Biennial report of the North Carolina Commission for the Blind

              BIENNIAL REPORT
\'.19H/4-^
c,Z of the
NORTH CAROLINA STATE
COMMISSION FOR THE
BLIND
From July 1, 1944, through June 30, 1946
LUX ORITUR:
"And I will bring the blind by a way that they knew not;
I will lead them in paths that they have not known;
I will make darkness light before them."
—Isaiah xlii, 16.
BIENNIAL REPORT
of the
NORTH CAROLINA STATE
COMMISSION FOR THE
BLIND
From July 1, 1944, through June 30, 1946
LUX ORITUR:
"And I will bring the blind by a way that they knew not;
I will lead them in paths that they have not known;
I will make darkness light before them."
—Isaiah xlii, 16.
jf^^r^-
HONORABLE R. GREGG CHERRY
The Governor of North Carolina
''Day and night in this State of ours people use their whole
minds, their full hearts, their tireless hands in meeting the re-sponsibility
of a people and a state in doing battle with the things
that might hold us back and retard us.
"Based upon legislation the North Carolina State Commission
for the Blind has developed a Program with the three essential
cornerstones of relief, rehabilitation, and prevention of blindness.
Through the development of these, the State is striving with its
abundance of physical and human resources to transform lives of
idleness and despondency into lives that are productive and
happy and to give an equal opportunity to its visually handicap-ped
citizens."
LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL
To Honorable R. Gregg Cherry
Governor of North Carolina
Raleigh, North Carolina
Dear Governor Cherry
:
Pursuant to Chapter 53, Public Laws of 1935 and subsequent
legislation, I have the honor to submit to you the accompanying
report of the North Carolina State Commission for the Blind
for the biennial period beginning with July 1, 1944, and ending
June 30, 1946. This report concerns the management and finan-cial
transactions of this Department.
Respectfully submitted,
Sam M. Cathey, Chairman
N. C. State Commission for the
Blind
MEMBERS OF THE NORTH CAROLINA STATE COMMISSION
FOR THE BLIND
(Six Lay Members—Appointed by the Governor)
Judge Sam M. Cathey, Chairman, Asheville, N. C.
Dr. Howard E. Jensen, Chaimian, Executive Committee, Durham, N. C.
Mr. Ernest R. Alexander, Kannapolis, N. C.
Mr. V. J. AsHBAUGH, Durham, N. C.
Mr. H. I. McDouGLE, Charlotte, N. C.
Mr. Thomas S. Payne, Washington, N. C.
(Five Ex-OfRcio Members—Designated by the Legislatui-e)
Mr. R. Mayne Albright, Director, State Man Power, Raleigh, N. C.
Mr. Egbert N. Peeler, Supt., State School for the Blind, Raleigh, N. C.
Dr. Carl V. Reynolds, Secretary, State Board of Health, Raleigh, N. C.
Col. Charles H. Warren, Supervisor, Vocational Rehabilitation, Raleigh,
N. C.
Dr. Ellen Black Winston, State Commissioner of Public Welfare, Ral-iegh,
N. C.
ADVISORY MEDICAL COMMITTEE
(Surgeons certified by American Board of Ophthalmology)
Dr. Frank C. Smith, Chairman, Charlotte, N. C.
Dr. V. M. Hicks, Supervising Ophthalmologist Aid to Needy Blind, Raleigh,
N. C.
Dr. Wm. B. Anderson, Durham, N. C.
Dr. H. H. Briggs, Jr., Asheville, N. C.
Dr. James G. Johnston, Charlotte, N. C.
Dr. H. C. Neblett, Charlotte, N. C.
Dr. Henry L. Sloan, Charlotte, N. C.
Dr. Wm. S. Speas, Winston-Salem, N. C.
Dr. S. Wetzenblatt, Asheville, N. C.
Dr. John D. Wilsey, Winston-Salem, N. C.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Introduction
Whereas I Was Blind, Now I See '^
Social Service Division 12
Social Data on Current Recipients 15
A Survey of the Resources and Accomplishments of
the Medical Division 21
Pre-Conditioning Center ^6
Business Enterprises 40
Workshops ^^
Home Industries ^^
Assistance and Co-operation from Other Agencies 48
Recommendations 49
Appendix I ^4
Appendix II ^^
Appendix III ^^
Appendix IV 81
INTRODUCTION
The laws of North Carolina place upon the North Carolina
State Commission for the Blind the responsibility of motivating,
administering and generally supervising a comprehensive pro-gram
of activities of (1) the prevention of blindness and the
restoration of sight; (2) the rehabilitation of the employable
blind individual; (3) financial grants and special services to the
indigent blind; and (4) employment opportunities for those who
are unable to find remunerative work in private enterprises.
The purpose of this report is to present to the people of North
Carolina a brief outline of the scope of the activities of one of
their state agencies and its accomplishments during the biennial
period of July 1, 1944—^^June 30, 1946. The objectives for such
a program must take into account the medical, social and com-munity
aspects. During this period much emphasis has been
given to co-ordinating and integrating Federal, state, local com-munity
and individual resources and directing them into channels
from which the greatest good would accrue to the visually handi-capped.
Each year since its establishment in 1935 the North Carolina
State Commission for the Blind has grown and expanded its ac-tivities.
This has been accomplished in spite of the emphasis
which was given, for about four years, to winning the war
;
the limited number of trained persons qualified to work in so
specialized a program; and marked limitations on funds.
The loyalty, perseverance and plain hard work of all persons
associated with the agency and the cooperation and help given
by representatives of Federal, stats and local agencies as well
as that received from private agencies and individuals is grate-fully
acknowledged.
WHEREAS I WAS BLIND, NOW I SEE
The doctors could not help. I was slowly going blind, I knew
it, for the shadows were thickening, day by day ; yet, deep within
me, I could not accept the fact. None of my friends had ever gone
blind ; and it was something, as far as my experience went, which
just did not, and could not happen. I had heard of blind people,
had seen blind people, but knew nothing of what had caused
the blindness. It was mysterious, terrible, unbelievable. It hap-pened
to other people, like the Bubonic Plague, centuries past,
or to inhabitants of distant countries, but not within the bounds
of my experience. I was afraid, bewildered, confused, and at
times rebellious.
Then the situation changed somewhat. Part of my trouble was
cataracts, but with complications ; and if I waited until blindness
was a reality, an operation might restore part of my vision. No
one could say just how long this would take, and I could not sit
for an indefinite length of time, with my hands folded, waiting
for the cataracts to ripen. I now had hope; life had become a
challenge. I set myself a goal to learn all I could of the ways
of the visually handicapped, in order to be independent as the
cataracts thickened. I determined to keep my independence.
The art of finger reading and typing were soon learned as an
invaluable part of my daily life. My other senses were made to
function more fully, to compensate for the failing sight. Touch,
taste and hearing, all were more acute, while the sense of smell
became more helpful, when it, too, had to play an increasingly im-portant
part.
Two years passed, three, even ten. I had forgotten how easily
and quickly small tasks could be performed with the help of
sight ; for I was now living as a blind person, thinking as a blind
person, meeting the requirements of my environment as a blind
person. This meant that it took at least three times as long to do
a job well as it had in the days of sight. I was adjusted to my
blindness. I had met the challenge that life had thrust upon me.
After twelve years of waiting, the day for the operation had
come. What would the future now hold ! I did not know, and
it did not seem to matter as much now as it had during the first
feverish, ignorant years.
I climbed up on the operating table, and the nurse made her
preparations. I was not afraid ; yet this was an important time.
8 Biennial Report of the
I knew that much depended on my cooperation. I had confidence
in my doctor, but could I depend on myself? Drops were put into
my eyes, the sterile towels were adjusted, and the operation be-gan.
I was fully conscious of all that was going on around me,
but of no pain, at least of none that counted. Suddenly a bright
light shone before me. It had been there all the time, but it was
dim to me. The doctor said a few words to his assistant, and I
knew that the cataract was out. I believed that I could see once
more, but I was too tired to think about it now. I wanted to sleep.
I was right, the miracle was a fact, and I could now take up my
life again as a sighted person.
What is it to see again ? It is all the things that you might think
or dream, and a great, great many more. Freedom of movement,
ability to perform my daily tasks, as others did, and not self-consciously,
as a blind person; to take my rightful place in a
group, and not he alternately the recipient of too much or too
little attention; to see facial expressions, to speak confidently,
possessing as many faculties as my opponent in a discussion; to
lose the inferiority complex, which came with increasing blind-ness.
That is what my operation did for me.
Was this all? No, there were other things: to see the distant
horizon, a sunset or a star, a bird's nest or the color in a red
bird's wing ; the smile of a friend, the blue of a baby's eyes. These
joys were once more mine after the surgeon's knife had done
its work.
There were prosaic little things which also gave satisfaction.
The first time that I picked a pin from the floor, I had no doubt
of my new-found sight. Each day, no, each hour, brings new joys
and simple tasks are done with ease. The very fact of seeing now
is a great diversion. During the first few weeks of restored vision,
I often found myself standing before an object, a common, every-day
object, like a train or a steamshovel, and gazing as if I would
never get my fill. A store window was fascinating, no matter
what it might contain, just as long as there were objects in it to
be seen. An airplane will never lose its charm. You see, I had nev-er
seen one clearly until after the operation.
The new sight had some surprising angles. New friends, whom
I had known by voice alone, were strangers when I actually saw
them the first time. I had recognized them so readily before by
voice. People did not look as I thought they would, nor had I
always guessed correctly as to age. It was baffling, confusing.
North Carolina State Commission for the Blind 9
The most unsatisfactory experience, if there could be one con-nected
with the miracle of restored sight, was when I saw myself
in the mirror, clearly and distinctly, for the first time. Do you
realize what ten years can do to your face, figure, to your hair
and complexion? Well, this ten year period had done all of these
and more to mine, and I did not particularly like what I saw in
the mirror.
These experiences I had were in part anticipated, but not the
emotional reaction, which were even greater, in reverse, than
those I had felt at the beginning of my handicap. The first occur-red
immediately after the stitches were removed, and the doctor
held a strong glass before my eyes for a second. I saw clear-cut
outlines of everything in front of me for the first time in ten
years. The doctor says that I shrieked with delight. I don't know,
but I suddenly became weak and slightly nausiated, and anxious
to get back to my bed.
The Sunday after I received my new glasses, I went to church.
I opened my hymn book at the place and tried to sing the words
which I saw plainly on the page in front of me, but I could not
sing a note. I was trembling from head to foot and had difliculty
in standing to the end of the hymn. You see, for years, I could
only sing those songs which I had committed to memory.
The next experience of this kind happened a few days later at
a conference composed of people I knew well, but only during my
handicapped days. There were special friends among them, whom
I had always longed to see with my eyes, and now I had the op-portunity.
The words of the speaker meant little. I was too busy
watching the expressions on the faces and the revealing motions
of the hands of my friends. I was drunk with seeing, excited,
happy, talkative. One emotion followed so quickly on the heels
of another that I was exhausted at the end of each day. I was
risking and jeopradizing my new gained treasure.
But now, after a period of months, the miracle of passing from
shadow to sunlight, the divinely directed skill of the doctor, fill
me with reverential wonder and awe. I do not regret the time
spent in adjustment and learning new skills. They have enriched
my life, since I am better prepared to live as a sighted person
for having learned the skills of the blind. Yet this sight which has
been restored to me is very precious; and I am glad that I can
truthfully say in the words of the Bible, "This one thing I know,
that whereas I was blind, now I see."
10 Biennial Report of the
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12 Biennial Report of the
SOCIAL SERVICE DIVISION
1. Case Finding and Referral
On June 30, 1946 there were registered with the North Caro-lina
State Commission for the Blind 7,105 individuals. On the
basis of population it is estimated that there is an additional
2,500 who, during this period, were not known to the Commis-sion.
To locate these individuals and complete the register is a
goal for the next biennium.
In accordance with Chapter 53, Public Laws of North Caro-lina
1935, Section 3, The North Carolina State Commission for
the Blind maintains a currently validated census of visually hand-icapped
individuals in the State. The census of the known blind
is kept valid through the local Departments of Public Welfare,
Ophthalmologists, Health Departments, school faculties, optom-etrists,
group and continuous eye clinics—sponsored by the State
Commission for the Blind, individual contacts, correspondence,
Lions Clubs, Rotary, Kiwanis, Womens Clubs, Church Groups,
other civic clubs and organizations et cetera. Some very interest-ing
data about the present blind population of North Carolina
will be found in appendix III.
This register of blind individuals, whether newly blinded or
of longer duration, is the agency's means of interpretating to
its potential clients the varied services that are available through
the program of the North Carolina State Commission for the
Blind. Many of these cases are persons who have become blind
in adult life are financially independent but are in need of occu-pational
therapy; instructions in reading and writing Braille;
typewriting; signature writing; family adjustment to blindness;
adjustment to travel; recreation; instruction in family and indi-vidual
budgeting ; interpretation of available eye care and physi-cal
care and follow-up of physicians recommendations. Those who
are in need of financial assistance and/or are eligible for rehabili-tation
services are referred to the proper division for services.
2. Aid to the Blind
To the many complicated problems that blindness brings there
is often added other physical disabilities which have resulted
from the same injury, disease, or condition that caused blindness
thus rendering the individual unemployable and dependent upon
North Carolina State Commission for the Blind 13
his government for the necessities of life. The loss of vision
should not prohibit an individual from the participation in every
activity enjoyed by the person with vision. The blind individual
has the right to work, the right to equal pay, the right to uniform
security and the right to legal safeguards. It is the latter two of
these four rights that we are particularly concerned in the es-tablishing
of eligibility for Blind Aid.
During the past biennium 2,372 blind persons received blind
assistance on the basis of economic need. This assistance has been
made possible through Title X of the Social Security Act of 1935,
amended in 1939, in cooperation with State Law of 1937 and
subsequent laws which were enacted for the purpose of enabling
this State Agency to furnish financial assistance to its needy in-dividuals.
To be eligible to receive Blind Aid in North Carolina
a person must have resided in North Carolina for one year im-mediately
preceding the date of application, is not receiving Old
Age Assistance, is not living in a Public Institution or will not
live in a Public Institution after receipt of grant, does not have
sufficient income to meet his economic need, is not publicly solicit-ing
alms and certifies through his signature that the information
which he has given in proving his eligibility is correct. The pro-gram
for Aid to the Blind is administered locally by the County
Departments of Public Welfare as the local agents of the Board
of County Commissioners and the North Carolina State Com-mission
for the Blind. Blind persons receiving this assistance
are those individuals whom the Commission has been unable to
assist in becoming self-supporting and who have no relatives who
are able to provide the minimum necessities of life. The majority
of these individuals have some other handicap in addition to
blindness such as advanced age, poor health, or other disabilities
and can never become employable. The average monthly grant
during the biennium per blind recipient was $18.78 which is
$9.74 less than the National average of $28.52 per month per in-dividual.
North Carolina is eight from the bottom.
There are pending at the present time 1,073 needy blind per-sons
who are eligible under the law for Aid to the Blind but who
cannot be aided because of insufficient state funds to assist them.
The majority of these individuals who are pending in the files
of the State Commission for the Blind, as in the case of the pres-ent
recipients, include blind people who have other major physical
handicaps in addition to blindness.
14 Biennial Report of the
Because of depletion of State Aid to the Blind funds, the State
Commission for the Blind has had to reject requests for in-creased
Blind Aid grants to individuals whose increased need
was brought about through the increased cost of living and the
extreme shortage of housing facilities for blind persons. Many
County Departments of Public Welfare, through their County
Boards of Public Welfare and Boards of County Commissioners,
have requested that state funds be set up this fiscal year to match
the increased County funds that could be made available ; which
plan was rejected by the State Commission for the Blind based
on insufficient state funds.
An application for Aid to the Blind is made in the local De-partment
of Public Welfare by the applicant in person, by mem-bers
of family, or by a friend who knows the financial need of
the applicant. (See flow chart of applications and payment of
Aid to the Blind grants on page 11.)
At this time the applicant is given a Physician's Report of Eye
Examination, Form BA-2, to be presented to the Ophthalmologist
on which is recorded the vision of the individual with and with-out
glasses. This is proof of the eligibility requirement of blind-ness.
The Special Case Worker for the Blind in the local Depart-ment
of Public Welfare makes a home investigation, and with
the applicant, completes the application for Blind Aid. All ap-plication
forms completely filled in, together with the Case Work-er's
recommendation, and Form BA-3 requesting decision of the
Superintendent of Public Welfare are referred to the County
Superintendent of Public Welfare. The Superintendnt makes his
decision, signs the forms BA-1 and BA-3. The completed applica-tion
is then presented to the Board of County Commissioners by
the Superintendent of Public Welfare in applicant's county of
legal residence for their decision. After both decisions are made,
the application is prepared and mailed by the County Department
of Public Welfare to the State Commission for the Blind where
it is reviewed by the Supervisor of the Social Service Division
and together with her recommendation the application is re-viewed
and approved by the Executive Secretary of the State
Commission for the Blind. All applications are processed in the
Accounting Division of the Commission and a check is written for
the applicant whose application has been approved. All Aid to
the Blind checks are mailed on the last day of the preceding
North Carolina State Commission for the Blind 15
month to the County Department of Public Welfare to be deliv-ered
to the Blind Aid recipients.
Under Title X of the Federal Social Security Act, the Social
Security Board pays one-half of the Aid to the Blind grants now-being
given to needy blind and allows, in addition, one-half of
the cost of the administration of the aid to the blind program.
The Social Security Board also supervises the Aid to the Blind
program.
The following data on blind persons who have received direct
aid during the period from July 1, 1944, through June 30, 1946
presents some very interesting facts.
SOCIAL DATA ON CURRENT RECIPIENTS OF AJD TO THE
BLIND ON CASES CLOSED AND ON APPLICANTS
REJECTED FROM JULY 1, 1944 THROUGH
JUNE 30, 1946
1. Average number blind persons receiving direct monthly
aid during period
2. Number Blind North Carolina Citizens Eligible Under
Law to Receive but Appropriations are Inadequate
3. Number applications denied blind aid
Reasons aid denied:
Ineligible because of too much vision
Ineligible because of residence requirements
Eligible for other form of assistance
Inmates of Public Institution
Other resources
Other
4. Number blind persons whose cases were closed
Reasons
:
Vision wholly or partially restored
Death
Moved out of state
Became self-supporting
Receipt of allotment or allowance of men in armed
forces
Supported by income from relatives
Admitted to public institution
Other
5. National Average Monthly Grant Per Blind Recipient
6. North Carolina's Average Monthly Grant Per Blind Re-cipient
7. Average range of individual monthly grants during
period
:
$ 7.00-$ 9.99
10.00- 14.99
15.00- 19.99
20.00- 24.99
25.00- 29.99
30.00- 40.00
46
2
7
5
76
15
53
317
16
69
40
95
56
13
65
651
723
412
219
302
2,372
1,073
151
659
$28.52
$18.78
16 Biennial Report of the
8. Age of blind persons receiving direct aid
:
0-14 years 10
15-24 years 116
25-54 years 809
55 and over 1,437
9. Race of blind persons receiving direct aid:
White 1,283
Colored 1,057
Indian 32
3. Talking Book Machines
As in previous years, the State Commission for the Blind has
continued the service of loaning Talking Book Machines to the
blind in the State of North Carolina. The close of this year found
171 machines distributed to blind individuals throughout the
State during the Biennium ending June 30, 1946. These ma-chines
are distributed by the State Commission for the Blind
through the courtesy of the Library of Congress, Washington,
D. C.
The County Department of Public Welfare, through its Special
Case Worker for the Blind and the field staff of the State Com-mission
for the Blind, accepts applications from individuals, ap-proves
them if found eligible and mails them to the State Com-mission
for the Blind. These applications are reviev^ed and if ap-proved,
the machines are delivered when available. The loan,
delivery and servicing of these machines is done w^ithout any
charge whatever to the blind individual. If a machine needs ad-justment
or repair it is sent directly to the State Commission for
the Blind where it is prepared for shipment to the American
Foundation for the Blind Repair Department. These machines
are of two types, the spring driven type that may be used where
electricity is not available and the electric type.
Records can be obtained directly from the Library of Congress
by the owner of the machine. Books of interesting variety, in-cluding
the Bible, books on travel, fiction, biography and history
are available.
Quite often the blind individual does not understand the wide
use that may be made of the Talking Book Machine or how it
may be operated by the blind individual. The Special Case Worker
is very helpful in the demonstration of it.
Because of shortage of materials needed in the manufacture of
parts and the new machines, it has been difficult for the State
Commission for the Blind in North Carolina to supply the de-mand.
North Carolina State Commission for the Blind 17
4. Special Services
In approximately one-third of the Counties of North Carolina,
Special Case Workers for the Blind are employed on a part-time
basis by the Lions Club or the County Association for the Blind
or a Woman's Club to render special services to the blind indi-viduals
who are not necessarily in need of financial assistance.
The main objective of these special services are, (1.) To as-sist
the individual in making the psychological adjustment to his
handicap; (2.) To assist the family group in adjusting to the
blind member; (3.) To assist the blind individual to become a
participating member of society. To accomplish these aims, the
follov^ing techniques and methods are used by the Special Case
Worker
:
1. Academic Instruction: There have been 1,040 visits made
by the Special Case Workers for the Blind in giving special in-structions
in reading and writing Braille, moon type or New
York point; typewriting and signature writing, explaining the
The use of braille music in learning to play the piano is one of the special
services offered to blind individuals.
use, care, and taking applications for talking books; also in ex-plaining
the availability of Braille magazines. Even though a
person has had the best educational advantages, blindness
18 Biennial Report of the
brings with its many other deprivations, illiteracy, as the indi-vidual
must learn again to read and write.
2. Assistance in Family Adjustment: There have been 2,048
visits made in the homes of blind individuals by the special Case
Workers for the Blind to instruct the family in ways of helping
the blind person. If he can be made employable, his abilities are
discussed with him and he is assisted in developing them. Many
blind people cannot become efficient enough in industrial work
to earn a living, but may be able to once again share in the re-sponsibilities
of the home and to become a contributing citizen in
the community in which he lives. During these visits, assistance
is given through interpretation of the need of the blind member
and the ways in which the family may assist this member in ad-justment
to blindness through arrangement of furniture, use of
Young blhicl mother learning to care for her child as taught by
Special Case Worker.
guide service, interpretation of the need for recreation, and the
type of recreation in which a blind member may participate,
the need for exercise and fresh air, assistance in focusing the
attention of the family on the care of the health; the need for
participation of the blind member in community life; assist-ing
the family in a better understanding of the effect of blind-ness
to reduce fear and negative emotional reactions.
North Carolina State Commission for the Blind 19
3. Assistance in the Personal Adjustment of Blindness:
There have been 2,373 visits made during the past Biennium in
assisting the individual to regain his normal place in the family
circle through instruction in doing things without vision formerly
done and to assume his obligations and responsibilities in the
home, neighborhood and community. This assistance was extend-ed
to persons in order that they may develop to a maximum degree
their other senses and rely more effectively upon their power of
memory and the remaining senses, employability, personal ap-pearance,
care of clothing, and personal toiletry ; ways and means
of avoiding blindisms and the cultivation of facial animation,
habits of the seeing person, and looking directly at the person to
whom the individual is speaking; better understanding of ac-ceptable
eating habits is tactfully thought through. Through this
service, the Special Case Worker for the Blind teaches recrea-tion
and handling of money, instructions in social conventions,
in obstacle awareness, and manual dexterity. Many individuals
need instructions in methods of exercising the fingers to make
them more sensitive and nimble on the tips. In facing reality
situations the Special Case Worker for the Blind is able to instill
courage and expanded interests in additional activities, to inter-pret
to individuals their own reactions, and to assist the individual
This person with a major handicap in addition to blindness supplements his
income through home industries.
20 Biennial Report of the
in reducing fear. In meeting the normal drives, affection, recog-nition,
adventure and accomplishment, a cooperative selection is
made from therapy crafts and hobby crafts and adjustment to
travel. He is given instructions in the use of travel aids, such as
the white cane and public conveyances. During the past biennium
5,537 visits have been made in the homes of the adult blind in
teaching some type of hobby crafts or therapy crafts, such as,
cooking, weaving, sewing, chair bottoming, mat making, leather
work, basketry, crocheting, knitting, gardening, etc. As illus-trated
in the photographs on special services to the blind, the value
of some of these services in child care, therapy crafts, and in
Braille music are illustrated. The visits as noted above are visits
which have included less than one-third of the blind population of
North Carolina. Demand for these services through the North
Carolina State Commission for the Blind during a biennium are
enormous for persons who are not in economic need but are in
need of only specialized services. The following is an excerpt
from a recent letter, "I am the wife of a prominent lawyer and am
gradually losing my vision through diseased optic nerves. My
husband is willing to read to me but I have a desire to learn Braille
and read for myself. Is there any service which you could
render?" Because of this demand we are requesting additional
funds to help these persons in their homes in the specialized serv-ices
which the special Case Worker for the Blind in the Welfare
Departments in North Carolina is equipped to offer.
North Carolina State Commission for the Blind 21
A SURVEY OF THE RESOURCES AND ACCOMPLISHMENTS
OF THE MEDICAL DIVISION
A medical eye care program in a public agency includes pre-vention
of blindness, conservation and restoration of vision. This
is best achieved by close cooperation with all organized commun-ity
resources and an informed public. "Why did I not know?" was
the question of a grief-stricken woman who had lost her vision
from glaucoma or hardening of the eye ball. "Why had not some-one
told me that I needed periodic eye examinations by a qualified
ophthalmologist?" This person might have obtained useful vision
all of her life by continued treatment by an eye physician. "Why
did I not have periodic physical examinations?" was the desper-ate
question asked by a diabetic patient who had lost her vision
because of an untreated physical condition.
Through the combined efforts of the State Commission for
the Blind, the County Health and Welfare Departments, other
public and private agencies and Lions and other civic clubs dur-ing
this biennial period, vision has been restored to 1163 persons
and blindness has been prevented for countless others.
The Health Departments have done notable work in preven-tion
of blindness through control of infectious diseases and
sponsoring of eye clinics. In counties where there are no Health
Departments the Welfare Departments sponsor eye clinics, and
in some counties both serve as co-sponsors. Through the coop-eration
of both agencies The Commission for the Blind has held
287 clinics during this period in which 7,174 examinations were
made. A total of 1,483 were recipients of medical eye service.
Examinations made by an apthalmologist and proper fitting of glasses by an
optician are provided for in the clinics conducted for the purpose of pre-venting
blindness.
22 Biennial Report of the
The County Welfare Departments determine eligibility for
medical eye care on the basis of financial need and refer the ap-plicants
to the State Commission for the Blind for available ser-vices.
Two sight-saving classes were organized in the fall of 1945,
and work has been done toward the end of establishing at least
two more in schools in the larger urban centers. The two new
classes, added to the one established in 1936, make a total of
E Km m mjn tv-s
Large type print, special lighting and scientifically adapted equipment reduce
eye strain in sight-saving classes.
three in the State. Children benefitted by these classes are those
whose vision is too defective to function as a sighted person, yet
have some useful vision which disqualifies them for enrollment
in the School for the Blind. Conservative estimates have led us
to expect to find one of each five hundred of the school population
in need of sight-saving class services. Large-type print is used,
scientific lighting, with special attention to the prevention of
glare, and all other means possible to givQ the minimum eye
strain to school work. Talking Books help in lesson preparation,
which is supplemented by the teacher's reading aloud. Type-writers
save eye strain necessary in writing by hand. Specially-built
desks help in adjusting to maximum lighting.
A medical center located in Charlotte, North Carolina renders
services on an area basis. Appointments are given for eye exam-inations,
refractions, and eye surgery. Through the cooperation
of the Variety Club, the services of the physicians and the State
North Carolina State Commission for the Blind 23
Handicrafts are important activities in sight-saving classes.
Commission for the Blind, the clinic is maintained. The Healtb
and Welfare Departments from 10 to 12 counties use the clinic
for their clients. Doctors in the surrounding counties send cases
in for consultation, surgery and treatment. One colored and four
white doctors participate in the medical activities of the center.
Through this center 1048 persons received medical eye services
during this biennial period.
Other services are offered the counties without physicians.
Periodically during a year an eye physician and a Medical Social
Worker of the Commission staff go into rural counties to hold
eye examination clinics. These are held at the request of Health
and Welfare Departments. New blind cases are found through
these clinics and offered all services which the Commission is
prepared to give: surgery for the restoration and conservation
of vision or prevention of blindness, and surgery for cosmetic
effect. Enrollment in the School for the Blind is explained by the
Medical Social Worker to parents of blind children; and blind-ness
is reported to the Department of Public Welfare, and, in
case of children, to the State School for the Blind. Eligibility
for Aid to the Blind on the basis of vision is determined, and eye
reports signed by the physician are left in the Welfare Depart-ment.
Clients are informed of rehabilitation services available
to them either through our agency or through the Rehabilitation
Division of the Education Department. Eye conditions are ex-plained
to clients by the physician, and surgery recommended
by the physician is offered to the indigent clients without cost
to them.
24 Biennial Report of the
Surgery is done in several Medical Centers where hospitals
and qualified ophthalmologists are located. As often as possible,
clients are given the doctor of their choice. The doctors have
been generous with their time during the war years when their
private practice was almost too heavy to carry. They have mark-ed
off blocks of time from their private appointment books to
give time needed to carry on work for the indigent visually
handicapped and blind people. Their skill has alleviated suffer-ing,
restored vision, and prevented blindness. The hospitals have
cooperated by allocating a number of beds for eye work. Beds
have been limited, however, and applicants are waiting who need
surgery and treatment. The Superintendent of the State School
for the Blind has demonstrated his interest and cooperation by
lending the School Infirmary for a surgical and treatment center
for several weeks during the summer.
^
i
Restoration of sight through surgery.
New Goals
We look forward to new goals in prevention, conservation and
restoration of vision. We need to study new and changing causes
of blindness. By improved methods of treatment of veneral
diseases, we expect less blindness from these causes. Better pro-tection
from injury from accidents in industry, a better under-
North Carolina State Commission for the Blind 25
standing by individuals everywhere of the relation of a healthy
body to good eye sight, and of the importance of periodic eye, and
physical examinations by qualified physicians, are desirable.
More attention should be paid to the eyes of pre-school children
with evidence of defective vision and to the eyes of elderly groups.
More public education in eye hygiene is needed. We believe that
every person asking for our service has a right to good medical
eye care. A better understanding of resources available and
causes of blindness and defective vision, we believe, will enable
each community to secure better service in prevention of blind-ness.
The 8-year-old child shown above was deaf, dumb and blind before her
sight was restored through surgery.
VOCATIONAL REHABILITATION
"My share of the work of the world may be limited, but the
fact that it is work makes it precious.
There is no doubt in my mind that we render the greatest ser-vice
to the unfortunate when we enable them to feel that they
are useful members of society, capable of working for others as
well as for themselves."—Helen Keller.
"Rehabilitation means rebuilding, retraining and returning
a handicapped individual to remunerative employment and his
26 Biennial Report of the
rightful place in the society of mankind. Rehabilitation looks at
the Man and not his Disability. On this premise the processes of
Rehabilitation Service to the Blind and Visually Handicapped
proceed. Vocational rehabilitation has been compared to the task
of a production engineer—finding and bringing together ma-terials
and services to build socially and economically indepen-dent
units from human wrecks.' "—H. B. Cummings.
It was not until the end of World War I that any attention
was given to the many handicapped persons which comprise our
population. At first the civilian had no part nor consideration in
the plan for rehabilitation services, only War Disabled persons.
Slowly through the years cognizance was taken of the many other
disabled persons, who could become self-maintaining if only giv-en
a chance—finding the person, restoring health, retraining
and placing in employment. In 1943 the Congress of the United
States not only recognized but made provision for both veterans
and civilians prevented from work by various handicaps. North
Carolina's own Congressman, Graham Barden, was co-author of
the Barden-LaFollette Bill which was enacted by Congress July
1943.
With the enlargement of services that could be rendered, both
physical and mental restoration, towards employment, and an
increase in funds by the Federal Government and the necessary
Legislation in our own State, the present status of Rehabilitation
was achieved.
Vocational Rehabilitation involves certain processes, the most
important of these are
:
Case finding
Counselling and Guidance
Training
Placement
Post Placement Supervision
1. Case Finding: All the services available to the visually han-dicapped
cannot be rendered until the person has been found.
This is the first job of the Rehabilitation Department to find the
individual so that he may accept or reject the services that can
be offered to each handicapped person in the State. There are
too many persons who have not found the Rehabilitation Depart-ment
nor has the Department found them. This, then, is where
the Rehabilitation Department of the Commission as well as the
North Carolina State Commission for the Blind 27
whole Commission is placing its energy and effort. After a person
is found, he must be interviewed to see if he has rehabilitation
qualifications. Rehabilitation looks at the Total Man—in the
light of employability considering these characteristics : physical
ability to work, mental and educational ability to learn and to
hold a job, personality equal to employment and skill in a job or
ability to render service which someone is willing to buy.
2. Counselling and Guidance: The aim of vocational counsell-ing
is to help the client in his choice of a suitable employment
objective, in planning his preparation for such employment, and
in achieving those attitudes which will bring success and satis-faction
in his job. Counselling is based on an understanding of
the "whole" individual with due regard to individual differences
which exist in all persons in the world, and the fact that the
client is the one to be served. It is he who is to be made self-maintaining
by the processes of Rehabilitation. Every effort
must be expended to remove or attempt to remove the handicap.
Physical restoration is the first step after a client has been ac-cepted
by the counselor for rehabilitation services, not only phy-sical
restoration but mental restoration or improvement is given
due consideration.
The role of a counselor in Rehabilitation is the most important
—he is dealing with a human life, he is having a part in the plans
of a human—only counselors skilled in the techniques of such an
art should be entrusted with so great a task.
3. Training: On the completion of a plan and objective for re-habilitation,
the third large step is the training program. This
may take many channels, such as training for stand operation,
in the workshop, in industry and in colleges and universities. The
Counselor is responsible for the type and quality of training ren-dered.
He should keep constant watch to see that the client
is receiving the kind of training which will fit him for remunera-tive
employment. Eventual employment is the motivation of the
Rehabilitation Department.
4. Placement: All the above mentioned processes in Rehabili-tation
must lead to the goal of placement in a job, occupation
or profession; job placement which will allow the handicapped
individual to use all his abilities and develop his capabilities.
In the dark ages of civilization, the only "job" a blind person
could work at was that of a mendicant. Through the years of hu-
2S Biennial Report of the
This blind man has been made
self-supporting through raising
poultry.
This blind woman operates suc-cessfully
her own beauty parlor.
man progress, development and interpretation, it has been con-clusively
proven that blind persons do not want to beg, that beg-ging
is an insult to any self-respecting blind person. Gradually
over the latter years, it has been conceded that a blind person
could successfully manage and operate concession stands or small
businesses. With these two hurdles out of the way and a plat-form
to use as a springboard to greater opportunities, the Re-habilitation
Department is attempting to open up new jobs, new
professions and semi-professional employment. Much effort and
energy has been expended on this phase of the program. The sur-face
has only been scratched and the search for different types
of placement will be continued and emphasized.
With the view of bringing to the blind heretofore unexplored
professional employment, the Rehabilitation Department of the
State Commission for the Blind has conducted a nation-wide sur-vey
of professions in which the blind of the nation are engaged.
There are now 20 different types of professional men and women
in North Carolina. Some of these openings in employment are
in these fields : law, social work, teachers, osteopaths, chiroprac-tors,
masseurs, hydrotherapy, music teachers, orchestra leaders,
North Carolina State Commission for the Blind 29
instrumentalists, vocalists, ministers, including directors of
church music, radio announcers and various other fields. The
nation-wide survey of professional placements disclosed that
much research must be done along this line if the blind of our
nation and especially our own state are to be offered jobs equal
to their abilities. This project will be continued during the
years to come. Many placements of the Rehabilitation Depart-ment
are made through the Bureau of Employment for the blind
in stands and businesses under the central control system. The
Bureau offers excellent opportunities of employment of the
blind and visually handicapped.
Since blind persons have as diverse personalities and environ-ments
as the general population, it has been found necessary to
use a variety of placements to adapt employment to the indivi-duals.
The Rehabilitation Counselor arranges for and supervises
such placements. There are blind people successfully employed in
the following jobs : Rural stores, telephone exchange operators,
fix-it-shops, florist shops, music stores, knitting mills, cement
block business, print shops, grist mills, dry cleaning business, mo-tion
picture operator, and many other jobs and occupations.
5. Post Placement Swpervision: The last of the major steps
in the rehabilitation processes is Post Placement Supervision.
Through the services of the Rehabilitation Division the radio announcer
(left) and the minister of music (right) are now self-supporting.
30 Biennial Report of the
Grocery store (left) and print shop (right) are fields in which blind people
find opportunities for successful rehabilitation.
After a person is placed, he needs guidance and supervision to
some degree to insure steady progress. The rehabilitation coun-selors
visit the blind person at regular intervals as long as this
is needed for continued success and development. With noted
progress in the management of his job, the counselor visits at
less frequent intervals or when he is called upon by his former
client. Post Placement Supervision continues as long as the client
operates or performs on the job. The aim of rehabilitation is not
only to set one blind person up in a job, but also to find new job
opportunities for the blind.
The succeeding tables show the progress made in the Rehabil-itation
Department during the past biennium in placing persons
in gainful employment. The total number of persons placed is
333, in 67 different types of work with an average weekly wage
of $27.18. If the dignity of the individual is forgotten and only
the cost to the tax payer considered, these 333 persons on relief
would have cost the county, state and Federal Government $87,-
912.00 and only a small part of their needs have been met in this
manner. From these figures it would appear that rehabilitation
services pay very high dividends in both human conservation
and financial expenses.
North Carolina State Commission for the Blind 31
The second table carries the various types of placements which
the Commission has made since it began functioning in 1936.
There are 110 types of employment listed as engaged in by
the blind of North Carolina.
Under the enlarged program, rehabilitation services to the
blind and visually handicapped is just beginning to broaden and
develop. In the coming biennium nev^ vistas of employment vv^ill
be explored, new opportunities offered—the goal of the depart-ment
is to assist through our services, every visually handicapped
person in North Carolina capable of employment, to achieve job
satisfaction and regain and maintain his place in the society of
mankind—to fulfill the mission of mankind on earth—work.
Under the Barden Rehabilitation Act, the Vocational Rehabil-itation
Division of the Federal Security Agency pays one-half of
the rehabilitation case service costs of physical restoration, train-ing,
placement, etc., for blind people who are considered to be
employable and all of the costs of rehabilitation ofRce administra-tion,
vocational guidance and placement staff, and of war dis-abled
civilians. The Federal Vocational Rehabilitation Division
supervises the rehabilitation program for the blind and serves
as an office of clearance and exchange of new and successful ideas
and methods of rehabilitation for the forty-eight states.
The operation of music stores offers interesting employment for
blind jjeople.
32 Biennial Report of the
Table I—Data on 333 blind persons aided in employment
during past biennium
Occupation or Business Operated
'Total.
Bakery Employees
Barbecue Place Owners-
Beauty Parlor Owners-
Boat Rental Service
Cafe Owners
Candy Wrappers
Cement Block Makers....
Clerks_
Clothing Store Owners-
Combers
Concession Stand Operators..
Corn Graders.-
Dairy Hands -
Delivery Boys -
Dietitians
Domestic Servants
Dry Cleaning Business
Electricians...-
Farmers.
Filling Station Workers
Fishermen
Furniture Manufacturers...
Furniture Store Owners ....
Grocery Store Merchants..
Housekeepers
Industrial Workers -
Janitors
Junk Dealers
Laborers
Lappers
Laundry Workers.-
Lawyers
Maintenance Men
Masseurs
Mattress Businesses
Musicians
Newsboys
Novalty Shop Owners
Packers
Peanut Vendors—
Photographers.—
Piano Retailers
Piano Tuners-.-
Plumbers
Poultry Farmers
Printers
Qiiill Skinners
Radio Engineers
Radio Retailers
Number of Persons
Total Male Female
333
3
1
2
237
3
1
96
27
Average
Weekly
Earnings**
$27.18
18.50
30.00
30.00
30.00
45.00
19.75
45.00
28.25
50.00
25.00
21.34
16.25
24.00
15.00
35.00
12.50
35.00
35.00
14.00
23.75
12.00
50.00
50.00
21.18
14.58
27.69
12.62
20.00
19.20
26.20
16.00
63.00
18.00
21.56
26.21
35.00
10.00
20.00
20.00
6.00
25.00
50.00
32.92
18.00
13.50
30.00
26.20
31.25
22.50
North Carolina State Commission for the Blind 33
Number of Persons Average
Occupation or Business Operated
Total Male Female
Weekly
Earnings**
1
1
3
2
6
3
1
9
3
•2
6
1
5
1
3
31
1 37.50
Rope SjAicIng. 1
1
15.00
Salesmen, Salesladies 2
2
23.25
Saw Mill Workers. 18.00
RfiamRt.rPRSPS 6
3
17.71
Secretaries, Typists 23.34
1 ao.oo
9 34.00
3 21.00
Spoolers 2
2
22.25
Teachers 4
1
5
1
3
17
27.72
Telephone Exchange Operators 30.00
Textile Workers _ 29.75
30.00
Ticket Agents 30.00
Workshop Employees 14 15.07
• This total represents the number of persons assisted during the biennium, and not the number of placements
made. Some persons have been placsd several times in the process of finding suitable employment for the iuduvidual.
** This figure indicates average weekly earnings at the time of placement and does not show increments.
Table II—Data on 1023 blind persons aided in employment
since 1936
! Number of Persons Avargge
Occupation or Business Operated
Total Male Female
Weekly
Earnings**
* Total. j.. 1023
3
1
1
2
1
3
1
1
1
1
3
1
7
1
2
4
3
2
3
1
177
12
1
4
2
1
1
2
2
2
1
45
10
1
1
2
1
2
2
1
2
1
4
113
2
2
7
13
5
1
1
19
1
4
5
759
3
1
264 126.85
Bakery Emplovees . . 18.50
Barbenue Stand Owners _ ' 30.00
Beauty Parlor Operators 1
2
30.00
1
30.00
i 7.00
Boarding House Operator. 3 12.00
Boat Reutyl Service 1
1
1
1
3
1
4
1
2
4
3
2
3
1
119
12
1
4
1
30.00
Bookeepers 50.00
Cabinet Makers._ 16.00
Caddv. 1 10.00
20.00
Cafe Owners . 45.00
Candy and Sandwich Wrappers 3 18.42
Casket i inishers .
.
35.00
Cement Block Business 40.00
7.25
Clerks... 28.25
Clothing Store Operators ! 32.50
Coal Dealers. _ 35.00
Combers.- 25.00
Concession Stand Operators. . 58 20.00
Construction Workers .. 13.17
Corn Graders 16.25
Dairy Hands 20.00
Defense Workers. _ 37.40
Delivery Bovs. 15.00
Dietitians 1
2
35.00
Domestic Servants 12.50
Dry Cleaning Business.- 2
2
1
43
10
1
1
2
1
2
2
1
2
1
4
96
1
2
1
11
5
1
1
17
1
4
5
32.50
Electricians. 45.00
2
35.00
P'arraers.... 13.00
Filling Station Opeators 26.65
Fishermen. 12.00
Fish Market Owners . S.OU
Fix-it Shops ... . 40.00
Floor Sanders 14.00
Florists. 21.00
Furniture Finishers. 25.00
Furniture Manufacturers 50.00
Furniture Store Owners 35.00
Gardners 11.50
Grist Mill Operators.- 17.00
Grocery Store Operators 17
1
16.50
Handicrafts and Needle Work... 8.50
Health Department Helpers
Housekeepers .
25.00
6
2
14.58
Industrial Workers .
.
27.69
Janitors. _ 15.00
Junk Dealers 20.00
Justice of Peace S.OO.
Laborers 2 15.30
Lappers. 26.20
Laundrv Workers 12.00
Lawyers 45.65
Number of Persons Average
Occupation or Business Operated
Total Male Female
Weekly
Earnings**
8
5
1
12
32
1
2
41
6
1
3
1
1
1
1
20
1
4
1
2
6
37
3
2
12
4
1
1
2
2
1
1
1
1
14
2
6
8
1
2
1
42
G
2
1
22
4
17
1
3
1
2
1
2
3
172
4
5
1
10
31
1
2
17
6
1
3
1
1
4 % 7.00
19.63
18.00
2
1
24.00
25.00
25.00
17.50
24 16.00
25.00
125.00
12.00
Night Clerks 25.00
21.00
1 20.00
1
14
1
4
1
2
6
37
3
2
9
4
1
1
2
2
1
1
1
35.00
6 20.50
36.00
10.00
30.00
25.00
45.00
30.00
22.00
27.50
3 13.00
25.00
30.00
15.00
26.20
26.55
31.25
22.50
37.50
1
5
15.00
9
2
16.22
18.00
6
7
17.71
1
1
2
1
f.
2
1
4
15
1
3
1
2
1
2
2
113
25.00
15.00
26.50
35.00
35 35.00
37.50
22.25
18.00
Teachers..- 13 25.00
25.00
Textile Workers- _ 2 22.00
30.00
30.00
30.00
22.50
16.00
21.25
Tators ... 1
59
11.25
Workshop En)plovees._ 15.00
* This total represents the number of persons assisted during the biennium,
made. Some persons have been placed several times in the process of finding
the individual.
and not the number of placements
the most suitable employment for
** This figure indicates average weekly earnings at the time of placement and does not show increments.
36 Biennial Report of the
PRE-CONDITIONING CENTER
Pursuant to the law passed by the Legislature in 1945 a train-ing
center for the adult blind was opened in Greenville, N. C.
on November 1, 1945. This Enterprise was made possible by the
cooperative efforts of the State, Lions Clubs, local school author-ities
and individuals.
The Pre-Conditioning Center has been opened for the pur-pose
of granting the adult blind the basic right to which each
citizen of the State is entitled ; namely, training which will meet
the needs of the individual and will enable him to take his place
in the community according to his abilities.
The training courses are divided into two categories: (1) Or-ientation
or Pre-Conditioning and (2) Vocational. Students ac-cording
to their needs may be admitted to pre-conditioning or
vocational training or both. The maximum period for pre-con-ditioning
training is 10 months and vocational training is 12
months.
Gardening is one of the Vocational courses taught at the
Pre-Conditioning Center.
During his orientation experience his potentialities and in-terests
will be discovered and the student will then be given train-ing
for the vocation in which he demonstrates the most interest
and aptitudes. His period of vocational training will be deter-mined
by his own abilities, but will not exceed 12 months. Part
of this training may take place in an actual working situation
where he will be under close supervision. Arrangements for this
North Carolina State Commission for the Blind 37
outside work training will be made by the Rehabilitation Coun-selor
and the supervision will be given by them and the man in
charge of the business or industry in which the student is placed.
While vocational employability is the chief objective of the
Pre-Conditioning Center, and the majority of the activities are
directed toward this goal it is recognized that there are many
factors which affect either directly or indirectly the success of
the individual student. A physical restoration program designed
to correct physical defects which might affect his employability
is planned. Aptitude, Vocational, Intelligence, and Personality
tests are given soon after the student is enrolled. These tests are
given by a qualified Psychologist and the results are used as an
indication of the students strengths and difRculties. If indicated
psychiatric treatment is given by a trained Psychiatrist. Guid-ance
and Counseling by trained and experienced Counselors and
directed toward assisting the trainee to develop his capabilities
and adjust to his handicap.
Training in wood working (left) and small animal husbandry (right) are
given to those students interested in entering these vocations.
Important in the operation of the Center and the development
of the students is the student government organization in which
38 Biennial Report op the
Recreational activities are im-portant
in the operation of the
center.
Braille and typing are required
subjects for all students.
the student body elects its own officers, and conducts affairs nor-mally
under the jurisdiction of such a body.
It is very difficult to give a clear explanation of the orientation
(pre-conditioning) training as it is scheduled. This is due to the
fact that much of this training takes place in a class room situ-ation,
which classes might also be vocational training in content,
and in his day-to-day living at the Center and in the community
of Greenville.
In learning to travel around his room, from his room to the
dining room, class room, office, etc. he is learning to use Travel
Aids; he is gaining experience in traveling around unfamiliar
grounds; his memory is being developed, and at the same time
he is acquiring a sense of obstacle awareness and auditory acute-ness.
It is recognized that the success with which he learns to
travel is largely dependent on the amount of self-confidence which
the trainee develops, and as a result he is given the minimum
of assistance and the maximum of self-responsibility.
As soon as the student has learned to successfully travel around
the Center he is assisted to become independent in meeting his
own needs outside the Center by learning to travel around Green-ville.
He does his own shopping, goes to the barber shop, picture
shows, etc.
The loan of railway cars on a side track and buses not in
use is made to enable exploration, before use, of public facilities
for travel. The student is then encouraged to take week-end trips
to his home.
At the same time the trainee is learning to get around without
assistance he is also learning to take care of his room, he is learn-
North Carolina State Commission for the Blind 39
ing personal toiletry, proper eating habits, and the more ac-ceptable
social conventions which he will be expected to observe
in his daily contacts on the outside with sighted people.
In the initial stages of his training each student is required
to study the following courses
:
Courses in developing memory and the remaining senses.
Elementary handicrafts.
Use of hand tools.
Simple bench assembly.
Gardening.
Braille.
Typing.
Signature writing.
Elementary English.
Arithmetic.
All students are required to
take an elementay^y course in
crafts. Chair caning is one
of the subjects taught.
As orientation courses they are required for 3 reasons: (1)
they develop memory, manual dexterity and the remaining sen-ses
; (2) they offer a basis for assisting the students and the coun-selors
in determining his greatest vocational possib'ilities ; (3)
They assist him in becoming a normal citizen and taking his
40 Biennial Report of the
place in the community. It is from these introductions to the var-ious
fields of employment that he specializes in the one in which
he is most likely to succeed.
Pre-Conditioning, sufficient to make the student adequate for
admission to Vocational training, is reached at the point where
he has made sufficient adjustments to his handicaps and to his
personal situation to be able to mobilize himself vocationally. The
fact that he has reached this point is determined by observation
of his reactions to situations in day-to-day living; and a working
knowledge of the basic skills of the blind as described above.
Since its opening, 85 students from 35 counties in the State
have received training at the Center. These students were those
who had been accepted as rehabilitation clients and whose main-tenance
and tuition were paid, in the main, from funds available
through that Division.
The Lions Clubs of the State contributed $15,000.00 for per-manent
equipment and the State appropriation of $15,000.00
was used for additional equipment, initial supplies and materials
and other expenses incidental to opening the facilities.
BUSINESS ENTERPRISES
Pursuant to the law which places upon the Commission the
responsibility for maintaining employment opportunities for
blind individuals who are able to work but unable to find place-ment
in outside employment, the Commission established, by
resolution, an auxiliary division known as the Bureau of Em-ployment
for the Blind.
The advisory body of this Bureau is made up of business men
who have had experience in the field of merchandising and who
advise the Commission on policies, rules, regulations and prac-tices
which should be established and observed in the operation
of a successful business enterprise program.
Employees in the Business Enterprises program are blind or
partially sighted individuals who have gone through the rehabil-itation
process and who have decided to make the operation of a
small business their vocations. The training they receive involves
the field of merchandising, salesmanship and personal responsi-bilities.
North Carolina State Commission for the Blind 41
Daily records are kept on each unit and the employees are
given an efficiency rating at the end of each six months period.
Salary adjustments are made on the basis of these ratings.
The operation of a telephone
exchange in a small commun-ity
gives employment to this
blind man who suffers with a
double handicap.
The expansion of this program has been one of the main goals
of the Commission during this biennium and its growth is shown
in Tables I and II on pages 33 and 35.
The passage of the Randolph-Shephard ^ct Permitted thystablish^^^^^
concession stands in Federal Buildings. The one above is located in a
post office.
42 Biennial Report of the
The lobby of an office building offers an excellent location for a vending
stand as the one shown above.
A stand in an industrial plant is a good location both from the standpoint
of the operator and the plant employees.
North Carolina State Commission for the Blind 43
WORKSHOPS
The five Workshops for the Blind established by the Com-mission
for the Blind in cooperation with the Lions Clubs and
County Associations, provide employment for ninety-five blind
persons at an average weekly wage of $16.86.
The Commission furnishes all equipment, assists in payment
of salaries of the Workshop Foremen, approves employment of
personnel and owns the land and buildings in which two of the
Shops are operating. The local Lions Clubs or County Associa-tions
assist in the management of the shops and provide many
services for the blind, such as ; recreation, entertainment and as-sistance
with their housing problems. Many of the blind who
have not had work experiences are trained in the shops and help-ed
to adjust to different environments.
Due to the cancellation of all Federal Orders at the close of
the war, there occurred a drop in sales and employment in the
five workshops. All blind persons affected by this change have
been placed in other employment.
A Social Security Plan has been inaugurated for the \^ orkshop
employees, providing Hospitalization, Unemployment Compen-sation
and Vacations with pay.
Mattress snaking in Asheville Work Shop.
44 Biennial Report of the
Sewing in the Charlotte Work Shop
The Asheville Workshop for the Blind, sponsored by the Bun-combe
County Association for the Blind, is housed in a fireproof
brick building which has been deeded to the State Commission for
Carding handkerchiefs in the Winston-Salem Work Shop
Producing cotton felt for mattresses in the
Durham Work Shop
the Blind. Mattress making and renovating is the chief post-war
industry. Other activities v^ill be added as soon as possible.
The Mecklenburg County Workshop for the Blind is operated
by the Charlotte Lions Club. Sheets, pillow cases, napkins, mops
and other small articles are made. Employment is given to six-teen
blind persons.
Broom manufacturing in the
Greensboro Work Shop
46 Biennial Report of the
The Industries for the Blind in Winston-Salem operate in a
two-story brick building which was purchased by the Winston-
Salem Lions Club. Mattresses are made, the folding, bagging and
carding of handkerchiefs, carding combs, and assembling tire
patching materials furnish employment to many blind workers.
The Durham Lions Club Workshop for the Blind gives employ-ment
to fourteen blind workers in the manufacture of mattresses.
A new building is planned and new projects will be added as soon
as space is available.
The Guilford County Workshop for the Blind is operated under
the Guilford County Association for the Blind. The major indus-tries
are broom-making, mops, rubber mats, and chair repair-ing.
A new building is needed and will be erected as soon as build-ing
material is available.
An expansion program is planned for all workshops whereby
the manufacture of the useful commodities will be carried on,
on an equal basis with other manufacturers. There are many pro-jects
which a blind person can do in a manufacturing plant with
minimum supervision.
HOME INDUSTRIES
For sometime a Home Industry program has been in opera-tion
in sixteen counties giving steady employment to twenty-
Weaving (right) and chair caning (left) are two popular home
industry activities.
North Carolina State Commission for the Blind 47
This housewife adds to the income of her family by making quilts for
sale and by canning surqjlus fruits and vegetables.
seven blind persons who, for different reasons cannot leave home
for employment. These individuals earn from $15.00 to $25.00
per month by preparing materials for rug manufacturers, weav-ing,
gardening and poultry raising. While this income adds great-ly
to their material comforts, the earnings are not as great as
the peace of mind which has been established through occupation.
Through the services of the Special Case Worker for the Blind,
one-hundred and seventy-two persons in thirty-one counties are
busy sewing, looping clips, assembling leather articles, chair
caning, weaving and gardening. While these activities are con-sidered
to be for adjustment purposes the individuals thus en-gaged
do supplement their incomes by the sale of the articles
produced and their earnings range from $5.00 to $15.00 per
month. Through this application of occupational therapy, in-dividuals
develop skills and interests which enable them to par-ticipate
in the Home Industry program.
This program is sponsored by the local Lions Clubs, County
Associations and interested individuals, who supply the funds
for materials, supplies and equipment.
ASSISTANCE AND COOPERATION FROM OTHER
AGENCIES, GROUPS AND INDIVIDUALS
In the preceding parts of this report there has been shown the
assistance and cooperation received by the North Carolina State
Commission for the Blind from the Federal Security Agency, the
County Commissioners and County Welfare Departments, the
Lions Clubs, and the State Association for the Blind. It should
again be emphasized that the blind people of North Carolina have
reaped the benefits of this aid and that because of it the Commis-sion
has been able to markedly expand its services.
There are other groups and individuals who have greatly con-tributed
to the activities of work for the blind. The majority of
these have already been mentioned elsewhere but because of the
quality of the contribution recognization is again given:
Ophthalmologists
North Carolina is most fortunate in having located in the var-ious
sections of the State Eye Physicians who are giving un-sparingly
of their time and interest to prevent blindness and
wherever possible to conserve and restore vision. These Ophthal-mologists
give to the needy cases recommended to their care
the same highly skilled, professional services received by the
private patient, and without the very fine cooperation and un-selfishness
of these Physicians it would be impossible to have
a program of prevention in North Carolina.
The Commission is also indebted to the many private physi-cians
who give treatment to persons referred for general medi-cal
attention by the Ophthalmologists. The eye difficulties of
these patients are the result of disease or abnormal conditions in
other parts of the body, for the eye is often called "a thermo-meter
to bodily conditions." Many indigent persons with defec-tive
vision coming under the care of the Commission have di-seases
of the blood vessels, kidneys, brain or other parts of the
body which are first discovered by the Eye Physician. Diseased
tonsils and other bodily infections in children are so often the
cause of impaired vision, which condition if not detected by an
Eye Physician and corrected may impair the efficiency not only
of the eye but of other vital organs of the body.
North Carolina State Commission for the Blind 49
Other Agencies and Individuals
The State Federation of Women's Clubs have taken work for
the blind as one of their major projects. Individual clubwomen
are rendering personal services to the blind as a part of their
general program.
The State Welfare Department, the State Department of Edu-cation,
the State Board of Health, the County School and Health
Officials, the local private Welfare Agencies and Hospitals have
given valuable assistance in the development of its work.
The State School for the Blind has given fine cooperation to
the Commission in the development of its work.
Rotary, Kiwanis, American Business Men's Club, the Variety
Club, Exchange Clubs, P. T. A.'s and other organizations have
cooperated in their local communities.
The following organizations outside of the State aid the Com-mission
in the development of its work : The American Founda-tion
for the Blind, National Industries for the Blind, The Na-tional
Society for the Prevention of Blindness, The National So-ciety
for the Blind, The Seeing Eye, The Washington Society for
the Blind and The National Rehabilitation Association.
RECOMMENDATIONS
The preceding report of the work of the Commission has pre-sented
a brief review of the services rendered to the blind and
needy visually handicapped of North Carolina during the past
biennium. This report also calls attention to some of the unmet
needs.
The members of the Commission appreciate the difficult prob-lems
of state financing and realize that each session of the Legis-lature
is faced with the necessity of trying to keep the state bud-get
at as low a figure as possible. While the budget request of
the Commission does represent an increase over the funds ap-propriated
in prior years it does not provide for meeting all of
the urgent needs of the visually handicapped in North Carolina.
The Commission is confining its request for increased funds to
the following six needs
:
First, $45,000 additional funds are requested to provide match-ing
funds for the expanded rehabilitation services available
to North Carolina under Federal legislation. These funds are
50 Biennial Report of the
necessary to provide training, medical examinations, cor-rective
surgery, transportation, hospitalization, placement
equipment and prosthetic devices needed in the rehabilita-tion
of blind individuals who, after rehabilitation services are
given, are removed from direct relief rolls and become self
supporting.
Second, $153,922 additional funds are requested for direct relief
grants for the needy blind. According to the laws of North
Carolina all persons eligible for Aid to the Blind grants are
the responsibility of the North Carolina State Commission
for the Blind. At the present, there are approximately 2600
individuals receiving aid and 1000 eligible persons to whom
the Commission cannot make grants because of insufficient
funds. The money requested will permit the Commission to
make average monthly grants of $25.00 for the first year
of the biennium and $27.00 for the second year of the bi-ennium.
Third, $50,000 is requested for the maintenance and operation
of the Pre-conditioning Center. This Center is a training
facility for the adult blind and while part of the funds neces-sary
for its maintenance and operation are available through
tuition and maintenance fees from rehabilitation clients the
money available from this source is not sufficient to provide
training opportunities to all of the blind persons who are in
need of this service. It is planned to use the Center to provide
personal adjustment and home industry training opportun-ities
to blind individuals who are not eligible for other types
of rehabilitation services.
Fourth, $50,000 is requested for County Administrative pur-poses.
At the present the counties are providing part of the
salary and travel of the Special Case Workers for the Blind
and the Federal Government the remainder. At the present
these salaries are inadequate and the amount of travel funds
alloted each Case Worker is not sufficient to permit proper
covering of the territories involved. The majority of the
Case Workers cover an area of from 2 to 6 counties, and
while the counties are responsible for part of the costs of
guide service and car expenses within the county no funds
are available to the worker for inter-county travel. The Com-
North Carolina State Commission for the Blind 51
mission believes that in order to maintain the staff of Special
Case Workers the state should participate in the payment of
their salaries and travel.
In addition to the salary and travel of the Special Case
Worker for the Blind part of the fund that is being request-ed
will be used for necessary clerical staff. At the present
there is no clerical assistance available to Special Case
Workers for the Blind and other staff members who work
on an area basis. Such assistance is essential if the profes-sional
staff is to be released from the necessity of spending
a large part of its time in performing clerical functions.
Fifth, $45,406 is requested for additional administrative ex-penses
of the Commission.
$2,220 of this amount is to increase the salary of the Execu-tive
Secretary to $6,000 per year. The Commission believes
that the size of the Agency and the responsibility of the Exe-cutive
Secretary have expanded to the point where this
increase is justified.
$7,320 is requested to employ an Administrative Assistant.
This is a new position which is necessary due to the growth
of the Agency and the amount of administrative work which
must be accomplished.
$18,680 is requested to pay the part (one third) of the Field
Representatives and Medical Social Workers salaries that
is now being paid from Federal funds. The Federal Voca-tional
Rehabilitation authorities have taken the position
that the payment of the salaries of these persons is a state
responsibility.
$10,680 additional funds are requested to pay the part (one
third) of the travel of the persons mentioned above which is
now being paid from these Federal funds. The Commission
has been advised that this will not be permissable after July
1, 1947 since it is interpreted to be a state responsibility.
$4,320 is requested to provide a $120.00 yearly increment for
the salary of the Workshop Foremen, the Manager of Busi-ness
Enterprises and the administrative clerical staff.
$2,186 in addition to that already appropriated is requested
for administrative costs such as postage, printing, repairs
and alterations, supplies and materials, office equipment and
52 Biennial Report of the
general expenses. This additional amount is needed to meet
the demands of an expanded program.
Sixth, $53,526 additional funds are requested for an over-all in-crement
of 157c in the salaries of the staff. This increase is
based on the present compensation schedule. The Commis-sion
believes that the increase in the cost of living makes it
mandatory to revise the present salary ranges in order to
permit the retention and recruitment of an adequate staff.
Because of the higher salaries offered many efficient em-ployees
have resigned from the Agency to accept employ-ment
in private industry or Federal Government Agencies
and it has become increasingly difficult to recruit qualified
persons to fill the vacancies.
Permanent Improvements
Pursuant to an act of the Legislature of 1945 the North Caro-lina
State Commission for the Blind opened a Pre-Conditioning
Center for the purposes of training and rehabilitating visually
handicapped persons. No provisions were made however for ade-quately
housing such activities. The temporary quarters which
are now being used are an abandoned N.Y.A. residence center
which are loaned to the Commission by the public schools of
Greenville, North Carolina. There are nine small separate dilap-idated
units of very temporary structure and when the Com-mission
accepted it for use it was with the understanding that
only the necessary repairs would be made to make it usable until
a permanant facility could be obtained. Prior to their being taken
over by the Commission the buildings were occupied by a troop
of Marines who left them in very poor condition and the expenses
involved in putting them into repair to be used for more than a
temporary period would be totally impracticable, since it would
require major alterations including the installation of at least
six furnaces or a central heating plant. In addition, the school
Board of Greenville is planning to use the land on which to build
a public school, and the Commission has agreed to vacate the pre-mises
as soon as their building program can begin.
The lot on which to construct a building in Raleigh is avail-able
at no additional expense to the State and by locating it in
the Capital City it would afford office space for the Administra-
North Carolina State Commission for the Blind 53
tive staff of the Commission which would relieve the over-crowd-ed
condition of the present offices. In addition it is most desirable
to have this training center close to the Administrative staff in
order that close supervision can be given without the expense
of excessive travel. By locating the Center in Raleigh it would
also be near the central part of the State and would, therefore, be
more accessible to the persons whom it is intended to serve.
The year's experience since the Center was opened has definite-ly
proven that the far-sighted vision of the Legislature of 1945
was based on the sound judgment that the adult blind of North
Carolina needed and would take advantage of training opportu-nities
if offered them. The request for $275,000 for the construc-tion
of a permanent building in which to house these activities
is therefore considered by the Commission to be justified.
APPENDIX I
Data by counties giving the age, diagnosis, and vision before
and after treatment of the 1,163 persons removed from the
classification of blindness.
North Carolina State Commission for the Blind 55
INFORMATIONAL DATA ON 1,163 PERSONS REMOVED FROM
CLASSIFICATION OF BLINDNESS
JULY 1, 1944—JUNE 30, 1946
NOTE- 20/20 is normal vision, that is, the individual can see an object
at 20 feet which he is supposed to see at that distance. 20/200 means that
the person must be within 20 feet of an object to see it while he should be
able to see it 200 feet away. The numerator in this fraction is always the
distance at which the person should be able to see if vision were normal.
In the table below, "L.P." means "Light Perception"; "H.M." "Hand
Movements"; "F.C." "Finger Count"; "Nil" means "Total Blindness."
County
Alamance-
Alexander..
Alleghany-
Anson.—
Ashe..
Avery..
Beaufort.--.
Bertie..
Age Diagnosis
Vision Before
Medical Care Given
Riglit Eye Left Eye Right Eye Left Eye
Cataract-Chorio-Retinitis— 20/400
20/100
20/100
20/200
20/200
S7
61
14
9
60
30
75
11
71
55
65
28
47
80
51
17
32
65
60
HyptTopia-Astigmatism.-
Hyperopia.-
Hyperopia
Myopia.-
Congenital Nystagmus-Myopia |
F-C. 8 ft.
Hyperopia
Hyperopia
Hyperopia-Astigmatism
Surgical Aphakia
.Ametropia-Presbyopia -
Cataracts-Surgical Aphalsia—
Hyperopia-Presbyopia
Hyperopia
Myopia
Scjuint-Hyperopia.—
Myopia-Astigmatism...-
Hyperopia-.Astigmatism -
Cataract-Phthisis Bulbi
Keratitis.- - ^-
Hyperopi a-Presbyopi a. .. _ - - -—:
Hyperopia-Presbyopia.—
Myopia.-
Myopia.-
Glaucoma-Hyperopia
Hyperopia-Astigmatism
Cataract-Surgical Aphakia
Myopia-Astigmatism
Myopia -
Hyperopia.-
Hyperopia Presbyopia
Astigmatism
Presbyopi a Hyperopia.���
Cataract-Surgical Aphakia.-
Presbyopia-Hyperopia
Myopia-Astigmatism —
Progressi ve Myopia
Pterygium-Cataract - F-p-
Hyperopia Presbyopia I
20/100
Nil
20/200
20/200
F. C.
20/200
10/200
20/100
20/100
20/100
20/200
20/200
20/100
20/100
20/200
20/200
20/200
2t5'/200
20/200
Nil
20/200
20/200
20/100
20/100
20/200
20/200
20/400
20/100
20/200
20/100
20/200
20/200
Vision After
Medical Care Given
Nil
20/100
20/200
20/200
20/200
F.C. 10 ft
20/200
20/200
20/200
F.C.
20/200
8/200
20/100 ,
20/200
20/100
I
20/200
20/200
20/100
Nil
20/200
20/200
20/100
20/200
20/200
20/200
20/200
20/200
20/100
20/100
20/200
20/200
20/400
20/100
F.C. 5ft.
20/200
20/200
10/200
20/200
20/100
20/50
20/30
20/20
20/20
20/30
20/50
Nil
20/70 .-
20/20
20/70
20/30
20/70
20/20
20/70
20/SO
20/20
20/40
20/20
20/30
02/30
20/20
20/40
14/20
14/20
Nil
20/70
20/40
20/8O
20 /60
20/20
20/30
20/100
20/20
20/40
20/20
20/.5O
20/70
F.C.
20/50
Nil
20/30
20/20
20/20
20/30
20/70
20/30
20/70
20/40
20/50
20/30
20/70
20/30
20/100
20 /80
20/20
20/25
20/20
Nil
20/40
20/20
20/20
14/20
14/20
20/15
20/70
20/40
20/8O
20 /60
20/20
20/30
20/70
20/20
F.C. 5 ft.
20/20
20/50
20/50
20/50
1 20/20
56 Biennial Report of the
County Age Diagnosis
Vision Before
Medical Care Given
Rigiit Eye Left Eye
Vision After
Medical Care Given
Right Eye Left Eye
Bladen.
Brunswick._
Buncombe-
Burke.
Cabarrus..
63
87
11
43
25
65
51
64
49
12
24
63
54
61
60
49
76
60
67
15
9
62
26
47
70
66
4S
67
45
72
70
72
61
9
64
64
30
53
66
53
12
9
12
13
11
11
14
8
14
15
9
71
74
57
73
Cataract-Surgical Aphakia—
Surgical Aphakia-Cataract
Myopia-Astigmatism
Cataract-Surgical-Aphakia
Cataract Surgical Aphakia.-
Presbyopia-Hyperopia
Hyperopia Presbyopia
Hyperopia-Presbyopia
Hyperopia Presbyopia
Strabismus-Hyperopia
Anisometropia
Cataract-Surgical Aphakia -
Hyperopia-Presbyopia
Cataract-Opacities
Hyperopia-Presbyopia
Cataract-Dacrocystitis
Cataract-Hyperopia-Presbyopia
Hyperopia-Presbyopia
Hypermetropia-Presbyopia
Hyperopia.-
Strabismus-Hyperopia-Astigmatism..
Hyperopia.-
Myopia-Astigmatism
Myopia-Astigmatism.-
Cataract-Surgical Aphakia _
Surgical Aphakia
Cataracts-Surgical Aphakia
Asti gmatism-Hyperopia-Phthisi s
Bulbi
Cataract-Surgical Aphakia
Surgical Aphakia-Cataracts
Cataract-Surgical Aphakia.-
Hyperopia-Astigmatism
Cataract-Surgical Aphaki a
Astigmatism
Hypi ropia-Presbyopia
Cataract-Surgical Aphakia
Astigmatism
Presbyopia-Hyperopia
Presbyopia-Hyperopia—
Hyperopia-Presbyopia
Myopia.-
Myopia.,
Astigmatism
Astigmatism
Astigmatism
Astigmatism-Hyperopia.-
Myopia.-
Hyperopia.-
Myopia.-
Myopia.-
Hyperopia-Amblyopia _
Cataracts-Surgical Aphakia
Hyperopia-Presbyopia
Hyperopia-Presbyopia
Hyperopia-Presbyopia
H.M. 2ft.
20/200
20/100
F.C. 5ft.
20/100
15/200
7/200
20/200
6/200
20/200
20/200
20/400
20/100
10/200
12/200
20/200
L. P.
12/200
20/100
20/200
20/100
20/100
5/200
20/200
20/200
L. P.
L. P.
20/16O
L. P.
20/100
L. P.
20/100
F.C. 10ft.
20/200
20/200
1/200
20/200
20/200
20/200
20/200
20/200
4/200
20/200
20/100
20/200
20/200
20/200
20/100
20/200
15/200
20/200
5/200
20/100
20/100
12/200
F.C. 2ft.
Nil
20/100
F.C. 5ft.
F.C.
15/200
14/200
20/200
5/200
20/100
10/200
20/400
20/100
10/200
14/200
20/200
10/200
12/200
20/200
20/200
20/100
20/100
10/200
20/200
20/200
L. P.
L. P.
Nil
L. P.
F.C. 3ft.
F.C. 2ft.
20/100
8/200
20/200
20/200
L. P.
20/200
20/200
20/200
20/200
20/200
4/200
20/200
20/100
20/200
20/200
20/200
20/200
20/200
15/200
20/200
4/200
20/100
20/100
15/200
H.M. 2ft.
20/40
20/50
20/15
20/30
20/20
20/50
20/20
20/40
20/200
20/30
20/50
20/40
10/200
20/30
20/50
L. P.
20/20
20/20
20/70
20/50
20/30
20/40
20/40
20/60
20/20
L. P.
20/25
L. P.
20/100
L. P.
20/30
20/30
20/30
20/20
1/200
20/8O
20/20
20/20
20/20
20/20
20/30
20/20
20/20
20/80
20/15
20/20
20/30
20/20
20/20
20/20
20/25
20/20
20/20
20/20
Nil
20/50
20/15
20/30
20/20
20/50
20/20
20/40
20/30
20/70
20/50
20/40
20/25
20/30
20/50
20/70
20/20
20/20
20/70
20/50
20/25
20/40
20/200
20/60
20/20
20/40
Nil
20/40
20/50
20/30
20/30
8/200
20/30
20/20
20/24
20/200
20/20
20/20
20/20
20/20
20/30
20/30
20/20
20/8O
20/15
20/20
20/30
20/20
20/20
20/20
20/25
20/20
20/20
20/20
North Carolina State Commission for the Blind 57
County
Cabarrus..
Caldwell-
Camden...
Carteret.
Catawba.-
Chatham..
Cherokee..
Age
71
73
61
70
7
54
54
84
50
26
15
18
41
55
9
38
74
22
47
65
15
68
61
66
27
16
80
27
72
75
13
15
66
16
54
46
39
21
38
16
19
72
63
36
50
66
65
43
20
40
13
13
7
Diagnosis
Myopia-Presbyopia
Hyperopia-Amblyopia-Presbyopia._.
Retinitis-Hyperopia
Cataract-Surgical Aphakia
Cataract-Surgical Aphakia..-
Hyperopia
Hyperopia-Presbyopia
Myopia.-
Cataract-Hyperopia-Presbyopia
Hyperopia-Presbyopia
Myopia.-
Myopia.-
Coloboma-Choroiditis-Surgical
Aphakia
Hyperopia-Retinitis
Hyperopia-Persbyopia
Nystagmus-Hypreopia._
Myopia-Chorio-Retinitis
Hyperopia
M.vopia.-
Coloboma-Chorio-Retinitis- Sur-gical
Aphakia
Hyperopia-Presbyopia
Myopia.-
Surgical Aphakia
Optia Atrophy-Myopia.-
Cataract-Surgical Aphakia
Myopia—
Myopia.-
Cataracts-Surgical Aphakia
Conical Cornea-Contact Lenses
Cataract-Surgi cal Aphakia
Cataract-Surgical Aphakia
Myopia.-
Hyperopia-Astigmatism.-
Squint-Cataract-Surgical Aphakia.-..
Hyperopia
Hyperopia-Presbyopia
Trauma
Strabismus-Nystagmus-Myopia
Retinitis Pigmentosa-Myopia.-
Glaucoma-Myopia
H.vptropia-Astigmatism
Nystagmus-Hyperopia
Cataracts-Surgioal Aphakia
Hyperopia-.\stigmatism-Presbyopia._
Hyperopia..
Presbyopia-Hyperopi a-.Asti gmati sm...
Hyperopia-Astigmatism
Hyperopia-Ast i gmati sm-Presbyopia. ..
Astigmatism-Hyperopia
Hyperopia _
Strabismus-Nystagmus-Hyperopia
Myopia.-
Myopia.-
Hyperopia-Astigmatism
Vision Before
IVIedical Care Given
Right Eye Left Eye
25/100
7/200
5/200
F.C. lOin.
3/200
20/100
20/100
20/500
Nil
20/100
20/100
20/200
L. P.
20/200
20/200
20/400
H. M.
10/400
20/200
25/100
5/200
20/200
8/200
L. P.
20/100
20/100
20/500
20/200
20/100
20/100
20/300
F.C. 6 ft.
20/200
20/200
20/400
20/400
15/400
20/200
L. P. F.C. 3 ft
20/200 20/200
20/200 20/200
Nil F.C. 3ft.
Nil 20/200
20/200 20/200
20/200 20/200
20/300 20/300
20/SOO 20/800
20/400 F.C. 3 ft.
30/100 L. P.
L. P. 5/200
15/200 20/200
20/100 20/100
20/200 20/400
20/100 20/200
20/100 20/100
Nil 20/200
20/100 20/100
20/100 20/100
20/200 F.C. 1 ft.
20/200 20/200
20/100 20/100
20/200 20/100
20/200 20/100
20/200 20/200
20/100 20/100
20/200 20/200
20/100 20/100
20/100 20/200
20/100 20/100
20/100 20/100
20/100 20/100
20/100 20/100
20/200 20/200
Vision After
Medical Care Given
Right Eye Left Eye
20/30
20/100
5/200
20/33
20/30
20/30
20/20
20/20
Nil
20/20
20/25
20/20
L. P.
20/50
20/30
20/70
H. M.
20/80
20/30
L. P.
20/20
20/25
Nil
Nil
20/200
20/25
20/25
20/800
20/40
20/100
20/25
20/30
20/20
20/50
20/20
20/20
Nil
20/100
20/70
20/25
20/30
20/70
20/50
20/40
20/20
20/20
20/20
20/30
20/20
20/70
20/100
20/20
20/40
20/70
20/30
20/20
20/40
8/200
L. P.
20/30
20/20
20/20
20/30
20/20
20/25
20/20
20/50
20/70
20/30
20/40
20/40
20/40
20/30
20/30
20/20
20/25
20/50
20/50
20/25
20/25
20/25
20/50
20/40
20/40
20/25
20/30
20/20
20/400
20/20
20/20
20/50
20/70
20/50
F.C. 1ft.
20/30
20/100
20/70
20/40
20/20
20/20
20/20
20/30
20/30
20/50
20/70
20/20
20/40
20/50
58 Biennial Report of the
County
Cherokee..
Chowan-
Clay..
Cleveland-.
Columbus
Craven-
Cumberland..
Age Diagnosis
Myopia-Astigmatism _
Astigmatism „
Hyperopia-Astigmatism-Presbyopia...
Myopia-Astigmatism _ :
Blephari tis-Cataracts-Surgi cal
Aphakia
Hyperopia-Astigmatism
Cataract-Pterygium-Surgical
Aphakia.-
Hyperopia
Hyperopia
Myopia-Astigmatism
Filtering Cicartix-Hyperopia.-
Astigmatism
Cataract-Surgical Aphakia
Cataract-Surgical Aphakic
Hyperopia
Cataract-Surgical Aphakia
Hyperopia-Astigmatism
Hyperopia-Presbyopia
Myopia-Astigmatism _
Myopia.-
Coloboma-Iris Atrophy-Hyperopia.....
Myopia
Cataract-Surgical Aphakia
Cataract-Presbyopia
Cataract.
Hyperopia-Astigmatism.-
Cataract-Presbyopia
Optic Atrophy-Myopia-Astigmatism.
Edema of Retina
Myopia.-.
Cataract-Surgical Aphakia
Optic Atrophy-Hyperopia
Hyperopia-Presbyopia
Hyperopia-Presbyopia
Myopia-Astigmatism.
Hyperopia.—
Astigmatism
Cataract-Surgical Aphakia _
Hyperopia-Cataract-Surgi c al
Aphakia
Nystagmus Hyperopia. _
Astigmatism-Amblyopia
Astigmatism-Strabismus _
Astigmatism
Astigmatism
Hyperopia-Astigmatism
Astigmatism
Hyperopia-Presbyopia
Hyperopia-Presbyopia
Myopia-Astigmatism
Hyperopia-Astigmatism
Hyperopia
Hyperopia
Visi on Before
Me dical Care Given
Right Eye Left Eye
20/200
20/100
5/200
10/200
F.C. 5ft.
20/100
20/100
20/100
20/200
20/100
Nil
20/100
F.C. 1ft.
F.C. 5ft.
20/100
20/100
20/200
15/200
20/400
20/100
10/200
20/200
20/200
20/200
Nil
20/100
20/100
F. C..3ft.
20/200
20/400
L. P.
20/100
20/100
20/100
20/100
20/100
20/100
20/300
20/200
20/200
L. P.
20/200
20/100
20/100
20/200
20/200
20/200
Nil
20/200
20/100
20/100
20/100
20/200
20/200
20/200
10/200
F.C. oft.
20/100
Nil
20/100
20/100
20/200
10/200
20/100
L. P.
L. P.
20/100
20/100
20/100
15/200
20/300
20/100
Nil
20/200
Nil
20/200
20/100
20/100
20/100
20/100
20/300
20/400
20/400
Nil
20/100
20/100
20/100
20/100
20/100
L. P.
20/200
20/200
20/200
20/200
20/100
20/100
20/100
20/200
20/200
20/200
20/200
20/100
20/100
20/100
Vision After
IVIedical Care Given
Right Eye
20/20
20/100
20/20
20/20
20/70
20/30
20/70
20/20
20/30
20/30
Nil
20/20
20/40
20/40
20/30
20/70
20/30
20/50
20/30
20/30
20/50
20/20
20/70
20/40
Nil
20/30
20/40
F.C. 3ft.
20/30
20/30
L. P.
20/50
20/50
20/20
20/15
20/100
20/30
20/30
20/40
20/40
20/200
20/40
20/40
20/20
20/20
20/30
20/20
Nil
2/020
20/40
20/50
20/30
Left Eye
20/20
20/40
20/20
20/20
20/30
20/30
Nil
20/30
20/30
20/30
20/40
20/20
C.F. 6ft.
F.C. 6ft.
20/30
20/100
20/30
20/20
20/30
20/30
Nil
20/20
Nil
20/40
20/30
20/30
20/40
20/30
20/200
20/30
20/70
Nil
20/50
20/20
20/20
20/70
20/30
20/30
20/40
20/100
20/30
20/100
20/40
20/20
20/30
20/30
20/20
20/20
20/20
20/40
20/50
20/30
North Carolina State Commission for the Blind 59
County Age Diagnosis
Vision Before
Medical Care Given
Right Eye Left Eye
Vision After
Medical Care Given
Right Eye Left Eye
Cumberland Hyperopia
Astigmatism-Amblyopia
Hyperopia-Astigmatism
Hyperopia-Presbyopia
Hyperopia
Astigmatism
Astigmatism-Presbyopia _
Astigmatism-Presbyopia
Astigmatism-Myopia.__
Hyperopia-Astigmatism
Hyperopia-Astigmatism
Astigmatism
Hyperopia.-
Cataract-Surgical Aphakia
Strabismus-Hyperopia
Intraocular Infection-Hyperopia
Astigmatism
Astigmalism
Astigmatism..,
Optic Atrophy-Astigmatism
Extropia-Amblyopia Hyperopia
Hyperopia-Astigmatism
Cataract-Arterio-Sclerosis-
Suraical Aphakia
Surgical Aphakia
Cataracts-Surgical Aphakia
Arterio-sclerosis-Hyperopia.—
Presbyopia- Astigmatism
Astigmatism
Surgical Aphakia
Surgical Aphakia
Cataract-Surgical Aphakia
Cataract-Surgical Aphakia _
Cataract-Surgical Aphakia _
Hyperopia
Hyperopia
Hyperopia
Hyperopia-Presbyopia
Hyperopia-Presbyopia
Hyperopia
Hyperopia
Astigmatism
Astigmatism.-
Cataracts-Surgi cal Aphakia
Hyperopia
Hyperopia
Hyperopia
Cataract-Surgical Aphakia
Hyperopia-Presbyopia
Hyperopia-Presbyopia
Hyperopia-Astigmatism..
Cataract-Surgical Aphakia...-
Presbyopia-Hyperopia
20/100
20/200
20/100
20/100
20/100
20/100
20/100
20/200
20/400
20/400
20/200
20/100
20/200
20/100
Nil
20/200
20/100
20/100
20/200
Nil
L. P.
20/100
Nil
F. C.
F. C.
20/100
20/200
20/200
C. F.
C. F.
20/200
C. F.
20/100
20/100
20/200
20/100
20/100
20/100
20/100
20/200
20/100
20/200
20/200
20/400
20/100
20/100
20/200
Nil
20/100
20/100
20/200
20/200
20/100
20/200
20/100
20/100
20/100
20/100
20/100
20/200
20/200
20/400
20/200
20/100
20/200
20/100
20/100
20/200
20/100
20/100
20/200
20/100
L. P.
20/400
20/200
F. C.
F. C.
20/100
20/200
20/200
C. F.
C. F.
20/200
C. K.
20/100
20/100
20/200
20/100
20/100
20/100
20/100
20/200
20/100
20/200
20/200
20/300
20/100
20/200
L. P.
20/100
20/100
L. P.
20/200
20/200
20/20
20/200
20/20
20/20
20/20
20/30
20/20
20/20
20/100
20/40
20/20
20/20
20/20
20/40
Nil
20/40
20/20
20/20
20/20
Nil
20/50
20/30
Nil
20/30
20/30
20/40
20/20
20/20
20/20
C.F.
20/20
20/80
20/40
20/20
20/40
20/40
20/20
20/20
20/20
20/20
20/30
20/30
20/70
20/20
20/20
20/20
20/50
Ki'
20/20
20/30
20/50
20/30
20/20
20/40
20/20
20/20
20/20
20/30
20/20
20/20
20/40
20/40
20/20
20/20
20/25
20/40
20/50
20/40
20/20
20/20
20/20
20/20
20/200
20/30
20/50
20/20
20/30
20/40
20/20
20/20
20/30
20/40
20/20
20/80
20/40
20/40
20/40
20/46
20/20
20/20
20/20
20/20
20/30
20/30
20/200
20/20
20/20
20/20
L. P.
20/20
20/20
L. P.
20/50
20/30
60 Biennial Report of the
County
Gumberland—
Currituck
Currituck
Dare-
Davidson..
Davie-
Duplin..
Age Diagnosis
Presbyopia.-..
Cataract-Surgical Aphakia
Astigmatism-Myopia
Astigmatism-Myopia
Astigmatism-Myopia
Astigmatism-Myopia ,
Hyperopia
Astigmatism-Hyperopia.-
Hyperopia-Presbyopia
Hyperopia
Hyperopia-Presbyopia
Hyperopia
Astigmatism
Astigmatism
Astigmatism
Astigmatism
Astigmatism
Cataract-Surgical Aphakia.-
Cataract-Surgical Aphakia
Surgical Aphakia
Cataract-Surgical Aphakia -
Cataract-Surgical Aphakia
Myopia
Myopia-Presbyopia
Hyperopia-Presbyopia
Hyperopia-Presbyopia
Senile Cataract-Surgical Aphakia
Opacity of Lens-Surgical Aphakia
Hyperopia-Astigmatism.-
Bilateral Cataract-Surgical Aphakia
Myopia.-
Hyperopia
Hyperopia
Myopia-Astigmatism
Surgical Aphakia
Hyperopia-Presbyopia
Cataract-Surgical Aphakia _
Hyperopia.—
Hyperopia _
Cataract-Surgical Aphakia
Cataract-Surgical Aphakia -
Hyperopia-Presbyopia
Surgical Aphakia.-
Hyperopia-Astigmatism.-
Ametropia.-
Ametropia.-
Ametropia
Myopia
Hyperopia
Myopia.-
Presbyopia-Myopia
Hyperopia.-
Myopia.-
Vision Before
Medical Care Given
Right Eye
20/100
L. P.
20/200
20/100
20/100
20/100
20/100
20/100
20/100
20/100
20/200
20/100
20/400
20/200
20/100
20/100
20/100
20/100
L. P.
20/400
20/200
20/200
20/200
5/200
20/200
10/200
20/200
F. C.
20/200
LP.
F.C. 18in
20/100
6/200
10/200
20/200
10/200
20/100
20/100
20/100
F.C.
20/400
20/100
20/200
20/1 80
20/200
20/200
20/100
6/200
20/100
6/200
20/100
20/100
10/200
Left Eye
20/100
L. P.
20/200
20/100
20/100
20/100
20/100
20/100
20/100
20/100
20/200
20/100
20/400
20/200
20/100
20/100
20/100
20/100
L. P.
Nil
20/200
L. P.
20/200
L. P.
20/200
20/200
20/200
20/200
20/200
F.C.
F.C. IS in
20/100
10/200
10/200
10/200
20/200
20/100
20/200
F.C.
F.C.
20/100
20/200
20/I8O
20/200
20/200
20/100
6/200
20/100
20/200
20/100
10/200
Vision After
Medical Care Given
Right Eye
20/30
20/60
20/20
20/40
20/20
20/20
20/20
20/50
20/20
20/20
20/200
20/20
20/400
20/20
20/20
20/50
20/40
20/40
L. P.
20/30
20/20
20/50
20/40
20/50
20/40
20/40
20/50
F.C.
20/70
L. P.
20/100
20/30
20/60
20/30
20/200
20/50
20/30
20/70
20/20
18/200
F.C. 2 ft.
20/20
20/200
20/35
20/20
20/20
20/20
20/40
20/70
20/60
20/25
20/30
Left Eye
20/30
20/6O
20/20
20/40
20/20
20/20
20/20
20/50
20/20
20/20
20/40
20/20
20/70
20/20
20/20
20/50
20/30
20/100
20/6O
Nil
20/20
L. P.
20/40
L. P.
20/40
20/30
20/50
20/50
20/70
20/50
20/70
20/30
20/6O
20/50
20/50
20/50
20/6O
20/100
20/30
20/40
20/30
20/20
20/20
20/35
20/20
20/20
20/30
20/40
20/30
20/400
20/70
20/25
20/30
North Carolina State Commission for the Blind 61
Countv
Duplin 66
73
63
14
10
14
6«
17
87
68
68
14
65
8
90
70
60
53
70
72
51
10
29
56
75
7
12
14
19
10
13
10
11
75
52
43
71
75
22
21
9
25
67
71
12
75
64
76
77
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Age Diagnosis
Cataract-Surgical Aphakia
Cataract-Choria-retinitib-Surgical
Aphakia
Pterygium-Ectropion-Cataract-
Surgical Cor _
Myopia.-
Myopia.-
Hypi;ropia-Amblyopia
Myopia-Presbyopia.-
Cataracts-Surgical Aphakia.-
Extropia-Optic Atrophy-Hypcropia...
Cataract-Surgical Aphakia _
Hyperopia
Hyperopia
Hyperopia-Presbyopia
Myopia.-
Myopia.-
Cataract-Surgical Aphakia
Cataract-Surgical Aphakia
Cataract-Surgical .4phakia
Surgical Aphakia
Hyperopia-Presbyopia
Corneal Soar-Hyperopia
Myopia-Astigmatism
Cataracts-Glaucoma-Surgieal
Aphakia
Presbyopia-Hyperopia
Cataracts-Surgical Aphakia.—
Myopia.-
Myopia-Astigmatism
Astigmatism
Myopia.-
Myopia.-
Myopia.-
Myopia.-
Myopia-.\stigmatism
Cataract-Sura;! cal Aphakia
Hyperopia-Presbyopia
Hyperopia
Cataracts-Surgical Aphakia
Presbyopia-Hyperopia-Hypertcnsion.
Myopia _
Myopia-Nystagmus
Myopia-Astigmatism-Squint
Scarred Cornea-Hyperopia
Thrombusis-Cataract-Surgical
Aphakia.-
Cataracts-Surgical Aphakia
Hyperopia-Astigiuatism.-
Hyperopia...-
Presbyopia-Hyperopia
Cataracts-Surgical Aphakia
Lenticular Debris-Cataracts-
Surgical Aphakia
Vision Before
IVIedical Care Given
Right Eye
20/200
L. P.
20/400
20/300
20/200
10/200
L. P.
L. P.
F.C. 2 ft.
20/200
20/200
20/400
20/100
20/400
F.C. 2 it.
20/200
L. P.
F.C. 4 ft.
F.C. 7 ft.
H.M.
20/200
20/400
20/200
20/200
20/100
20/200
20/100
20/400
20/200
20/100
20/200
10/400
20/100
20/200
20/200
F.C. 5 ft.
20/200
20/400
F.C. 2 ft.
20/100
15/400
L. P.
F.C. 5 ft.
20/100
20/200
20/100
10/400
10/400
Left Eye
F.C. 5ft.
H.M.
F. C.lft.
20/400
20/300
20/200
10/200
L. P.
20/400
5/200
20/200
20/200
20/400
20/100
20/100
20/200
L. P.
F.C.
F.C. 4ft.
10/100
20/400
20/200
F.C.
5/400
20/200
20/100
20/100
20/100
5/200
20/200
20/200
20/200
10/400
20/100
20/200
20/200
F.C. 2ft.
20/400
20/200
20/400
20/100
15/400
F.C.
F.C. 2ft.
20/200
20/200
20/100
20/200
10/400
Vision After
Medical Care Given
Right Eye
20/20
20/100
20/50
20/40
20/200
20/50
L. P.
L. P.
20/40
20/20
20/20
20/25
20/25
20/80
20/50
20/200
L. P.
20/25
20/50
H.M.
20/40
20/50
20/20
20/40
20/20
20/20
20/20
20/70
20/30
20/20
20/20
20/20
20/50
20/20
20/20
F.C. 5ft.
20/40
20/20
20/100
22/400
20/20
L. P.
F.C. 5ft.
20/50
20/25
20/20
20/30
20/70
Left Eye
20/40
H. M.
20/50
20/50
20/40
20/30
20/50
20/20
20/50
5/200
20/20
20/20
20/25
20/25
20/40
20/60
20/70
20/60
F.C. 2 ft.
20/25
20/50
20/40
20/400
20/400
20/50
20/20
20/20
20/20
20/80
20/30
20/20
20/20
20/20
20/50
20/20
20/20
20/25
20/25
20/20
20/50
20/40
20/20
20/80
20/25
20/6O
20/30
20/40
20/200
20/70
62 Biennial Report of the
Age Diagnosis
Vision Before
Medical Care Given
Vision
IVIedical C
After
are Given
County
Right Eye Left Eye Right Eye Left Eye
Durha 45
55
58
8
60
72
12
10
18
58
76
43
64
6
11
13
7
65
78
10
8
15
69
7
12
54
81
12
9
9
60
25
47
36
35
69
36
12
48
68
14
14
14
40
68
12
11
14
40
74
69
37
32
Ret. Atrophy-Macular Deg.
20/100
20/400
L. P.
20/100
20/200
20/300
20/400
12/200
F.C.
Nn
L. P.
20/400
20/200
20/100
20/200
20/100
20/400
20/400
20/200
20/200
20/100
20/400
Nil
20/400
20/200
Nil
F.C. 3ft.
20/100
20/200
20/200
20/100
20/200
20/100
20/200
Nil
20/100
20/200
20/400
20/400
20/200
20/100
20/200
20/100
20/800
20/100
20/100
20/240
20/100
20/100
20/200
20/200
20/400
20/800
Nil
L. P.
F.C.
20/100
20/200
20/300
20/100
20/200
F.C.
20/100
20/100
L. P.
20/100
20/100
20/200
20/200
20/400
20/400
Nil
20/200
20/100
20/200
20/100
20/400
20/200
20/100
F.C. 3ft.
20/100
20/100
20/200
L.P.
20/200
20/100
20/200
20/200
20/200
20/200
20/300
20/800
20/200
20/100
20/200
20/100
Nil
F.C. 3ft.
20/100
20/240
20/100
F.C. 5ft.
20/200
20/200
20/400
Nil
20/40
20/50
L.P.
20/20
20/20
20/20
20/30
20/20
F.C.
Nil
L.P.
20/40
20/20
20/30
20/25
20/20
20/30
20/20
20/20
20/40
20/20
20/70
Nil
20/40
20/40
Nil
20/100
20/20
20/50
20/20
20/30
20/20
20/20
20/100
Nil
20/20
20/20
20/20
20/50
20/20
20/40
20/40
20/40
20/50
20/40
20/20
20/30
20/40
20/30
20/30
20/30
20/20
20/50
Nil
L.P.
20/50
20/20
Hyperopia-Astigmatism-Presbyopia.-.
Myopia-Presbyopia.- _
20/20
20/20
20/30
.. """ "1
20/20
Cataracts-Surgical Aphakia.- 20/40
Diabetic- Retinitis-Cataract
20/70
Nuclea Opacity-Surgical Aphakia
Cataraf't-Snro'ical Aphakia ,
20/80
L.P.
20/20
20/30
20/25
20/20
20/30
Hyperopia-Nystagmus
Astigmatism _
20/20
Ni!
20/40
..
' : 20/20
IMyopia-Nystagmus.
Astigmatism
20/80
20/25
20/40
Astigmatism
Senile Cataract-Surgical Aphakia
Senile Cataract-Surgical Aphakia.-
20/40
20/40
20/30
20/20
, Myopia-Astigmatism 20/50
, 20/20
. Senile Cataract-Surgical Aphakia.- L.P.
. 20/20
< 20/20
. 20/30
. 20/50
th .. .. Myopia-Presbvopia. 20/50
Ametropia.- 20/100
20/20
Ametropia-Presbyopia— _ 20/100
20/20
20/30
20/40
20/40
Keratoconus-Anophthalmus
Corneal Scar-Ametropia..
Nil
F.C. 3ft.
20/20
Myopia-Astigmatism 20/30
- 20/40
Ametropia-Choriod Degeneration
Ametropia-Presbyopia
F.C. 5ft.
20/30
Ametropia...-
Ametropia
20/30
20/20
Keratoconus _. Nil
North Carolina State Commission for the Blind 63
County
Forsyth..
Fraaklin
Gaston.
Gastoa_
Gates..
Graham
Granville..
Greene
Guilford
Age Diagnosis
Ametropia-Cataracts-Surgical
Aphakia
Surgical Aphakia
Ametropia
Hyperopia
Hyperopia.-
Hyperopia.-
Hyperopia.-
Astigmatism-Hyperopia _
Bilateral Cataracts-Surgical Aphakia
Nuclear Cataracts-Surgical Aphakia
Cataraets-Surgi cal Aphakia
Cataracts-Surgical Aphakia
Cataracts-Surgical Aphakia...-
Hyperopia-Presbyopia
Hyperopia-Presbyopia
Hyperopia-Presbyopia. _.
Cataracts-Surgical Aphakia : .....
Myopia-Presbyopia.-
Myopia.-
Cataract-Surgical Aphakia
Hyperopia-Astigmatism
Myopia.-
Retinal Arterio-Sclerosis-Cataracts-
Surgical Aphakia
Hyperopia-Presbyopia
Presbyopia.-
Myopia-Astigmatism
Hyperopia-Presbyopia
Myopia-Astigmatism
Myopia-Astigmatism
Myopia-.A.stigmati3m
Myopia-Astigmatism
Myopia.-
Cataracts-Surgical Aphakia.-
Vision Before
IVIedical Care Given
Riglit Eye
Myopia— _
Hyperopia
Hyperopia.-
Amblyopia-Squint-Myopia
Astigmatism-Myopia.
Astigmatism-Hyperopia.
Cataract-Surgical Aphakia
Astigmatism
Astigmatism _
Astigmatism
Myopia.-
Hyperopia-Convergent Squint
Myopia.-
Strabismus-Hyperopia
Cataracts-Surgical Aphakia
Hyperopia-Presbyopia
Presbyopia-Cataract-Surgical
Aphakia
5/200
20/100
20/200
20/200
20/100
20/100
20/400
20/200
F.C. 3ft.
H. M.
L. P.
L. P.
L. P.
20/100
20/200
20/400
F.C. 5 ft.
10/400
20/100
L. P.
20/200
20/100
5/200
20/100
20/100
20/200
20/200
20/100
20/100
20/300
20/100
20/100
20/200
20/200
20/100
20/100
20/100
20/100
10/200
0/200
20/100
20/100
20/100
20/100
20/100
20/100
F.C. 4ft.
Nil
20/200
20/200
Vision After
IVIedical Care Given
Left Eye Right Eye
F.C. 2ft.
F.C. 3ft.
20/200
20/200
20/100
20/100
20/400
20/200
F.C. 4ft.
F.C. 2ft.
F.C. 5ft.
20/400
F.C. 5ft.
20/400
20/200
20/400
20/200
10/400
Nil
20/200
20/200
20/100
L. P.
20/100
20/100
Nil
20/200
20/100
20/100
20/400
20/100
20/100
20/200
20/200
20/100
20/100
20/100
20/100
10/200
20/200
20/100
20/100
20/100
20/100
20/100
20/100
20/400
20/200
20/200
20/200
5/200
20/100
20/20
20/20
20/20
20/20
20/20
20/40
F.C. 3 ft.
20/30
L. P.
20/40
L. P.
20/20
20/40
20/30
F.C. 5 ft.
20/25
20/40
L. P.
20/70
20/20
20/20
20/50
20/20
20/50
20/30
20/20
20/30
20/70
20/50
20/20
20/70
20/15
20/20
20/30
20/sO
20/20
20/25
0/200
20/30
20/30
20/40
20/20
20/50
20/20
20/50
Nil
20/20
20/20
Left Eye
20/20
20/50
20/50
20/20
20/20
20/70
20/20
20/40
20/30
F.C. 2 ft.
20/20
20/40
20/20
20/40
20/40
20/30
20/50
20/25
Nil
20/40
20/70
20/20
L. P.
20/50
20/20
Nil
20/20
20/20
20/30
20/70
20/50
20/20
20/50
20/15
20/30
20/40
20/100
20/20
20/25
20/50
20/30
20/30
20/40
20/20
20/50
20/20
20/20
20/50
20/20
20/200
64 Biennial Report of the
County
Guilford.
Halifax..
Harnett
Haywood.-.,
Henderson
Age
65
10
12
70
4S
14
11
74
60
12
25
10
12
2
60
43
59
24
7
9
9
26
15
12
50
73
62
72
52
85
12
67
75
Diagnosis
Myopia-Lenticular Opacity-Sur-gical
Aphakia..
Prosbyopia-Hyperopia
Hyperopia
Surgical Aphakia
Hyperopia-Astigmatism
Hypertension-Presbyopia-Hyperopia.-
Cataraot-Surgical Aphakia
Cataract-Surgical Aphakia
Presbyopia-Astigmatism
Hyperopia
Surgical Aphakia-Hyperopia
Cataract
Prcsbyopia-Hyperopia
Hyperopia.
Astigmatism
Cataract-Surgical Aphakia.__
Hyperopia
Hyperopia
Hyperopia.-
Presbyopia-Hyperopia
Optic Nerve Atrophy-Hyperopia._
Hyperopia _
Hyperopia
Myopia—
Hyperopia-Astigmatism.-
Marked Hyperopia.,
Souik' Cataracts-Surgical Aphakia.
Nystagmus-Anisotropia
Retinal Detachment-Surgical
Correction...-
Bilateral Keratoconus...-
Alternating Strabismus-Hyperopia
Hyperopia
Astigmatism
Hyperopia-Presbyopia
Myopia-Astigmatism
Hyperopia-Astigmatism
Myopia-Presbyopia
Presbyopia
Myopia-Presbyopia
Hyperopia
Hyperopia
Cataracts-Surgical Aphakia.-
Astigmatism ,
Hyperopia
High Myopia.
Cataract-High Myopia-Surgical
Aphakia
Cataract-High Myopia-Surgical
Aphakia
Myopia-Astigmatism
Myopia.-
Hyperopia
Hyperopia
Vision Before
Medical Care Given
Right Eye
F.C. 10ft.
20/100
20/100
F.C. 1ft.
20/100
15/200
F.C. 2ft.
L. P.
20/200
20/100
20/200
20/100
20/200
20/100
10/200
20/200
15/200
20/200
20/100
Nil
20/100
10/200
20/200
20/200
20/200
F.C.
20/200
20/200
F.C. 6ft.
20/200
20/100
20/200
20/200
20/100
20/100
20/100
20/100
Nil
20/100
20/100
20/200
20/200
20/200
20/400
F.C.
L. P.
20/400
20/400
20/100
20/400
Left Eye
F.C. 10ft.
20/100
20/100
F.C. 1ft.
12/200
10/200
L. P.
20/300
20/200
20/100
20/200
20/200
20/200
20/100
10/200
20/200
15/200
20/200
20/100
20/100
20/100
10/200
20/200
20/200
20/200
L. P.
20/100
Nil
F.C. 6ft,
20/200
20/100
20/200
20/100
20/100
20/100
20/100
20/100
20/100
20/200
20/100
Nil
20/100
20/200
20/400
20/200
20/400
20/400
20/400
20/100
20/400
Vision After
Medical Care Given
Right Eye
20/60
20/20
20/20
20/30
20/25
20/40
20/30
L. P.
20/20
20/70
20/70
20/70
20/20
20/20
20/70
20/25
20/25
20/50
20/20
Nil
20/100
20/70
20/20
20/50
20/50
F.C.
20/50
20/60
20/30
20/30
20/15
20/15
20/30
20/20
20/20
20/20
20/20
Nil
20/70
20/30
20/70
20/50
20/20
20/70
F.C.
L. P.
20/70
20/70
20/40
20/70
Left Eye
20/60
20/25
20/20
20/100
20/25
20/20
L. P.
20/25
20/20
20/70
20/70
20/70
20/20
20/20
20/70
20/25
20/25
20/200
20/20
20/50
20/30
20/70
20/20
20/50
20/50
20/30
20/70
F.C.4in.
20/30
20/30
20/15
20/15
20/30
20/20
20/20
20/20
20/20
20/40
20/100
20/30
Nil
20/40
20/20
20/70
20/70
20/70
20/70
20/40
20/70
North Carolina State Commission for the Blind 65
County
Henderson
Age
12
73
53
81
76
67
14
65
15
11
72
15
Hertford. I 53
Hoke.__ I
Hyde
Hertford
Iredell
Jackson..
Johnston..
Jones..
Lee
Lenoir.
Diagnosis
Vision Before
Medical Care Given
Right Eye
Myopia-.Astigmalism I 20/100
Hyperopia 20/lOO
Hyperopia-Presbyopia 20/200
59
12
69
75
64
61
38
13
83
63
73
70
70
14
9
10
54
68
69
70
76
75
16
60
77
Myopia-Presbyopia
Myopia-Presbyopia...
Hyperopia...-
Myopia-Astigmatism—
Hyperopia-Astigmatism-Chori odi t i s
Myopia.-
Hyperopia
Senile Cataract-Surgical Aphakia....
Hypermetropia-Dislocated Lens
Presbyopia.—
20/200
20/400
20/200
20/200
20/200
20/100
20/100
F.C. 3ft.
20/200
20/100
Left Eye
Vision After
Medical Care Given
Right Eye
Cataracts-Surgical Aphakia L. P.
Convergent Squint-Hyperopia 20/i00
Myopia-Presbyopia.- 20/300
Surgical Aphakia-Poaterior
Synechie
Surgical Aphakia-Senile Cataract.
Ametropia-Presbyopia
Hyperopia
Hyperopia
Cataracts-Surgical Aphakia
Surgical Aphakia
Pterygium-Hyperopia
Cataract-Surgical Aphakia
Cataract-Surgical Aphakia
Hyperopia-Astigmatisni ..
Hyperopia -
Optic Atrophy-Hyperopia
Ametropia-Presbyopia
Ametropia-Presbyopia. _
Ametropia
Ametropia-Presbyopia
Cataract-Surgical Aphakia
Arteric-Sclerosis-Hyperopia
Myopia.-
Hyperopia
Cataract-Surgical Aphakia
Coloboma.-
Bilateral Senile Cataracts-
Surgical Aphakia
Hyperopia-Presbyopia.
Bilateral Senile Cataracts-
Surgical Aphakia -
Nuclear Cataract-Surgical Aphakia...
Bilateral Cataract-Surgical .Aphakia
Cataracts-Presbyopia-Surgical
Aphakia..
Cataract-Surgical Aphakia—
Myopia-Hyptropia.-
Cataract-Surgical Aphakia — L. P.
Hyperopia-Presbyopia.— 20/400
Hyperopia-Optic Atrophy.- 1 Nil
20/200
F.C. 2ft
20/100
20/100
20/100
10/200
20/200
20/100
20/100
F.C. 3ft.
L.P.
20/100
F.C. 18ft
20/100
10/200
20/100
20/200
Nil
20/200
20/300
20/200
Nil
20/200
20/200
20/200
F.C. 10ft.
F.C. 10ft.
20/100
F.C. 3ft.
20/100
20/100
20/100
20/200
20/100
20/400
20/200
20/100
F.C.
20/100
20/100
F.C. 3ft.
20/100
20/200
F. C.
20/200
20/100
F.C. 3ft.
L.P.
20/100
20/100
20/100
F.C. 2ft.
20/200
10/200
20/200
H. M.
20/200
20/200
20/200
20/100
10/200
20/100
20/200
L.P.
20/200
20/300
20/200
20/100
18/200
20/200
20/200
F.C. 10ft
F.C. 10ft.
20/200
20/100
20/100
20/400
20/400
20/200
20/40
20/30
20/30
20/200
20/70
20/30
20/30
20/30
20/30
20/70
F.C. 3ft.
20/40
20/20
L.P.
20/40
20/30
20/50
20/30
20/30
20/20
20/20
10/200
20/200
20/50
20/80
20/70
20/100
20/20
20/100
20/20
20/20
20/20
20/20
Nil
20/70
20/200
20/30
L.P.
20/50
20/40
Left Eye
20/40
20/30
20/30
20/70
20/70
20/30
20/35
20/200
20/30
20/70
20/50
20/40
20/20
20/20
20/100
20/30
20/50
L.P.
20/30
20/20
20/20
20/30
20/50
20/100
20/100
H. M.
20/50
20/20
20/50
20/20
20/30
20/20
20/30
20/30
20/70
20/70
20/30
20/30
20/50
20/40
20/70
20/70
20/50
20/50
F.C. 3ft.
20/20
L.P.
20/20
Nil
20/200
20/70
20/50
20/70
20/30
20/20
20/60
20/20
20/25
66 Biennial Report of the
County Age
Lenoir
Lincoln
Macon „...
Madison
Martin
McDowell..
Mecklenburg
75
12
45
77
81
68
13
75
67
43
80
75
47
12
38
27
22
29
65
72
12
11
76
32
74
11
73
SO
10
55
31
10
76
63
14
50
43
12
45
50
11
12
45
34
10
14
13
15
63
15
Diagnosis
Myopia _
Ptosis-Hyperopia..
Optic Atrophy-Hypcropia-
Presbyopia
Cataracts-Surgical Aphalcia
Hyperopia.-
Cataracts-Surgical Aphaiiia._
Hyperopia. ._
Cataracts-Surgical Aphakia.
Bilateral Cataracts-Surgical Aphakia
Astigmatism-Presbyopia
Cataract-Surgical Aphakia
Ametropia-Hyperopia.
Ametropia-Hyperopia-Presbyopia
Bilateral Ectopioii-Myopia.
Cataract-Chronic Glaucoma-
Surgical Aphakia
Sftuint-Hypcropi a. _
Strabismus-Myopia
Cataract-Surgical Aphakia...-
Presbyopia-Hyperopia
Presbyopi a-Hyperopia
Nystagmus-Albinism-Hyperopia
Myopia—
Cai aracts-Surgical Aphakia.-
Surgical Aphakia
Corneal Scar-Pterygium-Hyperopia...
Ametropia
Senile Cataract-Surgical Aphakia
Incipient Cataract-Myopia.
Hypermetropia
Myopia
Hyperopia.-
Astigmatism
Myopia.
Incipient Cataracts-Myopia
Chronic Glaucoma-Myopia
Simple Myopia..
Hyperopia-Presbyopia
Myopia-Astigmatism-Presbyopia.-
Hj'permetropia
Hypermetropia-Presbyopia
Myopia-Astigmatism-Presbyopia
Myopia ._ _.. ....
Myopia.-
Myopia—
Hyperopia-Astigmatism-Presbyopia...
Cataracts-Surgical Aphapia
Nystagmus-Hyporopia.-
Congonital Nystagmus-Myopia
Myopia—
Myopia—
Myopia-Prcsbyopia.-
Traumatic Cataracts-Surgical
Aphakia
Vision Before
Medical Care Given
Right Eye
20/200
Nil
20/400
Nil
20/400
L. P.
20/100
L.P.
L. P.
20/100
20/200
20/200
10/200
20/100
F.C. 8fi..
20/400
C.F. 10ft,
Nil
20/200
20/200
20/200
20/100
L.Proj.
C.F. 3ft.
20/200
20/100
Left Eye
5/200
20/100
20/800
20/200
20/100
20/100
C.F. 4ft.
Nil
20/100
20/200
20/100
20/100
20/100
20/100
12/200
20/200
20/200
20/200
3/200
20/100
20/100
20/200
20/100
L.P
20/200
20/200
20/100
20/400
20/200
20/400
20/400
20/100
20/400
L.P.
20/200
20/200
20/200
10/200
20/100
F.C. 10ft,
20/400
C.F. 10ft.
4/200
20/200
10/200
20/200
20/100
L.Proi.
Nil
C.F. 2ft.
20/100
C.F. 6in.
4/200
20/100
20/SOO
20/200
20/200
20/100
C.F. 2ft.
L.P.
20/200
C. F.
20/200
20/100
20/100
20/200
12/200
20/200
20/200
20/200
10/200
20/100
20/100
20/200
20/200
8/200
L.P.
Vision After
iVIeclical Care Given
Right Eye
20/70
Nil
20/40
Nil
20/100
L.P.
20/30
L.P.
20/50
20/30
20/100
20/20
20/20
20/70
20/50
20/200
20/50
Nil
20/30
20/30
20/70
20/50
L.Pro;.
20/40
20/50
25/20
6/200 •
20/50
20/50
20/6O
20/20
20/20
20/20
C.F. 4ft.
Nil
20/25
20/20
20/20
20/20
20/20
20/30
20/20
20/20
20/20
20/30
20/80
20/80
20/120
20/25
20/25
20/20
20/45
Left Eye
20/70
20/20
20/400
20/70
20/60
20/60
20/25
20/40
L.P.
20/30
20/50
20/20
20/20
20/70
20/20
20/80
20/50
25/30
20/30
20/20
20/70
20/50
20/50
Nil
C.F. 2ft.
20/20
20/30
20/30
20/40
20/60
20/20
20/20
20/20
20/40
20/40
20/20
20/25
20/200
20/20
20/20
20/20
20/20
20/20
20/20
20/30
20/100
20/80
20/80
20/25
20/25
8/200
L.P.
North Carolina State Commission for the Blind 67
County Age Di?.gnosis
Vision Before
Medical Care Given
Right Eye Left Eye
Vision After
IVledical Care Given
Right Eye Left Eye
MeckletiburK 6S
'
' 52
" 56
" 14
'
'
..04
• • 44
" {A
" 40
n 57
-.
71
13
" 50
" 49
" _ 55
82
" 71
" 62
.'
n
" 7
" 43
" 46
" 36
Mitchell 9
10
'
' 9
" 77
<< 10
<<
11
70
56
<<
77
"
6
"
54
65
10
<• 49
• < 15
<. 85
<< 5?
<<
73
"
62
" 79
.. 5?
"
56
<<
73
<< 7?
.<
75
<<
'/3
• < 63
Nash.. 1^3
11
New Hanover.. 15
Surgical Aphakia.
Incipient Cataracts-Myopia.— ,
Senile Cataracts-Surgical Aphakia.
Myopia- Astigmatism.- ,
Cataract-Surgical Aphakia
Presbyopia-IIyperopia.—
Presbyopia-Myopia
Myopia-Prcibjopia
Hyperopia-Presbyopia
Myopia-Presbyopia
Myopia-Astigmatism
Presbyopia-Astigmatism
Hyperopia-Presbyopia
Presbyopia
Chronic Dacrocystitis-Myopia
Hyperopia-Presbyopia
Myopi a-Presbyopi a -Cataract
Surgical Aphukia
Hypermetropia.-
Hyperopia
Hypermciropiii-Presbyopia
Hyperopia-Astigmatism
Hypermature (Cataract-Surgical
Aphakia...:
Hyperopia-Astigmatism.
Hyperopia-Astigmatism._
Hyperopic Astigmatism.
Hyperopia Astigmatism.
Hyperopic Astigmatism...-
Hypermetropia-.'\stigmatism...
Senile Cataract-Hyperopia -
Bilateral Cataracts-Surgical Aphakia
Senile Cataracts-Surgical Aphakia
Astigmatism
Cataracts-Surgical Aphakia
Senile Cataracts-Surgical Aphakia
Amblyopia-Hyperopia
Hyperopic Astigmatism.
Myopic Astigmatism
Cataracts-Surgical Aphakia...-
Opanuo Cornea-Surgical Aphakia
Presbyopia-Hyperopia
Cataracts-Surgical Aphakia..
Bilateral Cataracts-Surgical Aphakia
Hyperopia-Presbyopia
Surgical Aphakia
Hyperopia-Presbyopia
Hyperopia
Incipient Cataracts-Hyperopia
Cataracts-Surgical Aphapia
Cataracts-Surgical Aphapia
Myopic Astigmatism..
Esotropia-Chorio-Retinitis-
Astigmatism _
Cataracts-Surgical Aphapia
C.F. 5ft.
L. P.
20/200
20/100
Light
20/200
20/ 100
20/200
20/100
20/200
20/200
20/200
20/200
20/200
C.F. 5ft.
20/200
L. P.
20/200
20/100
20/200
20/200
20/200
20/100
20/100
20/iOO
20/200
20/100
Nil
20/100
20/100
20/200
20/100
L. P.
5/100
20/100
20/200
20/100
Nil
Nil
20/200
C.F. 3ft.
C.F.
20/100
20/200
20/100
20/100
C.F. 10ft,
C.F. 3ft.
20/100
20/100
H. M.
L. P.
C.F. 4ft.
20/200
20/300
20/100
6/200
20/200
20/200
20/100
20/100
20/200
20/100
20/2CO
20/200
20/100
C.F. 10ft.
20/200
8/200
20/100
20/100
20/200
20/200
L. P.
20/100
20/100
20/200
20/200
20/100
20/100
20/200
L. P.
20/200
20/100
L. P.
5/100
20/200
20/200
20/100
20/100
20/400 •
15/200
Nil
Nil
20/100
20/100
20/200
20/100
C.F. 10ft
C.F. 3ft.
20/200
Nil
20/200
Nil
20/50
20/50
20/30
20/30
Light
20/40
20/20
20/20
20/20
20/200
20/50
20/40
20/30
20/20
20/40
20/25
L. P.
20/20
20/50
20/20
20/30
20/200
20/20
20/50
20/50
20/30
20/40
Nil
20/100
20/100
20/20
20/40
20/30
20/70
20/30
20/20
20/40
Nil
Nil
20/30
20/50
20/20
20/30
20/200
20/30
20/20
20/70
C.F. 8ft.
20/40
20/30
H. M.
20/70
20/50
20/200
20/300
20/40
20/50
20/40
20/20
20/20
20/20
20/50
20/200
20/30
20/70
20/20
20/40
20/25
20/4,0
20/20
20/50
20/20
20/30
20/20
20/20
20/50
20/200
20/100
20/50
20/20
20/30
20/40
20/200
20/40
L. P.
20/70
20/100
20/20
20/50
20/40
20/40
20/45
Nil
Nil
20/30
20/30
20/30
20/20
20/70
20/70
20/40
Ml
20/70
Nil
68 Biennial Report of the
County
New Hanover 46
Northampton..
Onslow
Orange...
Pamlico..
Pasquotank..
Pende
Perquimans.-
Person.-
Pitt
Age
67
22
24
8
6S
13
59
10
58
69
71
67
54
77
5S
79
38
9
8
13
8
10
8
8
72
70
68
65
11
70
SS
79
16
72
40
65
14
8
62
68
39
8
76
44
13
10
10
50
70
79
Diagnosis
Cornea & Conjunctiva bunied-
Hyperopia
SeTiile Cataracts-Siirgica! Aphakia .
Astigmatism
Hyperopia
Astigmatism
Myopia-Cataracts
Myopia.-
Surgical Aphapia
Hyptropic .Astigmatism.
Catara ct-Opti c Atrophy-Surgi cal
Aphakia
Surgical Aphapia
Prcsbyopia-HypcTopia
Corneal Scar-Presbyopia-Myopia
Cataract-Surgical Aphakia
Cataract-Surgical .Aphakia
Surgical Aphakia
Hyperopia-Presbyopia...-
Myopic Astigmatism
Hyperopia
Myopia.-
Hyperopia.-
Hyperopia.- ^
Hyperopia
Astigmatism
Astigmatism
Cataract -Surgi cal Aphakia
Presbyojiia-Hyperopia ,
Hyperopia
Cataracts-Surgical Aphakia
Ametropia _
Cataracts-SiArgical Aphakia
Cataracts-S'jrgical Aphakia.—
Astigmatism-Presbyopia...-
.Ametropia
Incipieni Cataracts-Myopia.,
Myopic .Astigmatism
Hyperopia-Prcsbyopia....
Myopia.-
Traumatic Cataract-Surgical
Aphakia....
Prcsbyopia-Hyperopia.
Astigmatism-Presbyopia.-
Myopia
Hyperopia
Surgical Aphakia
Astigmatism _
Astigmatism _
Astigmatism
Hyperopia -
Astigmatism-Presbyopia
Astigmatism-Presbyopia
Astigmatism-Presbyopia-Pterygium...
Vision Before
Medical Care Given
Right Eye Left Eye
20/200
20/400
20/100
20/200
20/200
20/400
15/100
L. P.
20/100
L. P.
H. M.
20/400
L. P.
20/200
20/100
Nil
10/200
5/200
20/100
20/200
20/100
20/100
20/100
20/100
20/400
20/400
20/200
20/200
Nil
20/200
L. P.
20/400
20/200
20/100
20/200
20/100
20/100
20/200
20/100
20/100
20/100
10/200
20/100
C.F. 2ft.
20/200
20/100
20/200
20/400
20/100
20/100
20/200
20/200
20/400
20/100
20/200
20/200
20/8OO
15/100
20/400
20/100
C. 1'.
20/200
20/400
20/200
20/200
L. P.
3/200
10/200
5/200
20/100
20/200
20/100
20/100
20/100
20/100
20/400
20/100
20/200
20/200
20/200
20/200
L.P.
20/400
20/200
20/200
20/200
20/100
20/200
20/200
Nil
20/100
20/100
20/100
20/100
L.P.
20/200
20/100
20/200
20/200
20/100
20/100
20/100
VUioQ After
Medical Care Given
Right Eye
20/100
20/70
20/20
20/20
20/50
20/200
20/20
20/30
20/40
L.P.
H..M.
20/30
L.P.
20/40
20/60
Nil
20/30
20/60
20/50
20/70
20/20
20/40
20/50
20/70
20/40
20/400
20/60
20/50
Nil
20/40
20,'25
20/400
20/70
20/20
20/50
20/20
20/20
20/60
20/30
20/20
20/25
20/70
20/70
20/25
20/30
20/20
20/20
20/70
20/30
20/20
20/70
Left Eye
20/70
20/100
20/20
20/20
20/50
20/70
20/15
20/400
20/40
20/40
20/70
20/30
20/25
20/50
L.P.
20/60
20/70
20/60
20/50
20/100
20/50
20/40
20/50
20/100
20/40
20/40
20/50
20/200
20/20
20/40
L.P.
20/SO
20/70
20/20
20/100
20/20
20/25
20/60
Nil
20/20
20/25
20/70
20/70
L.P.
20/20
20/20
20/20
20/20
20/30
20/20
20/70
NOETH CAROLINA STATE COMMISSION FOR THE BLIND 69
County
Pitt..
Pclk...—
.
Age Uiagncsis
69
6S
9
73
05
75
52
74
139
77
78
70
70
09
SO
14
11
14
50
^S
17
16
55
77
55
13
11
6
9
15
13
13
16
11
13
10
Randolph ]
14
14
15
Richmond | 10
11
Incipient Cataracts-Hyporopia.... 20/200
Vision Before
Medical Care Given
Right Eyt
20/200
20/100
20/200
20/200
10/200
Nil
5/400
20/300
20/400
5/400
20/200
L. P.
Cataracts-Snrgical Aphakia
Astigmatism...-
Myopia
Hyperopia
Myopia -
Incipient Cataracts-Hyperopia
Surgical Aphakia-Cataraet
I,cukoma-Cutaract-Surgical Aphakia
Aitigmatism-Prtsbyopia
M.\ opia-Cataracts
Opacities-Surgical Aphakia
Cataract-Trauma-Surgical Aphakia..
^
Cataract-Presbyopia 20,^400
Astigmatism-Cataracts 20,200
Hyperopia-Asiigmatism 20/400
Astigmatism
20/400
Hyperopia-Astigmatism |
20,200
Myopia-Astigmati^m-Hyperopia
Presbyopia-Hypi-ropia
Cataract-Surgl.al Aphakia...
Myopia
Hyperopia
Optic Atrophy-Myopia
Chorio-Retiwilis-Myopia-
Hyoperpic Astigmatism
Myopic Astigmatism..
Hyperopia .'vstigniatism.....
Hyperopia Astigmatism..
Myopia. .-
MyopiaAstigmatisin
Myopic Astigmatism .'.
.
-
Myopia - ^
Myopic Astigmatism
Myopic Astigmatism
Hyperopia AstigmstiMii
Myopia ; 120/ WO
Myopia •
Myopia
Hyperopia-Anisometropia
Compound Myopic Astigmatism......
11 Hyperopic .Astigmatism.
14 Exotorpia-Alternating-Hyperopia
75 Cataratts-Surgi'-al Aphakia
54 Surgical Aphakia-Cataracts
13 Myopia.-
7 Esotropia
49 Retinal-Arterio-Sclerosis-Hyperopia
78 Hyperopia-Astigmatism...
74 Hyperopia Astigmatism
51 Hypertension-Hyperopia.-
73 Hyperopia-Presbyopia
72 Hyperopia-Myopiu-Pterygium........
83 Senile Cataract-Myopia
Lett Eye
20/200
20/400
20/200
20/400
20/200
20/200
20/200
20/100
20/100
20/100
20/100
20/400
20/200
20/200
20/200
20/100
20/200
20/lOU
Vision After
Medical Care Given
Right Eye Left Eye
20/100
20/100
20/100
20/l00
20/100
20/200
H. M.
C.F. It.
20/200
20/100
20/100
20/200
1/200
10/200
20/200
20/200
C.F. Oft.
20/200
Nil
20/100
20/200
20/200
10/200
20/100
L. P.
20/100
20/400
5/400
20/200
20/400
20/400
20/400
20/400
20/400
20/200
20/200
20/400
LP.
20/400
20/200
20/400
20/200
20/100
20/100
20/100
20/100
20/400
20/200
20/200
20/200
20/100
20/200
20/100
20/100
00/100
20/100
20/100
20/200
20/100
20/100
CF. 1 ft
5/200
20/200
20/200
20/100
20/100
5/200
20/200
20/200
10/200
20/200
20/70
20/20
20/20
20/40
20/30
20/70
Nil
20/20
20/300
20/25
20/40
20/40
L.P.
20/400
20/50
20/400
20/30
20/40
20;'20
20/30
20/20
20/40
20/70
20/00
20/70
20/00
20/35
20/30
20/40
20/20
20/30
20/40
20/40
20/40
20/30
20,'30
2C/30
20/20
20/20
20/20
20/50
20/50
20/70
5/25
1 20/30
20/20
20/20
20/30
20/20
20/20
20/50
20/25
20/50
20/40
70 Biennial Report of the
County
Richmond
Robeson-
Robeson..
Rockingham.
Rowan-
Rutherford
Age Diagnosis
75
10
71
70
83
65
95
46
67
68
67
64
9
11
78
12
76
56
11
22
69
73
66
76
80
76
72
74
8
13
46
74
53
74
80
75
72
10
75
75
73
72
38
84
11
72
10
9
9
12
9
10
Senile Cataract-Surgical Aphakia
Hjfperopia-Squint
Hyperopio .\stigmatism.
Incipient Cataracts-Hyperopia
Surgical Aphakia-Cataract
Pterygium-Myopia...-
Incipient Cataract-Myopia.
Cataract-Myopia
Myopia.
Cataract-Surgical Aphakia
Cataract-Surgical Aphakia
Pterygium-Hyperopia
Hyperopia
Hyperopia.-
Myopia-Incipient Cataracts
Hypcropic Astigmatism
Presbyopia-Myopia..
Cataraet-Presbyopia-Hyperopia
Hyperopia Amblyopia
Myopia
Hyperopia-Presbyopia
Hyperopia-Presbyopia ^.
Lenticular changes-Myopia
Hyperopia-Presbyopia.-
Hyperopia-Presbyopia
Hyperopia-Astigmatism
Hyperopia-Presbyopia
Hyperopia-Presbyopia
Hyperopia Strabismus.
Hyperopia-
Hyperopia
Myopia-Opacities
Hyperopia-Presbyopia _..
Leukoma-Hyporopia-Astigmatism....
Myopia-Astigmatism -_ _
Astigmatism
Hyperopia-Presbyopia
Senile Cataract-Surgical Aphakia
Ametropia-Myopia
Ametropi a-Leukoma
Senile Cataracts-Surgical Aphakia....
Presbyopia-Astigmatism
Cataracts-Surgical Aphakia.-
Bilateral Mature Cataracts-Surgical
Aphakia „ -
Senile Cataracts-Surgical Aphakia....
Myopia.-
Hyperopia-Presbyopia „
Hyperopia-Astigmatism.-
Hyperopia.. _
Myopia
Hyperopia.-
Hyperopia _ ,
Hyperopia.-
Vsion Before
Medical Care Given
Right Eye
H. M.
20/200
20/100
7/100
3/200
20/200
L. P.
15/200
20/200
C.I'. 3ft.
C.F. 2ft.
20/100
5/200
20/200
10/200
20/100
20/100
Nil
20/200
15/200
20/200
20/200
20/300
10/200
15/200
20/400
20/400
20/100
20/100
20/200
20/400
20/200
20/400
20/100
20/100
20/200
20/400
20/200
C