINA
Scientific Name Common Name Status Rank
Province: Habitat (Counties of occurrence) N.C. U.S. N.C. Global
____________________________________________________________________________________________
36
Alasmidonta varicosa Brook Floater E FSC S1 G3
PM: Piedmont systems and along Blue
Ridge escarpment of Catawba River
system (Anson+, Burke+, Caldwell+,
Chatham+, Forsyth+, Granville,
Moore+, Orange, Randolph+, Surry+,
Yadkin+)
Alasmidonta viridis Slippershell Mussel E - S1 G4G5
M: Little Tennessee and Mills rivers
(Henderson+, Macon+, Swain+)
Anodonta couperiana Barrel Floater E - SH G3
C: Bladen County; formerly in
Greenfield Lake (Bladen, New
Hanover*)
Anodonta implicata Alewife Floater T - S1 G5
C: Chowan, Meherrin, lower Roanoke
and Pee Dee rivers (Anson, Bertie,
Chowan, Gates, Halifax, Hertford,
Northampton, Richmond,
Washington)
Cyclonaias tuberculata Purple Wartyback E - S1 G5
M: New River (Alleghany)
Elliptio dilatata Spike SC - S1 G5
M: Little Tennessee, Hiwassee, and
New rivers (Alleghany, Ashe,
Cherokee, Macon, Swain, Watauga)
Elliptio folliculata Pod Lance SC - S1 G2G3Q
C: Coastal Plain, mainly in Lake
Waccamaw (Bladen, Brunswick,
Columbus, Cumberland, Duplin,
Harnett, Pender, Sampson)
Elliptio lanceolata Yellow Lance E FSC S1 G2G3
PC: Tar and Neuse systems, mainly
near the Fall Line (Edgecombe,
Franklin, Granville, Halifax, Johnston,
Nash, Vance, Wake+, Warren,
Wayne+)
Elliptio marsupiobesa Cape Fear Spike SC - S3 G3Q
C: Cape Fear and Neuse basins
(endemic to North Carolina) (Bladen,
Craven, Cumberland, Duplin,
Johnston, Pender, Robeson, Sampson)
Elliptio roanokensis Roanoke Slabshell T - S1 G3
PC: Cape Fear north to Roanoke river
systems (Anson, Bladen, Craven,
Cumberland, Edgecombe, Halifax,
Harnett, Johnston, Montgomery,
Nash, Northampton, Pitt, Randolph,
Richmond, Stanly, Wake, Wayne)
NATURAL HERITAGE PROGRAM LIST OF THE RARE ANIMALS OF NORTH CAROLINA
Scientific Name Common Name Status Rank
Province: Habitat (Counties of occurrence) N.C. U.S. N.C. Global
____________________________________________________________________________________________
37
Elliptio steinstansana Tar River Spinymussel E E S1 G1
PC: Tar drainage, very rare in Neuse
drainage (endemic to North Carolina)
(Edgecombe, Franklin, Halifax,
Johnston, Nash, Pitt*, Warren)
Elliptio waccamawensis Waccamaw Spike E FSC S1 G2Q
C: Lake Waccamaw and vicinity
(endemic to this area and adjacent
South Carolina) (Brunswick+,
Columbus+)
Fusconaia barnesiana Tennessee Pigtoe E - S1 G2G3
M: Little Tennessee River (Macon+,
Swain+)
Fusconaia masoni Atlantic Pigtoe E FSC S1 G2
CP: most Atlantic drainages, in lower
Piedmont and upper Coastal Plain;
also in Black River in lower Coastal
Plain (Bladen, Caswell, Chatham+,
Durham, Edgecombe, Franklin,
Granville, Halifax, Harnett, Johnston,
Montgomery, Moore, Nash,
Northampton*, Orange, Pender,
Person, Pitt, Randolph+, Sampson,
Union, Wake, Warren, Wayne,
Wilson)
Fusconaia subrotunda Long-solid SR - S1 G3
M: Hiwassee and French Broad
systems (Buncombe*, Cherokee,
Clay, Transylvania)
Lampsilis cariosa Yellow Lampmussel E FSC S1 G3G4
PC: a number of river systems; mainly
near the Fall Line (Alamance*,
Anson, Bladen, Chatham, Columbus,
Cumberland, Davie, Durham,
Edgecombe, Franklin, Granville,
Halifax, Harnett, Johnston,
Montgomery, Moore, Nash, Orange,
Pender, Person, Pitt*, Randolph,
Richmond, Rowan, Vance)
Lampsilis fasciola Wavy-rayed Lampmussel SC - S1 G5
M: French Broad, Pigeon, Hiwassee,
and Little Tennessee rivers (Cherokee,
Haywood, Jackson, Macon, Mitchell,
Swain, Yancey)
Lampsilis fullerkati Waccamaw Fatmucket T FSC S1 G1Q
C: Lake Waccamaw and vicinity
(endemic to North Carolina and
adjacent South Carolina) (Columbus)
NATURAL HERITAGE PROGRAM LIST OF THE RARE ANIMALS OF NORTH CAROLINA
Scientific Name Common Name Status Rank
Province: Habitat (Counties of occurrence) N.C. U.S. N.C. Global
____________________________________________________________________________________________
38
Lampsilis radiata conspicua Carolina Fatmucket T - S1? G5T2Q
P: Neuse and Pee Dee systems
(Alamance, Anson, Cabarrus,
Davidson, Durham, Granville,
Montgomery, Orange, Person,
Randolph, Richmond, Stanly)
Lampsilis radiata radiata Eastern Lampmussel T - S1S2 G5T5
CP: a number of river systems
(Bladen, Chowan, Columbus, Craven,
Edgecombe, Franklin, Gates, Halifax,
Hertford, Johnston, Jones, Nash,
Northampton, Pender, Pitt, Sampson,
Wake, Warren, Wilson)
Lampsilis sp. 2 Chameleon Lampmussel SR - S1 G1
PC: Neuse, Tar, and Cape Fear
systems (endemic to North Carolina)
(Durham, Franklin, Granville, Nash+,
Orange, Person, Vance)
Lampsilis splendida Rayed Pink Fatmucket SR - S1? G3
C: Waccamaw and Cape Fear systems
(records not yet entered)
Lasmigona decorata Carolina Heelsplitter E E S1 G1
P: Catawba and Pee Dee drainages in
Union County (endemic to this area
and adjacent South Carolina)
(Anson*, Cabarrus*, Mecklenburg*,
Richmond*, Union)
Lasmigona holstonia Tennessee Heelsplitter E FSC S1 G3
M: Mills River; formerly in Valley
Creek in Cherokee County
(Cherokee*, Henderson)
Lasmigona subviridis Green Floater E FSC S1 G3
CPM: Tar, Neuse, and Cape Fear
systems downstate; New and Watauga
systems in mountains (Alleghany,
Ashe, Durham, Edgecombe,
Granville, Halifax, Johnston, Nash,
Northampton, Orange, Person,
Rockingham, Stokes, Wake, Watauga)
Leptodea ochracea Tidewater Mucket T - S1 G3G4
CP: a number of systems, primarily in
the Coastal Plain; abundant in Lake
Waccamaw (Bertie, Chowan,
Columbus, Edgecombe*, Gates,
Halifax, Hertford, Martin,
Northampton, Pitt, Washington)
Ligumia nasuta Eastern Pondmussel T - S1 G4G5
C: Chowan, Roanoke, and Cape Fear
systems (Anson, Bertie, Brunswick,
Chowan, Gates, Hertford, Nash*,
Pitt*, Richmond, Washington)
NATURAL HERITAGE PROGRAM LIST OF THE RARE ANIMALS OF NORTH CAROLINA
Scientific Name Common Name Status Rank
Province: Habitat (Counties of occurrence) N.C. U.S. N.C. Global
____________________________________________________________________________________________
39
Pegias fabula Littlewing Pearlymussel E E S1 G1
M: Little Tennessee River; formerly in
Valley River in Cherokee County
(Cherokee*, Macon, Swain)
Pleurobema collina James Spinymussel SR E S1 G1
P: Dan and Mayo rivers
(Rockingham, Stokes)
Pleurobema oviforme Tennessee Clubshell E FSC SU G2G3
M: French Broad and Hiwassee
drainages (Cherokee, Transylvania)
Sphaerium simile Grooved Fingernailclam SR - S1? G5
C: White Oak River (Jones, Onslow)
Strophitus undulatus Creeper T - S2 G5
PCM: Tar, Neuse, Cape Fear, Pee
Dee, and French Broad systems,
perhaps other systems in Piedmont
(Alamance, Anson, Buncombe,
Caswell, Chatham, Davidson+,
Durham, Edgecombe, Forsyth,
Franklin, Granville, Halifax, Harnett,
Henderson, Johnston, Jones,
Mecklenburg, Montgomery, Moore,
Nash, Orange, Person, Pitt, Polk,
Randolph, Richmond, Rockingham,
Stanly, Surry, Transylvania, Union,
Vance, Wake, Warren, Wilson,
Yadkin)
Toxolasma pullus Savannah Lilliput E FSC S1 G1G2
PC: a number of Atlantic drainages
(Columbus, Montgomery, Orange,
Randolph, Union)
Villosa constricta Notched Rainbow SC - S3 G3
PC: most Atlantic drainages, mainly
in lower Piedmont (Alamance, Burke,
Cabarrus, Chatham, Duplin, Durham,
Franklin, Granville, Halifax, Harnett,
Johnston, Lee*, Montgomery, Moore,
Nash, Orange, Person, Randolph,
Rockingham, Stanly, Union, Vance,
Wake, Warren, Wilson)
Villosa delumbis Eastern Creekshell SR - S3 G4
PC: most Atlantic drainages
(Alamance, Anson, Bladen,
Brunswick, Burke, Cabarrus,
Chatham, Cumberland, Duplin,
Granville, Mecklenburg,
Montgomery, Person, Randolph,
Rockingham, Sampson, Stanly,
Union)
Villosa iris Rainbow SC - S1 G5
M: Hiwassee and Little Tennessee
drainages; formerly in French Broad
drainage (Cherokee, Clay, Jackson,
Macon, Swain)
NATURAL HERITAGE PROGRAM LIST OF THE RARE ANIMALS OF NORTH CAROLINA
Scientific Name Common Name Status Rank
Province: Habitat (Counties of occurrence) N.C. U.S. N.C. Global
____________________________________________________________________________________________
40
Villosa trabalis Cumberland Bean SR E S1 G1
M: Hiwassee River (Cherokee)
Villosa vanuxemensis Mountain Creekshell T - S1 G4
M: Hiwassee River; formerly in
French Broad drainage (Cherokee)
Villosa vaughaniana Carolina Creekshell E FSC S2 G2
P: Pee Dee, Catawba, and Cape Fear
systems (endemic to North Carolina
and adjacent South Carolina)
(Alamance, Anson, Cabarrus,
Chatham, Mecklenburg, Montgomery,
Moore, Orange, Randolph, Richmond,
Stanly, Union)
MOLLUSKS – FRESHWATER GASTROPODS
Amnicola sp. 1 Waccamaw Snail SC - S1 G1
C: Lake Waccamaw and adjacent Big
Creek (Columbus)
Cincinnatia sp. 1 Waccamaw Siltsnail SC - S1 G1
C: Lake Waccamaw and adjacent Big
Creek (endemic to North Carolina)
(Columbus)
Elimia christyi [a split from E. Christy's Elimia E FSC S1 G2
interrupta, which does not occur in
North Carolina]
M: Hiwassee River and tributaries
(Cherokee)
Ferrissia hendersoni Blackwater Ancylid SC - S1 G5Q
CP: scattered locales in Coastal Plain
and Piedmont, but mainly on margins
of Carolina bay lakes (records not yet
entered)
Helisoma eucosmium Greenfield Rams-horn E FSC S1 G1Q
C: Greenfield Lake (formerly), creek
in Brunswick County (endemic to
North Carolina) (Brunswick, New
Hanover*)
Leptoxis dilatata Seep Mudalia T - S1 G3
M: New River drainage in Ashe,
Alleghany, and Watauga counties
(Alexander*, Alleghany, Ashe,
Watauga)
Planorbella magnifica Magnificent Rams-horn E FSC S1 G1
C: Orton Pond and pond on Sand Hill
Creek; formerly Greenfield Lake
(endemic to North Carolina)
(Brunswick, New Hanover*)
Somatogyrus virginicus Panhandle Pebblesnail SR FSC S1? G1G2
P: Eno River (Durham)
Viviparus intertextus Rotund Mysterysnail SR - S2? G4
C: swamps in Lumber and Waccamaw
drainages (Columbus, Robeson)
NATURAL HERITAGE PROGRAM LIST OF THE RARE ANIMALS OF NORTH CAROLINA
Scientific Name Common Name Status Rank
Province: Habitat (Counties of occurrence) N.C. U.S. N.C. Global
____________________________________________________________________________________________
41
MOLLUSKS – TERRESTRIAL GASTROPODS
Appalachina chilhoweensis Queen Crater SC - S2 G4
M: cove hardwoods (Graham+,
Haywood+, Madison+, Swain+)
Catinella pugilator Weedpatch Ambersnail SR - S1? G1G2
C: marsh ecotones (Currituck)
Catinella waccamawensis Waccamaw Ambersnail T - S1 G1Q
C: shoreline of Lake Waccamaw
(endemic to this area) (Columbus)
Daedalochila nr. auriformis a liptooth SR - S1S2 GNR
C: very wet clay savannas?
(Brunswick)
Discus bryanti Sawtooth Disc SC - S2 G3
M: cove hardwoods; Watauga to
Madison counties (Buncombe,
Madison, Mitchell)
Fumonelix jonesiana Big-tooth Covert T - S1 G1
M: spruce-fir and northern hardwoods;
Newfound Gap area of Great Smoky
Mountains National Park (endemic to
this area) (Swain*)
Fumonelix orestes Engraved Covert T - S1 G1
M: spruce-fir and northern hardwoods;
Plott Balsam mountains (endemic to
this area) (Haywood, Jackson)
Fumonelix wheatleyi clingmanicus Clingman Covert T FSC S1 G4T2T3
M: Clingmans Dome region of Great
Smoky Mountains National Park
(endemic to this area) (Swain)
Glyphyalinia clingmani Fragile Glyph E FSC S1 G1
M: wet leaf litter associated with
seepage runs; Black Mountains of
Yancey County (endemic to North
Carolina) (Yancey)
Glyphyalinia junaluskana Dark Glyph SC - S2 G2
M: cove hardwoods; southwestern
mountains (Cherokee+, Graham+,
Macon+, Swain+)
Glyphyalinia pentadelphia Pink Glyph SC - S2 G2G3
M: cove hardwoods; southwestern
mountains (Cherokee+, Clay+,
Graham+, Macon+, Swain+)
Glyphyalinia vanattai - see Pilsbryna
vanattai
Haplotrema kendeighi Blue-footed Lancetooth SC - S1S2 G2
M: southwestern mountains (Macon+,
Swain+)
Helicodiscus bonamicus Spiral Coil SC - S1 G1
M: Nantahala Gorge vicinity (endemic
to this area) (Graham+, Macon+,
Swain+)
NATURAL HERITAGE PROGRAM LIST OF THE RARE ANIMALS OF NORTH CAROLINA
Scientific Name Common Name Status Rank
Province: Habitat (Counties of occurrence) N.C. U.S. N.C. Global
____________________________________________________________________________________________
42
Helicodiscus fimbriatus Fringed Coil SC - S2 G4
M: rocky soils; extreme southwestern
corner of the state (Cherokee+,
Graham+)
Helicodiscus saludensis Corncob Snail SR - S1? G1
M: no habitat or locality data (records
not yet entered)
Helicodiscus triodus Talus Coil SR - S1? G2
M: Madison County (Madison)
Inflectarius downieanus Dwarf Globelet SR - S1 G3
M: northern mountains (Watauga)
Inflectarius ferrissi Smoky Mountain Covert T - S2 G2
M: spruce-fir and northern hardwoods;
Great Smoky Mountains and Plott
Balsams (endemic to these ranges)
(Haywood+, Jackson+, Swain+)
Inflectarius subpalliatus Velvet Covert SC - S2 G2
M: central mountains (Avery to
Haywood counties) (Avery,
Haywood+, Madison, Mitchell,
Watauga)
Inflectarius verus a snail SR - S1? G1
M: forests (Swain)
Mesodon altivagus Wandering Globe SR - S2S3 G2G3
M: spruce-fir forests (Avery, Swain)
Mesomphix andrewsae Mountain Button SR - S3? G3G4
M: high elevation forests (records not
yet entered)
Novisuccinea sp. 1 nr. chittenangoensis an ambersnail SR - S1S3 GNR
M: northern hardwoods? (Graham)
Pallifera hemphilli Black Mantleslug SC - S2 G4
M: high elevation forests, mainly
spruce-fir (Avery+, Jackson+,
Mitchell+, Swain+, Yancey+)
Paravitrea andrewsae High Mountain Supercoil SC - S2 G2
M: cove forests with rocky slopes;
northern half of the mountains
(Avery, Buncombe+, Madison,
Mitchell, Watauga, Yancey+)
Paravitrea bellona Club Supercoil SR - S1? G1
M: wooded river bluffs and ravines
(records not yet entered)
Paravitrea clappi Mirey Ridge Supercoil SC - S1S2 G2G3
M: spruce-fir and northern hardwoods;
high elevations in Great Smoky
Mountains National Park (Swain+)
Paravitrea lacteodens Ramp Cove Supercoil SC - S1 G1
M: Graham County, possibly
Cherokee County (endemic to this
area) (Graham+)
NATURAL HERITAGE PROGRAM LIST OF THE RARE ANIMALS OF NORTH CAROLINA
Scientific Name Common Name Status Rank
Province: Habitat (Counties of occurrence) N.C. U.S. N.C. Global
____________________________________________________________________________________________
43
Paravitrea lamellidens Lamellate Supercoil SC - S2 G2
M: cove hardwoods under rocks;
southern half of the mountains
(Cherokee+, Graham+, Haywood+,
Macon+, Swain+, Yancey+)
Paravitrea placentula Glossy Supercoil SC - S2 G3
M: Madison, Mitchell and Swain
counties (Madison, Mitchell, Swain+)
Paravitrea ternaria Sculpted Supercoil T FSC S1 G1G2
M: found under moist leaf litter on
wooded hillsides and slopes (endemic
to Madison County and Unicoi
County, Tennessee) (Madison)
Paravitrea umbilicaris Open Supercoil SC - S2 G2
M: cove forests with rocky slopes;
extreme southwestern mountains
(Cherokee+, Graham+, Macon+)
Paravitrea varidens Roan Supercoil T FSC S1S2 G1G2
M: Mitchell and Yancey counties
(endemic to North Carolina and
adjacent Tennessee) (Mitchell,
Yancey+)
Patera clarki clarki Dwarf Proud Globe SC - S2 G3T3
M: cove hardwoods (Cherokee+,
Clay+, Graham+, Jackson+, Macon+,
Swain+)
Patera clarki nantahala Noonday Globe T T S1 G3T1
M: Nantahala Gorge (endemic to this
site) (Swain)
Pilsbryna nodopalma Oar Tooth Bud SR - S1 G1G2
M: rock outcrops and rocky hillsides
along streams (records not yet
entered)
Pilsbryna vanattai Honey Glyph SC - S1S2 G2G3
M: wet leaf litter next to seeps or
streams (Avery+, Mitchell+,
Yancey+)
Stenotrema altispira Highland Slitmouth SR - S3? G2
M: high elevation forests (records not
yet entered)
Stenotrema depilatum Great Smoky Slitmouth SC - S2 G2
M: Great Smoky Mountains National
Park (essentially endemic to this area)
(Graham+, Swain+)
Striatura exigua Ribbed Striate SR - S1S2 G5
M: swampy woods and moist forests
(records not yet entered)
Triodopsis fulciden Dwarf Threetooth SC - S1S2 G1G2
P: southwestern Piedmont (endemic to
North Carolina) (Burke+, Catawba+,
Cleveland+, Lincoln+)
NATURAL HERITAGE PROGRAM LIST OF THE RARE ANIMALS OF NORTH CAROLINA
Scientific Name Common Name Status Rank
Province: Habitat (Counties of occurrence) N.C. U.S. N.C. Global
____________________________________________________________________________________________
44
Triodopsis soelneri Cape Fear Threetooth T FSC S2 G2
C: swampy habitats in the extreme
southeastern corner of the state
(endemic to North Carolina)
(Brunswick, Columbus*, New
Hanover)
Triodopsis tennesseensis Budded Threetooth SR - S1S3 G4
M: Hot Springs vicinity (Madison)
Valvata sincera a valvatid snail SR - S1 G5
P: Pee Dee drainage (Richmond)
Ventridens coelaxis Bidentate Dome SC - S2 G3
M: cove forests; northern mountains
(Alleghany+, Avery+, Madison,
Watauga+)
Ventridens collisella Sculptured Dome SR - S1 G4
M: northern mountains (Mitchell,
Watauga)
Ventridens decussatus Crossed Dome SR - S3? G2G3
M: montane oak-hickory forests
(records not yet entered)
Ventridens lasmodon Hollow Dome SR - S1S3 G4
M: Madison County (Madison)
Vertigo alabamensis Alabama Vertigo SR - S2S3 G1G2
C: pocosins (Bladen, Brunswick,
Carteret, Craven, Greene, Pamlico,
Pender, Scotland, Tyrrell)
Vertigo n. sp. 1 a new vertigo SR - S2S3 GNR
C: pocosins (Bladen, Brunswick,
Craven, Jones, Pamlico, Pender,
Tyrrell)
Zonitoides patuloides Appalachian Gloss SC - S2 G3
M: cove hardwoods in deep leaf litter;
southwestern mountains (Macon+,
Swain+)
ARACHNIDS
This arachnid list is a selective one, concentrating on cave and other montane spiders, and is not intended to be a complete list of
the rare arachnids in the state.
Hypochilus coylei a lampshade spider SR - S3? G3?
M: rock outcrops (apparently endemic
to southern mountains of North
Carolina) (Buncombe, Henderson,
McDowell, Polk, Rutherford)
Hypochilus sheari a lampshade spider SR - S2S3 G2G3
M: rock outcrops (apparently endemic
to Buncombe, McDowell, and Yancey
counties, NC) (Buncombe,
McDowell, Yancey)
NATURAL HERITAGE PROGRAM LIST OF THE RARE ANIMALS OF NORTH CAROLINA
Scientific Name Common Name Status Rank
Province: Habitat (Counties of occurrence) N.C. U.S. N.C. Global
____________________________________________________________________________________________
45
Microhexura montivaga Spruce-fir Moss Spider SR E S1 G1
M: in moss of spruce-fir forests
(endemic to North Carolina and
adjacent Tennessee) (Avery,
Caldwell, Mitchell, Swain*, Watauga,
Yancey*)
Nesticus brimleyi a nesticid spider SR - S1? G1G2
M: caves (endemic to the vicinity of
Bat Cave)
Nesticus carolinensis Linville Caverns Spider SR - S1 G1?
M: caves (apparently endemic to
Linville Caverns) (McDowell*)
Nesticus cooperi Lost Nantahala Cave Spider SR FSC S1 G1
M: caves and along Nantahala River
(apparently endemic to this area)
(Macon, Swain+)
Nesticus crosbyi a nesticid spider SR - S1? G1?
M: spruce-fir forests (apparently
endemic to Mount Mitchell)
Nesticus gertschi a nesticid spider SR - S1? G1G2
M: caves; Bat Cave (endemic to this
area)
Nesticus mimus a nesticid spider SR - S2? G2
M: rocky areas; known from
Grandfather Mountain and Table
Rock; also in Virginia
Nesticus sheari a nesticid spider SR - S2? G2?
M: on ground in moist or rich forests
(apparently endemic to Graham
County, NC)
Nesticus silvanus a nesticid spider SR - S2? G2?
M: habitat not indicated (apparently
endemic to southern mountains of
North Carolina)
Nesticus sp. 1 a nesticid spider SR - S2? G2?
M: habitat not indicated (known only
from Jackson and Transylvania
counties) (endemic to North Carolina)
Nesticus sp. 2 a nesticid spider SR - S1S3 G1G3
M: on ground in forests (only known
from Clay County, NC)
CRUSTACEANS
Caecidotea carolinensis Bennett's Mill Cave Water Slater SR FSC S1 G2G3
P: caves; in McDowell County
(endemic to this area) (McDowell)
Cambarus acanthura Spinytail Crayfish SR - S1 G4
M: pools and small creeks in the
Hiwassee drainage (records not yet
entered)
NATURAL HERITAGE PROGRAM LIST OF THE RARE ANIMALS OF NORTH CAROLINA
Scientific Name Common Name Status Rank
Province: Habitat (Counties of occurrence) N.C. U.S. N.C. Global
____________________________________________________________________________________________
46
Cambarus catagius Greensboro Burrowing Crayfish SC - S2 G3
P: Greensboro area to Uwharries
(endemic to North Carolina)
(Davidson, Guilford, Montgomery,
Randolph)
Cambarus chaugaensis Oconee Stream Crayfish SC - S2 G2
M: streams in Savannah drainage
(endemic to northwest South Carolina
and adjacent North Carolina and
Georgia) (Jackson, Macon,
Transylvania)
Cambarus davidi Carolina Ladle Crayfish SR - S2S3 G2G3
P: Neuse and Cape Fear drainages
(endemic to North Carolina)
(Alamance, Caswell, Chatham,
Durham, Harnett, Orange,
Rockingham, Wake)
Cambarus georgiae Little Tennessee River Crayfish SC - S2S3 G1
M: streams in Little Tennessee
drainage (Jackson, Macon)
Cambarus hystricosus Sandhills Spiny Crayfish SR - S2 G2
S: streams in the Sandhills. (endemic
to North Carolina) (records not yet
entered)
Cambarus lenati Broad River Stream Crayfish SR - S2 G2
P: streams in the Broad River drainage
(endemic to North Carolina)
(Cleveland*, Rutherford)
Cambarus nodosus Knotty Burrowing Crayfish SR - S2 G4
M: seepages and other mucky areas in
Hiwassee drainage (records not yet
entered)
Cambarus parrishi Hiwassee Headwaters Crayfish SC FSC S2S3 G1
M: streams in Hiwassee drainage
(Cherokee+, Clay)
Cambarus reburrus French Broad River Crayfish SR FSC S2S3 G3G4
M: streams in upper portions of
French Broad drainage, and in one
stream in Savannah drainage (endemic
to North Carolina) (Buncombe,
Henderson+, Jackson, Madison,
Transylvania)
Cambarus spicatus Broad River Spiny Crayfish SC - S2 G3
P: streams in Broad River drainage
(Cleveland, Polk)
Cambarus tuckasegee Tuckasegee Stream Crayfish SR - S1 G1G3
M: streams in Tuckasegee River
subdrainage of Little Tennessee River
drainage (endemic to North Carolina)
(Jackson, Swain)
Diacyclops jeanneli putei Carolina Well Diacyclops SR - SH G3G4T1T2
P: dug well, in Orange County
(endemic to North Carolina)
(Orange*)
NATURAL HERITAGE PROGRAM LIST OF THE RARE ANIMALS OF NORTH CAROLINA
Scientific Name Common Name Status Rank
Province: Habitat (Counties of occurrence) N.C. U.S. N.C. Global
____________________________________________________________________________________________
47
Lynceus gracilicornis Graceful Clam Shrimp SR - S2? G5
C: temporary ponds, pools, and
ditches (Craven, New Hanover)
Orconectes carolinensis North Carolina Spiny Crayfish SC - S3 G3
CP: rivers and streams in the Neuse
and Tar drainages (endemic to North
Carolina) (Craven*, Edgecombe,
Franklin, Granville, Greene*, Halifax,
Johnston, Jones, Lenoir*, Nash, Pitt,
Vance, Wake*, Warren, Wilson)
Orconectes sp. 3 a crayfish SR - S2? GNR
M: Cheoah River subdrainage of the
Little Tennessee River basin
(probably endemic to this area)
(records not yet entered)
Orconectes virginiensis Chowanoke Crayfish SC FSC S3 G3
C: streams and rivers in the Chowan
and Roanoke drainages (Bertie,
Granville+, Halifax, Hertford, Martin,
Northampton)
Procambarus braswelli Waccamaw Crayfish SC - S2S3 G2G3
C: Waccamaw River and tributary
streams (endemic to North Carolina
and adjacent South Carolina)
(Brunswick, Columbus, Scotland)
Procambarus plumimanus Croatan Crayfish SR - S3 G4
C: rivers, ponds, ditches, and borrow
pits in eastern Coastal Plain (endemic
to North Carolina) (Carteret, Craven,
Duplin*, Jones, New Hanover,
Onslow, Pender)
Skistodiaptomus carolinensis Carolina Skistodiaptomus SR - S1? GNR
M: Lake Ravenel in Macon County
(endemic to North Carolina) (Macon)
Stygobromus carolinensis Yancey Sideswimmer SR FSC S1 G1G2
M: seeps at Mount Mitchell (endemic
to North Carolina) (Yancey+)
INSECTS – MAYFLIES
Asioplax dolani a mayfly SR - S2 G4
P: Neuse River (Wayne, Johnston)
Baetisca becki a mayfly SR - S1 G2G3
PC: Swift Creek (Nash), Fishing
Creek (Edgecombe, Halifax)
Baetisca laurentina a mayfly SR - SU G5
PC: Lower Jacobs Fork (Catawba),
Trent River (Jones)
Baetisca obesa a mayfly SR - S1 G5
C: known in NC only from the lower
Tar River (Edgecombe, Pitt)
Baetopus trishae a mayfly SR - S1 G1G2
no locality data
NATURAL HERITAGE PROGRAM LIST OF THE RARE ANIMALS OF NORTH CAROLINA
Scientific Name Common Name Status Rank
Province: Habitat (Counties of occurrence) N.C. U.S. N.C. Global
____________________________________________________________________________________________
48
Barbaetis benfieldi Benfield's Bearded Small Minnow SR - S1 G2G4
M: Jacob Fork (Burke), French Broad Mayfly
River (Buncombe, Transylvania),
Caney Fork (Jackson); may be
undersampled -- narrow window of
collectibility
Cercobrachys etowah a caenid mayfly SR - S2 G4
P: known in NC only from the Tar
River; taxonomically difficult
Choroterpes basalis a mayfly SR - S2 G5
PSC: Waccamaw River (Columbus,
Brunswick), Drowning Creek
(Richmond), Bear Creek (Chatham),
Lanes Creek (Union), UT Laurens
Creek (Union), Dutchmans Creek (?)
Dolania americana American Sand Burrowing Mayfly SR FSC SH G4
C: only known NC occurrence is from
the Black River; not seen since 1974
(Sampson)
Drunella longicornis a mayfly SR - S3 G5
M: recorded from nine streams and
rivers, from Watauga River (Watauga)
to Williamson Creek (Transylvania)
(Avery, Henderson, McDowell,
Transylvania, Watauga, Yancey)
Ephemerella berneri a mayfly SR - S2 G4
PM: probably widespread in clean
streams and rivers with Podostemum
(Ashe, Buncombe, Burke, Durham,
McDowell, Rockingham)
Habrophlebiodes spp. Habrophlebiodes mayflies SR - S2 GNR
very small streams; no locality data
Homoeoneuria cahabensis Cahaba Sand-filtering Mayfly SR - S1S2 G2G3
P: South Fork Yadkin River (Davie),
South Fork Catawba River (Lincoln),
Hunting Creek (Iredell), Third Creek
(Rowan), Second Broad River
(Rutherford)
Macdunnoa brunnea a mayfly SR - S2 G3G4
MP: French Broad River (Buncombe),
Mills River (Henderson), Hunting
Creek (Davie, Iredell), Leepers Creek
(Gaston), Yadkin River (Wilkes),
Swift Creek (Nash)
Plauditus cestus a mayfly SR - S1 G5
no habitat information (records not
yet entered)
Serratella serrata [formerly S. spiculosa] Spiculose Serratellan Mayfly SR - S1 G5
M: creeks (Macon)
Tortopus puella a mayfly SR - S1 G4
P: only one NC specimen known,
from Tar River (Franklin)
NATURAL HERITAGE PROGRAM LIST OF THE RARE ANIMALS OF NORTH CAROLINA
Scientific Name Common Name Status Rank
Province: Habitat (Counties of occurrence) N.C. U.S. N.C. Global
____________________________________________________________________________________________
49
INSECTS – STONEFLIES
Attaneuria ruralis a stonefly SR - S2 G4
MS: Cataloochee Creek (Haywood),
West Fork Pigeon River (Haywood),
South Fork New River (Ashe), Naked
Creek (Richmond)
Beloneuria georgiana Georgia Beloneurian Stonefly SR - S1S3 G2
M: high elevation rheocrenes [spring
brooks] (Macon)
Bolotoperla rossi a stonefly SR - S3 G4
M: known from eight streams and
rivers in the mountains, from Ashe
County to Transylvania County
(Alleghany, Ashe, Caldwell,
McDowell, Transylvania, Watauga)
Isoperla frisoni a stonefly SR - S3 G5
MP: known from six streams and
rivers in the mountains, from the New
River (Ashe) to Whiteoak Creek
(Macon); also found in the Dan River
(Ashe, Macon, Transylvania)
Isoperla lata a perlid stonefly SR - S3 G5
M: recent state records from Fires
Creek (Clay) and Big Creek
(Haywood)
Megaleuctra williamsae Williams' Rare Winter Stonefly SR - S1 G2
M: UT Cullasaja River (Macon), Cove
Creek (Haywood), Mull Creek
(Jackson), Beech Flats Prong (Swain);
possibly undersampled -- semi-aquatic
Perlinella ephyre a stonefly SR - S3 G5
PSC: known from eight streams and
rivers in the Sandhills and inner
Coastal Plain; also occurs in Flat
River (Person) and Terrible Creek
(Wake)
Zapada chila a stonefly SR - S1S2 G2
M: small streams – Beech Flats Prong
(Swain), also in Ashe County; hard to
identify and may be undersampled
INSECTS – CADDISFLIES
Ceraclea cancellata a caddisfly SR - S1S2 G5
SC: Naked Creek (Richmond),
Roanoke River (Bertie), Ellis and
Turnbull creeks (Bladen)
Ceraclea mentiea a caddisfly SR - S2 G5
MP: Big Horse Creek (Ashe), North
and South Forks of New River (Ashe,
Alleghany, Watauga); Mayo River
(Rockingham)
NATURAL HERITAGE PROGRAM LIST OF THE RARE ANIMALS OF NORTH CAROLINA
Scientific Name Common Name Status Rank
Province: Habitat (Counties of occurrence) N.C. U.S. N.C. Global
____________________________________________________________________________________________
50
Ceraclea slossonae a caddisfly SR - S2? G4
M: North Fork New River (Ashe),
Johns River (Burke); may be more
numerous but difficult to identify
Ceraclea sp. 1 a caddisfly SR - S1? G2
no locality data (records not yet
entered)
Dibusa angata a caddisfly SR - S3 G5
P: South Yadkin River (Davie), Eno
River (Durham), Little River (Wake),
Little River (Durham), Cane Creek
(Orange)
Diplectrona metaqui a diplectronan caddisfly SR - S1 G4G5
P: known in NC only from Hanging
Rock State Park (Stokes), but has
possibly been undersampled -- occurs
in small streams
Manophylax altus Mount Mitchell Caddisfly SR - S1 G2G3
M: recorded only from Mt. Mitchell
(Yancey) but probably occurs
elsewhere
Matrioptila jeanae a caddisfly SR - S3 G4
PM: known from ten streams and
rivers in the mountains and Piedmont;
poorly sampled due to occurrence in
small streams (Burke, Clay,
Henderson, Johnston, Macon,
Transylvania)
Micrasema burksi a caddisfly SR - S3 G4G5
M: known from eleven streams in the
mountains, from Avery County to
Clay County (Avery, Buncombe,
Caldwell, Clay, Haywood, Jackson,
Macon, Swain, Yancey)
Micrasema sprulesi a caddisfly SR - S3 G5
PM: known from eight streams and
rivers, primarily in the mountains but
also in the Mayo River (Burke,
Henderson, Macon, McDowell,
Rockingham, Surry, Yancey)
Palaeagapetus celsus a caddisfly SR - S2 G5
M: Wilson Creek (Avery), Boone
Fork (Watauga); may be
undersampled due to occurrence in
small streams
Rhyacophila amicis a caddisfly SR - S2 G2
M: Cullasaja River (Macon),
Nantahala River (Macon, Clay),
Whiterock Creek (Jackson), Spainhour
Creek (Caldwell), North Toe River (?
County), Deep Creek (? County),
Oconoluftee River (Swain)
Rhyacophila celadon Celadon Caddisfly SR - S1? G2G3
M: no habitat data (Swain)
NATURAL HERITAGE PROGRAM LIST OF THE RARE ANIMALS OF NORTH CAROLINA
Scientific Name Common Name Status Rank
Province: Habitat (Counties of occurrence) N.C. U.S. N.C. Global
____________________________________________________________________________________________
51
Rhyacophila mainensis a caddisfly SR - S2 G5
M: Oconaluftee River, South Toe
River, Tusquitee Creek, Palmer Creek
(Clay, Haywood, Henderson, Macon,
McDowell, Swain, Transylvania,
Yancey)
Rhyacophila vibox a rhyacophilan caddisfly SR - S1S2 G5
MP: Whiteoak Creek (Macon),
Mitchell River (Surry)
Triaenodes marginatus a triaenode caddisfly SR - S3 G5
PSC: Stewart Creek (Mecklenburg),
Long Creek (Gaston), Whiteoak Creek
(Polk); Lumber River (Robeson), UT
Hitchcock Creek (Richmond), Mill
Creek (Moore)
INSECTS – DRAGONFLIES
Aeshna tuberculifera Black-tipped Darner SR - S1S2 G4
M: boggy or marshy ponds (Burke+,
Wilkes+)
Aeshna verticalis Green-striped Darner SR - S1S2 G5
M: marshy ponds (Burke+,
Henderson+)
Cordulia shurtleffii American Emerald SR - S1? G5
M: ponds, lakes, bogs (Burke+)
Gomphus abbreviatus Spine-crowned Clubtail SR - S3? G3G4
PC: rivers (Chatham+, Cumberland+,
Durham+, Lee+, Mecklenburg+,
Montgomery+, Moore+, Person+,
Randolph+, Union+)
Gomphus adelphus Moustached Clubtail SR - S1S2 G4
M: small rivers with rapids (Avery+,
Haywood+, Madison+, Yancey+)
Gomphus australis Clearlake Clubtail SR - S2? G4
C: lakes and ponds (Brunswick+,
New Hanover+)
Gomphus borealis Beaverpond Clubtail SR - SH G4
M: lakes, ponds, streams (Mitchell*)
Gomphus cavillaris brimleyi Brimley's Clubtail SR - S1S2 G4T3
SC: sand-bottomed lakes and streams
(Bladen+, Brunswick+)
Gomphus consanguis Cherokee Clubtail SR FSC S1S2 G2G3
M: small spring-fed streams (Burke+,
Davie+)
Gomphus descriptus Harpoon Clubtail SR - S1? G4
M: large streams and rivers (Avery+,
Haywood+)
Gomphus fraternus Midland Clubtail SR - S1? G5
P: rocky rivers (Anson+, Stanly+)
NATURAL HERITAGE PROGRAM LIST OF THE RARE ANIMALS OF NORTH CAROLINA
Scientific Name Common Name Status Rank
Province: Habitat (Counties of occurrence) N.C. U.S. N.C. Global
____________________________________________________________________________________________
52
Gomphus lineatifrons Splendid Clubtail SR - S2S3 G4
MP: rivers (Alleghany+, Ashe+,
Avery+, Durham+, Haywood+,
Orange+)
Gomphus quadricolor Rapids Clubtail SR - S1S2 G3G4
P: rocky rivers (Chatham+, Moore+)
Gomphus septima Septima's Clubtail SR FSC S1S3 G2
P: rivers (Chatham, Durham*,
Harnett, Lee, Moore+)
Gomphus ventricosus Skillet Clubtail SR - S1S2 G3
P: rivers (Caswell+, Franklin+,
Vance+)
Gomphus viridifrons Green-faced Clubtail SR - S1S2 G3
M: rivers (Alleghany+, Ashe+)
Ladona julia Chalk-fronted Corporal SR - S1 G5
M: bogs, marshes (Jackson)
Libellula julia - see Ladona
Macromia margarita Mountain River Cruiser SR FSC S2S3 G3
PM: rivers (Burke, Caldwell+,
Macon+, Stokes, Transylvania*)
Neurocordulia molesta Smoky Shadowdragon SR - S2S3 G4
C: rivers (Bladen+, Cumberland+,
Edgecombe+, Harnett+, Lenoir+,
Richmond+, Sampson+, Wayne+)
Neurocordulia virginiensis Cinnamon Shadowdragon SR - S2S3 G4
P: large rivers (Chatham+, Durham+,
Halifax+, Harnett+, Nash+)
Neurocordulia yamaskanensis Stygian Shadowdragon SR - S1S2 G5
M: rivers (Alleghany+, Madison+)
Ophiogomphus aspersus Brook Snaketail SR - S1S2 G3G4
M: rapids of rivers and streams
(Alleghany+, Ashe, Haywood+)
Ophiogomphus edmundo Edmund's Snaketail SR FSC S1? G1G2
M: Blue Ridge Escarpment streams
(Burke, Caldwell)
Ophiogomphus howei Pygmy Snaketail SR FSC S1S2 G3
M: rivers (Alleghany, Ashe, Burke)
Ophiogomphus mainensis Maine Snaketail SR - S2S3 G4
M: rapids of rivers and streams
(Burke, Caldwell+, Haywood+,
Mitchell+, Watauga+, Yancey+)
Progomphus bellei Belle's Sanddragon SR FSC S1 G3
C: sand-bottomed lakes and streams
(Bladen)
Somatochlora elongata Ski-tailed Emerald SR - S2S3 G5
M: slow to moderate streams (Avery+,
Burke+, Clay+, Jackson+, Macon+)
Stylurus scudderi Zebra Clubtail SR - S3? G4
M: streams and rivers (Ashe+,
Avery+, Jackson+, Macon+, Swain+,
Wilkes+)
NATURAL HERITAGE PROGRAM LIST OF THE RARE ANIMALS OF NORTH CAROLINA
Scientific Name Common Name Status Rank
Province: Habitat (Counties of occurrence) N.C. U.S. N.C. Global
____________________________________________________________________________________________
53
Stylurus townesi Townes' Clubtail SR FSC S1? G3
C: small rivers (Columbus+,
Robeson+)
Sympetrum obtrusum White-faced Meadowhawk SR - S1? G5
M: boggy or marshy ponds and lakes
(Ashe, Watauga+)
INSECTS – DAMSELFLIES
Enallagma minusculum Little Bluet SR - S1? G3G4
C: lakes and ponds (Bladen+)
Enallagma sulcatum Golden Bluet SR - S1? G4
C: ? (Columbus+)
Lestes congener Spotted Spreadwing SR - S1? G5
M: ? (Alleghany+)
INSECTS – FLIES
Eulonchus marialiciae Mary Alice's Small-headed Fly SR - S1S3 G1G3
M: high elevation hardwood-hemlock
forests (endemic to North Carolina)
(Haywood, Jackson, Macon*, Swain,
Transylvania)
INSECTS – MOTHS
Acronicta albarufa Barrens Daggermoth SR - S1S2 G3G4
P: oak glades and barrens
Acronicta perblanda Cypress Daggermoth SR - S1S2 G3G4
C: cypress swamps
Acronicta sinescripta a dagger moth SR - S1S3 G3G4
C: savannas and flatwoods
(Brunswick, Pender+)
Agrotis carolina [formerly Agrotis sp 1 a dart moth SR FSC S2S3 G2G3
nr buchholzi]
SC: flatwoods with pyxie-moss
(Bladen+, Brunswick, Carteret,
Craven+, Onslow+, Pender)
Anacamptodes cypressaria an inchworm moth SR - SU G2G4
C: cypress swamps (Brunswick, Dare,
Martin)
Apamea inebriata a noctuid moth SR - S1S2 G3G4
C: sedge meadows
Apamea mixta a noctuid moth SR - S1S2 GU
C: savannas
Apameine new genus 1 sp. 2 a cane borer moth SR - SH GNR
M: canebrakes
Apameine new genus 2 sp. 3 a canebrake moth SR - S2S3 GNR
C: woodland canebrakes
Apameine new genus 4 sp. 1 a canebrake moth SR - S2S3 GNR
C: woodland canebrakes
NATURAL HERITAGE PROGRAM LIST OF THE RARE ANIMALS OF NORTH CAROLINA
Scientific Name Common Name Status Rank
Province: Habitat (Counties of occurrence) N.C. U.S. N.C. Global
____________________________________________________________________________________________
54
Apantesis sp. 1 nr. carlotta a tiger moth SR - S2? G4
C: savannas and sandhill seeps
(Brunswick, Carteret, Pender+)
Bleptina sangamonia a noctuid moth SR - S1S2 GU
C: unknown
Callosamia securifera Sweetbay Silkmoth SR - S2S3 G4
C: pocosins and other wetlands with
sweetbay (Bladen+, Brunswick+,
Carteret, Hoke+, Washington+)
Catocala amestris Three-staff Underwing SR - S1S2 G4
C: sand ridges and flatwoods with
leadplant (New Hanover+)
Catocala consors Consort Underwing SR - SH G4
P: oak-hickory forests
Catocala dulciola Sweet Underwing SR - SU G3
M: forests with hawthorns
(Alleghany*)
Catocala grisatra Grisatra Underwing SR - S1S2 G1G3
C: sandhills and dry woods with
hawthorns (Bladen+)
Catocala herodias gerhardi Herodias Underwing SR - SU G3T3
M: oak forests, particularly with bear
oak (Quercus ilicifolia) (Stokes+)
Catocala jair Jair Underwing SR - S1S3 G4
SC: xeric pine-oak sandhills (Bladen,
New Hanover+, Richmond+)
Catocala lincolnana Lincoln Underwing SR - S2S3 G3
C: wooded areas with hawthorns
(Brunswick+, Martin, Pender+)
Catocala louiseae Louise's Underwing SR - S1S3 G4
C: flatwoods and other habitats with
blueberries (Bladen+)
Catocala marmorata Marbled Underwing SR - S1S3 G3G4
C: swamp forests with swamp
cottonwood (Brunswick+, Martin+,
New Hanover+)
Catocala messalina Messalina Underwing SR - S2? G4
T: maritime forests and xeric sandhills
(Dare*, New Hanover+)
Catocala orba Orba Underwing SR - S2S3 G4
C: levee forests with hawthorn
Cerma cora a bird-dropping moth SR - S2S3 G3G4
C: levee forests with hawthorn
(Martin, New Hanover+)
Chaetaglaea fergusoni a noctuid moth SR - SU G4
C: sandhills? (Brunswick+, New
Hanover+)
Cyclophora sp. 1 (culicaria of authors) Sand-myrtle Geometer SR - S2S3 G3
C: flatwoods with sand-myrtle
(Leiophyllum) (Brunswick)
Datana robusta a prominent moth SR - S1S2 G2G4
C: savannas, flatwoods, and sandhills
NATURAL HERITAGE PROGRAM LIST OF THE RARE ANIMALS OF NORTH CAROLINA
Scientific Name Common Name Status Rank
Province: Habitat (Counties of occurrence) N.C. U.S. N.C. Global
____________________________________________________________________________________________
55
Drasteria graphica Graphic Moth SR - S2S3 G4
T: maritime shrub thickets
(Brunswick+, New Hanover+)
Dysgonia similis an owlet moth SR - S2S3 G3G4
C: pocosins and flatwoods
(Brunswick+, Carteret, Dare,
Onslow+, Pender+, Washington+)
Eilema bicolor Bicolored Moth SR - S1S2 G5
M: spruce-fir forests
Entephria seperata a geometrid moth SR - SH GNR
M: high elevation forests or heath
balds
Eubaphe meridiana The Little Beggar SR - S2S3 G4
C: savannas (Brunswick, Pender+)
Euchlaena milnei Milne's Euchlaena SR - S1S3 G2G4
M: unknown
Eupithecia peckorum an inchworm moth SR - S2? G4
C: sandhills and flatwoods
(Brunswick, New Hanover+, Pender+)
Euxoa violaris Violet Dart SR - S1S2 G4
C: beach dunes
Exyra semicrocea a pitcher-plant moth SR - S2S3 G3G4
C: wetlands with pitcher-plants
(Bladen+, Brunswick, Onslow+,
Pender+)
Faronta aleada a noctuid moth SR - S1S2 GNR
C: unknown
Franclemontia interrogans [formerly a noctuid moth SR - S3? G3G4
Phragmatiphila interrogans]
C: canebrakes (Carteret)
Gabara sp. 1 a noctuid moth SR - S1S2 G1G3
C: savannas and flatwoods
(Brunswick+, Onslow+, Pender+)
Grammia phyllira Phyllira Tiger Moth SR - S2S3 G4
C: sandhills (Pender)
Grammia placentia Placentia Tiger Moth SR - S2S3 G4
SC: sandhills
Heliomata infulata Rare Spring Moth SR - S2S3 G2G4
MPC: unknown
Hemeroplanis sp. 1 nr. obliqualis an owlet moth SR - S2S3 GNR
CP: unknown
Hemipachnobia monochromatea Sundew Cutworm Moth SR - S1? G4
C: cranberry bogs and northern low
pocosins (Dare)
Hemipachnobia subporphyrea Venus Flytrap Cutworm Moth SR FSC S1? G1
C: savannas with Venus flytraps
(endemic to North Carolina) (Bladen*,
Brunswick, Carteret, Pender)
Hepialus sciophanes a ghost moth SR - S1S3 GU
M: spruce-fir forests
Heterocampa varia a prominent moth SR - S1S2 G3G4
SC: xeric pine-oak sandhills
NATURAL HERITAGE PROGRAM LIST OF THE RARE ANIMALS OF NORTH CAROLINA
Scientific Name Common Name Status Rank
Province: Habitat (Counties of occurrence) N.C. U.S. N.C. Global
____________________________________________________________________________________________
56
Hypagyrtis brendae Brenda's Hypagyrtis SR - S2S3 G4
C: Atlantic white cedar forests
(Brunswick, Dare)
Hyperstrotia aetheria a noctuid moth SR - S1S2 GNR
S: p