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BIENNIAL REPORT \'.19H/4-^ c,Z of the NORTH CAROLINA STATE COMMISSION FOR THE BLIND From July 1, 1944, through June 30, 1946 LUX ORITUR: "And I will bring the blind by a way that they knew not; I will lead them in paths that they have not known; I will make darkness light before them." —Isaiah xlii, 16. BIENNIAL REPORT of the NORTH CAROLINA STATE COMMISSION FOR THE BLIND From July 1, 1944, through June 30, 1946 LUX ORITUR: "And I will bring the blind by a way that they knew not; I will lead them in paths that they have not known; I will make darkness light before them." —Isaiah xlii, 16. jf^^r^- HONORABLE R. GREGG CHERRY The Governor of North Carolina ''Day and night in this State of ours people use their whole minds, their full hearts, their tireless hands in meeting the re-sponsibility of a people and a state in doing battle with the things that might hold us back and retard us. "Based upon legislation the North Carolina State Commission for the Blind has developed a Program with the three essential cornerstones of relief, rehabilitation, and prevention of blindness. Through the development of these, the State is striving with its abundance of physical and human resources to transform lives of idleness and despondency into lives that are productive and happy and to give an equal opportunity to its visually handicap-ped citizens." LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL To Honorable R. Gregg Cherry Governor of North Carolina Raleigh, North Carolina Dear Governor Cherry : Pursuant to Chapter 53, Public Laws of 1935 and subsequent legislation, I have the honor to submit to you the accompanying report of the North Carolina State Commission for the Blind for the biennial period beginning with July 1, 1944, and ending June 30, 1946. This report concerns the management and finan-cial transactions of this Department. Respectfully submitted, Sam M. Cathey, Chairman N. C. State Commission for the Blind MEMBERS OF THE NORTH CAROLINA STATE COMMISSION FOR THE BLIND (Six Lay Members—Appointed by the Governor) Judge Sam M. Cathey, Chairman, Asheville, N. C. Dr. Howard E. Jensen, Chaimian, Executive Committee, Durham, N. C. Mr. Ernest R. Alexander, Kannapolis, N. C. Mr. V. J. AsHBAUGH, Durham, N. C. Mr. H. I. McDouGLE, Charlotte, N. C. Mr. Thomas S. Payne, Washington, N. C. (Five Ex-OfRcio Members—Designated by the Legislatui-e) Mr. R. Mayne Albright, Director, State Man Power, Raleigh, N. C. Mr. Egbert N. Peeler, Supt., State School for the Blind, Raleigh, N. C. Dr. Carl V. Reynolds, Secretary, State Board of Health, Raleigh, N. C. Col. Charles H. Warren, Supervisor, Vocational Rehabilitation, Raleigh, N. C. Dr. Ellen Black Winston, State Commissioner of Public Welfare, Ral-iegh, N. C. ADVISORY MEDICAL COMMITTEE (Surgeons certified by American Board of Ophthalmology) Dr. Frank C. Smith, Chairman, Charlotte, N. C. Dr. V. M. Hicks, Supervising Ophthalmologist Aid to Needy Blind, Raleigh, N. C. Dr. Wm. B. Anderson, Durham, N. C. Dr. H. H. Briggs, Jr., Asheville, N. C. Dr. James G. Johnston, Charlotte, N. C. Dr. H. C. Neblett, Charlotte, N. C. Dr. Henry L. Sloan, Charlotte, N. C. Dr. Wm. S. Speas, Winston-Salem, N. C. Dr. S. Wetzenblatt, Asheville, N. C. Dr. John D. Wilsey, Winston-Salem, N. C. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Introduction Whereas I Was Blind, Now I See '^ Social Service Division 12 Social Data on Current Recipients 15 A Survey of the Resources and Accomplishments of the Medical Division 21 Pre-Conditioning Center ^6 Business Enterprises 40 Workshops ^^ Home Industries ^^ Assistance and Co-operation from Other Agencies 48 Recommendations 49 Appendix I ^4 Appendix II ^^ Appendix III ^^ Appendix IV 81 INTRODUCTION The laws of North Carolina place upon the North Carolina State Commission for the Blind the responsibility of motivating, administering and generally supervising a comprehensive pro-gram of activities of (1) the prevention of blindness and the restoration of sight; (2) the rehabilitation of the employable blind individual; (3) financial grants and special services to the indigent blind; and (4) employment opportunities for those who are unable to find remunerative work in private enterprises. The purpose of this report is to present to the people of North Carolina a brief outline of the scope of the activities of one of their state agencies and its accomplishments during the biennial period of July 1, 1944—^^June 30, 1946. The objectives for such a program must take into account the medical, social and com-munity aspects. During this period much emphasis has been given to co-ordinating and integrating Federal, state, local com-munity and individual resources and directing them into channels from which the greatest good would accrue to the visually handi-capped. Each year since its establishment in 1935 the North Carolina State Commission for the Blind has grown and expanded its ac-tivities. This has been accomplished in spite of the emphasis which was given, for about four years, to winning the war ; the limited number of trained persons qualified to work in so specialized a program; and marked limitations on funds. The loyalty, perseverance and plain hard work of all persons associated with the agency and the cooperation and help given by representatives of Federal, stats and local agencies as well as that received from private agencies and individuals is grate-fully acknowledged. WHEREAS I WAS BLIND, NOW I SEE The doctors could not help. I was slowly going blind, I knew it, for the shadows were thickening, day by day ; yet, deep within me, I could not accept the fact. None of my friends had ever gone blind ; and it was something, as far as my experience went, which just did not, and could not happen. I had heard of blind people, had seen blind people, but knew nothing of what had caused the blindness. It was mysterious, terrible, unbelievable. It hap-pened to other people, like the Bubonic Plague, centuries past, or to inhabitants of distant countries, but not within the bounds of my experience. I was afraid, bewildered, confused, and at times rebellious. Then the situation changed somewhat. Part of my trouble was cataracts, but with complications ; and if I waited until blindness was a reality, an operation might restore part of my vision. No one could say just how long this would take, and I could not sit for an indefinite length of time, with my hands folded, waiting for the cataracts to ripen. I now had hope; life had become a challenge. I set myself a goal to learn all I could of the ways of the visually handicapped, in order to be independent as the cataracts thickened. I determined to keep my independence. The art of finger reading and typing were soon learned as an invaluable part of my daily life. My other senses were made to function more fully, to compensate for the failing sight. Touch, taste and hearing, all were more acute, while the sense of smell became more helpful, when it, too, had to play an increasingly im-portant part. Two years passed, three, even ten. I had forgotten how easily and quickly small tasks could be performed with the help of sight ; for I was now living as a blind person, thinking as a blind person, meeting the requirements of my environment as a blind person. This meant that it took at least three times as long to do a job well as it had in the days of sight. I was adjusted to my blindness. I had met the challenge that life had thrust upon me. After twelve years of waiting, the day for the operation had come. What would the future now hold ! I did not know, and it did not seem to matter as much now as it had during the first feverish, ignorant years. I climbed up on the operating table, and the nurse made her preparations. I was not afraid ; yet this was an important time. 8 Biennial Report of the I knew that much depended on my cooperation. I had confidence in my doctor, but could I depend on myself? Drops were put into my eyes, the sterile towels were adjusted, and the operation be-gan. I was fully conscious of all that was going on around me, but of no pain, at least of none that counted. Suddenly a bright light shone before me. It had been there all the time, but it was dim to me. The doctor said a few words to his assistant, and I knew that the cataract was out. I believed that I could see once more, but I was too tired to think about it now. I wanted to sleep. I was right, the miracle was a fact, and I could now take up my life again as a sighted person. What is it to see again ? It is all the things that you might think or dream, and a great, great many more. Freedom of movement, ability to perform my daily tasks, as others did, and not self-consciously, as a blind person; to take my rightful place in a group, and not he alternately the recipient of too much or too little attention; to see facial expressions, to speak confidently, possessing as many faculties as my opponent in a discussion; to lose the inferiority complex, which came with increasing blind-ness. That is what my operation did for me. Was this all? No, there were other things: to see the distant horizon, a sunset or a star, a bird's nest or the color in a red bird's wing ; the smile of a friend, the blue of a baby's eyes. These joys were once more mine after the surgeon's knife had done its work. There were prosaic little things which also gave satisfaction. The first time that I picked a pin from the floor, I had no doubt of my new-found sight. Each day, no, each hour, brings new joys and simple tasks are done with ease. The very fact of seeing now is a great diversion. During the first few weeks of restored vision, I often found myself standing before an object, a common, every-day object, like a train or a steamshovel, and gazing as if I would never get my fill. A store window was fascinating, no matter what it might contain, just as long as there were objects in it to be seen. An airplane will never lose its charm. You see, I had nev-er seen one clearly until after the operation. The new sight had some surprising angles. New friends, whom I had known by voice alone, were strangers when I actually saw them the first time. I had recognized them so readily before by voice. People did not look as I thought they would, nor had I always guessed correctly as to age. It was baffling, confusing. North Carolina State Commission for the Blind 9 The most unsatisfactory experience, if there could be one con-nected with the miracle of restored sight, was when I saw myself in the mirror, clearly and distinctly, for the first time. Do you realize what ten years can do to your face, figure, to your hair and complexion? Well, this ten year period had done all of these and more to mine, and I did not particularly like what I saw in the mirror. These experiences I had were in part anticipated, but not the emotional reaction, which were even greater, in reverse, than those I had felt at the beginning of my handicap. The first occur-red immediately after the stitches were removed, and the doctor held a strong glass before my eyes for a second. I saw clear-cut outlines of everything in front of me for the first time in ten years. The doctor says that I shrieked with delight. I don't know, but I suddenly became weak and slightly nausiated, and anxious to get back to my bed. The Sunday after I received my new glasses, I went to church. I opened my hymn book at the place and tried to sing the words which I saw plainly on the page in front of me, but I could not sing a note. I was trembling from head to foot and had difliculty in standing to the end of the hymn. You see, for years, I could only sing those songs which I had committed to memory. The next experience of this kind happened a few days later at a conference composed of people I knew well, but only during my handicapped days. There were special friends among them, whom I had always longed to see with my eyes, and now I had the op-portunity. The words of the speaker meant little. I was too busy watching the expressions on the faces and the revealing motions of the hands of my friends. I was drunk with seeing, excited, happy, talkative. One emotion followed so quickly on the heels of another that I was exhausted at the end of each day. I was risking and jeopradizing my new gained treasure. But now, after a period of months, the miracle of passing from shadow to sunlight, the divinely directed skill of the doctor, fill me with reverential wonder and awe. I do not regret the time spent in adjustment and learning new skills. They have enriched my life, since I am better prepared to live as a sighted person for having learned the skills of the blind. Yet this sight which has been restored to me is very precious; and I am glad that I can truthfully say in the words of the Bible, "This one thing I know, that whereas I was blind, now I see." 10 Biennial Report of the c^2 Dp _ ^ '^ r— t ~ LI CM I TO .5 ui a) 0- J ? ^ ?^ Lu Ir n1^^ 1 1- z 01 O. E z. g — 1 E Lu Lu 3: ^»-| K q: S -J' CD Ct^ oL_ feo +iCo 5lO -X — 2= 18^ 2 -c VUJ.oo SK i! c *^«'' It^'^ r^'C/^ o Cfc: O North Carolina State Commission for the Blind 11 oX > -1 23 TJ •D T^ > O2 > O 2 m3H O' o -n > ^ -A X m 03 r % > -z H ^2 -J? '^ ft < IB O 3 2 O HX m CO 3 12 Biennial Report of the SOCIAL SERVICE DIVISION 1. Case Finding and Referral On June 30, 1946 there were registered with the North Caro-lina State Commission for the Blind 7,105 individuals. On the basis of population it is estimated that there is an additional 2,500 who, during this period, were not known to the Commis-sion. To locate these individuals and complete the register is a goal for the next biennium. In accordance with Chapter 53, Public Laws of North Caro-lina 1935, Section 3, The North Carolina State Commission for the Blind maintains a currently validated census of visually hand-icapped individuals in the State. The census of the known blind is kept valid through the local Departments of Public Welfare, Ophthalmologists, Health Departments, school faculties, optom-etrists, group and continuous eye clinics—sponsored by the State Commission for the Blind, individual contacts, correspondence, Lions Clubs, Rotary, Kiwanis, Womens Clubs, Church Groups, other civic clubs and organizations et cetera. Some very interest-ing data about the present blind population of North Carolina will be found in appendix III. This register of blind individuals, whether newly blinded or of longer duration, is the agency's means of interpretating to its potential clients the varied services that are available through the program of the North Carolina State Commission for the Blind. Many of these cases are persons who have become blind in adult life are financially independent but are in need of occu-pational therapy; instructions in reading and writing Braille; typewriting; signature writing; family adjustment to blindness; adjustment to travel; recreation; instruction in family and indi-vidual budgeting ; interpretation of available eye care and physi-cal care and follow-up of physicians recommendations. Those who are in need of financial assistance and/or are eligible for rehabili-tation services are referred to the proper division for services. 2. Aid to the Blind To the many complicated problems that blindness brings there is often added other physical disabilities which have resulted from the same injury, disease, or condition that caused blindness thus rendering the individual unemployable and dependent upon North Carolina State Commission for the Blind 13 his government for the necessities of life. The loss of vision should not prohibit an individual from the participation in every activity enjoyed by the person with vision. The blind individual has the right to work, the right to equal pay, the right to uniform security and the right to legal safeguards. It is the latter two of these four rights that we are particularly concerned in the es-tablishing of eligibility for Blind Aid. During the past biennium 2,372 blind persons received blind assistance on the basis of economic need. This assistance has been made possible through Title X of the Social Security Act of 1935, amended in 1939, in cooperation with State Law of 1937 and subsequent laws which were enacted for the purpose of enabling this State Agency to furnish financial assistance to its needy in-dividuals. To be eligible to receive Blind Aid in North Carolina a person must have resided in North Carolina for one year im-mediately preceding the date of application, is not receiving Old Age Assistance, is not living in a Public Institution or will not live in a Public Institution after receipt of grant, does not have sufficient income to meet his economic need, is not publicly solicit-ing alms and certifies through his signature that the information which he has given in proving his eligibility is correct. The pro-gram for Aid to the Blind is administered locally by the County Departments of Public Welfare as the local agents of the Board of County Commissioners and the North Carolina State Com-mission for the Blind. Blind persons receiving this assistance are those individuals whom the Commission has been unable to assist in becoming self-supporting and who have no relatives who are able to provide the minimum necessities of life. The majority of these individuals have some other handicap in addition to blindness such as advanced age, poor health, or other disabilities and can never become employable. The average monthly grant during the biennium per blind recipient was $18.78 which is $9.74 less than the National average of $28.52 per month per in-dividual. North Carolina is eight from the bottom. There are pending at the present time 1,073 needy blind per-sons who are eligible under the law for Aid to the Blind but who cannot be aided because of insufficient state funds to assist them. The majority of these individuals who are pending in the files of the State Commission for the Blind, as in the case of the pres-ent recipients, include blind people who have other major physical handicaps in addition to blindness. 14 Biennial Report of the Because of depletion of State Aid to the Blind funds, the State Commission for the Blind has had to reject requests for in-creased Blind Aid grants to individuals whose increased need was brought about through the increased cost of living and the extreme shortage of housing facilities for blind persons. Many County Departments of Public Welfare, through their County Boards of Public Welfare and Boards of County Commissioners, have requested that state funds be set up this fiscal year to match the increased County funds that could be made available ; which plan was rejected by the State Commission for the Blind based on insufficient state funds. An application for Aid to the Blind is made in the local De-partment of Public Welfare by the applicant in person, by mem-bers of family, or by a friend who knows the financial need of the applicant. (See flow chart of applications and payment of Aid to the Blind grants on page 11.) At this time the applicant is given a Physician's Report of Eye Examination, Form BA-2, to be presented to the Ophthalmologist on which is recorded the vision of the individual with and with-out glasses. This is proof of the eligibility requirement of blind-ness. The Special Case Worker for the Blind in the local Depart-ment of Public Welfare makes a home investigation, and with the applicant, completes the application for Blind Aid. All ap-plication forms completely filled in, together with the Case Work-er's recommendation, and Form BA-3 requesting decision of the Superintendent of Public Welfare are referred to the County Superintendent of Public Welfare. The Superintendnt makes his decision, signs the forms BA-1 and BA-3. The completed applica-tion is then presented to the Board of County Commissioners by the Superintendent of Public Welfare in applicant's county of legal residence for their decision. After both decisions are made, the application is prepared and mailed by the County Department of Public Welfare to the State Commission for the Blind where it is reviewed by the Supervisor of the Social Service Division and together with her recommendation the application is re-viewed and approved by the Executive Secretary of the State Commission for the Blind. All applications are processed in the Accounting Division of the Commission and a check is written for the applicant whose application has been approved. All Aid to the Blind checks are mailed on the last day of the preceding North Carolina State Commission for the Blind 15 month to the County Department of Public Welfare to be deliv-ered to the Blind Aid recipients. Under Title X of the Federal Social Security Act, the Social Security Board pays one-half of the Aid to the Blind grants now-being given to needy blind and allows, in addition, one-half of the cost of the administration of the aid to the blind program. The Social Security Board also supervises the Aid to the Blind program. The following data on blind persons who have received direct aid during the period from July 1, 1944, through June 30, 1946 presents some very interesting facts. SOCIAL DATA ON CURRENT RECIPIENTS OF AJD TO THE BLIND ON CASES CLOSED AND ON APPLICANTS REJECTED FROM JULY 1, 1944 THROUGH JUNE 30, 1946 1. Average number blind persons receiving direct monthly aid during period 2. Number Blind North Carolina Citizens Eligible Under Law to Receive but Appropriations are Inadequate 3. Number applications denied blind aid Reasons aid denied: Ineligible because of too much vision Ineligible because of residence requirements Eligible for other form of assistance Inmates of Public Institution Other resources Other 4. Number blind persons whose cases were closed Reasons : Vision wholly or partially restored Death Moved out of state Became self-supporting Receipt of allotment or allowance of men in armed forces Supported by income from relatives Admitted to public institution Other 5. National Average Monthly Grant Per Blind Recipient 6. North Carolina's Average Monthly Grant Per Blind Re-cipient 7. Average range of individual monthly grants during period : $ 7.00-$ 9.99 10.00- 14.99 15.00- 19.99 20.00- 24.99 25.00- 29.99 30.00- 40.00 46 2 7 5 76 15 53 317 16 69 40 95 56 13 65 651 723 412 219 302 2,372 1,073 151 659 $28.52 $18.78 16 Biennial Report of the 8. Age of blind persons receiving direct aid : 0-14 years 10 15-24 years 116 25-54 years 809 55 and over 1,437 9. Race of blind persons receiving direct aid: White 1,283 Colored 1,057 Indian 32 3. Talking Book Machines As in previous years, the State Commission for the Blind has continued the service of loaning Talking Book Machines to the blind in the State of North Carolina. The close of this year found 171 machines distributed to blind individuals throughout the State during the Biennium ending June 30, 1946. These ma-chines are distributed by the State Commission for the Blind through the courtesy of the Library of Congress, Washington, D. C. The County Department of Public Welfare, through its Special Case Worker for the Blind and the field staff of the State Com-mission for the Blind, accepts applications from individuals, ap-proves them if found eligible and mails them to the State Com-mission for the Blind. These applications are reviev^ed and if ap-proved, the machines are delivered when available. The loan, delivery and servicing of these machines is done w^ithout any charge whatever to the blind individual. If a machine needs ad-justment or repair it is sent directly to the State Commission for the Blind where it is prepared for shipment to the American Foundation for the Blind Repair Department. These machines are of two types, the spring driven type that may be used where electricity is not available and the electric type. Records can be obtained directly from the Library of Congress by the owner of the machine. Books of interesting variety, in-cluding the Bible, books on travel, fiction, biography and history are available. Quite often the blind individual does not understand the wide use that may be made of the Talking Book Machine or how it may be operated by the blind individual. The Special Case Worker is very helpful in the demonstration of it. Because of shortage of materials needed in the manufacture of parts and the new machines, it has been difficult for the State Commission for the Blind in North Carolina to supply the de-mand. North Carolina State Commission for the Blind 17 4. Special Services In approximately one-third of the Counties of North Carolina, Special Case Workers for the Blind are employed on a part-time basis by the Lions Club or the County Association for the Blind or a Woman's Club to render special services to the blind indi-viduals who are not necessarily in need of financial assistance. The main objective of these special services are, (1.) To as-sist the individual in making the psychological adjustment to his handicap; (2.) To assist the family group in adjusting to the blind member; (3.) To assist the blind individual to become a participating member of society. To accomplish these aims, the follov^ing techniques and methods are used by the Special Case Worker : 1. Academic Instruction: There have been 1,040 visits made by the Special Case Workers for the Blind in giving special in-structions in reading and writing Braille, moon type or New York point; typewriting and signature writing, explaining the The use of braille music in learning to play the piano is one of the special services offered to blind individuals. use, care, and taking applications for talking books; also in ex-plaining the availability of Braille magazines. Even though a person has had the best educational advantages, blindness 18 Biennial Report of the brings with its many other deprivations, illiteracy, as the indi-vidual must learn again to read and write. 2. Assistance in Family Adjustment: There have been 2,048 visits made in the homes of blind individuals by the special Case Workers for the Blind to instruct the family in ways of helping the blind person. If he can be made employable, his abilities are discussed with him and he is assisted in developing them. Many blind people cannot become efficient enough in industrial work to earn a living, but may be able to once again share in the re-sponsibilities of the home and to become a contributing citizen in the community in which he lives. During these visits, assistance is given through interpretation of the need of the blind member and the ways in which the family may assist this member in ad-justment to blindness through arrangement of furniture, use of Young blhicl mother learning to care for her child as taught by Special Case Worker. guide service, interpretation of the need for recreation, and the type of recreation in which a blind member may participate, the need for exercise and fresh air, assistance in focusing the attention of the family on the care of the health; the need for participation of the blind member in community life; assist-ing the family in a better understanding of the effect of blind-ness to reduce fear and negative emotional reactions. North Carolina State Commission for the Blind 19 3. Assistance in the Personal Adjustment of Blindness: There have been 2,373 visits made during the past Biennium in assisting the individual to regain his normal place in the family circle through instruction in doing things without vision formerly done and to assume his obligations and responsibilities in the home, neighborhood and community. This assistance was extend-ed to persons in order that they may develop to a maximum degree their other senses and rely more effectively upon their power of memory and the remaining senses, employability, personal ap-pearance, care of clothing, and personal toiletry ; ways and means of avoiding blindisms and the cultivation of facial animation, habits of the seeing person, and looking directly at the person to whom the individual is speaking; better understanding of ac-ceptable eating habits is tactfully thought through. Through this service, the Special Case Worker for the Blind teaches recrea-tion and handling of money, instructions in social conventions, in obstacle awareness, and manual dexterity. Many individuals need instructions in methods of exercising the fingers to make them more sensitive and nimble on the tips. In facing reality situations the Special Case Worker for the Blind is able to instill courage and expanded interests in additional activities, to inter-pret to individuals their own reactions, and to assist the individual This person with a major handicap in addition to blindness supplements his income through home industries. 20 Biennial Report of the in reducing fear. In meeting the normal drives, affection, recog-nition, adventure and accomplishment, a cooperative selection is made from therapy crafts and hobby crafts and adjustment to travel. He is given instructions in the use of travel aids, such as the white cane and public conveyances. During the past biennium 5,537 visits have been made in the homes of the adult blind in teaching some type of hobby crafts or therapy crafts, such as, cooking, weaving, sewing, chair bottoming, mat making, leather work, basketry, crocheting, knitting, gardening, etc. As illus-trated in the photographs on special services to the blind, the value of some of these services in child care, therapy crafts, and in Braille music are illustrated. The visits as noted above are visits which have included less than one-third of the blind population of North Carolina. Demand for these services through the North Carolina State Commission for the Blind during a biennium are enormous for persons who are not in economic need but are in need of only specialized services. The following is an excerpt from a recent letter, "I am the wife of a prominent lawyer and am gradually losing my vision through diseased optic nerves. My husband is willing to read to me but I have a desire to learn Braille and read for myself. Is there any service which you could render?" Because of this demand we are requesting additional funds to help these persons in their homes in the specialized serv-ices which the special Case Worker for the Blind in the Welfare Departments in North Carolina is equipped to offer. North Carolina State Commission for the Blind 21 A SURVEY OF THE RESOURCES AND ACCOMPLISHMENTS OF THE MEDICAL DIVISION A medical eye care program in a public agency includes pre-vention of blindness, conservation and restoration of vision. This is best achieved by close cooperation with all organized commun-ity resources and an informed public. "Why did I not know?" was the question of a grief-stricken woman who had lost her vision from glaucoma or hardening of the eye ball. "Why had not some-one told me that I needed periodic eye examinations by a qualified ophthalmologist?" This person might have obtained useful vision all of her life by continued treatment by an eye physician. "Why did I not have periodic physical examinations?" was the desper-ate question asked by a diabetic patient who had lost her vision because of an untreated physical condition. Through the combined efforts of the State Commission for the Blind, the County Health and Welfare Departments, other public and private agencies and Lions and other civic clubs dur-ing this biennial period, vision has been restored to 1163 persons and blindness has been prevented for countless others. The Health Departments have done notable work in preven-tion of blindness through control of infectious diseases and sponsoring of eye clinics. In counties where there are no Health Departments the Welfare Departments sponsor eye clinics, and in some counties both serve as co-sponsors. Through the coop-eration of both agencies The Commission for the Blind has held 287 clinics during this period in which 7,174 examinations were made. A total of 1,483 were recipients of medical eye service. Examinations made by an apthalmologist and proper fitting of glasses by an optician are provided for in the clinics conducted for the purpose of pre-venting blindness. 22 Biennial Report of the The County Welfare Departments determine eligibility for medical eye care on the basis of financial need and refer the ap-plicants to the State Commission for the Blind for available ser-vices. Two sight-saving classes were organized in the fall of 1945, and work has been done toward the end of establishing at least two more in schools in the larger urban centers. The two new classes, added to the one established in 1936, make a total of E Km m mjn tv-s Large type print, special lighting and scientifically adapted equipment reduce eye strain in sight-saving classes. three in the State. Children benefitted by these classes are those whose vision is too defective to function as a sighted person, yet have some useful vision which disqualifies them for enrollment in the School for the Blind. Conservative estimates have led us to expect to find one of each five hundred of the school population in need of sight-saving class services. Large-type print is used, scientific lighting, with special attention to the prevention of glare, and all other means possible to givQ the minimum eye strain to school work. Talking Books help in lesson preparation, which is supplemented by the teacher's reading aloud. Type-writers save eye strain necessary in writing by hand. Specially-built desks help in adjusting to maximum lighting. A medical center located in Charlotte, North Carolina renders services on an area basis. Appointments are given for eye exam-inations, refractions, and eye surgery. Through the cooperation of the Variety Club, the services of the physicians and the State North Carolina State Commission for the Blind 23 Handicrafts are important activities in sight-saving classes. Commission for the Blind, the clinic is maintained. The Healtb and Welfare Departments from 10 to 12 counties use the clinic for their clients. Doctors in the surrounding counties send cases in for consultation, surgery and treatment. One colored and four white doctors participate in the medical activities of the center. Through this center 1048 persons received medical eye services during this biennial period. Other services are offered the counties without physicians. Periodically during a year an eye physician and a Medical Social Worker of the Commission staff go into rural counties to hold eye examination clinics. These are held at the request of Health and Welfare Departments. New blind cases are found through these clinics and offered all services which the Commission is prepared to give: surgery for the restoration and conservation of vision or prevention of blindness, and surgery for cosmetic effect. Enrollment in the School for the Blind is explained by the Medical Social Worker to parents of blind children; and blind-ness is reported to the Department of Public Welfare, and, in case of children, to the State School for the Blind. Eligibility for Aid to the Blind on the basis of vision is determined, and eye reports signed by the physician are left in the Welfare Depart-ment. Clients are informed of rehabilitation services available to them either through our agency or through the Rehabilitation Division of the Education Department. Eye conditions are ex-plained to clients by the physician, and surgery recommended by the physician is offered to the indigent clients without cost to them. 24 Biennial Report of the Surgery is done in several Medical Centers where hospitals and qualified ophthalmologists are located. As often as possible, clients are given the doctor of their choice. The doctors have been generous with their time during the war years when their private practice was almost too heavy to carry. They have mark-ed off blocks of time from their private appointment books to give time needed to carry on work for the indigent visually handicapped and blind people. Their skill has alleviated suffer-ing, restored vision, and prevented blindness. The hospitals have cooperated by allocating a number of beds for eye work. Beds have been limited, however, and applicants are waiting who need surgery and treatment. The Superintendent of the State School for the Blind has demonstrated his interest and cooperation by lending the School Infirmary for a surgical and treatment center for several weeks during the summer. ^ i Restoration of sight through surgery. New Goals We look forward to new goals in prevention, conservation and restoration of vision. We need to study new and changing causes of blindness. By improved methods of treatment of veneral diseases, we expect less blindness from these causes. Better pro-tection from injury from accidents in industry, a better under- North Carolina State Commission for the Blind 25 standing by individuals everywhere of the relation of a healthy body to good eye sight, and of the importance of periodic eye, and physical examinations by qualified physicians, are desirable. More attention should be paid to the eyes of pre-school children with evidence of defective vision and to the eyes of elderly groups. More public education in eye hygiene is needed. We believe that every person asking for our service has a right to good medical eye care. A better understanding of resources available and causes of blindness and defective vision, we believe, will enable each community to secure better service in prevention of blind-ness. The 8-year-old child shown above was deaf, dumb and blind before her sight was restored through surgery. VOCATIONAL REHABILITATION "My share of the work of the world may be limited, but the fact that it is work makes it precious. There is no doubt in my mind that we render the greatest ser-vice to the unfortunate when we enable them to feel that they are useful members of society, capable of working for others as well as for themselves."—Helen Keller. "Rehabilitation means rebuilding, retraining and returning a handicapped individual to remunerative employment and his 26 Biennial Report of the rightful place in the society of mankind. Rehabilitation looks at the Man and not his Disability. On this premise the processes of Rehabilitation Service to the Blind and Visually Handicapped proceed. Vocational rehabilitation has been compared to the task of a production engineer—finding and bringing together ma-terials and services to build socially and economically indepen-dent units from human wrecks.' "—H. B. Cummings. It was not until the end of World War I that any attention was given to the many handicapped persons which comprise our population. At first the civilian had no part nor consideration in the plan for rehabilitation services, only War Disabled persons. Slowly through the years cognizance was taken of the many other disabled persons, who could become self-maintaining if only giv-en a chance—finding the person, restoring health, retraining and placing in employment. In 1943 the Congress of the United States not only recognized but made provision for both veterans and civilians prevented from work by various handicaps. North Carolina's own Congressman, Graham Barden, was co-author of the Barden-LaFollette Bill which was enacted by Congress July 1943. With the enlargement of services that could be rendered, both physical and mental restoration, towards employment, and an increase in funds by the Federal Government and the necessary Legislation in our own State, the present status of Rehabilitation was achieved. Vocational Rehabilitation involves certain processes, the most important of these are : Case finding Counselling and Guidance Training Placement Post Placement Supervision 1. Case Finding: All the services available to the visually han-dicapped cannot be rendered until the person has been found. This is the first job of the Rehabilitation Department to find the individual so that he may accept or reject the services that can be offered to each handicapped person in the State. There are too many persons who have not found the Rehabilitation Depart-ment nor has the Department found them. This, then, is where the Rehabilitation Department of the Commission as well as the North Carolina State Commission for the Blind 27 whole Commission is placing its energy and effort. After a person is found, he must be interviewed to see if he has rehabilitation qualifications. Rehabilitation looks at the Total Man—in the light of employability considering these characteristics : physical ability to work, mental and educational ability to learn and to hold a job, personality equal to employment and skill in a job or ability to render service which someone is willing to buy. 2. Counselling and Guidance: The aim of vocational counsell-ing is to help the client in his choice of a suitable employment objective, in planning his preparation for such employment, and in achieving those attitudes which will bring success and satis-faction in his job. Counselling is based on an understanding of the "whole" individual with due regard to individual differences which exist in all persons in the world, and the fact that the client is the one to be served. It is he who is to be made self-maintaining by the processes of Rehabilitation. Every effort must be expended to remove or attempt to remove the handicap. Physical restoration is the first step after a client has been ac-cepted by the counselor for rehabilitation services, not only phy-sical restoration but mental restoration or improvement is given due consideration. The role of a counselor in Rehabilitation is the most important —he is dealing with a human life, he is having a part in the plans of a human—only counselors skilled in the techniques of such an art should be entrusted with so great a task. 3. Training: On the completion of a plan and objective for re-habilitation, the third large step is the training program. This may take many channels, such as training for stand operation, in the workshop, in industry and in colleges and universities. The Counselor is responsible for the type and quality of training ren-dered. He should keep constant watch to see that the client is receiving the kind of training which will fit him for remunera-tive employment. Eventual employment is the motivation of the Rehabilitation Department. 4. Placement: All the above mentioned processes in Rehabili-tation must lead to the goal of placement in a job, occupation or profession; job placement which will allow the handicapped individual to use all his abilities and develop his capabilities. In the dark ages of civilization, the only "job" a blind person could work at was that of a mendicant. Through the years of hu- 2S Biennial Report of the This blind man has been made self-supporting through raising poultry. This blind woman operates suc-cessfully her own beauty parlor. man progress, development and interpretation, it has been con-clusively proven that blind persons do not want to beg, that beg-ging is an insult to any self-respecting blind person. Gradually over the latter years, it has been conceded that a blind person could successfully manage and operate concession stands or small businesses. With these two hurdles out of the way and a plat-form to use as a springboard to greater opportunities, the Re-habilitation Department is attempting to open up new jobs, new professions and semi-professional employment. Much effort and energy has been expended on this phase of the program. The sur-face has only been scratched and the search for different types of placement will be continued and emphasized. With the view of bringing to the blind heretofore unexplored professional employment, the Rehabilitation Department of the State Commission for the Blind has conducted a nation-wide sur-vey of professions in which the blind of the nation are engaged. There are now 20 different types of professional men and women in North Carolina. Some of these openings in employment are in these fields : law, social work, teachers, osteopaths, chiroprac-tors, masseurs, hydrotherapy, music teachers, orchestra leaders, North Carolina State Commission for the Blind 29 instrumentalists, vocalists, ministers, including directors of church music, radio announcers and various other fields. The nation-wide survey of professional placements disclosed that much research must be done along this line if the blind of our nation and especially our own state are to be offered jobs equal to their abilities. This project will be continued during the years to come. Many placements of the Rehabilitation Depart-ment are made through the Bureau of Employment for the blind in stands and businesses under the central control system. The Bureau offers excellent opportunities of employment of the blind and visually handicapped. Since blind persons have as diverse personalities and environ-ments as the general population, it has been found necessary to use a variety of placements to adapt employment to the indivi-duals. The Rehabilitation Counselor arranges for and supervises such placements. There are blind people successfully employed in the following jobs : Rural stores, telephone exchange operators, fix-it-shops, florist shops, music stores, knitting mills, cement block business, print shops, grist mills, dry cleaning business, mo-tion picture operator, and many other jobs and occupations. 5. Post Placement Swpervision: The last of the major steps in the rehabilitation processes is Post Placement Supervision. Through the services of the Rehabilitation Division the radio announcer (left) and the minister of music (right) are now self-supporting. 30 Biennial Report of the Grocery store (left) and print shop (right) are fields in which blind people find opportunities for successful rehabilitation. After a person is placed, he needs guidance and supervision to some degree to insure steady progress. The rehabilitation coun-selors visit the blind person at regular intervals as long as this is needed for continued success and development. With noted progress in the management of his job, the counselor visits at less frequent intervals or when he is called upon by his former client. Post Placement Supervision continues as long as the client operates or performs on the job. The aim of rehabilitation is not only to set one blind person up in a job, but also to find new job opportunities for the blind. The succeeding tables show the progress made in the Rehabil-itation Department during the past biennium in placing persons in gainful employment. The total number of persons placed is 333, in 67 different types of work with an average weekly wage of $27.18. If the dignity of the individual is forgotten and only the cost to the tax payer considered, these 333 persons on relief would have cost the county, state and Federal Government $87,- 912.00 and only a small part of their needs have been met in this manner. From these figures it would appear that rehabilitation services pay very high dividends in both human conservation and financial expenses. North Carolina State Commission for the Blind 31 The second table carries the various types of placements which the Commission has made since it began functioning in 1936. There are 110 types of employment listed as engaged in by the blind of North Carolina. Under the enlarged program, rehabilitation services to the blind and visually handicapped is just beginning to broaden and develop. In the coming biennium nev^ vistas of employment vv^ill be explored, new opportunities offered—the goal of the depart-ment is to assist through our services, every visually handicapped person in North Carolina capable of employment, to achieve job satisfaction and regain and maintain his place in the society of mankind—to fulfill the mission of mankind on earth—work. Under the Barden Rehabilitation Act, the Vocational Rehabil-itation Division of the Federal Security Agency pays one-half of the rehabilitation case service costs of physical restoration, train-ing, placement, etc., for blind people who are considered to be employable and all of the costs of rehabilitation ofRce administra-tion, vocational guidance and placement staff, and of war dis-abled civilians. The Federal Vocational Rehabilitation Division supervises the rehabilitation program for the blind and serves as an office of clearance and exchange of new and successful ideas and methods of rehabilitation for the forty-eight states. The operation of music stores offers interesting employment for blind jjeople. 32 Biennial Report of the Table I—Data on 333 blind persons aided in employment during past biennium Occupation or Business Operated 'Total. Bakery Employees Barbecue Place Owners- Beauty Parlor Owners- Boat Rental Service Cafe Owners Candy Wrappers Cement Block Makers.... Clerks_ Clothing Store Owners- Combers Concession Stand Operators.. Corn Graders.- Dairy Hands - Delivery Boys - Dietitians Domestic Servants Dry Cleaning Business Electricians...- Farmers. Filling Station Workers Fishermen Furniture Manufacturers... Furniture Store Owners .... Grocery Store Merchants.. Housekeepers Industrial Workers - Janitors Junk Dealers Laborers Lappers Laundry Workers.- Lawyers Maintenance Men Masseurs Mattress Businesses Musicians Newsboys Novalty Shop Owners Packers Peanut Vendors— Photographers.— Piano Retailers Piano Tuners-.- Plumbers Poultry Farmers Printers Qiiill Skinners Radio Engineers Radio Retailers Number of Persons Total Male Female 333 3 1 2 237 3 1 96 27 Average Weekly Earnings** $27.18 18.50 30.00 30.00 30.00 45.00 19.75 45.00 28.25 50.00 25.00 21.34 16.25 24.00 15.00 35.00 12.50 35.00 35.00 14.00 23.75 12.00 50.00 50.00 21.18 14.58 27.69 12.62 20.00 19.20 26.20 16.00 63.00 18.00 21.56 26.21 35.00 10.00 20.00 20.00 6.00 25.00 50.00 32.92 18.00 13.50 30.00 26.20 31.25 22.50 North Carolina State Commission for the Blind 33 Number of Persons Average Occupation or Business Operated Total Male Female Weekly Earnings** 1 1 3 2 6 3 1 9 3 •2 6 1 5 1 3 31 1 37.50 Rope SjAicIng. 1 1 15.00 Salesmen, Salesladies 2 2 23.25 Saw Mill Workers. 18.00 RfiamRt.rPRSPS 6 3 17.71 Secretaries, Typists 23.34 1 ao.oo 9 34.00 3 21.00 Spoolers 2 2 22.25 Teachers 4 1 5 1 3 17 27.72 Telephone Exchange Operators 30.00 Textile Workers _ 29.75 30.00 Ticket Agents 30.00 Workshop Employees 14 15.07 • This total represents the number of persons assisted during the biennium, and not the number of placements made. Some persons have been placsd several times in the process of finding suitable employment for the iuduvidual. ** This figure indicates average weekly earnings at the time of placement and does not show increments. Table II—Data on 1023 blind persons aided in employment since 1936 ! Number of Persons Avargge Occupation or Business Operated Total Male Female Weekly Earnings** * Total. j.. 1023 3 1 1 2 1 3 1 1 1 1 3 1 7 1 2 4 3 2 3 1 177 12 1 4 2 1 1 2 2 2 1 45 10 1 1 2 1 2 2 1 2 1 4 113 2 2 7 13 5 1 1 19 1 4 5 759 3 1 264 126.85 Bakery Emplovees . . 18.50 Barbenue Stand Owners _ ' 30.00 Beauty Parlor Operators 1 2 30.00 1 30.00 i 7.00 Boarding House Operator. 3 12.00 Boat Reutyl Service 1 1 1 1 3 1 4 1 2 4 3 2 3 1 119 12 1 4 1 30.00 Bookeepers 50.00 Cabinet Makers._ 16.00 Caddv. 1 10.00 20.00 Cafe Owners . 45.00 Candy and Sandwich Wrappers 3 18.42 Casket i inishers . . 35.00 Cement Block Business 40.00 7.25 Clerks... 28.25 Clothing Store Operators ! 32.50 Coal Dealers. _ 35.00 Combers.- 25.00 Concession Stand Operators. . 58 20.00 Construction Workers .. 13.17 Corn Graders 16.25 Dairy Hands 20.00 Defense Workers. _ 37.40 Delivery Bovs. 15.00 Dietitians 1 2 35.00 Domestic Servants 12.50 Dry Cleaning Business.- 2 2 1 43 10 1 1 2 1 2 2 1 2 1 4 96 1 2 1 11 5 1 1 17 1 4 5 32.50 Electricians. 45.00 2 35.00 P'arraers.... 13.00 Filling Station Opeators 26.65 Fishermen. 12.00 Fish Market Owners . S.OU Fix-it Shops ... . 40.00 Floor Sanders 14.00 Florists. 21.00 Furniture Finishers. 25.00 Furniture Manufacturers 50.00 Furniture Store Owners 35.00 Gardners 11.50 Grist Mill Operators.- 17.00 Grocery Store Operators 17 1 16.50 Handicrafts and Needle Work... 8.50 Health Department Helpers Housekeepers . 25.00 6 2 14.58 Industrial Workers . . 27.69 Janitors. _ 15.00 Junk Dealers 20.00 Justice of Peace S.OO. Laborers 2 15.30 Lappers. 26.20 Laundrv Workers 12.00 Lawyers 45.65 Number of Persons Average Occupation or Business Operated Total Male Female Weekly Earnings** 8 5 1 12 32 1 2 41 6 1 3 1 1 1 1 20 1 4 1 2 6 37 3 2 12 4 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 14 2 6 8 1 2 1 42 G 2 1 22 4 17 1 3 1 2 1 2 3 172 4 5 1 10 31 1 2 17 6 1 3 1 1 4 % 7.00 19.63 18.00 2 1 24.00 25.00 25.00 17.50 24 16.00 25.00 125.00 12.00 Night Clerks 25.00 21.00 1 20.00 1 14 1 4 1 2 6 37 3 2 9 4 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 35.00 6 20.50 36.00 10.00 30.00 25.00 45.00 30.00 22.00 27.50 3 13.00 25.00 30.00 15.00 26.20 26.55 31.25 22.50 37.50 1 5 15.00 9 2 16.22 18.00 6 7 17.71 1 1 2 1 f. 2 1 4 15 1 3 1 2 1 2 2 113 25.00 15.00 26.50 35.00 35 35.00 37.50 22.25 18.00 Teachers..- 13 25.00 25.00 Textile Workers- _ 2 22.00 30.00 30.00 30.00 22.50 16.00 21.25 Tators ... 1 59 11.25 Workshop En)plovees._ 15.00 * This total represents the number of persons assisted during the biennium, made. Some persons have been placed several times in the process of finding the individual. and not the number of placements the most suitable employment for ** This figure indicates average weekly earnings at the time of placement and does not show increments. 36 Biennial Report of the PRE-CONDITIONING CENTER Pursuant to the law passed by the Legislature in 1945 a train-ing center for the adult blind was opened in Greenville, N. C. on November 1, 1945. This Enterprise was made possible by the cooperative efforts of the State, Lions Clubs, local school author-ities and individuals. The Pre-Conditioning Center has been opened for the pur-pose of granting the adult blind the basic right to which each citizen of the State is entitled ; namely, training which will meet the needs of the individual and will enable him to take his place in the community according to his abilities. The training courses are divided into two categories: (1) Or-ientation or Pre-Conditioning and (2) Vocational. Students ac-cording to their needs may be admitted to pre-conditioning or vocational training or both. The maximum period for pre-con-ditioning training is 10 months and vocational training is 12 months. Gardening is one of the Vocational courses taught at the Pre-Conditioning Center. During his orientation experience his potentialities and in-terests will be discovered and the student will then be given train-ing for the vocation in which he demonstrates the most interest and aptitudes. His period of vocational training will be deter-mined by his own abilities, but will not exceed 12 months. Part of this training may take place in an actual working situation where he will be under close supervision. Arrangements for this North Carolina State Commission for the Blind 37 outside work training will be made by the Rehabilitation Coun-selor and the supervision will be given by them and the man in charge of the business or industry in which the student is placed. While vocational employability is the chief objective of the Pre-Conditioning Center, and the majority of the activities are directed toward this goal it is recognized that there are many factors which affect either directly or indirectly the success of the individual student. A physical restoration program designed to correct physical defects which might affect his employability is planned. Aptitude, Vocational, Intelligence, and Personality tests are given soon after the student is enrolled. These tests are given by a qualified Psychologist and the results are used as an indication of the students strengths and difRculties. If indicated psychiatric treatment is given by a trained Psychiatrist. Guid-ance and Counseling by trained and experienced Counselors and directed toward assisting the trainee to develop his capabilities and adjust to his handicap. Training in wood working (left) and small animal husbandry (right) are given to those students interested in entering these vocations. Important in the operation of the Center and the development of the students is the student government organization in which 38 Biennial Report op the Recreational activities are im-portant in the operation of the center. Braille and typing are required subjects for all students. the student body elects its own officers, and conducts affairs nor-mally under the jurisdiction of such a body. It is very difficult to give a clear explanation of the orientation (pre-conditioning) training as it is scheduled. This is due to the fact that much of this training takes place in a class room situ-ation, which classes might also be vocational training in content, and in his day-to-day living at the Center and in the community of Greenville. In learning to travel around his room, from his room to the dining room, class room, office, etc. he is learning to use Travel Aids; he is gaining experience in traveling around unfamiliar grounds; his memory is being developed, and at the same time he is acquiring a sense of obstacle awareness and auditory acute-ness. It is recognized that the success with which he learns to travel is largely dependent on the amount of self-confidence which the trainee develops, and as a result he is given the minimum of assistance and the maximum of self-responsibility. As soon as the student has learned to successfully travel around the Center he is assisted to become independent in meeting his own needs outside the Center by learning to travel around Green-ville. He does his own shopping, goes to the barber shop, picture shows, etc. The loan of railway cars on a side track and buses not in use is made to enable exploration, before use, of public facilities for travel. The student is then encouraged to take week-end trips to his home. At the same time the trainee is learning to get around without assistance he is also learning to take care of his room, he is learn- North Carolina State Commission for the Blind 39 ing personal toiletry, proper eating habits, and the more ac-ceptable social conventions which he will be expected to observe in his daily contacts on the outside with sighted people. In the initial stages of his training each student is required to study the following courses : Courses in developing memory and the remaining senses. Elementary handicrafts. Use of hand tools. Simple bench assembly. Gardening. Braille. Typing. Signature writing. Elementary English. Arithmetic. All students are required to take an elementay^y course in crafts. Chair caning is one of the subjects taught. As orientation courses they are required for 3 reasons: (1) they develop memory, manual dexterity and the remaining sen-ses ; (2) they offer a basis for assisting the students and the coun-selors in determining his greatest vocational possib'ilities ; (3) They assist him in becoming a normal citizen and taking his 40 Biennial Report of the place in the community. It is from these introductions to the var-ious fields of employment that he specializes in the one in which he is most likely to succeed. Pre-Conditioning, sufficient to make the student adequate for admission to Vocational training, is reached at the point where he has made sufficient adjustments to his handicaps and to his personal situation to be able to mobilize himself vocationally. The fact that he has reached this point is determined by observation of his reactions to situations in day-to-day living; and a working knowledge of the basic skills of the blind as described above. Since its opening, 85 students from 35 counties in the State have received training at the Center. These students were those who had been accepted as rehabilitation clients and whose main-tenance and tuition were paid, in the main, from funds available through that Division. The Lions Clubs of the State contributed $15,000.00 for per-manent equipment and the State appropriation of $15,000.00 was used for additional equipment, initial supplies and materials and other expenses incidental to opening the facilities. BUSINESS ENTERPRISES Pursuant to the law which places upon the Commission the responsibility for maintaining employment opportunities for blind individuals who are able to work but unable to find place-ment in outside employment, the Commission established, by resolution, an auxiliary division known as the Bureau of Em-ployment for the Blind. The advisory body of this Bureau is made up of business men who have had experience in the field of merchandising and who advise the Commission on policies, rules, regulations and prac-tices which should be established and observed in the operation of a successful business enterprise program. Employees in the Business Enterprises program are blind or partially sighted individuals who have gone through the rehabil-itation process and who have decided to make the operation of a small business their vocations. The training they receive involves the field of merchandising, salesmanship and personal responsi-bilities. North Carolina State Commission for the Blind 41 Daily records are kept on each unit and the employees are given an efficiency rating at the end of each six months period. Salary adjustments are made on the basis of these ratings. The operation of a telephone exchange in a small commun-ity gives employment to this blind man who suffers with a double handicap. The expansion of this program has been one of the main goals of the Commission during this biennium and its growth is shown in Tables I and II on pages 33 and 35. The passage of the Randolph-Shephard ^ct Permitted thystablish^^^^^ concession stands in Federal Buildings. The one above is located in a post office. 42 Biennial Report of the The lobby of an office building offers an excellent location for a vending stand as the one shown above. A stand in an industrial plant is a good location both from the standpoint of the operator and the plant employees. North Carolina State Commission for the Blind 43 WORKSHOPS The five Workshops for the Blind established by the Com-mission for the Blind in cooperation with the Lions Clubs and County Associations, provide employment for ninety-five blind persons at an average weekly wage of $16.86. The Commission furnishes all equipment, assists in payment of salaries of the Workshop Foremen, approves employment of personnel and owns the land and buildings in which two of the Shops are operating. The local Lions Clubs or County Associa-tions assist in the management of the shops and provide many services for the blind, such as ; recreation, entertainment and as-sistance with their housing problems. Many of the blind who have not had work experiences are trained in the shops and help-ed to adjust to different environments. Due to the cancellation of all Federal Orders at the close of the war, there occurred a drop in sales and employment in the five workshops. All blind persons affected by this change have been placed in other employment. A Social Security Plan has been inaugurated for the \^ orkshop employees, providing Hospitalization, Unemployment Compen-sation and Vacations with pay. Mattress snaking in Asheville Work Shop. 44 Biennial Report of the Sewing in the Charlotte Work Shop The Asheville Workshop for the Blind, sponsored by the Bun-combe County Association for the Blind, is housed in a fireproof brick building which has been deeded to the State Commission for Carding handkerchiefs in the Winston-Salem Work Shop Producing cotton felt for mattresses in the Durham Work Shop the Blind. Mattress making and renovating is the chief post-war industry. Other activities v^ill be added as soon as possible. The Mecklenburg County Workshop for the Blind is operated by the Charlotte Lions Club. Sheets, pillow cases, napkins, mops and other small articles are made. Employment is given to six-teen blind persons. Broom manufacturing in the Greensboro Work Shop 46 Biennial Report of the The Industries for the Blind in Winston-Salem operate in a two-story brick building which was purchased by the Winston- Salem Lions Club. Mattresses are made, the folding, bagging and carding of handkerchiefs, carding combs, and assembling tire patching materials furnish employment to many blind workers. The Durham Lions Club Workshop for the Blind gives employ-ment to fourteen blind workers in the manufacture of mattresses. A new building is planned and new projects will be added as soon as space is available. The Guilford County Workshop for the Blind is operated under the Guilford County Association for the Blind. The major indus-tries are broom-making, mops, rubber mats, and chair repair-ing. A new building is needed and will be erected as soon as build-ing material is available. An expansion program is planned for all workshops whereby the manufacture of the useful commodities will be carried on, on an equal basis with other manufacturers. There are many pro-jects which a blind person can do in a manufacturing plant with minimum supervision. HOME INDUSTRIES For sometime a Home Industry program has been in opera-tion in sixteen counties giving steady employment to twenty- Weaving (right) and chair caning (left) are two popular home industry activities. North Carolina State Commission for the Blind 47 This housewife adds to the income of her family by making quilts for sale and by canning surqjlus fruits and vegetables. seven blind persons who, for different reasons cannot leave home for employment. These individuals earn from $15.00 to $25.00 per month by preparing materials for rug manufacturers, weav-ing, gardening and poultry raising. While this income adds great-ly to their material comforts, the earnings are not as great as the peace of mind which has been established through occupation. Through the services of the Special Case Worker for the Blind, one-hundred and seventy-two persons in thirty-one counties are busy sewing, looping clips, assembling leather articles, chair caning, weaving and gardening. While these activities are con-sidered to be for adjustment purposes the individuals thus en-gaged do supplement their incomes by the sale of the articles produced and their earnings range from $5.00 to $15.00 per month. Through this application of occupational therapy, in-dividuals develop skills and interests which enable them to par-ticipate in the Home Industry program. This program is sponsored by the local Lions Clubs, County Associations and interested individuals, who supply the funds for materials, supplies and equipment. ASSISTANCE AND COOPERATION FROM OTHER AGENCIES, GROUPS AND INDIVIDUALS In the preceding parts of this report there has been shown the assistance and cooperation received by the North Carolina State Commission for the Blind from the Federal Security Agency, the County Commissioners and County Welfare Departments, the Lions Clubs, and the State Association for the Blind. It should again be emphasized that the blind people of North Carolina have reaped the benefits of this aid and that because of it the Commis-sion has been able to markedly expand its services. There are other groups and individuals who have greatly con-tributed to the activities of work for the blind. The majority of these have already been mentioned elsewhere but because of the quality of the contribution recognization is again given: Ophthalmologists North Carolina is most fortunate in having located in the var-ious sections of the State Eye Physicians who are giving un-sparingly of their time and interest to prevent blindness and wherever possible to conserve and restore vision. These Ophthal-mologists give to the needy cases recommended to their care the same highly skilled, professional services received by the private patient, and without the very fine cooperation and un-selfishness of these Physicians it would be impossible to have a program of prevention in North Carolina. The Commission is also indebted to the many private physi-cians who give treatment to persons referred for general medi-cal attention by the Ophthalmologists. The eye difficulties of these patients are the result of disease or abnormal conditions in other parts of the body, for the eye is often called "a thermo-meter to bodily conditions." Many indigent persons with defec-tive vision coming under the care of the Commission have di-seases of the blood vessels, kidneys, brain or other parts of the body which are first discovered by the Eye Physician. Diseased tonsils and other bodily infections in children are so often the cause of impaired vision, which condition if not detected by an Eye Physician and corrected may impair the efficiency not only of the eye but of other vital organs of the body. North Carolina State Commission for the Blind 49 Other Agencies and Individuals The State Federation of Women's Clubs have taken work for the blind as one of their major projects. Individual clubwomen are rendering personal services to the blind as a part of their general program. The State Welfare Department, the State Department of Edu-cation, the State Board of Health, the County School and Health Officials, the local private Welfare Agencies and Hospitals have given valuable assistance in the development of its work. The State School for the Blind has given fine cooperation to the Commission in the development of its work. Rotary, Kiwanis, American Business Men's Club, the Variety Club, Exchange Clubs, P. T. A.'s and other organizations have cooperated in their local communities. The following organizations outside of the State aid the Com-mission in the development of its work : The American Founda-tion for the Blind, National Industries for the Blind, The Na-tional Society for the Prevention of Blindness, The National So-ciety for the Blind, The Seeing Eye, The Washington Society for the Blind and The National Rehabilitation Association. RECOMMENDATIONS The preceding report of the work of the Commission has pre-sented a brief review of the services rendered to the blind and needy visually handicapped of North Carolina during the past biennium. This report also calls attention to some of the unmet needs. The members of the Commission appreciate the difficult prob-lems of state financing and realize that each session of the Legis-lature is faced with the necessity of trying to keep the state bud-get at as low a figure as possible. While the budget request of the Commission does represent an increase over the funds ap-propriated in prior years it does not provide for meeting all of the urgent needs of the visually handicapped in North Carolina. The Commission is confining its request for increased funds to the following six needs : First, $45,000 additional funds are requested to provide match-ing funds for the expanded rehabilitation services available to North Carolina under Federal legislation. These funds are 50 Biennial Report of the necessary to provide training, medical examinations, cor-rective surgery, transportation, hospitalization, placement equipment and prosthetic devices needed in the rehabilita-tion of blind individuals who, after rehabilitation services are given, are removed from direct relief rolls and become self supporting. Second, $153,922 additional funds are requested for direct relief grants for the needy blind. According to the laws of North Carolina all persons eligible for Aid to the Blind grants are the responsibility of the North Carolina State Commission for the Blind. At the present, there are approximately 2600 individuals receiving aid and 1000 eligible persons to whom the Commission cannot make grants because of insufficient funds. The money requested will permit the Commission to make average monthly grants of $25.00 for the first year of the biennium and $27.00 for the second year of the bi-ennium. Third, $50,000 is requested for the maintenance and operation of the Pre-conditioning Center. This Center is a training facility for the adult blind and while part of the funds neces-sary for its maintenance and operation are available through tuition and maintenance fees from rehabilitation clients the money available from this source is not sufficient to provide training opportunities to all of the blind persons who are in need of this service. It is planned to use the Center to provide personal adjustment and home industry training opportun-ities to blind individuals who are not eligible for other types of rehabilitation services. Fourth, $50,000 is requested for County Administrative pur-poses. At the present the counties are providing part of the salary and travel of the Special Case Workers for the Blind and the Federal Government the remainder. At the present these salaries are inadequate and the amount of travel funds alloted each Case Worker is not sufficient to permit proper covering of the territories involved. The majority of the Case Workers cover an area of from 2 to 6 counties, and while the counties are responsible for part of the costs of guide service and car expenses within the county no funds are available to the worker for inter-county travel. The Com- North Carolina State Commission for the Blind 51 mission believes that in order to maintain the staff of Special Case Workers the state should participate in the payment of their salaries and travel. In addition to the salary and travel of the Special Case Worker for the Blind part of the fund that is being request-ed will be used for necessary clerical staff. At the present there is no clerical assistance available to Special Case Workers for the Blind and other staff members who work on an area basis. Such assistance is essential if the profes-sional staff is to be released from the necessity of spending a large part of its time in performing clerical functions. Fifth, $45,406 is requested for additional administrative ex-penses of the Commission. $2,220 of this amount is to increase the salary of the Execu-tive Secretary to $6,000 per year. The Commission believes that the size of the Agency and the responsibility of the Exe-cutive Secretary have expanded to the point where this increase is justified. $7,320 is requested to employ an Administrative Assistant. This is a new position which is necessary due to the growth of the Agency and the amount of administrative work which must be accomplished. $18,680 is requested to pay the part (one third) of the Field Representatives and Medical Social Workers salaries that is now being paid from Federal funds. The Federal Voca-tional Rehabilitation authorities have taken the position that the payment of the salaries of these persons is a state responsibility. $10,680 additional funds are requested to pay the part (one third) of the travel of the persons mentioned above which is now being paid from these Federal funds. The Commission has been advised that this will not be permissable after July 1, 1947 since it is interpreted to be a state responsibility. $4,320 is requested to provide a $120.00 yearly increment for the salary of the Workshop Foremen, the Manager of Busi-ness Enterprises and the administrative clerical staff. $2,186 in addition to that already appropriated is requested for administrative costs such as postage, printing, repairs and alterations, supplies and materials, office equipment and 52 Biennial Report of the general expenses. This additional amount is needed to meet the demands of an expanded program. Sixth, $53,526 additional funds are requested for an over-all in-crement of 157c in the salaries of the staff. This increase is based on the present compensation schedule. The Commis-sion believes that the increase in the cost of living makes it mandatory to revise the present salary ranges in order to permit the retention and recruitment of an adequate staff. Because of the higher salaries offered many efficient em-ployees have resigned from the Agency to accept employ-ment in private industry or Federal Government Agencies and it has become increasingly difficult to recruit qualified persons to fill the vacancies. Permanent Improvements Pursuant to an act of the Legislature of 1945 the North Caro-lina State Commission for the Blind opened a Pre-Conditioning Center for the purposes of training and rehabilitating visually handicapped persons. No provisions were made however for ade-quately housing such activities. The temporary quarters which are now being used are an abandoned N.Y.A. residence center which are loaned to the Commission by the public schools of Greenville, North Carolina. There are nine small separate dilap-idated units of very temporary structure and when the Com-mission accepted it for use it was with the understanding that only the necessary repairs would be made to make it usable until a permanant facility could be obtained. Prior to their being taken over by the Commission the buildings were occupied by a troop of Marines who left them in very poor condition and the expenses involved in putting them into repair to be used for more than a temporary period would be totally impracticable, since it would require major alterations including the installation of at least six furnaces or a central heating plant. In addition, the school Board of Greenville is planning to use the land on which to build a public school, and the Commission has agreed to vacate the pre-mises as soon as their building program can begin. The lot on which to construct a building in Raleigh is avail-able at no additional expense to the State and by locating it in the Capital City it would afford office space for the Administra- North Carolina State Commission for the Blind 53 tive staff of the Commission which would relieve the over-crowd-ed condition of the present offices. In addition it is most desirable to have this training center close to the Administrative staff in order that close supervision can be given without the expense of excessive travel. By locating the Center in Raleigh it would also be near the central part of the State and would, therefore, be more accessible to the persons whom it is intended to serve. The year's experience since the Center was opened has definite-ly proven that the far-sighted vision of the Legislature of 1945 was based on the sound judgment that the adult blind of North Carolina needed and would take advantage of training opportu-nities if offered them. The request for $275,000 for the construc-tion of a permanent building in which to house these activities is therefore considered by the Commission to be justified. APPENDIX I Data by counties giving the age, diagnosis, and vision before and after treatment of the 1,163 persons removed from the classification of blindness. North Carolina State Commission for the Blind 55 INFORMATIONAL DATA ON 1,163 PERSONS REMOVED FROM CLASSIFICATION OF BLINDNESS JULY 1, 1944—JUNE 30, 1946 NOTE- 20/20 is normal vision, that is, the individual can see an object at 20 feet which he is supposed to see at that distance. 20/200 means that the person must be within 20 feet of an object to see it while he should be able to see it 200 feet away. The numerator in this fraction is always the distance at which the person should be able to see if vision were normal. In the table below, "L.P." means "Light Perception"; "H.M." "Hand Movements"; "F.C." "Finger Count"; "Nil" means "Total Blindness." County Alamance- Alexander.. Alleghany- Anson.— Ashe.. Avery.. Beaufort.--. Bertie.. Age Diagnosis Vision Before Medical Care Given Riglit Eye Left Eye Right Eye Left Eye Cataract-Chorio-Retinitis— 20/400 20/100 20/100 20/200 20/200 S7 61 14 9 60 30 75 11 71 55 65 28 47 80 51 17 32 65 60 HyptTopia-Astigmatism.- Hyperopia.- Hyperopia Myopia.- Congenital Nystagmus-Myopia | F-C. 8 ft. Hyperopia Hyperopia Hyperopia-Astigmatism Surgical Aphakia .Ametropia-Presbyopia - Cataracts-Surgical Aphalsia— Hyperopia-Presbyopia Hyperopia Myopia Scjuint-Hyperopia.— Myopia-Astigmatism...- Hyperopia-.Astigmatism - Cataract-Phthisis Bulbi Keratitis.- - ^- Hyperopi a-Presbyopi a. .. _ - - -—: Hyperopia-Presbyopia.— Myopia.- Myopia.- Glaucoma-Hyperopia Hyperopia-Astigmatism Cataract-Surgical Aphakia Myopia-Astigmatism Myopia - Hyperopia.- Hyperopia Presbyopia Astigmatism Presbyopi a Hyperopia.��� Cataract-Surgical Aphakia.- Presbyopia-Hyperopia Myopia-Astigmatism — Progressi ve Myopia Pterygium-Cataract - F-p- Hyperopia Presbyopia I 20/100 Nil 20/200 20/200 F. C. 20/200 10/200 20/100 20/100 20/100 20/200 20/200 20/100 20/100 20/200 20/200 20/200 2t5'/200 20/200 Nil 20/200 20/200 20/100 20/100 20/200 20/200 20/400 20/100 20/200 20/100 20/200 20/200 Vision After Medical Care Given Nil 20/100 20/200 20/200 20/200 F.C. 10 ft 20/200 20/200 20/200 F.C. 20/200 8/200 20/100 , 20/200 20/100 I 20/200 20/200 20/100 Nil 20/200 20/200 20/100 20/200 20/200 20/200 20/200 20/200 20/100 20/100 20/200 20/200 20/400 20/100 F.C. 5ft. 20/200 20/200 10/200 20/200 20/100 20/50 20/30 20/20 20/20 20/30 20/50 Nil 20/70 .- 20/20 20/70 20/30 20/70 20/20 20/70 20/SO 20/20 20/40 20/20 20/30 02/30 20/20 20/40 14/20 14/20 Nil 20/70 20/40 20/8O 20 /60 20/20 20/30 20/100 20/20 20/40 20/20 20/.5O 20/70 F.C. 20/50 Nil 20/30 20/20 20/20 20/30 20/70 20/30 20/70 20/40 20/50 20/30 20/70 20/30 20/100 20 /80 20/20 20/25 20/20 Nil 20/40 20/20 20/20 14/20 14/20 20/15 20/70 20/40 20/8O 20 /60 20/20 20/30 20/70 20/20 F.C. 5 ft. 20/20 20/50 20/50 20/50 1 20/20 56 Biennial Report of the County Age Diagnosis Vision Before Medical Care Given Rigiit Eye Left Eye Vision After Medical Care Given Right Eye Left Eye Bladen. Brunswick._ Buncombe- Burke. Cabarrus.. 63 87 11 43 25 65 51 64 49 12 24 63 54 61 60 49 76 60 67 15 9 62 26 47 70 66 4S 67 45 72 70 72 61 9 64 64 30 53 66 53 12 9 12 13 11 11 14 8 14 15 9 71 74 57 73 Cataract-Surgical Aphakia— Surgical Aphakia-Cataract Myopia-Astigmatism Cataract-Surgical-Aphakia Cataract Surgical Aphakia.- Presbyopia-Hyperopia Hyperopia Presbyopia Hyperopia-Presbyopia Hyperopia Presbyopia Strabismus-Hyperopia Anisometropia Cataract-Surgical Aphakia - Hyperopia-Presbyopia Cataract-Opacities Hyperopia-Presbyopia Cataract-Dacrocystitis Cataract-Hyperopia-Presbyopia Hyperopia-Presbyopia Hypermetropia-Presbyopia Hyperopia.- Strabismus-Hyperopia-Astigmatism.. Hyperopia.- Myopia-Astigmatism Myopia-Astigmatism.- Cataract-Surgical Aphakia _ Surgical Aphakia Cataracts-Surgical Aphakia Asti gmatism-Hyperopia-Phthisi s Bulbi Cataract-Surgical Aphakia Surgical Aphakia-Cataracts Cataract-Surgical Aphakia.- Hyperopia-Astigmatism Cataract-Surgical Aphaki a Astigmatism Hypi ropia-Presbyopia Cataract-Surgical Aphakia Astigmatism Presbyopia-Hyperopia Presbyopia-Hyperopia— Hyperopia-Presbyopia Myopia.- Myopia., Astigmatism Astigmatism Astigmatism Astigmatism-Hyperopia.- Myopia.- Hyperopia.- Myopia.- Myopia.- Hyperopia-Amblyopia _ Cataracts-Surgical Aphakia Hyperopia-Presbyopia Hyperopia-Presbyopia Hyperopia-Presbyopia H.M. 2ft. 20/200 20/100 F.C. 5ft. 20/100 15/200 7/200 20/200 6/200 20/200 20/200 20/400 20/100 10/200 12/200 20/200 L. P. 12/200 20/100 20/200 20/100 20/100 5/200 20/200 20/200 L. P. L. P. 20/16O L. P. 20/100 L. P. 20/100 F.C. 10ft. 20/200 20/200 1/200 20/200 20/200 20/200 20/200 20/200 4/200 20/200 20/100 20/200 20/200 20/200 20/100 20/200 15/200 20/200 5/200 20/100 20/100 12/200 F.C. 2ft. Nil 20/100 F.C. 5ft. F.C. 15/200 14/200 20/200 5/200 20/100 10/200 20/400 20/100 10/200 14/200 20/200 10/200 12/200 20/200 20/200 20/100 20/100 10/200 20/200 20/200 L. P. L. P. Nil L. P. F.C. 3ft. F.C. 2ft. 20/100 8/200 20/200 20/200 L. P. 20/200 20/200 20/200 20/200 20/200 4/200 20/200 20/100 20/200 20/200 20/200 20/200 20/200 15/200 20/200 4/200 20/100 20/100 15/200 H.M. 2ft. 20/40 20/50 20/15 20/30 20/20 20/50 20/20 20/40 20/200 20/30 20/50 20/40 10/200 20/30 20/50 L. P. 20/20 20/20 20/70 20/50 20/30 20/40 20/40 20/60 20/20 L. P. 20/25 L. P. 20/100 L. P. 20/30 20/30 20/30 20/20 1/200 20/8O 20/20 20/20 20/20 20/20 20/30 20/20 20/20 20/80 20/15 20/20 20/30 20/20 20/20 20/20 20/25 20/20 20/20 20/20 Nil 20/50 20/15 20/30 20/20 20/50 20/20 20/40 20/30 20/70 20/50 20/40 20/25 20/30 20/50 20/70 20/20 20/20 20/70 20/50 20/25 20/40 20/200 20/60 20/20 20/40 Nil 20/40 20/50 20/30 20/30 8/200 20/30 20/20 20/24 20/200 20/20 20/20 20/20 20/20 20/30 20/30 20/20 20/8O 20/15 20/20 20/30 20/20 20/20 20/20 20/25 20/20 20/20 20/20 North Carolina State Commission for the Blind 57 County Cabarrus.. Caldwell- Camden... Carteret. Catawba.- Chatham.. Cherokee.. Age 71 73 61 70 7 54 54 84 50 26 15 18 41 55 9 38 74 22 47 65 15 68 61 66 27 16 80 27 72 75 13 15 66 16 54 46 39 21 38 16 19 72 63 36 50 66 65 43 20 40 13 13 7 Diagnosis Myopia-Presbyopia Hyperopia-Amblyopia-Presbyopia._. Retinitis-Hyperopia Cataract-Surgical Aphakia Cataract-Surgical Aphakia..- Hyperopia Hyperopia-Presbyopia Myopia.- Cataract-Hyperopia-Presbyopia Hyperopia-Presbyopia Myopia.- Myopia.- Coloboma-Choroiditis-Surgical Aphakia Hyperopia-Retinitis Hyperopia-Persbyopia Nystagmus-Hypreopia._ Myopia-Chorio-Retinitis Hyperopia M.vopia.- Coloboma-Chorio-Retinitis- Sur-gical Aphakia Hyperopia-Presbyopia Myopia.- Surgical Aphakia Optia Atrophy-Myopia.- Cataract-Surgical Aphakia Myopia— Myopia.- Cataracts-Surgical Aphakia Conical Cornea-Contact Lenses Cataract-Surgi cal Aphakia Cataract-Surgical Aphakia Myopia.- Hyperopia-Astigmatism.- Squint-Cataract-Surgical Aphakia.-.. Hyperopia Hyperopia-Presbyopia Trauma Strabismus-Nystagmus-Myopia Retinitis Pigmentosa-Myopia.- Glaucoma-Myopia H.vptropia-Astigmatism Nystagmus-Hyperopia Cataracts-Surgioal Aphakia Hyperopia-.\stigmatism-Presbyopia._ Hyperopia.. Presbyopia-Hyperopi a-.Asti gmati sm... Hyperopia-Astigmatism Hyperopia-Ast i gmati sm-Presbyopia. .. Astigmatism-Hyperopia Hyperopia _ Strabismus-Nystagmus-Hyperopia Myopia.- Myopia.- Hyperopia-Astigmatism Vision Before IVIedical Care Given Right Eye Left Eye 25/100 7/200 5/200 F.C. lOin. 3/200 20/100 20/100 20/500 Nil 20/100 20/100 20/200 L. P. 20/200 20/200 20/400 H. M. 10/400 20/200 25/100 5/200 20/200 8/200 L. P. 20/100 20/100 20/500 20/200 20/100 20/100 20/300 F.C. 6 ft. 20/200 20/200 20/400 20/400 15/400 20/200 L. P. F.C. 3 ft 20/200 20/200 20/200 20/200 Nil F.C. 3ft. Nil 20/200 20/200 20/200 20/200 20/200 20/300 20/300 20/SOO 20/800 20/400 F.C. 3 ft. 30/100 L. P. L. P. 5/200 15/200 20/200 20/100 20/100 20/200 20/400 20/100 20/200 20/100 20/100 Nil 20/200 20/100 20/100 20/100 20/100 20/200 F.C. 1 ft. 20/200 20/200 20/100 20/100 20/200 20/100 20/200 20/100 20/200 20/200 20/100 20/100 20/200 20/200 20/100 20/100 20/100 20/200 20/100 20/100 20/100 20/100 20/100 20/100 20/100 20/100 20/200 20/200 Vision After Medical Care Given Right Eye Left Eye 20/30 20/100 5/200 20/33 20/30 20/30 20/20 20/20 Nil 20/20 20/25 20/20 L. P. 20/50 20/30 20/70 H. M. 20/80 20/30 L. P. 20/20 20/25 Nil Nil 20/200 20/25 20/25 20/800 20/40 20/100 20/25 20/30 20/20 20/50 20/20 20/20 Nil 20/100 20/70 20/25 20/30 20/70 20/50 20/40 20/20 20/20 20/20 20/30 20/20 20/70 20/100 20/20 20/40 20/70 20/30 20/20 20/40 8/200 L. P. 20/30 20/20 20/20 20/30 20/20 20/25 20/20 20/50 20/70 20/30 20/40 20/40 20/40 20/30 20/30 20/20 20/25 20/50 20/50 20/25 20/25 20/25 20/50 20/40 20/40 20/25 20/30 20/20 20/400 20/20 20/20 20/50 20/70 20/50 F.C. 1ft. 20/30 20/100 20/70 20/40 20/20 20/20 20/20 20/30 20/30 20/50 20/70 20/20 20/40 20/50 58 Biennial Report of the County Cherokee.. Chowan- Clay.. Cleveland-. Columbus Craven- Cumberland.. Age Diagnosis Myopia-Astigmatism _ Astigmatism „ Hyperopia-Astigmatism-Presbyopia... Myopia-Astigmatism _ : Blephari tis-Cataracts-Surgi cal Aphakia Hyperopia-Astigmatism Cataract-Pterygium-Surgical Aphakia.- Hyperopia Hyperopia Myopia-Astigmatism Filtering Cicartix-Hyperopia.- Astigmatism Cataract-Surgical Aphakia Cataract-Surgical Aphakic Hyperopia Cataract-Surgical Aphakia Hyperopia-Astigmatism Hyperopia-Presbyopia Myopia-Astigmatism _ Myopia.- Coloboma-Iris Atrophy-Hyperopia..... Myopia Cataract-Surgical Aphakia Cataract-Presbyopia Cataract. Hyperopia-Astigmatism.- Cataract-Presbyopia Optic Atrophy-Myopia-Astigmatism. Edema of Retina Myopia.-. Cataract-Surgical Aphakia Optic Atrophy-Hyperopia Hyperopia-Presbyopia Hyperopia-Presbyopia Myopia-Astigmatism. Hyperopia.— Astigmatism Cataract-Surgical Aphakia _ Hyperopia-Cataract-Surgi c al Aphakia Nystagmus Hyperopia. _ Astigmatism-Amblyopia Astigmatism-Strabismus _ Astigmatism Astigmatism Hyperopia-Astigmatism Astigmatism Hyperopia-Presbyopia Hyperopia-Presbyopia Myopia-Astigmatism Hyperopia-Astigmatism Hyperopia Hyperopia Visi on Before Me dical Care Given Right Eye Left Eye 20/200 20/100 5/200 10/200 F.C. 5ft. 20/100 20/100 20/100 20/200 20/100 Nil 20/100 F.C. 1ft. F.C. 5ft. 20/100 20/100 20/200 15/200 20/400 20/100 10/200 20/200 20/200 20/200 Nil 20/100 20/100 F. C..3ft. 20/200 20/400 L. P. 20/100 20/100 20/100 20/100 20/100 20/100 20/300 20/200 20/200 L. P. 20/200 20/100 20/100 20/200 20/200 20/200 Nil 20/200 20/100 20/100 20/100 20/200 20/200 20/200 10/200 F.C. oft. 20/100 Nil 20/100 20/100 20/200 10/200 20/100 L. P. L. P. 20/100 20/100 20/100 15/200 20/300 20/100 Nil 20/200 Nil 20/200 20/100 20/100 20/100 20/100 20/300 20/400 20/400 Nil 20/100 20/100 20/100 20/100 20/100 L. P. 20/200 20/200 20/200 20/200 20/100 20/100 20/100 20/200 20/200 20/200 20/200 20/100 20/100 20/100 Vision After IVIedical Care Given Right Eye 20/20 20/100 20/20 20/20 20/70 20/30 20/70 20/20 20/30 20/30 Nil 20/20 20/40 20/40 20/30 20/70 20/30 20/50 20/30 20/30 20/50 20/20 20/70 20/40 Nil 20/30 20/40 F.C. 3ft. 20/30 20/30 L. P. 20/50 20/50 20/20 20/15 20/100 20/30 20/30 20/40 20/40 20/200 20/40 20/40 20/20 20/20 20/30 20/20 Nil 2/020 20/40 20/50 20/30 Left Eye 20/20 20/40 20/20 20/20 20/30 20/30 Nil 20/30 20/30 20/30 20/40 20/20 C.F. 6ft. F.C. 6ft. 20/30 20/100 20/30 20/20 20/30 20/30 Nil 20/20 Nil 20/40 20/30 20/30 20/40 20/30 20/200 20/30 20/70 Nil 20/50 20/20 20/20 20/70 20/30 20/30 20/40 20/100 20/30 20/100 20/40 20/20 20/30 20/30 20/20 20/20 20/20 20/40 20/50 20/30 North Carolina State Commission for the Blind 59 County Age Diagnosis Vision Before Medical Care Given Right Eye Left Eye Vision After Medical Care Given Right Eye Left Eye Cumberland Hyperopia Astigmatism-Amblyopia Hyperopia-Astigmatism Hyperopia-Presbyopia Hyperopia Astigmatism Astigmatism-Presbyopia _ Astigmatism-Presbyopia Astigmatism-Myopia.__ Hyperopia-Astigmatism Hyperopia-Astigmatism Astigmatism Hyperopia.- Cataract-Surgical Aphakia Strabismus-Hyperopia Intraocular Infection-Hyperopia Astigmatism Astigmalism Astigmatism.., Optic Atrophy-Astigmatism Extropia-Amblyopia Hyperopia Hyperopia-Astigmatism Cataract-Arterio-Sclerosis- Suraical Aphakia Surgical Aphakia Cataracts-Surgical Aphakia Arterio-sclerosis-Hyperopia.— Presbyopia- Astigmatism Astigmatism Surgical Aphakia Surgical Aphakia Cataract-Surgical Aphakia Cataract-Surgical Aphakia _ Cataract-Surgical Aphakia _ Hyperopia Hyperopia Hyperopia Hyperopia-Presbyopia Hyperopia-Presbyopia Hyperopia Hyperopia Astigmatism Astigmatism.- Cataracts-Surgi cal Aphakia Hyperopia Hyperopia Hyperopia Cataract-Surgical Aphakia Hyperopia-Presbyopia Hyperopia-Presbyopia Hyperopia-Astigmatism.. Cataract-Surgical Aphakia...- Presbyopia-Hyperopia 20/100 20/200 20/100 20/100 20/100 20/100 20/100 20/200 20/400 20/400 20/200 20/100 20/200 20/100 Nil 20/200 20/100 20/100 20/200 Nil L. P. 20/100 Nil F. C. F. C. 20/100 20/200 20/200 C. F. C. F. 20/200 C. F. 20/100 20/100 20/200 20/100 20/100 20/100 20/100 20/200 20/100 20/200 20/200 20/400 20/100 20/100 20/200 Nil 20/100 20/100 20/200 20/200 20/100 20/200 20/100 20/100 20/100 20/100 20/100 20/200 20/200 20/400 20/200 20/100 20/200 20/100 20/100 20/200 20/100 20/100 20/200 20/100 L. P. 20/400 20/200 F. C. F. C. 20/100 20/200 20/200 C. F. C. F. 20/200 C. K. 20/100 20/100 20/200 20/100 20/100 20/100 20/100 20/200 20/100 20/200 20/200 20/300 20/100 20/200 L. P. 20/100 20/100 L. P. 20/200 20/200 20/20 20/200 20/20 20/20 20/20 20/30 20/20 20/20 20/100 20/40 20/20 20/20 20/20 20/40 Nil 20/40 20/20 20/20 20/20 Nil 20/50 20/30 Nil 20/30 20/30 20/40 20/20 20/20 20/20 C.F. 20/20 20/80 20/40 20/20 20/40 20/40 20/20 20/20 20/20 20/20 20/30 20/30 20/70 20/20 20/20 20/20 20/50 Ki' 20/20 20/30 20/50 20/30 20/20 20/40 20/20 20/20 20/20 20/30 20/20 20/20 20/40 20/40 20/20 20/20 20/25 20/40 20/50 20/40 20/20 20/20 20/20 20/20 20/200 20/30 20/50 20/20 20/30 20/40 20/20 20/20 20/30 20/40 20/20 20/80 20/40 20/40 20/40 20/46 20/20 20/20 20/20 20/20 20/30 20/30 20/200 20/20 20/20 20/20 L. P. 20/20 20/20 L. P. 20/50 20/30 60 Biennial Report of the County Gumberland— Currituck Currituck Dare- Davidson.. Davie- Duplin.. Age Diagnosis Presbyopia.-.. Cataract-Surgical Aphakia Astigmatism-Myopia Astigmatism-Myopia Astigmatism-Myopia Astigmatism-Myopia , Hyperopia Astigmatism-Hyperopia.- Hyperopia-Presbyopia Hyperopia Hyperopia-Presbyopia Hyperopia Astigmatism Astigmatism Astigmatism Astigmatism Astigmatism Cataract-Surgical Aphakia.- Cataract-Surgical Aphakia Surgical Aphakia Cataract-Surgical Aphakia - Cataract-Surgical Aphakia Myopia Myopia-Presbyopia Hyperopia-Presbyopia Hyperopia-Presbyopia Senile Cataract-Surgical Aphakia Opacity of Lens-Surgical Aphakia Hyperopia-Astigmatism.- Bilateral Cataract-Surgical Aphakia Myopia.- Hyperopia Hyperopia Myopia-Astigmatism Surgical Aphakia Hyperopia-Presbyopia Cataract-Surgical Aphakia _ Hyperopia.— Hyperopia _ Cataract-Surgical Aphakia Cataract-Surgical Aphakia - Hyperopia-Presbyopia Surgical Aphakia.- Hyperopia-Astigmatism.- Ametropia.- Ametropia.- Ametropia Myopia Hyperopia Myopia.- Presbyopia-Myopia Hyperopia.- Myopia.- Vision Before Medical Care Given Right Eye 20/100 L. P. 20/200 20/100 20/100 20/100 20/100 20/100 20/100 20/100 20/200 20/100 20/400 20/200 20/100 20/100 20/100 20/100 L. P. 20/400 20/200 20/200 20/200 5/200 20/200 10/200 20/200 F. C. 20/200 LP. F.C. 18in 20/100 6/200 10/200 20/200 10/200 20/100 20/100 20/100 F.C. 20/400 20/100 20/200 20/1 80 20/200 20/200 20/100 6/200 20/100 6/200 20/100 20/100 10/200 Left Eye 20/100 L. P. 20/200 20/100 20/100 20/100 20/100 20/100 20/100 20/100 20/200 20/100 20/400 20/200 20/100 20/100 20/100 20/100 L. P. Nil 20/200 L. P. 20/200 L. P. 20/200 20/200 20/200 20/200 20/200 F.C. F.C. IS in 20/100 10/200 10/200 10/200 20/200 20/100 20/200 F.C. F.C. 20/100 20/200 20/I8O 20/200 20/200 20/100 6/200 20/100 20/200 20/100 10/200 Vision After Medical Care Given Right Eye 20/30 20/60 20/20 20/40 20/20 20/20 20/20 20/50 20/20 20/20 20/200 20/20 20/400 20/20 20/20 20/50 20/40 20/40 L. P. 20/30 20/20 20/50 20/40 20/50 20/40 20/40 20/50 F.C. 20/70 L. P. 20/100 20/30 20/60 20/30 20/200 20/50 20/30 20/70 20/20 18/200 F.C. 2 ft. 20/20 20/200 20/35 20/20 20/20 20/20 20/40 20/70 20/60 20/25 20/30 Left Eye 20/30 20/6O 20/20 20/40 20/20 20/20 20/20 20/50 20/20 20/20 20/40 20/20 20/70 20/20 20/20 20/50 20/30 20/100 20/6O Nil 20/20 L. P. 20/40 L. P. 20/40 20/30 20/50 20/50 20/70 20/50 20/70 20/30 20/6O 20/50 20/50 20/50 20/6O 20/100 20/30 20/40 20/30 20/20 20/20 20/35 20/20 20/20 20/30 20/40 20/30 20/400 20/70 20/25 20/30 North Carolina State Commission for the Blind 61 Countv Duplin 66 73 63 14 10 14 6« 17 87 68 68 14 65 8 90 70 60 53 70 72 51 10 29 56 75 7 12 14 19 10 13 10 11 75 52 43 71 75 22 21 9 25 67 71 12 75 64 76 77 , J j^ << <. " - << .< <• << ,. << <• << .. << << .< ^j << .. .. .. . .< .. << .. .< .< " .< " <> .< " ,, .. " << .. " Age Diagnosis Cataract-Surgical Aphakia Cataract-Choria-retinitib-Surgical Aphakia Pterygium-Ectropion-Cataract- Surgical Cor _ Myopia.- Myopia.- Hypi;ropia-Amblyopia Myopia-Presbyopia.- Cataracts-Surgical Aphakia.- Extropia-Optic Atrophy-Hypcropia... Cataract-Surgical Aphakia _ Hyperopia Hyperopia Hyperopia-Presbyopia Myopia.- Myopia.- Cataract-Surgical Aphakia Cataract-Surgical Aphakia Cataract-Surgical .4phakia Surgical Aphakia Hyperopia-Presbyopia Corneal Soar-Hyperopia Myopia-Astigmatism Cataracts-Glaucoma-Surgieal Aphakia Presbyopia-Hyperopia Cataracts-Surgical Aphakia.— Myopia.- Myopia-Astigmatism Astigmatism Myopia.- Myopia.- Myopia.- Myopia.- Myopia-.\stigmatism Cataract-Sura;! cal Aphakia Hyperopia-Presbyopia Hyperopia Cataracts-Surgical Aphakia Presbyopia-Hyperopia-Hypertcnsion. Myopia _ Myopia-Nystagmus Myopia-Astigmatism-Squint Scarred Cornea-Hyperopia Thrombusis-Cataract-Surgical Aphakia.- Cataracts-Surgical Aphakia Hyperopia-Astigiuatism.- Hyperopia...- Presbyopia-Hyperopia Cataracts-Surgical Aphakia Lenticular Debris-Cataracts- Surgical Aphakia Vision Before IVIedical Care Given Right Eye 20/200 L. P. 20/400 20/300 20/200 10/200 L. P. L. P. F.C. 2 ft. 20/200 20/200 20/400 20/100 20/400 F.C. 2 it. 20/200 L. P. F.C. 4 ft. F.C. 7 ft. H.M. 20/200 20/400 20/200 20/200 20/100 20/200 20/100 20/400 20/200 20/100 20/200 10/400 20/100 20/200 20/200 F.C. 5 ft. 20/200 20/400 F.C. 2 ft. 20/100 15/400 L. P. F.C. 5 ft. 20/100 20/200 20/100 10/400 10/400 Left Eye F.C. 5ft. H.M. F. C.lft. 20/400 20/300 20/200 10/200 L. P. 20/400 5/200 20/200 20/200 20/400 20/100 20/100 20/200 L. P. F.C. F.C. 4ft. 10/100 20/400 20/200 F.C. 5/400 20/200 20/100 20/100 20/100 5/200 20/200 20/200 20/200 10/400 20/100 20/200 20/200 F.C. 2ft. 20/400 20/200 20/400 20/100 15/400 F.C. F.C. 2ft. 20/200 20/200 20/100 20/200 10/400 Vision After Medical Care Given Right Eye 20/20 20/100 20/50 20/40 20/200 20/50 L. P. L. P. 20/40 20/20 20/20 20/25 20/25 20/80 20/50 20/200 L. P. 20/25 20/50 H.M. 20/40 20/50 20/20 20/40 20/20 20/20 20/20 20/70 20/30 20/20 20/20 20/20 20/50 20/20 20/20 F.C. 5ft. 20/40 20/20 20/100 22/400 20/20 L. P. F.C. 5ft. 20/50 20/25 20/20 20/30 20/70 Left Eye 20/40 H. M. 20/50 20/50 20/40 20/30 20/50 20/20 20/50 5/200 20/20 20/20 20/25 20/25 20/40 20/60 20/70 20/60 F.C. 2 ft. 20/25 20/50 20/40 20/400 20/400 20/50 20/20 20/20 20/20 20/80 20/30 20/20 20/20 20/20 20/50 20/20 20/20 20/25 20/25 20/20 20/50 20/40 20/20 20/80 20/25 20/6O 20/30 20/40 20/200 20/70 62 Biennial Report of the Age Diagnosis Vision Before Medical Care Given Vision IVIedical C After are Given County Right Eye Left Eye Right Eye Left Eye Durha 45 55 58 8 60 72 12 10 18 58 76 43 64 6 11 13 7 65 78 10 8 15 69 7 12 54 81 12 9 9 60 25 47 36 35 69 36 12 48 68 14 14 14 40 68 12 11 14 40 74 69 37 32 Ret. Atrophy-Macular Deg. 20/100 20/400 L. P. 20/100 20/200 20/300 20/400 12/200 F.C. Nn L. P. 20/400 20/200 20/100 20/200 20/100 20/400 20/400 20/200 20/200 20/100 20/400 Nil 20/400 20/200 Nil F.C. 3ft. 20/100 20/200 20/200 20/100 20/200 20/100 20/200 Nil 20/100 20/200 20/400 20/400 20/200 20/100 20/200 20/100 20/800 20/100 20/100 20/240 20/100 20/100 20/200 20/200 20/400 20/800 Nil L. P. F.C. 20/100 20/200 20/300 20/100 20/200 F.C. 20/100 20/100 L. P. 20/100 20/100 20/200 20/200 20/400 20/400 Nil 20/200 20/100 20/200 20/100 20/400 20/200 20/100 F.C. 3ft. 20/100 20/100 20/200 L.P. 20/200 20/100 20/200 20/200 20/200 20/200 20/300 20/800 20/200 20/100 20/200 20/100 Nil F.C. 3ft. 20/100 20/240 20/100 F.C. 5ft. 20/200 20/200 20/400 Nil 20/40 20/50 L.P. 20/20 20/20 20/20 20/30 20/20 F.C. Nil L.P. 20/40 20/20 20/30 20/25 20/20 20/30 20/20 20/20 20/40 20/20 20/70 Nil 20/40 20/40 Nil 20/100 20/20 20/50 20/20 20/30 20/20 20/20 20/100 Nil 20/20 20/20 20/20 20/50 20/20 20/40 20/40 20/40 20/50 20/40 20/20 20/30 20/40 20/30 20/30 20/30 20/20 20/50 Nil L.P. 20/50 20/20 Hyperopia-Astigmatism-Presbyopia.-. Myopia-Presbyopia.- _ 20/20 20/20 20/30 .. """ "1 20/20 Cataracts-Surgical Aphakia.- 20/40 Diabetic- Retinitis-Cataract 20/70 Nuclea Opacity-Surgical Aphakia Cataraf't-Snro'ical Aphakia , 20/80 L.P. 20/20 20/30 20/25 20/20 20/30 Hyperopia-Nystagmus Astigmatism _ 20/20 Ni! 20/40 .. ' : 20/20 IMyopia-Nystagmus. Astigmatism 20/80 20/25 20/40 Astigmatism Senile Cataract-Surgical Aphakia Senile Cataract-Surgical Aphakia.- 20/40 20/40 20/30 20/20 , Myopia-Astigmatism 20/50 , 20/20 . Senile Cataract-Surgical Aphakia.- L.P. . 20/20 < 20/20 . 20/30 . 20/50 th .. .. Myopia-Presbvopia. 20/50 Ametropia.- 20/100 20/20 Ametropia-Presbyopia— _ 20/100 20/20 20/30 20/40 20/40 Keratoconus-Anophthalmus Corneal Scar-Ametropia.. Nil F.C. 3ft. 20/20 Myopia-Astigmatism 20/30 - 20/40 Ametropia-Choriod Degeneration Ametropia-Presbyopia F.C. 5ft. 20/30 Ametropia...- Ametropia 20/30 20/20 Keratoconus _. Nil North Carolina State Commission for the Blind 63 County Forsyth.. Fraaklin Gaston. Gastoa_ Gates.. Graham Granville.. Greene Guilford Age Diagnosis Ametropia-Cataracts-Surgical Aphakia Surgical Aphakia Ametropia Hyperopia Hyperopia.- Hyperopia.- Hyperopia.- Astigmatism-Hyperopia _ Bilateral Cataracts-Surgical Aphakia Nuclear Cataracts-Surgical Aphakia Cataraets-Surgi cal Aphakia Cataracts-Surgical Aphakia Cataracts-Surgical Aphakia...- Hyperopia-Presbyopia Hyperopia-Presbyopia Hyperopia-Presbyopia. _. Cataracts-Surgical Aphakia : ..... Myopia-Presbyopia.- Myopia.- Cataract-Surgical Aphakia Hyperopia-Astigmatism Myopia.- Retinal Arterio-Sclerosis-Cataracts- Surgical Aphakia Hyperopia-Presbyopia Presbyopia.- Myopia-Astigmatism Hyperopia-Presbyopia Myopia-Astigmatism Myopia-Astigmatism Myopia-.A.stigmati3m Myopia-Astigmatism Myopia.- Cataracts-Surgical Aphakia.- Vision Before IVIedical Care Given Riglit Eye Myopia— _ Hyperopia Hyperopia.- Amblyopia-Squint-Myopia Astigmatism-Myopia. Astigmatism-Hyperopia. Cataract-Surgical Aphakia Astigmatism Astigmatism _ Astigmatism Myopia.- Hyperopia-Convergent Squint Myopia.- Strabismus-Hyperopia Cataracts-Surgical Aphakia Hyperopia-Presbyopia Presbyopia-Cataract-Surgical Aphakia 5/200 20/100 20/200 20/200 20/100 20/100 20/400 20/200 F.C. 3ft. H. M. L. P. L. P. L. P. 20/100 20/200 20/400 F.C. 5 ft. 10/400 20/100 L. P. 20/200 20/100 5/200 20/100 20/100 20/200 20/200 20/100 20/100 20/300 20/100 20/100 20/200 20/200 20/100 20/100 20/100 20/100 10/200 0/200 20/100 20/100 20/100 20/100 20/100 20/100 F.C. 4ft. Nil 20/200 20/200 Vision After IVIedical Care Given Left Eye Right Eye F.C. 2ft. F.C. 3ft. 20/200 20/200 20/100 20/100 20/400 20/200 F.C. 4ft. F.C. 2ft. F.C. 5ft. 20/400 F.C. 5ft. 20/400 20/200 20/400 20/200 10/400 Nil 20/200 20/200 20/100 L. P. 20/100 20/100 Nil 20/200 20/100 20/100 20/400 20/100 20/100 20/200 20/200 20/100 20/100 20/100 20/100 10/200 20/200 20/100 20/100 20/100 20/100 20/100 20/100 20/400 20/200 20/200 20/200 5/200 20/100 20/20 20/20 20/20 20/20 20/20 20/40 F.C. 3 ft. 20/30 L. P. 20/40 L. P. 20/20 20/40 20/30 F.C. 5 ft. 20/25 20/40 L. P. 20/70 20/20 20/20 20/50 20/20 20/50 20/30 20/20 20/30 20/70 20/50 20/20 20/70 20/15 20/20 20/30 20/sO 20/20 20/25 0/200 20/30 20/30 20/40 20/20 20/50 20/20 20/50 Nil 20/20 20/20 Left Eye 20/20 20/50 20/50 20/20 20/20 20/70 20/20 20/40 20/30 F.C. 2 ft. 20/20 20/40 20/20 20/40 20/40 20/30 20/50 20/25 Nil 20/40 20/70 20/20 L. P. 20/50 20/20 Nil 20/20 20/20 20/30 20/70 20/50 20/20 20/50 20/15 20/30 20/40 20/100 20/20 20/25 20/50 20/30 20/30 20/40 20/20 20/50 20/20 20/20 20/50 20/20 20/200 64 Biennial Report of the County Guilford. Halifax.. Harnett Haywood.-., Henderson Age 65 10 12 70 4S 14 11 74 60 12 25 10 12 2 60 43 59 24 7 9 9 26 15 12 50 73 62 72 52 85 12 67 75 Diagnosis Myopia-Lenticular Opacity-Sur-gical Aphakia.. Prosbyopia-Hyperopia Hyperopia Surgical Aphakia Hyperopia-Astigmatism Hypertension-Presbyopia-Hyperopia.- Cataraot-Surgical Aphakia Cataract-Surgical Aphakia Presbyopia-Astigmatism Hyperopia Surgical Aphakia-Hyperopia Cataract Prcsbyopia-Hyperopia Hyperopia. Astigmatism Cataract-Surgical Aphakia.__ Hyperopia Hyperopia Hyperopia.- Presbyopia-Hyperopia Optic Nerve Atrophy-Hyperopia._ Hyperopia _ Hyperopia Myopia— Hyperopia-Astigmatism.- Marked Hyperopia., Souik' Cataracts-Surgical Aphakia. Nystagmus-Anisotropia Retinal Detachment-Surgical Correction...- Bilateral Keratoconus...- Alternating Strabismus-Hyperopia Hyperopia Astigmatism Hyperopia-Presbyopia Myopia-Astigmatism Hyperopia-Astigmatism Myopia-Presbyopia Presbyopia Myopia-Presbyopia Hyperopia Hyperopia Cataracts-Surgical Aphakia.- Astigmatism , Hyperopia High Myopia. Cataract-High Myopia-Surgical Aphakia Cataract-High Myopia-Surgical Aphakia Myopia-Astigmatism Myopia.- Hyperopia Hyperopia Vision Before Medical Care Given Right Eye F.C. 10ft. 20/100 20/100 F.C. 1ft. 20/100 15/200 F.C. 2ft. L. P. 20/200 20/100 20/200 20/100 20/200 20/100 10/200 20/200 15/200 20/200 20/100 Nil 20/100 10/200 20/200 20/200 20/200 F.C. 20/200 20/200 F.C. 6ft. 20/200 20/100 20/200 20/200 20/100 20/100 20/100 20/100 Nil 20/100 20/100 20/200 20/200 20/200 20/400 F.C. L. P. 20/400 20/400 20/100 20/400 Left Eye F.C. 10ft. 20/100 20/100 F.C. 1ft. 12/200 10/200 L. P. 20/300 20/200 20/100 20/200 20/200 20/200 20/100 10/200 20/200 15/200 20/200 20/100 20/100 20/100 10/200 20/200 20/200 20/200 L. P. 20/100 Nil F.C. 6ft, 20/200 20/100 20/200 20/100 20/100 20/100 20/100 20/100 20/100 20/200 20/100 Nil 20/100 20/200 20/400 20/200 20/400 20/400 20/400 20/100 20/400 Vision After Medical Care Given Right Eye 20/60 20/20 20/20 20/30 20/25 20/40 20/30 L. P. 20/20 20/70 20/70 20/70 20/20 20/20 20/70 20/25 20/25 20/50 20/20 Nil 20/100 20/70 20/20 20/50 20/50 F.C. 20/50 20/60 20/30 20/30 20/15 20/15 20/30 20/20 20/20 20/20 20/20 Nil 20/70 20/30 20/70 20/50 20/20 20/70 F.C. L. P. 20/70 20/70 20/40 20/70 Left Eye 20/60 20/25 20/20 20/100 20/25 20/20 L. P. 20/25 20/20 20/70 20/70 20/70 20/20 20/20 20/70 20/25 20/25 20/200 20/20 20/50 20/30 20/70 20/20 20/50 20/50 20/30 20/70 F.C.4in. 20/30 20/30 20/15 20/15 20/30 20/20 20/20 20/20 20/20 20/40 20/100 20/30 Nil 20/40 20/20 20/70 20/70 20/70 20/70 20/40 20/70 North Carolina State Commission for the Blind 65 County Henderson Age 12 73 53 81 76 67 14 65 15 11 72 15 Hertford. I 53 Hoke.__ I Hyde Hertford Iredell Jackson.. Johnston.. Jones.. Lee Lenoir. Diagnosis Vision Before Medical Care Given Right Eye Myopia-.Astigmalism I 20/100 Hyperopia 20/lOO Hyperopia-Presbyopia 20/200 59 12 69 75 64 61 38 13 83 63 73 70 70 14 9 10 54 68 69 70 76 75 16 60 77 Myopia-Presbyopia Myopia-Presbyopia... Hyperopia...- Myopia-Astigmatism— Hyperopia-Astigmatism-Chori odi t i s Myopia.- Hyperopia Senile Cataract-Surgical Aphakia.... Hypermetropia-Dislocated Lens Presbyopia.— 20/200 20/400 20/200 20/200 20/200 20/100 20/100 F.C. 3ft. 20/200 20/100 Left Eye Vision After Medical Care Given Right Eye Cataracts-Surgical Aphakia L. P. Convergent Squint-Hyperopia 20/i00 Myopia-Presbyopia.- 20/300 Surgical Aphakia-Poaterior Synechie Surgical Aphakia-Senile Cataract. Ametropia-Presbyopia Hyperopia Hyperopia Cataracts-Surgical Aphakia Surgical Aphakia Pterygium-Hyperopia Cataract-Surgical Aphakia Cataract-Surgical Aphakia Hyperopia-Astigmatisni .. Hyperopia - Optic Atrophy-Hyperopia Ametropia-Presbyopia Ametropia-Presbyopia. _ Ametropia Ametropia-Presbyopia Cataract-Surgical Aphakia Arteric-Sclerosis-Hyperopia Myopia.- Hyperopia Cataract-Surgical Aphakia Coloboma.- Bilateral Senile Cataracts- Surgical Aphakia Hyperopia-Presbyopia. Bilateral Senile Cataracts- Surgical Aphakia - Nuclear Cataract-Surgical Aphakia... Bilateral Cataract-Surgical .Aphakia Cataracts-Presbyopia-Surgical Aphakia.. Cataract-Surgical Aphakia— Myopia-Hyptropia.- Cataract-Surgical Aphakia — L. P. Hyperopia-Presbyopia.— 20/400 Hyperopia-Optic Atrophy.- 1 Nil 20/200 F.C. 2ft 20/100 20/100 20/100 10/200 20/200 20/100 20/100 F.C. 3ft. L.P. 20/100 F.C. 18ft 20/100 10/200 20/100 20/200 Nil 20/200 20/300 20/200 Nil 20/200 20/200 20/200 F.C. 10ft. F.C. 10ft. 20/100 F.C. 3ft. 20/100 20/100 20/100 20/200 20/100 20/400 20/200 20/100 F.C. 20/100 20/100 F.C. 3ft. 20/100 20/200 F. C. 20/200 20/100 F.C. 3ft. L.P. 20/100 20/100 20/100 F.C. 2ft. 20/200 10/200 20/200 H. M. 20/200 20/200 20/200 20/100 10/200 20/100 20/200 L.P. 20/200 20/300 20/200 20/100 18/200 20/200 20/200 F.C. 10ft F.C. 10ft. 20/200 20/100 20/100 20/400 20/400 20/200 20/40 20/30 20/30 20/200 20/70 20/30 20/30 20/30 20/30 20/70 F.C. 3ft. 20/40 20/20 L.P. 20/40 20/30 20/50 20/30 20/30 20/20 20/20 10/200 20/200 20/50 20/80 20/70 20/100 20/20 20/100 20/20 20/20 20/20 20/20 Nil 20/70 20/200 20/30 L.P. 20/50 20/40 Left Eye 20/40 20/30 20/30 20/70 20/70 20/30 20/35 20/200 20/30 20/70 20/50 20/40 20/20 20/20 20/100 20/30 20/50 L.P. 20/30 20/20 20/20 20/30 20/50 20/100 20/100 H. M. 20/50 20/20 20/50 20/20 20/30 20/20 20/30 20/30 20/70 20/70 20/30 20/30 20/50 20/40 20/70 20/70 20/50 20/50 F.C. 3ft. 20/20 L.P. 20/20 Nil 20/200 20/70 20/50 20/70 20/30 20/20 20/60 20/20 20/25 66 Biennial Report of the County Age Lenoir Lincoln Macon „... Madison Martin McDowell.. Mecklenburg 75 12 45 77 81 68 13 75 67 43 80 75 47 12 38 27 22 29 65 72 12 11 76 32 74 11 73 SO 10 55 31 10 76 63 14 50 43 12 45 50 11 12 45 34 10 14 13 15 63 15 Diagnosis Myopia _ Ptosis-Hyperopia.. Optic Atrophy-Hypcropia- Presbyopia Cataracts-Surgical Aphalcia Hyperopia.- Cataracts-Surgical Aphaiiia._ Hyperopia. ._ Cataracts-Surgical Aphakia. Bilateral Cataracts-Surgical Aphakia Astigmatism-Presbyopia Cataract-Surgical Aphakia Ametropia-Hyperopia. Ametropia-Hyperopia-Presbyopia Bilateral Ectopioii-Myopia. Cataract-Chronic Glaucoma- Surgical Aphakia Sftuint-Hypcropi a. _ Strabismus-Myopia Cataract-Surgical Aphakia...- Presbyopia-Hyperopia Presbyopi a-Hyperopia Nystagmus-Albinism-Hyperopia Myopia— Cai aracts-Surgical Aphakia.- Surgical Aphakia Corneal Scar-Pterygium-Hyperopia... Ametropia Senile Cataract-Surgical Aphakia Incipient Cataract-Myopia. Hypermetropia Myopia Hyperopia.- Astigmatism Myopia. Incipient Cataracts-Myopia Chronic Glaucoma-Myopia Simple Myopia.. Hyperopia-Presbyopia Myopia-Astigmatism-Presbyopia.- Hj'permetropia Hypermetropia-Presbyopia Myopia-Astigmatism-Presbyopia Myopia ._ _.. .... Myopia.- Myopia— Hyperopia-Astigmatism-Presbyopia... Cataracts-Surgical Aphapia Nystagmus-Hyporopia.- Congonital Nystagmus-Myopia Myopia— Myopia— Myopia-Prcsbyopia.- Traumatic Cataracts-Surgical Aphakia Vision Before Medical Care Given Right Eye 20/200 Nil 20/400 Nil 20/400 L. P. 20/100 L.P. L. P. 20/100 20/200 20/200 10/200 20/100 F.C. 8fi.. 20/400 C.F. 10ft, Nil 20/200 20/200 20/200 20/100 L.Proj. C.F. 3ft. 20/200 20/100 Left Eye 5/200 20/100 20/800 20/200 20/100 20/100 C.F. 4ft. Nil 20/100 20/200 20/100 20/100 20/100 20/100 12/200 20/200 20/200 20/200 3/200 20/100 20/100 20/200 20/100 L.P 20/200 20/200 20/100 20/400 20/200 20/400 20/400 20/100 20/400 L.P. 20/200 20/200 20/200 10/200 20/100 F.C. 10ft, 20/400 C.F. 10ft. 4/200 20/200 10/200 20/200 20/100 L.Proi. Nil C.F. 2ft. 20/100 C.F. 6in. 4/200 20/100 20/SOO 20/200 20/200 20/100 C.F. 2ft. L.P. 20/200 C. F. 20/200 20/100 20/100 20/200 12/200 20/200 20/200 20/200 10/200 20/100 20/100 20/200 20/200 8/200 L.P. Vision After iVIeclical Care Given Right Eye 20/70 Nil 20/40 Nil 20/100 L.P. 20/30 L.P. 20/50 20/30 20/100 20/20 20/20 20/70 20/50 20/200 20/50 Nil 20/30 20/30 20/70 20/50 L.Pro;. 20/40 20/50 25/20 6/200 • 20/50 20/50 20/6O 20/20 20/20 20/20 C.F. 4ft. Nil 20/25 20/20 20/20 20/20 20/20 20/30 20/20 20/20 20/20 20/30 20/80 20/80 20/120 20/25 20/25 20/20 20/45 Left Eye 20/70 20/20 20/400 20/70 20/60 20/60 20/25 20/40 L.P. 20/30 20/50 20/20 20/20 20/70 20/20 20/80 20/50 25/30 20/30 20/20 20/70 20/50 20/50 Nil C.F. 2ft. 20/20 20/30 20/30 20/40 20/60 20/20 20/20 20/20 20/40 20/40 20/20 20/25 20/200 20/20 20/20 20/20 20/20 20/20 20/20 20/30 20/100 20/80 20/80 20/25 20/25 8/200 L.P. North Carolina State Commission for the Blind 67 County Age Di?.gnosis Vision Before Medical Care Given Right Eye Left Eye Vision After IVledical Care Given Right Eye Left Eye MeckletiburK 6S ' ' 52 " 56 " 14 ' ' ..04 • • 44 " {A " 40 n 57 -. 71 13 " 50 " 49 " _ 55 82 " 71 " 62 .' n " 7 " 43 " 46 " 36 Mitchell 9 10 ' ' 9 " 77 << 10 << 11 70 56 << 77 " 6 " 54 65 10 <• 49 • < 15 <. 85 << 5? << 73 " 62 " 79 .. 5? " 56 << 73 << 7? .< 75 << '/3 • < 63 Nash.. 1^3 11 New Hanover.. 15 Surgical Aphakia. Incipient Cataracts-Myopia.— , Senile Cataracts-Surgical Aphakia. Myopia- Astigmatism.- , Cataract-Surgical Aphakia Presbyopia-IIyperopia.— Presbyopia-Myopia Myopia-Prcibjopia Hyperopia-Presbyopia Myopia-Presbyopia Myopia-Astigmatism Presbyopia-Astigmatism Hyperopia-Presbyopia Presbyopia Chronic Dacrocystitis-Myopia Hyperopia-Presbyopia Myopi a-Presbyopi a -Cataract Surgical Aphukia Hypermetropia.- Hyperopia Hypermciropiii-Presbyopia Hyperopia-Astigmatism Hypermature (Cataract-Surgical Aphakia...: Hyperopia-Astigmatism. Hyperopia-Astigmatism._ Hyperopic Astigmatism. Hyperopia Astigmatism. Hyperopic Astigmatism...- Hypermetropia-.'\stigmatism... Senile Cataract-Hyperopia - Bilateral Cataracts-Surgical Aphakia Senile Cataracts-Surgical Aphakia Astigmatism Cataracts-Surgical Aphakia Senile Cataracts-Surgical Aphakia Amblyopia-Hyperopia Hyperopic Astigmatism. Myopic Astigmatism Cataracts-Surgical Aphakia...- Opanuo Cornea-Surgical Aphakia Presbyopia-Hyperopia Cataracts-Surgical Aphakia.. Bilateral Cataracts-Surgical Aphakia Hyperopia-Presbyopia Surgical Aphakia Hyperopia-Presbyopia Hyperopia Incipient Cataracts-Hyperopia Cataracts-Surgical Aphapia Cataracts-Surgical Aphapia Myopic Astigmatism.. Esotropia-Chorio-Retinitis- Astigmatism _ Cataracts-Surgical Aphapia C.F. 5ft. L. P. 20/200 20/100 Light 20/200 20/ 100 20/200 20/100 20/200 20/200 20/200 20/200 20/200 C.F. 5ft. 20/200 L. P. 20/200 20/100 20/200 20/200 20/200 20/100 20/100 20/iOO 20/200 20/100 Nil 20/100 20/100 20/200 20/100 L. P. 5/100 20/100 20/200 20/100 Nil Nil 20/200 C.F. 3ft. C.F. 20/100 20/200 20/100 20/100 C.F. 10ft, C.F. 3ft. 20/100 20/100 H. M. L. P. C.F. 4ft. 20/200 20/300 20/100 6/200 20/200 20/200 20/100 20/100 20/200 20/100 20/2CO 20/200 20/100 C.F. 10ft. 20/200 8/200 20/100 20/100 20/200 20/200 L. P. 20/100 20/100 20/200 20/200 20/100 20/100 20/200 L. P. 20/200 20/100 L. P. 5/100 20/200 20/200 20/100 20/100 20/400 • 15/200 Nil Nil 20/100 20/100 20/200 20/100 C.F. 10ft C.F. 3ft. 20/200 Nil 20/200 Nil 20/50 20/50 20/30 20/30 Light 20/40 20/20 20/20 20/20 20/200 20/50 20/40 20/30 20/20 20/40 20/25 L. P. 20/20 20/50 20/20 20/30 20/200 20/20 20/50 20/50 20/30 20/40 Nil 20/100 20/100 20/20 20/40 20/30 20/70 20/30 20/20 20/40 Nil Nil 20/30 20/50 20/20 20/30 20/200 20/30 20/20 20/70 C.F. 8ft. 20/40 20/30 H. M. 20/70 20/50 20/200 20/300 20/40 20/50 20/40 20/20 20/20 20/20 20/50 20/200 20/30 20/70 20/20 20/40 20/25 20/4,0 20/20 20/50 20/20 20/30 20/20 20/20 20/50 20/200 20/100 20/50 20/20 20/30 20/40 20/200 20/40 L. P. 20/70 20/100 20/20 20/50 20/40 20/40 20/45 Nil Nil 20/30 20/30 20/30 20/20 20/70 20/70 20/40 Ml 20/70 Nil 68 Biennial Report of the County New Hanover 46 Northampton.. Onslow Orange... Pamlico.. Pasquotank.. Pende Perquimans.- Person.- Pitt Age 67 22 24 8 6S 13 59 10 58 69 71 67 54 77 5S 79 38 9 8 13 8 10 8 8 72 70 68 65 11 70 SS 79 16 72 40 65 14 8 62 68 39 8 76 44 13 10 10 50 70 79 Diagnosis Cornea & Conjunctiva bunied- Hyperopia SeTiile Cataracts-Siirgica! Aphakia . Astigmatism Hyperopia Astigmatism Myopia-Cataracts Myopia.- Surgical Aphapia Hyptropic .Astigmatism. Catara ct-Opti c Atrophy-Surgi cal Aphakia Surgical Aphapia Prcsbyopia-HypcTopia Corneal Scar-Presbyopia-Myopia Cataract-Surgical Aphakia Cataract-Surgical .Aphakia Surgical Aphakia Hyperopia-Presbyopia...- Myopic Astigmatism Hyperopia Myopia.- Hyperopia.- Hyperopia.- ^ Hyperopia Astigmatism Astigmatism Cataract -Surgi cal Aphakia Presbyojiia-Hyperopia , Hyperopia Cataracts-Surgical Aphakia Ametropia _ Cataracts-SiArgical Aphakia Cataracts-S'jrgical Aphakia.— Astigmatism-Presbyopia...- .Ametropia Incipieni Cataracts-Myopia., Myopic .Astigmatism Hyperopia-Prcsbyopia.... Myopia.- Traumatic Cataract-Surgical Aphakia.... Prcsbyopia-Hyperopia. Astigmatism-Presbyopia.- Myopia Hyperopia Surgical Aphakia Astigmatism _ Astigmatism _ Astigmatism Hyperopia - Astigmatism-Presbyopia Astigmatism-Presbyopia Astigmatism-Presbyopia-Pterygium... Vision Before Medical Care Given Right Eye Left Eye 20/200 20/400 20/100 20/200 20/200 20/400 15/100 L. P. 20/100 L. P. H. M. 20/400 L. P. 20/200 20/100 Nil 10/200 5/200 20/100 20/200 20/100 20/100 20/100 20/100 20/400 20/400 20/200 20/200 Nil 20/200 L. P. 20/400 20/200 20/100 20/200 20/100 20/100 20/200 20/100 20/100 20/100 10/200 20/100 C.F. 2ft. 20/200 20/100 20/200 20/400 20/100 20/100 20/200 20/200 20/400 20/100 20/200 20/200 20/8OO 15/100 20/400 20/100 C. 1'. 20/200 20/400 20/200 20/200 L. P. 3/200 10/200 5/200 20/100 20/200 20/100 20/100 20/100 20/100 20/400 20/100 20/200 20/200 20/200 20/200 L.P. 20/400 20/200 20/200 20/200 20/100 20/200 20/200 Nil 20/100 20/100 20/100 20/100 L.P. 20/200 20/100 20/200 20/200 20/100 20/100 20/100 VUioQ After Medical Care Given Right Eye 20/100 20/70 20/20 20/20 20/50 20/200 20/20 20/30 20/40 L.P. H..M. 20/30 L.P. 20/40 20/60 Nil 20/30 20/60 20/50 20/70 20/20 20/40 20/50 20/70 20/40 20/400 20/60 20/50 Nil 20/40 20,'25 20/400 20/70 20/20 20/50 20/20 20/20 20/60 20/30 20/20 20/25 20/70 20/70 20/25 20/30 20/20 20/20 20/70 20/30 20/20 20/70 Left Eye 20/70 20/100 20/20 20/20 20/50 20/70 20/15 20/400 20/40 20/40 20/70 20/30 20/25 20/50 L.P. 20/60 20/70 20/60 20/50 20/100 20/50 20/40 20/50 20/100 20/40 20/40 20/50 20/200 20/20 20/40 L.P. 20/SO 20/70 20/20 20/100 20/20 20/25 20/60 Nil 20/20 20/25 20/70 20/70 L.P. 20/20 20/20 20/20 20/20 20/30 20/20 20/70 NOETH CAROLINA STATE COMMISSION FOR THE BLIND 69 County Pitt.. Pclk...— . Age Uiagncsis 69 6S 9 73 05 75 52 74 139 77 78 70 70 09 SO 14 11 14 50 ^S 17 16 55 77 55 13 11 6 9 15 13 13 16 11 13 10 Randolph ] 14 14 15 Richmond | 10 11 Incipient Cataracts-Hyporopia.... 20/200 Vision Before Medical Care Given Right Eyt 20/200 20/100 20/200 20/200 10/200 Nil 5/400 20/300 20/400 5/400 20/200 L. P. Cataracts-Snrgical Aphakia Astigmatism...- Myopia Hyperopia Myopia - Incipient Cataracts-Hyperopia Surgical Aphakia-Cataraet I,cukoma-Cutaract-Surgical Aphakia Aitigmatism-Prtsbyopia M.\ opia-Cataracts Opacities-Surgical Aphakia Cataract-Trauma-Surgical Aphakia.. ^ Cataract-Presbyopia 20,^400 Astigmatism-Cataracts 20,200 Hyperopia-Asiigmatism 20/400 Astigmatism 20/400 Hyperopia-Astigmatism | 20,200 Myopia-Astigmati^m-Hyperopia Presbyopia-Hypi-ropia Cataract-Surgl.al Aphakia... Myopia Hyperopia Optic Atrophy-Myopia Chorio-Retiwilis-Myopia- Hyoperpic Astigmatism Myopic Astigmatism.. Hyperopia .'vstigniatism..... Hyperopia Astigmatism.. Myopia. .- MyopiaAstigmatisin Myopic Astigmatism .'. . - Myopia - ^ Myopic Astigmatism Myopic Astigmatism Hyperopia AstigmstiMii Myopia ; 120/ WO Myopia • Myopia Hyperopia-Anisometropia Compound Myopic Astigmatism...... 11 Hyperopic .Astigmatism. 14 Exotorpia-Alternating-Hyperopia 75 Cataratts-Surgi'-al Aphakia 54 Surgical Aphakia-Cataracts 13 Myopia.- 7 Esotropia 49 Retinal-Arterio-Sclerosis-Hyperopia 78 Hyperopia-Astigmatism... 74 Hyperopia Astigmatism 51 Hypertension-Hyperopia.- 73 Hyperopia-Presbyopia 72 Hyperopia-Myopiu-Pterygium........ 83 Senile Cataract-Myopia Lett Eye 20/200 20/400 20/200 20/400 20/200 20/200 20/200 20/100 20/100 20/100 20/100 20/400 20/200 20/200 20/200 20/100 20/200 20/lOU Vision After Medical Care Given Right Eye Left Eye 20/100 20/100 20/100 20/l00 20/100 20/200 H. M. C.F. It. 20/200 20/100 20/100 20/200 1/200 10/200 20/200 20/200 C.F. Oft. 20/200 Nil 20/100 20/200 20/200 10/200 20/100 L. P. 20/100 20/400 5/400 20/200 20/400 20/400 20/400 20/400 20/400 20/200 20/200 20/400 LP. 20/400 20/200 20/400 20/200 20/100 20/100 20/100 20/100 20/400 20/200 20/200 20/200 20/100 20/200 20/100 20/100 00/100 20/100 20/100 20/200 20/100 20/100 CF. 1 ft 5/200 20/200 20/200 20/100 20/100 5/200 20/200 20/200 10/200 20/200 20/70 20/20 20/20 20/40 20/30 20/70 Nil 20/20 20/300 20/25 20/40 20/40 L.P. 20/400 20/50 20/400 20/30 20/40 20;'20 20/30 20/20 20/40 20/70 20/00 20/70 20/00 20/35 20/30 20/40 20/20 20/30 20/40 20/40 20/40 20/30 20,'30 2C/30 20/20 20/20 20/20 20/50 20/50 20/70 5/25 1 20/30 20/20 20/20 20/30 20/20 20/20 20/50 20/25 20/50 20/40 70 Biennial Report of the County Richmond Robeson- Robeson.. Rockingham. Rowan- Rutherford Age Diagnosis 75 10 71 70 83 65 95 46 67 68 67 64 9 11 78 12 76 56 11 22 69 73 66 76 80 76 72 74 8 13 46 74 53 74 80 75 72 10 75 75 73 72 38 84 11 72 10 9 9 12 9 10 Senile Cataract-Surgical Aphakia Hjfperopia-Squint Hyperopio .\stigmatism. Incipient Cataracts-Hyperopia Surgical Aphakia-Cataract Pterygium-Myopia...- Incipient Cataract-Myopia. Cataract-Myopia Myopia. Cataract-Surgical Aphakia Cataract-Surgical Aphakia Pterygium-Hyperopia Hyperopia Hyperopia.- Myopia-Incipient Cataracts Hypcropic Astigmatism Presbyopia-Myopia.. Cataraet-Presbyopia-Hyperopia Hyperopia Amblyopia Myopia Hyperopia-Presbyopia Hyperopia-Presbyopia ^. Lenticular changes-Myopia Hyperopia-Presbyopia.- Hyperopia-Presbyopia Hyperopia-Astigmatism Hyperopia-Presbyopia Hyperopia-Presbyopia Hyperopia Strabismus. Hyperopia- Hyperopia Myopia-Opacities Hyperopia-Presbyopia _.. Leukoma-Hyporopia-Astigmatism.... Myopia-Astigmatism -_ _ Astigmatism Hyperopia-Presbyopia Senile Cataract-Surgical Aphakia Ametropia-Myopia Ametropi a-Leukoma Senile Cataracts-Surgical Aphakia.... Presbyopia-Astigmatism Cataracts-Surgical Aphakia.- Bilateral Mature Cataracts-Surgical Aphakia „ - Senile Cataracts-Surgical Aphakia.... Myopia.- Hyperopia-Presbyopia „ Hyperopia-Astigmatism.- Hyperopia.. _ Myopia Hyperopia.- Hyperopia _ , Hyperopia.- Vsion Before Medical Care Given Right Eye H. M. 20/200 20/100 7/100 3/200 20/200 L. P. 15/200 20/200 C.I'. 3ft. C.F. 2ft. 20/100 5/200 20/200 10/200 20/100 20/100 Nil 20/200 15/200 20/200 20/200 20/300 10/200 15/200 20/400 20/400 20/100 20/100 20/200 20/400 20/200 20/400 20/100 20/100 20/200 20/400 20/200 C
Object Description
Description
Title | Biennial report of the North Carolina Commission for the Blind |
Other Title | Biennial report of the North Carolina State Commission for the Blind |
Creator | North Carolina State Commission for the Blind. |
Date | 1944; 1945; 1946 |
Digital Characteristics-A | 92 p.; 5.72 MB |
Digital Format | application/pdf |
Title Replaced By | North Carolina State Commission for the Blind biennial report |
Pres File Name-M | pubs_pubh_serial_biennialreportnccommission1946.pdf |
Pres Local File Path-M | \Preservation_content\StatePubs\pubs_pubh\images_master |
Full Text | BIENNIAL REPORT \'.19H/4-^ c,Z of the NORTH CAROLINA STATE COMMISSION FOR THE BLIND From July 1, 1944, through June 30, 1946 LUX ORITUR: "And I will bring the blind by a way that they knew not; I will lead them in paths that they have not known; I will make darkness light before them." —Isaiah xlii, 16. BIENNIAL REPORT of the NORTH CAROLINA STATE COMMISSION FOR THE BLIND From July 1, 1944, through June 30, 1946 LUX ORITUR: "And I will bring the blind by a way that they knew not; I will lead them in paths that they have not known; I will make darkness light before them." —Isaiah xlii, 16. jf^^r^- HONORABLE R. GREGG CHERRY The Governor of North Carolina ''Day and night in this State of ours people use their whole minds, their full hearts, their tireless hands in meeting the re-sponsibility of a people and a state in doing battle with the things that might hold us back and retard us. "Based upon legislation the North Carolina State Commission for the Blind has developed a Program with the three essential cornerstones of relief, rehabilitation, and prevention of blindness. Through the development of these, the State is striving with its abundance of physical and human resources to transform lives of idleness and despondency into lives that are productive and happy and to give an equal opportunity to its visually handicap-ped citizens." LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL To Honorable R. Gregg Cherry Governor of North Carolina Raleigh, North Carolina Dear Governor Cherry : Pursuant to Chapter 53, Public Laws of 1935 and subsequent legislation, I have the honor to submit to you the accompanying report of the North Carolina State Commission for the Blind for the biennial period beginning with July 1, 1944, and ending June 30, 1946. This report concerns the management and finan-cial transactions of this Department. Respectfully submitted, Sam M. Cathey, Chairman N. C. State Commission for the Blind MEMBERS OF THE NORTH CAROLINA STATE COMMISSION FOR THE BLIND (Six Lay Members—Appointed by the Governor) Judge Sam M. Cathey, Chairman, Asheville, N. C. Dr. Howard E. Jensen, Chaimian, Executive Committee, Durham, N. C. Mr. Ernest R. Alexander, Kannapolis, N. C. Mr. V. J. AsHBAUGH, Durham, N. C. Mr. H. I. McDouGLE, Charlotte, N. C. Mr. Thomas S. Payne, Washington, N. C. (Five Ex-OfRcio Members—Designated by the Legislatui-e) Mr. R. Mayne Albright, Director, State Man Power, Raleigh, N. C. Mr. Egbert N. Peeler, Supt., State School for the Blind, Raleigh, N. C. Dr. Carl V. Reynolds, Secretary, State Board of Health, Raleigh, N. C. Col. Charles H. Warren, Supervisor, Vocational Rehabilitation, Raleigh, N. C. Dr. Ellen Black Winston, State Commissioner of Public Welfare, Ral-iegh, N. C. ADVISORY MEDICAL COMMITTEE (Surgeons certified by American Board of Ophthalmology) Dr. Frank C. Smith, Chairman, Charlotte, N. C. Dr. V. M. Hicks, Supervising Ophthalmologist Aid to Needy Blind, Raleigh, N. C. Dr. Wm. B. Anderson, Durham, N. C. Dr. H. H. Briggs, Jr., Asheville, N. C. Dr. James G. Johnston, Charlotte, N. C. Dr. H. C. Neblett, Charlotte, N. C. Dr. Henry L. Sloan, Charlotte, N. C. Dr. Wm. S. Speas, Winston-Salem, N. C. Dr. S. Wetzenblatt, Asheville, N. C. Dr. John D. Wilsey, Winston-Salem, N. C. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Introduction Whereas I Was Blind, Now I See '^ Social Service Division 12 Social Data on Current Recipients 15 A Survey of the Resources and Accomplishments of the Medical Division 21 Pre-Conditioning Center ^6 Business Enterprises 40 Workshops ^^ Home Industries ^^ Assistance and Co-operation from Other Agencies 48 Recommendations 49 Appendix I ^4 Appendix II ^^ Appendix III ^^ Appendix IV 81 INTRODUCTION The laws of North Carolina place upon the North Carolina State Commission for the Blind the responsibility of motivating, administering and generally supervising a comprehensive pro-gram of activities of (1) the prevention of blindness and the restoration of sight; (2) the rehabilitation of the employable blind individual; (3) financial grants and special services to the indigent blind; and (4) employment opportunities for those who are unable to find remunerative work in private enterprises. The purpose of this report is to present to the people of North Carolina a brief outline of the scope of the activities of one of their state agencies and its accomplishments during the biennial period of July 1, 1944—^^June 30, 1946. The objectives for such a program must take into account the medical, social and com-munity aspects. During this period much emphasis has been given to co-ordinating and integrating Federal, state, local com-munity and individual resources and directing them into channels from which the greatest good would accrue to the visually handi-capped. Each year since its establishment in 1935 the North Carolina State Commission for the Blind has grown and expanded its ac-tivities. This has been accomplished in spite of the emphasis which was given, for about four years, to winning the war ; the limited number of trained persons qualified to work in so specialized a program; and marked limitations on funds. The loyalty, perseverance and plain hard work of all persons associated with the agency and the cooperation and help given by representatives of Federal, stats and local agencies as well as that received from private agencies and individuals is grate-fully acknowledged. WHEREAS I WAS BLIND, NOW I SEE The doctors could not help. I was slowly going blind, I knew it, for the shadows were thickening, day by day ; yet, deep within me, I could not accept the fact. None of my friends had ever gone blind ; and it was something, as far as my experience went, which just did not, and could not happen. I had heard of blind people, had seen blind people, but knew nothing of what had caused the blindness. It was mysterious, terrible, unbelievable. It hap-pened to other people, like the Bubonic Plague, centuries past, or to inhabitants of distant countries, but not within the bounds of my experience. I was afraid, bewildered, confused, and at times rebellious. Then the situation changed somewhat. Part of my trouble was cataracts, but with complications ; and if I waited until blindness was a reality, an operation might restore part of my vision. No one could say just how long this would take, and I could not sit for an indefinite length of time, with my hands folded, waiting for the cataracts to ripen. I now had hope; life had become a challenge. I set myself a goal to learn all I could of the ways of the visually handicapped, in order to be independent as the cataracts thickened. I determined to keep my independence. The art of finger reading and typing were soon learned as an invaluable part of my daily life. My other senses were made to function more fully, to compensate for the failing sight. Touch, taste and hearing, all were more acute, while the sense of smell became more helpful, when it, too, had to play an increasingly im-portant part. Two years passed, three, even ten. I had forgotten how easily and quickly small tasks could be performed with the help of sight ; for I was now living as a blind person, thinking as a blind person, meeting the requirements of my environment as a blind person. This meant that it took at least three times as long to do a job well as it had in the days of sight. I was adjusted to my blindness. I had met the challenge that life had thrust upon me. After twelve years of waiting, the day for the operation had come. What would the future now hold ! I did not know, and it did not seem to matter as much now as it had during the first feverish, ignorant years. I climbed up on the operating table, and the nurse made her preparations. I was not afraid ; yet this was an important time. 8 Biennial Report of the I knew that much depended on my cooperation. I had confidence in my doctor, but could I depend on myself? Drops were put into my eyes, the sterile towels were adjusted, and the operation be-gan. I was fully conscious of all that was going on around me, but of no pain, at least of none that counted. Suddenly a bright light shone before me. It had been there all the time, but it was dim to me. The doctor said a few words to his assistant, and I knew that the cataract was out. I believed that I could see once more, but I was too tired to think about it now. I wanted to sleep. I was right, the miracle was a fact, and I could now take up my life again as a sighted person. What is it to see again ? It is all the things that you might think or dream, and a great, great many more. Freedom of movement, ability to perform my daily tasks, as others did, and not self-consciously, as a blind person; to take my rightful place in a group, and not he alternately the recipient of too much or too little attention; to see facial expressions, to speak confidently, possessing as many faculties as my opponent in a discussion; to lose the inferiority complex, which came with increasing blind-ness. That is what my operation did for me. Was this all? No, there were other things: to see the distant horizon, a sunset or a star, a bird's nest or the color in a red bird's wing ; the smile of a friend, the blue of a baby's eyes. These joys were once more mine after the surgeon's knife had done its work. There were prosaic little things which also gave satisfaction. The first time that I picked a pin from the floor, I had no doubt of my new-found sight. Each day, no, each hour, brings new joys and simple tasks are done with ease. The very fact of seeing now is a great diversion. During the first few weeks of restored vision, I often found myself standing before an object, a common, every-day object, like a train or a steamshovel, and gazing as if I would never get my fill. A store window was fascinating, no matter what it might contain, just as long as there were objects in it to be seen. An airplane will never lose its charm. You see, I had nev-er seen one clearly until after the operation. The new sight had some surprising angles. New friends, whom I had known by voice alone, were strangers when I actually saw them the first time. I had recognized them so readily before by voice. People did not look as I thought they would, nor had I always guessed correctly as to age. It was baffling, confusing. North Carolina State Commission for the Blind 9 The most unsatisfactory experience, if there could be one con-nected with the miracle of restored sight, was when I saw myself in the mirror, clearly and distinctly, for the first time. Do you realize what ten years can do to your face, figure, to your hair and complexion? Well, this ten year period had done all of these and more to mine, and I did not particularly like what I saw in the mirror. These experiences I had were in part anticipated, but not the emotional reaction, which were even greater, in reverse, than those I had felt at the beginning of my handicap. The first occur-red immediately after the stitches were removed, and the doctor held a strong glass before my eyes for a second. I saw clear-cut outlines of everything in front of me for the first time in ten years. The doctor says that I shrieked with delight. I don't know, but I suddenly became weak and slightly nausiated, and anxious to get back to my bed. The Sunday after I received my new glasses, I went to church. I opened my hymn book at the place and tried to sing the words which I saw plainly on the page in front of me, but I could not sing a note. I was trembling from head to foot and had difliculty in standing to the end of the hymn. You see, for years, I could only sing those songs which I had committed to memory. The next experience of this kind happened a few days later at a conference composed of people I knew well, but only during my handicapped days. There were special friends among them, whom I had always longed to see with my eyes, and now I had the op-portunity. The words of the speaker meant little. I was too busy watching the expressions on the faces and the revealing motions of the hands of my friends. I was drunk with seeing, excited, happy, talkative. One emotion followed so quickly on the heels of another that I was exhausted at the end of each day. I was risking and jeopradizing my new gained treasure. But now, after a period of months, the miracle of passing from shadow to sunlight, the divinely directed skill of the doctor, fill me with reverential wonder and awe. I do not regret the time spent in adjustment and learning new skills. They have enriched my life, since I am better prepared to live as a sighted person for having learned the skills of the blind. Yet this sight which has been restored to me is very precious; and I am glad that I can truthfully say in the words of the Bible, "This one thing I know, that whereas I was blind, now I see." 10 Biennial Report of the c^2 Dp _ ^ '^ r— t ~ LI CM I TO .5 ui a) 0- J ? ^ ?^ Lu Ir n1^^ 1 1- z 01 O. E z. g — 1 E Lu Lu 3: ^»-| K q: S -J' CD Ct^ oL_ feo +iCo 5lO -X — 2= 18^ 2 -c VUJ.oo SK i! c *^«'' It^'^ r^'C/^ o Cfc: O North Carolina State Commission for the Blind 11 oX > -1 23 TJ •D T^ > O2 > O 2 m3H O' o -n > ^ -A X m 03 r % > -z H ^2 -J? '^ ft < IB O 3 2 O HX m CO 3 12 Biennial Report of the SOCIAL SERVICE DIVISION 1. Case Finding and Referral On June 30, 1946 there were registered with the North Caro-lina State Commission for the Blind 7,105 individuals. On the basis of population it is estimated that there is an additional 2,500 who, during this period, were not known to the Commis-sion. To locate these individuals and complete the register is a goal for the next biennium. In accordance with Chapter 53, Public Laws of North Caro-lina 1935, Section 3, The North Carolina State Commission for the Blind maintains a currently validated census of visually hand-icapped individuals in the State. The census of the known blind is kept valid through the local Departments of Public Welfare, Ophthalmologists, Health Departments, school faculties, optom-etrists, group and continuous eye clinics—sponsored by the State Commission for the Blind, individual contacts, correspondence, Lions Clubs, Rotary, Kiwanis, Womens Clubs, Church Groups, other civic clubs and organizations et cetera. Some very interest-ing data about the present blind population of North Carolina will be found in appendix III. This register of blind individuals, whether newly blinded or of longer duration, is the agency's means of interpretating to its potential clients the varied services that are available through the program of the North Carolina State Commission for the Blind. Many of these cases are persons who have become blind in adult life are financially independent but are in need of occu-pational therapy; instructions in reading and writing Braille; typewriting; signature writing; family adjustment to blindness; adjustment to travel; recreation; instruction in family and indi-vidual budgeting ; interpretation of available eye care and physi-cal care and follow-up of physicians recommendations. Those who are in need of financial assistance and/or are eligible for rehabili-tation services are referred to the proper division for services. 2. Aid to the Blind To the many complicated problems that blindness brings there is often added other physical disabilities which have resulted from the same injury, disease, or condition that caused blindness thus rendering the individual unemployable and dependent upon North Carolina State Commission for the Blind 13 his government for the necessities of life. The loss of vision should not prohibit an individual from the participation in every activity enjoyed by the person with vision. The blind individual has the right to work, the right to equal pay, the right to uniform security and the right to legal safeguards. It is the latter two of these four rights that we are particularly concerned in the es-tablishing of eligibility for Blind Aid. During the past biennium 2,372 blind persons received blind assistance on the basis of economic need. This assistance has been made possible through Title X of the Social Security Act of 1935, amended in 1939, in cooperation with State Law of 1937 and subsequent laws which were enacted for the purpose of enabling this State Agency to furnish financial assistance to its needy in-dividuals. To be eligible to receive Blind Aid in North Carolina a person must have resided in North Carolina for one year im-mediately preceding the date of application, is not receiving Old Age Assistance, is not living in a Public Institution or will not live in a Public Institution after receipt of grant, does not have sufficient income to meet his economic need, is not publicly solicit-ing alms and certifies through his signature that the information which he has given in proving his eligibility is correct. The pro-gram for Aid to the Blind is administered locally by the County Departments of Public Welfare as the local agents of the Board of County Commissioners and the North Carolina State Com-mission for the Blind. Blind persons receiving this assistance are those individuals whom the Commission has been unable to assist in becoming self-supporting and who have no relatives who are able to provide the minimum necessities of life. The majority of these individuals have some other handicap in addition to blindness such as advanced age, poor health, or other disabilities and can never become employable. The average monthly grant during the biennium per blind recipient was $18.78 which is $9.74 less than the National average of $28.52 per month per in-dividual. North Carolina is eight from the bottom. There are pending at the present time 1,073 needy blind per-sons who are eligible under the law for Aid to the Blind but who cannot be aided because of insufficient state funds to assist them. The majority of these individuals who are pending in the files of the State Commission for the Blind, as in the case of the pres-ent recipients, include blind people who have other major physical handicaps in addition to blindness. 14 Biennial Report of the Because of depletion of State Aid to the Blind funds, the State Commission for the Blind has had to reject requests for in-creased Blind Aid grants to individuals whose increased need was brought about through the increased cost of living and the extreme shortage of housing facilities for blind persons. Many County Departments of Public Welfare, through their County Boards of Public Welfare and Boards of County Commissioners, have requested that state funds be set up this fiscal year to match the increased County funds that could be made available ; which plan was rejected by the State Commission for the Blind based on insufficient state funds. An application for Aid to the Blind is made in the local De-partment of Public Welfare by the applicant in person, by mem-bers of family, or by a friend who knows the financial need of the applicant. (See flow chart of applications and payment of Aid to the Blind grants on page 11.) At this time the applicant is given a Physician's Report of Eye Examination, Form BA-2, to be presented to the Ophthalmologist on which is recorded the vision of the individual with and with-out glasses. This is proof of the eligibility requirement of blind-ness. The Special Case Worker for the Blind in the local Depart-ment of Public Welfare makes a home investigation, and with the applicant, completes the application for Blind Aid. All ap-plication forms completely filled in, together with the Case Work-er's recommendation, and Form BA-3 requesting decision of the Superintendent of Public Welfare are referred to the County Superintendent of Public Welfare. The Superintendnt makes his decision, signs the forms BA-1 and BA-3. The completed applica-tion is then presented to the Board of County Commissioners by the Superintendent of Public Welfare in applicant's county of legal residence for their decision. After both decisions are made, the application is prepared and mailed by the County Department of Public Welfare to the State Commission for the Blind where it is reviewed by the Supervisor of the Social Service Division and together with her recommendation the application is re-viewed and approved by the Executive Secretary of the State Commission for the Blind. All applications are processed in the Accounting Division of the Commission and a check is written for the applicant whose application has been approved. All Aid to the Blind checks are mailed on the last day of the preceding North Carolina State Commission for the Blind 15 month to the County Department of Public Welfare to be deliv-ered to the Blind Aid recipients. Under Title X of the Federal Social Security Act, the Social Security Board pays one-half of the Aid to the Blind grants now-being given to needy blind and allows, in addition, one-half of the cost of the administration of the aid to the blind program. The Social Security Board also supervises the Aid to the Blind program. The following data on blind persons who have received direct aid during the period from July 1, 1944, through June 30, 1946 presents some very interesting facts. SOCIAL DATA ON CURRENT RECIPIENTS OF AJD TO THE BLIND ON CASES CLOSED AND ON APPLICANTS REJECTED FROM JULY 1, 1944 THROUGH JUNE 30, 1946 1. Average number blind persons receiving direct monthly aid during period 2. Number Blind North Carolina Citizens Eligible Under Law to Receive but Appropriations are Inadequate 3. Number applications denied blind aid Reasons aid denied: Ineligible because of too much vision Ineligible because of residence requirements Eligible for other form of assistance Inmates of Public Institution Other resources Other 4. Number blind persons whose cases were closed Reasons : Vision wholly or partially restored Death Moved out of state Became self-supporting Receipt of allotment or allowance of men in armed forces Supported by income from relatives Admitted to public institution Other 5. National Average Monthly Grant Per Blind Recipient 6. North Carolina's Average Monthly Grant Per Blind Re-cipient 7. Average range of individual monthly grants during period : $ 7.00-$ 9.99 10.00- 14.99 15.00- 19.99 20.00- 24.99 25.00- 29.99 30.00- 40.00 46 2 7 5 76 15 53 317 16 69 40 95 56 13 65 651 723 412 219 302 2,372 1,073 151 659 $28.52 $18.78 16 Biennial Report of the 8. Age of blind persons receiving direct aid : 0-14 years 10 15-24 years 116 25-54 years 809 55 and over 1,437 9. Race of blind persons receiving direct aid: White 1,283 Colored 1,057 Indian 32 3. Talking Book Machines As in previous years, the State Commission for the Blind has continued the service of loaning Talking Book Machines to the blind in the State of North Carolina. The close of this year found 171 machines distributed to blind individuals throughout the State during the Biennium ending June 30, 1946. These ma-chines are distributed by the State Commission for the Blind through the courtesy of the Library of Congress, Washington, D. C. The County Department of Public Welfare, through its Special Case Worker for the Blind and the field staff of the State Com-mission for the Blind, accepts applications from individuals, ap-proves them if found eligible and mails them to the State Com-mission for the Blind. These applications are reviev^ed and if ap-proved, the machines are delivered when available. The loan, delivery and servicing of these machines is done w^ithout any charge whatever to the blind individual. If a machine needs ad-justment or repair it is sent directly to the State Commission for the Blind where it is prepared for shipment to the American Foundation for the Blind Repair Department. These machines are of two types, the spring driven type that may be used where electricity is not available and the electric type. Records can be obtained directly from the Library of Congress by the owner of the machine. Books of interesting variety, in-cluding the Bible, books on travel, fiction, biography and history are available. Quite often the blind individual does not understand the wide use that may be made of the Talking Book Machine or how it may be operated by the blind individual. The Special Case Worker is very helpful in the demonstration of it. Because of shortage of materials needed in the manufacture of parts and the new machines, it has been difficult for the State Commission for the Blind in North Carolina to supply the de-mand. North Carolina State Commission for the Blind 17 4. Special Services In approximately one-third of the Counties of North Carolina, Special Case Workers for the Blind are employed on a part-time basis by the Lions Club or the County Association for the Blind or a Woman's Club to render special services to the blind indi-viduals who are not necessarily in need of financial assistance. The main objective of these special services are, (1.) To as-sist the individual in making the psychological adjustment to his handicap; (2.) To assist the family group in adjusting to the blind member; (3.) To assist the blind individual to become a participating member of society. To accomplish these aims, the follov^ing techniques and methods are used by the Special Case Worker : 1. Academic Instruction: There have been 1,040 visits made by the Special Case Workers for the Blind in giving special in-structions in reading and writing Braille, moon type or New York point; typewriting and signature writing, explaining the The use of braille music in learning to play the piano is one of the special services offered to blind individuals. use, care, and taking applications for talking books; also in ex-plaining the availability of Braille magazines. Even though a person has had the best educational advantages, blindness 18 Biennial Report of the brings with its many other deprivations, illiteracy, as the indi-vidual must learn again to read and write. 2. Assistance in Family Adjustment: There have been 2,048 visits made in the homes of blind individuals by the special Case Workers for the Blind to instruct the family in ways of helping the blind person. If he can be made employable, his abilities are discussed with him and he is assisted in developing them. Many blind people cannot become efficient enough in industrial work to earn a living, but may be able to once again share in the re-sponsibilities of the home and to become a contributing citizen in the community in which he lives. During these visits, assistance is given through interpretation of the need of the blind member and the ways in which the family may assist this member in ad-justment to blindness through arrangement of furniture, use of Young blhicl mother learning to care for her child as taught by Special Case Worker. guide service, interpretation of the need for recreation, and the type of recreation in which a blind member may participate, the need for exercise and fresh air, assistance in focusing the attention of the family on the care of the health; the need for participation of the blind member in community life; assist-ing the family in a better understanding of the effect of blind-ness to reduce fear and negative emotional reactions. North Carolina State Commission for the Blind 19 3. Assistance in the Personal Adjustment of Blindness: There have been 2,373 visits made during the past Biennium in assisting the individual to regain his normal place in the family circle through instruction in doing things without vision formerly done and to assume his obligations and responsibilities in the home, neighborhood and community. This assistance was extend-ed to persons in order that they may develop to a maximum degree their other senses and rely more effectively upon their power of memory and the remaining senses, employability, personal ap-pearance, care of clothing, and personal toiletry ; ways and means of avoiding blindisms and the cultivation of facial animation, habits of the seeing person, and looking directly at the person to whom the individual is speaking; better understanding of ac-ceptable eating habits is tactfully thought through. Through this service, the Special Case Worker for the Blind teaches recrea-tion and handling of money, instructions in social conventions, in obstacle awareness, and manual dexterity. Many individuals need instructions in methods of exercising the fingers to make them more sensitive and nimble on the tips. In facing reality situations the Special Case Worker for the Blind is able to instill courage and expanded interests in additional activities, to inter-pret to individuals their own reactions, and to assist the individual This person with a major handicap in addition to blindness supplements his income through home industries. 20 Biennial Report of the in reducing fear. In meeting the normal drives, affection, recog-nition, adventure and accomplishment, a cooperative selection is made from therapy crafts and hobby crafts and adjustment to travel. He is given instructions in the use of travel aids, such as the white cane and public conveyances. During the past biennium 5,537 visits have been made in the homes of the adult blind in teaching some type of hobby crafts or therapy crafts, such as, cooking, weaving, sewing, chair bottoming, mat making, leather work, basketry, crocheting, knitting, gardening, etc. As illus-trated in the photographs on special services to the blind, the value of some of these services in child care, therapy crafts, and in Braille music are illustrated. The visits as noted above are visits which have included less than one-third of the blind population of North Carolina. Demand for these services through the North Carolina State Commission for the Blind during a biennium are enormous for persons who are not in economic need but are in need of only specialized services. The following is an excerpt from a recent letter, "I am the wife of a prominent lawyer and am gradually losing my vision through diseased optic nerves. My husband is willing to read to me but I have a desire to learn Braille and read for myself. Is there any service which you could render?" Because of this demand we are requesting additional funds to help these persons in their homes in the specialized serv-ices which the special Case Worker for the Blind in the Welfare Departments in North Carolina is equipped to offer. North Carolina State Commission for the Blind 21 A SURVEY OF THE RESOURCES AND ACCOMPLISHMENTS OF THE MEDICAL DIVISION A medical eye care program in a public agency includes pre-vention of blindness, conservation and restoration of vision. This is best achieved by close cooperation with all organized commun-ity resources and an informed public. "Why did I not know?" was the question of a grief-stricken woman who had lost her vision from glaucoma or hardening of the eye ball. "Why had not some-one told me that I needed periodic eye examinations by a qualified ophthalmologist?" This person might have obtained useful vision all of her life by continued treatment by an eye physician. "Why did I not have periodic physical examinations?" was the desper-ate question asked by a diabetic patient who had lost her vision because of an untreated physical condition. Through the combined efforts of the State Commission for the Blind, the County Health and Welfare Departments, other public and private agencies and Lions and other civic clubs dur-ing this biennial period, vision has been restored to 1163 persons and blindness has been prevented for countless others. The Health Departments have done notable work in preven-tion of blindness through control of infectious diseases and sponsoring of eye clinics. In counties where there are no Health Departments the Welfare Departments sponsor eye clinics, and in some counties both serve as co-sponsors. Through the coop-eration of both agencies The Commission for the Blind has held 287 clinics during this period in which 7,174 examinations were made. A total of 1,483 were recipients of medical eye service. Examinations made by an apthalmologist and proper fitting of glasses by an optician are provided for in the clinics conducted for the purpose of pre-venting blindness. 22 Biennial Report of the The County Welfare Departments determine eligibility for medical eye care on the basis of financial need and refer the ap-plicants to the State Commission for the Blind for available ser-vices. Two sight-saving classes were organized in the fall of 1945, and work has been done toward the end of establishing at least two more in schools in the larger urban centers. The two new classes, added to the one established in 1936, make a total of E Km m mjn tv-s Large type print, special lighting and scientifically adapted equipment reduce eye strain in sight-saving classes. three in the State. Children benefitted by these classes are those whose vision is too defective to function as a sighted person, yet have some useful vision which disqualifies them for enrollment in the School for the Blind. Conservative estimates have led us to expect to find one of each five hundred of the school population in need of sight-saving class services. Large-type print is used, scientific lighting, with special attention to the prevention of glare, and all other means possible to givQ the minimum eye strain to school work. Talking Books help in lesson preparation, which is supplemented by the teacher's reading aloud. Type-writers save eye strain necessary in writing by hand. Specially-built desks help in adjusting to maximum lighting. A medical center located in Charlotte, North Carolina renders services on an area basis. Appointments are given for eye exam-inations, refractions, and eye surgery. Through the cooperation of the Variety Club, the services of the physicians and the State North Carolina State Commission for the Blind 23 Handicrafts are important activities in sight-saving classes. Commission for the Blind, the clinic is maintained. The Healtb and Welfare Departments from 10 to 12 counties use the clinic for their clients. Doctors in the surrounding counties send cases in for consultation, surgery and treatment. One colored and four white doctors participate in the medical activities of the center. Through this center 1048 persons received medical eye services during this biennial period. Other services are offered the counties without physicians. Periodically during a year an eye physician and a Medical Social Worker of the Commission staff go into rural counties to hold eye examination clinics. These are held at the request of Health and Welfare Departments. New blind cases are found through these clinics and offered all services which the Commission is prepared to give: surgery for the restoration and conservation of vision or prevention of blindness, and surgery for cosmetic effect. Enrollment in the School for the Blind is explained by the Medical Social Worker to parents of blind children; and blind-ness is reported to the Department of Public Welfare, and, in case of children, to the State School for the Blind. Eligibility for Aid to the Blind on the basis of vision is determined, and eye reports signed by the physician are left in the Welfare Depart-ment. Clients are informed of rehabilitation services available to them either through our agency or through the Rehabilitation Division of the Education Department. Eye conditions are ex-plained to clients by the physician, and surgery recommended by the physician is offered to the indigent clients without cost to them. 24 Biennial Report of the Surgery is done in several Medical Centers where hospitals and qualified ophthalmologists are located. As often as possible, clients are given the doctor of their choice. The doctors have been generous with their time during the war years when their private practice was almost too heavy to carry. They have mark-ed off blocks of time from their private appointment books to give time needed to carry on work for the indigent visually handicapped and blind people. Their skill has alleviated suffer-ing, restored vision, and prevented blindness. The hospitals have cooperated by allocating a number of beds for eye work. Beds have been limited, however, and applicants are waiting who need surgery and treatment. The Superintendent of the State School for the Blind has demonstrated his interest and cooperation by lending the School Infirmary for a surgical and treatment center for several weeks during the summer. ^ i Restoration of sight through surgery. New Goals We look forward to new goals in prevention, conservation and restoration of vision. We need to study new and changing causes of blindness. By improved methods of treatment of veneral diseases, we expect less blindness from these causes. Better pro-tection from injury from accidents in industry, a better under- North Carolina State Commission for the Blind 25 standing by individuals everywhere of the relation of a healthy body to good eye sight, and of the importance of periodic eye, and physical examinations by qualified physicians, are desirable. More attention should be paid to the eyes of pre-school children with evidence of defective vision and to the eyes of elderly groups. More public education in eye hygiene is needed. We believe that every person asking for our service has a right to good medical eye care. A better understanding of resources available and causes of blindness and defective vision, we believe, will enable each community to secure better service in prevention of blind-ness. The 8-year-old child shown above was deaf, dumb and blind before her sight was restored through surgery. VOCATIONAL REHABILITATION "My share of the work of the world may be limited, but the fact that it is work makes it precious. There is no doubt in my mind that we render the greatest ser-vice to the unfortunate when we enable them to feel that they are useful members of society, capable of working for others as well as for themselves."—Helen Keller. "Rehabilitation means rebuilding, retraining and returning a handicapped individual to remunerative employment and his 26 Biennial Report of the rightful place in the society of mankind. Rehabilitation looks at the Man and not his Disability. On this premise the processes of Rehabilitation Service to the Blind and Visually Handicapped proceed. Vocational rehabilitation has been compared to the task of a production engineer—finding and bringing together ma-terials and services to build socially and economically indepen-dent units from human wrecks.' "—H. B. Cummings. It was not until the end of World War I that any attention was given to the many handicapped persons which comprise our population. At first the civilian had no part nor consideration in the plan for rehabilitation services, only War Disabled persons. Slowly through the years cognizance was taken of the many other disabled persons, who could become self-maintaining if only giv-en a chance—finding the person, restoring health, retraining and placing in employment. In 1943 the Congress of the United States not only recognized but made provision for both veterans and civilians prevented from work by various handicaps. North Carolina's own Congressman, Graham Barden, was co-author of the Barden-LaFollette Bill which was enacted by Congress July 1943. With the enlargement of services that could be rendered, both physical and mental restoration, towards employment, and an increase in funds by the Federal Government and the necessary Legislation in our own State, the present status of Rehabilitation was achieved. Vocational Rehabilitation involves certain processes, the most important of these are : Case finding Counselling and Guidance Training Placement Post Placement Supervision 1. Case Finding: All the services available to the visually han-dicapped cannot be rendered until the person has been found. This is the first job of the Rehabilitation Department to find the individual so that he may accept or reject the services that can be offered to each handicapped person in the State. There are too many persons who have not found the Rehabilitation Depart-ment nor has the Department found them. This, then, is where the Rehabilitation Department of the Commission as well as the North Carolina State Commission for the Blind 27 whole Commission is placing its energy and effort. After a person is found, he must be interviewed to see if he has rehabilitation qualifications. Rehabilitation looks at the Total Man—in the light of employability considering these characteristics : physical ability to work, mental and educational ability to learn and to hold a job, personality equal to employment and skill in a job or ability to render service which someone is willing to buy. 2. Counselling and Guidance: The aim of vocational counsell-ing is to help the client in his choice of a suitable employment objective, in planning his preparation for such employment, and in achieving those attitudes which will bring success and satis-faction in his job. Counselling is based on an understanding of the "whole" individual with due regard to individual differences which exist in all persons in the world, and the fact that the client is the one to be served. It is he who is to be made self-maintaining by the processes of Rehabilitation. Every effort must be expended to remove or attempt to remove the handicap. Physical restoration is the first step after a client has been ac-cepted by the counselor for rehabilitation services, not only phy-sical restoration but mental restoration or improvement is given due consideration. The role of a counselor in Rehabilitation is the most important —he is dealing with a human life, he is having a part in the plans of a human—only counselors skilled in the techniques of such an art should be entrusted with so great a task. 3. Training: On the completion of a plan and objective for re-habilitation, the third large step is the training program. This may take many channels, such as training for stand operation, in the workshop, in industry and in colleges and universities. The Counselor is responsible for the type and quality of training ren-dered. He should keep constant watch to see that the client is receiving the kind of training which will fit him for remunera-tive employment. Eventual employment is the motivation of the Rehabilitation Department. 4. Placement: All the above mentioned processes in Rehabili-tation must lead to the goal of placement in a job, occupation or profession; job placement which will allow the handicapped individual to use all his abilities and develop his capabilities. In the dark ages of civilization, the only "job" a blind person could work at was that of a mendicant. Through the years of hu- 2S Biennial Report of the This blind man has been made self-supporting through raising poultry. This blind woman operates suc-cessfully her own beauty parlor. man progress, development and interpretation, it has been con-clusively proven that blind persons do not want to beg, that beg-ging is an insult to any self-respecting blind person. Gradually over the latter years, it has been conceded that a blind person could successfully manage and operate concession stands or small businesses. With these two hurdles out of the way and a plat-form to use as a springboard to greater opportunities, the Re-habilitation Department is attempting to open up new jobs, new professions and semi-professional employment. Much effort and energy has been expended on this phase of the program. The sur-face has only been scratched and the search for different types of placement will be continued and emphasized. With the view of bringing to the blind heretofore unexplored professional employment, the Rehabilitation Department of the State Commission for the Blind has conducted a nation-wide sur-vey of professions in which the blind of the nation are engaged. There are now 20 different types of professional men and women in North Carolina. Some of these openings in employment are in these fields : law, social work, teachers, osteopaths, chiroprac-tors, masseurs, hydrotherapy, music teachers, orchestra leaders, North Carolina State Commission for the Blind 29 instrumentalists, vocalists, ministers, including directors of church music, radio announcers and various other fields. The nation-wide survey of professional placements disclosed that much research must be done along this line if the blind of our nation and especially our own state are to be offered jobs equal to their abilities. This project will be continued during the years to come. Many placements of the Rehabilitation Depart-ment are made through the Bureau of Employment for the blind in stands and businesses under the central control system. The Bureau offers excellent opportunities of employment of the blind and visually handicapped. Since blind persons have as diverse personalities and environ-ments as the general population, it has been found necessary to use a variety of placements to adapt employment to the indivi-duals. The Rehabilitation Counselor arranges for and supervises such placements. There are blind people successfully employed in the following jobs : Rural stores, telephone exchange operators, fix-it-shops, florist shops, music stores, knitting mills, cement block business, print shops, grist mills, dry cleaning business, mo-tion picture operator, and many other jobs and occupations. 5. Post Placement Swpervision: The last of the major steps in the rehabilitation processes is Post Placement Supervision. Through the services of the Rehabilitation Division the radio announcer (left) and the minister of music (right) are now self-supporting. 30 Biennial Report of the Grocery store (left) and print shop (right) are fields in which blind people find opportunities for successful rehabilitation. After a person is placed, he needs guidance and supervision to some degree to insure steady progress. The rehabilitation coun-selors visit the blind person at regular intervals as long as this is needed for continued success and development. With noted progress in the management of his job, the counselor visits at less frequent intervals or when he is called upon by his former client. Post Placement Supervision continues as long as the client operates or performs on the job. The aim of rehabilitation is not only to set one blind person up in a job, but also to find new job opportunities for the blind. The succeeding tables show the progress made in the Rehabil-itation Department during the past biennium in placing persons in gainful employment. The total number of persons placed is 333, in 67 different types of work with an average weekly wage of $27.18. If the dignity of the individual is forgotten and only the cost to the tax payer considered, these 333 persons on relief would have cost the county, state and Federal Government $87,- 912.00 and only a small part of their needs have been met in this manner. From these figures it would appear that rehabilitation services pay very high dividends in both human conservation and financial expenses. North Carolina State Commission for the Blind 31 The second table carries the various types of placements which the Commission has made since it began functioning in 1936. There are 110 types of employment listed as engaged in by the blind of North Carolina. Under the enlarged program, rehabilitation services to the blind and visually handicapped is just beginning to broaden and develop. In the coming biennium nev^ vistas of employment vv^ill be explored, new opportunities offered—the goal of the depart-ment is to assist through our services, every visually handicapped person in North Carolina capable of employment, to achieve job satisfaction and regain and maintain his place in the society of mankind—to fulfill the mission of mankind on earth—work. Under the Barden Rehabilitation Act, the Vocational Rehabil-itation Division of the Federal Security Agency pays one-half of the rehabilitation case service costs of physical restoration, train-ing, placement, etc., for blind people who are considered to be employable and all of the costs of rehabilitation ofRce administra-tion, vocational guidance and placement staff, and of war dis-abled civilians. The Federal Vocational Rehabilitation Division supervises the rehabilitation program for the blind and serves as an office of clearance and exchange of new and successful ideas and methods of rehabilitation for the forty-eight states. The operation of music stores offers interesting employment for blind jjeople. 32 Biennial Report of the Table I—Data on 333 blind persons aided in employment during past biennium Occupation or Business Operated 'Total. Bakery Employees Barbecue Place Owners- Beauty Parlor Owners- Boat Rental Service Cafe Owners Candy Wrappers Cement Block Makers.... Clerks_ Clothing Store Owners- Combers Concession Stand Operators.. Corn Graders.- Dairy Hands - Delivery Boys - Dietitians Domestic Servants Dry Cleaning Business Electricians...- Farmers. Filling Station Workers Fishermen Furniture Manufacturers... Furniture Store Owners .... Grocery Store Merchants.. Housekeepers Industrial Workers - Janitors Junk Dealers Laborers Lappers Laundry Workers.- Lawyers Maintenance Men Masseurs Mattress Businesses Musicians Newsboys Novalty Shop Owners Packers Peanut Vendors— Photographers.— Piano Retailers Piano Tuners-.- Plumbers Poultry Farmers Printers Qiiill Skinners Radio Engineers Radio Retailers Number of Persons Total Male Female 333 3 1 2 237 3 1 96 27 Average Weekly Earnings** $27.18 18.50 30.00 30.00 30.00 45.00 19.75 45.00 28.25 50.00 25.00 21.34 16.25 24.00 15.00 35.00 12.50 35.00 35.00 14.00 23.75 12.00 50.00 50.00 21.18 14.58 27.69 12.62 20.00 19.20 26.20 16.00 63.00 18.00 21.56 26.21 35.00 10.00 20.00 20.00 6.00 25.00 50.00 32.92 18.00 13.50 30.00 26.20 31.25 22.50 North Carolina State Commission for the Blind 33 Number of Persons Average Occupation or Business Operated Total Male Female Weekly Earnings** 1 1 3 2 6 3 1 9 3 •2 6 1 5 1 3 31 1 37.50 Rope SjAicIng. 1 1 15.00 Salesmen, Salesladies 2 2 23.25 Saw Mill Workers. 18.00 RfiamRt.rPRSPS 6 3 17.71 Secretaries, Typists 23.34 1 ao.oo 9 34.00 3 21.00 Spoolers 2 2 22.25 Teachers 4 1 5 1 3 17 27.72 Telephone Exchange Operators 30.00 Textile Workers _ 29.75 30.00 Ticket Agents 30.00 Workshop Employees 14 15.07 • This total represents the number of persons assisted during the biennium, and not the number of placements made. Some persons have been placsd several times in the process of finding suitable employment for the iuduvidual. ** This figure indicates average weekly earnings at the time of placement and does not show increments. Table II—Data on 1023 blind persons aided in employment since 1936 ! Number of Persons Avargge Occupation or Business Operated Total Male Female Weekly Earnings** * Total. j.. 1023 3 1 1 2 1 3 1 1 1 1 3 1 7 1 2 4 3 2 3 1 177 12 1 4 2 1 1 2 2 2 1 45 10 1 1 2 1 2 2 1 2 1 4 113 2 2 7 13 5 1 1 19 1 4 5 759 3 1 264 126.85 Bakery Emplovees . . 18.50 Barbenue Stand Owners _ ' 30.00 Beauty Parlor Operators 1 2 30.00 1 30.00 i 7.00 Boarding House Operator. 3 12.00 Boat Reutyl Service 1 1 1 1 3 1 4 1 2 4 3 2 3 1 119 12 1 4 1 30.00 Bookeepers 50.00 Cabinet Makers._ 16.00 Caddv. 1 10.00 20.00 Cafe Owners . 45.00 Candy and Sandwich Wrappers 3 18.42 Casket i inishers . . 35.00 Cement Block Business 40.00 7.25 Clerks... 28.25 Clothing Store Operators ! 32.50 Coal Dealers. _ 35.00 Combers.- 25.00 Concession Stand Operators. . 58 20.00 Construction Workers .. 13.17 Corn Graders 16.25 Dairy Hands 20.00 Defense Workers. _ 37.40 Delivery Bovs. 15.00 Dietitians 1 2 35.00 Domestic Servants 12.50 Dry Cleaning Business.- 2 2 1 43 10 1 1 2 1 2 2 1 2 1 4 96 1 2 1 11 5 1 1 17 1 4 5 32.50 Electricians. 45.00 2 35.00 P'arraers.... 13.00 Filling Station Opeators 26.65 Fishermen. 12.00 Fish Market Owners . S.OU Fix-it Shops ... . 40.00 Floor Sanders 14.00 Florists. 21.00 Furniture Finishers. 25.00 Furniture Manufacturers 50.00 Furniture Store Owners 35.00 Gardners 11.50 Grist Mill Operators.- 17.00 Grocery Store Operators 17 1 16.50 Handicrafts and Needle Work... 8.50 Health Department Helpers Housekeepers . 25.00 6 2 14.58 Industrial Workers . . 27.69 Janitors. _ 15.00 Junk Dealers 20.00 Justice of Peace S.OO. Laborers 2 15.30 Lappers. 26.20 Laundrv Workers 12.00 Lawyers 45.65 Number of Persons Average Occupation or Business Operated Total Male Female Weekly Earnings** 8 5 1 12 32 1 2 41 6 1 3 1 1 1 1 20 1 4 1 2 6 37 3 2 12 4 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 14 2 6 8 1 2 1 42 G 2 1 22 4 17 1 3 1 2 1 2 3 172 4 5 1 10 31 1 2 17 6 1 3 1 1 4 % 7.00 19.63 18.00 2 1 24.00 25.00 25.00 17.50 24 16.00 25.00 125.00 12.00 Night Clerks 25.00 21.00 1 20.00 1 14 1 4 1 2 6 37 3 2 9 4 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 35.00 6 20.50 36.00 10.00 30.00 25.00 45.00 30.00 22.00 27.50 3 13.00 25.00 30.00 15.00 26.20 26.55 31.25 22.50 37.50 1 5 15.00 9 2 16.22 18.00 6 7 17.71 1 1 2 1 f. 2 1 4 15 1 3 1 2 1 2 2 113 25.00 15.00 26.50 35.00 35 35.00 37.50 22.25 18.00 Teachers..- 13 25.00 25.00 Textile Workers- _ 2 22.00 30.00 30.00 30.00 22.50 16.00 21.25 Tators ... 1 59 11.25 Workshop En)plovees._ 15.00 * This total represents the number of persons assisted during the biennium, made. Some persons have been placed several times in the process of finding the individual. and not the number of placements the most suitable employment for ** This figure indicates average weekly earnings at the time of placement and does not show increments. 36 Biennial Report of the PRE-CONDITIONING CENTER Pursuant to the law passed by the Legislature in 1945 a train-ing center for the adult blind was opened in Greenville, N. C. on November 1, 1945. This Enterprise was made possible by the cooperative efforts of the State, Lions Clubs, local school author-ities and individuals. The Pre-Conditioning Center has been opened for the pur-pose of granting the adult blind the basic right to which each citizen of the State is entitled ; namely, training which will meet the needs of the individual and will enable him to take his place in the community according to his abilities. The training courses are divided into two categories: (1) Or-ientation or Pre-Conditioning and (2) Vocational. Students ac-cording to their needs may be admitted to pre-conditioning or vocational training or both. The maximum period for pre-con-ditioning training is 10 months and vocational training is 12 months. Gardening is one of the Vocational courses taught at the Pre-Conditioning Center. During his orientation experience his potentialities and in-terests will be discovered and the student will then be given train-ing for the vocation in which he demonstrates the most interest and aptitudes. His period of vocational training will be deter-mined by his own abilities, but will not exceed 12 months. Part of this training may take place in an actual working situation where he will be under close supervision. Arrangements for this North Carolina State Commission for the Blind 37 outside work training will be made by the Rehabilitation Coun-selor and the supervision will be given by them and the man in charge of the business or industry in which the student is placed. While vocational employability is the chief objective of the Pre-Conditioning Center, and the majority of the activities are directed toward this goal it is recognized that there are many factors which affect either directly or indirectly the success of the individual student. A physical restoration program designed to correct physical defects which might affect his employability is planned. Aptitude, Vocational, Intelligence, and Personality tests are given soon after the student is enrolled. These tests are given by a qualified Psychologist and the results are used as an indication of the students strengths and difRculties. If indicated psychiatric treatment is given by a trained Psychiatrist. Guid-ance and Counseling by trained and experienced Counselors and directed toward assisting the trainee to develop his capabilities and adjust to his handicap. Training in wood working (left) and small animal husbandry (right) are given to those students interested in entering these vocations. Important in the operation of the Center and the development of the students is the student government organization in which 38 Biennial Report op the Recreational activities are im-portant in the operation of the center. Braille and typing are required subjects for all students. the student body elects its own officers, and conducts affairs nor-mally under the jurisdiction of such a body. It is very difficult to give a clear explanation of the orientation (pre-conditioning) training as it is scheduled. This is due to the fact that much of this training takes place in a class room situ-ation, which classes might also be vocational training in content, and in his day-to-day living at the Center and in the community of Greenville. In learning to travel around his room, from his room to the dining room, class room, office, etc. he is learning to use Travel Aids; he is gaining experience in traveling around unfamiliar grounds; his memory is being developed, and at the same time he is acquiring a sense of obstacle awareness and auditory acute-ness. It is recognized that the success with which he learns to travel is largely dependent on the amount of self-confidence which the trainee develops, and as a result he is given the minimum of assistance and the maximum of self-responsibility. As soon as the student has learned to successfully travel around the Center he is assisted to become independent in meeting his own needs outside the Center by learning to travel around Green-ville. He does his own shopping, goes to the barber shop, picture shows, etc. The loan of railway cars on a side track and buses not in use is made to enable exploration, before use, of public facilities for travel. The student is then encouraged to take week-end trips to his home. At the same time the trainee is learning to get around without assistance he is also learning to take care of his room, he is learn- North Carolina State Commission for the Blind 39 ing personal toiletry, proper eating habits, and the more ac-ceptable social conventions which he will be expected to observe in his daily contacts on the outside with sighted people. In the initial stages of his training each student is required to study the following courses : Courses in developing memory and the remaining senses. Elementary handicrafts. Use of hand tools. Simple bench assembly. Gardening. Braille. Typing. Signature writing. Elementary English. Arithmetic. All students are required to take an elementay^y course in crafts. Chair caning is one of the subjects taught. As orientation courses they are required for 3 reasons: (1) they develop memory, manual dexterity and the remaining sen-ses ; (2) they offer a basis for assisting the students and the coun-selors in determining his greatest vocational possib'ilities ; (3) They assist him in becoming a normal citizen and taking his 40 Biennial Report of the place in the community. It is from these introductions to the var-ious fields of employment that he specializes in the one in which he is most likely to succeed. Pre-Conditioning, sufficient to make the student adequate for admission to Vocational training, is reached at the point where he has made sufficient adjustments to his handicaps and to his personal situation to be able to mobilize himself vocationally. The fact that he has reached this point is determined by observation of his reactions to situations in day-to-day living; and a working knowledge of the basic skills of the blind as described above. Since its opening, 85 students from 35 counties in the State have received training at the Center. These students were those who had been accepted as rehabilitation clients and whose main-tenance and tuition were paid, in the main, from funds available through that Division. The Lions Clubs of the State contributed $15,000.00 for per-manent equipment and the State appropriation of $15,000.00 was used for additional equipment, initial supplies and materials and other expenses incidental to opening the facilities. BUSINESS ENTERPRISES Pursuant to the law which places upon the Commission the responsibility for maintaining employment opportunities for blind individuals who are able to work but unable to find place-ment in outside employment, the Commission established, by resolution, an auxiliary division known as the Bureau of Em-ployment for the Blind. The advisory body of this Bureau is made up of business men who have had experience in the field of merchandising and who advise the Commission on policies, rules, regulations and prac-tices which should be established and observed in the operation of a successful business enterprise program. Employees in the Business Enterprises program are blind or partially sighted individuals who have gone through the rehabil-itation process and who have decided to make the operation of a small business their vocations. The training they receive involves the field of merchandising, salesmanship and personal responsi-bilities. North Carolina State Commission for the Blind 41 Daily records are kept on each unit and the employees are given an efficiency rating at the end of each six months period. Salary adjustments are made on the basis of these ratings. The operation of a telephone exchange in a small commun-ity gives employment to this blind man who suffers with a double handicap. The expansion of this program has been one of the main goals of the Commission during this biennium and its growth is shown in Tables I and II on pages 33 and 35. The passage of the Randolph-Shephard ^ct Permitted thystablish^^^^^ concession stands in Federal Buildings. The one above is located in a post office. 42 Biennial Report of the The lobby of an office building offers an excellent location for a vending stand as the one shown above. A stand in an industrial plant is a good location both from the standpoint of the operator and the plant employees. North Carolina State Commission for the Blind 43 WORKSHOPS The five Workshops for the Blind established by the Com-mission for the Blind in cooperation with the Lions Clubs and County Associations, provide employment for ninety-five blind persons at an average weekly wage of $16.86. The Commission furnishes all equipment, assists in payment of salaries of the Workshop Foremen, approves employment of personnel and owns the land and buildings in which two of the Shops are operating. The local Lions Clubs or County Associa-tions assist in the management of the shops and provide many services for the blind, such as ; recreation, entertainment and as-sistance with their housing problems. Many of the blind who have not had work experiences are trained in the shops and help-ed to adjust to different environments. Due to the cancellation of all Federal Orders at the close of the war, there occurred a drop in sales and employment in the five workshops. All blind persons affected by this change have been placed in other employment. A Social Security Plan has been inaugurated for the \^ orkshop employees, providing Hospitalization, Unemployment Compen-sation and Vacations with pay. Mattress snaking in Asheville Work Shop. 44 Biennial Report of the Sewing in the Charlotte Work Shop The Asheville Workshop for the Blind, sponsored by the Bun-combe County Association for the Blind, is housed in a fireproof brick building which has been deeded to the State Commission for Carding handkerchiefs in the Winston-Salem Work Shop Producing cotton felt for mattresses in the Durham Work Shop the Blind. Mattress making and renovating is the chief post-war industry. Other activities v^ill be added as soon as possible. The Mecklenburg County Workshop for the Blind is operated by the Charlotte Lions Club. Sheets, pillow cases, napkins, mops and other small articles are made. Employment is given to six-teen blind persons. Broom manufacturing in the Greensboro Work Shop 46 Biennial Report of the The Industries for the Blind in Winston-Salem operate in a two-story brick building which was purchased by the Winston- Salem Lions Club. Mattresses are made, the folding, bagging and carding of handkerchiefs, carding combs, and assembling tire patching materials furnish employment to many blind workers. The Durham Lions Club Workshop for the Blind gives employ-ment to fourteen blind workers in the manufacture of mattresses. A new building is planned and new projects will be added as soon as space is available. The Guilford County Workshop for the Blind is operated under the Guilford County Association for the Blind. The major indus-tries are broom-making, mops, rubber mats, and chair repair-ing. A new building is needed and will be erected as soon as build-ing material is available. An expansion program is planned for all workshops whereby the manufacture of the useful commodities will be carried on, on an equal basis with other manufacturers. There are many pro-jects which a blind person can do in a manufacturing plant with minimum supervision. HOME INDUSTRIES For sometime a Home Industry program has been in opera-tion in sixteen counties giving steady employment to twenty- Weaving (right) and chair caning (left) are two popular home industry activities. North Carolina State Commission for the Blind 47 This housewife adds to the income of her family by making quilts for sale and by canning surqjlus fruits and vegetables. seven blind persons who, for different reasons cannot leave home for employment. These individuals earn from $15.00 to $25.00 per month by preparing materials for rug manufacturers, weav-ing, gardening and poultry raising. While this income adds great-ly to their material comforts, the earnings are not as great as the peace of mind which has been established through occupation. Through the services of the Special Case Worker for the Blind, one-hundred and seventy-two persons in thirty-one counties are busy sewing, looping clips, assembling leather articles, chair caning, weaving and gardening. While these activities are con-sidered to be for adjustment purposes the individuals thus en-gaged do supplement their incomes by the sale of the articles produced and their earnings range from $5.00 to $15.00 per month. Through this application of occupational therapy, in-dividuals develop skills and interests which enable them to par-ticipate in the Home Industry program. This program is sponsored by the local Lions Clubs, County Associations and interested individuals, who supply the funds for materials, supplies and equipment. ASSISTANCE AND COOPERATION FROM OTHER AGENCIES, GROUPS AND INDIVIDUALS In the preceding parts of this report there has been shown the assistance and cooperation received by the North Carolina State Commission for the Blind from the Federal Security Agency, the County Commissioners and County Welfare Departments, the Lions Clubs, and the State Association for the Blind. It should again be emphasized that the blind people of North Carolina have reaped the benefits of this aid and that because of it the Commis-sion has been able to markedly expand its services. There are other groups and individuals who have greatly con-tributed to the activities of work for the blind. The majority of these have already been mentioned elsewhere but because of the quality of the contribution recognization is again given: Ophthalmologists North Carolina is most fortunate in having located in the var-ious sections of the State Eye Physicians who are giving un-sparingly of their time and interest to prevent blindness and wherever possible to conserve and restore vision. These Ophthal-mologists give to the needy cases recommended to their care the same highly skilled, professional services received by the private patient, and without the very fine cooperation and un-selfishness of these Physicians it would be impossible to have a program of prevention in North Carolina. The Commission is also indebted to the many private physi-cians who give treatment to persons referred for general medi-cal attention by the Ophthalmologists. The eye difficulties of these patients are the result of disease or abnormal conditions in other parts of the body, for the eye is often called "a thermo-meter to bodily conditions." Many indigent persons with defec-tive vision coming under the care of the Commission have di-seases of the blood vessels, kidneys, brain or other parts of the body which are first discovered by the Eye Physician. Diseased tonsils and other bodily infections in children are so often the cause of impaired vision, which condition if not detected by an Eye Physician and corrected may impair the efficiency not only of the eye but of other vital organs of the body. North Carolina State Commission for the Blind 49 Other Agencies and Individuals The State Federation of Women's Clubs have taken work for the blind as one of their major projects. Individual clubwomen are rendering personal services to the blind as a part of their general program. The State Welfare Department, the State Department of Edu-cation, the State Board of Health, the County School and Health Officials, the local private Welfare Agencies and Hospitals have given valuable assistance in the development of its work. The State School for the Blind has given fine cooperation to the Commission in the development of its work. Rotary, Kiwanis, American Business Men's Club, the Variety Club, Exchange Clubs, P. T. A.'s and other organizations have cooperated in their local communities. The following organizations outside of the State aid the Com-mission in the development of its work : The American Founda-tion for the Blind, National Industries for the Blind, The Na-tional Society for the Prevention of Blindness, The National So-ciety for the Blind, The Seeing Eye, The Washington Society for the Blind and The National Rehabilitation Association. RECOMMENDATIONS The preceding report of the work of the Commission has pre-sented a brief review of the services rendered to the blind and needy visually handicapped of North Carolina during the past biennium. This report also calls attention to some of the unmet needs. The members of the Commission appreciate the difficult prob-lems of state financing and realize that each session of the Legis-lature is faced with the necessity of trying to keep the state bud-get at as low a figure as possible. While the budget request of the Commission does represent an increase over the funds ap-propriated in prior years it does not provide for meeting all of the urgent needs of the visually handicapped in North Carolina. The Commission is confining its request for increased funds to the following six needs : First, $45,000 additional funds are requested to provide match-ing funds for the expanded rehabilitation services available to North Carolina under Federal legislation. These funds are 50 Biennial Report of the necessary to provide training, medical examinations, cor-rective surgery, transportation, hospitalization, placement equipment and prosthetic devices needed in the rehabilita-tion of blind individuals who, after rehabilitation services are given, are removed from direct relief rolls and become self supporting. Second, $153,922 additional funds are requested for direct relief grants for the needy blind. According to the laws of North Carolina all persons eligible for Aid to the Blind grants are the responsibility of the North Carolina State Commission for the Blind. At the present, there are approximately 2600 individuals receiving aid and 1000 eligible persons to whom the Commission cannot make grants because of insufficient funds. The money requested will permit the Commission to make average monthly grants of $25.00 for the first year of the biennium and $27.00 for the second year of the bi-ennium. Third, $50,000 is requested for the maintenance and operation of the Pre-conditioning Center. This Center is a training facility for the adult blind and while part of the funds neces-sary for its maintenance and operation are available through tuition and maintenance fees from rehabilitation clients the money available from this source is not sufficient to provide training opportunities to all of the blind persons who are in need of this service. It is planned to use the Center to provide personal adjustment and home industry training opportun-ities to blind individuals who are not eligible for other types of rehabilitation services. Fourth, $50,000 is requested for County Administrative pur-poses. At the present the counties are providing part of the salary and travel of the Special Case Workers for the Blind and the Federal Government the remainder. At the present these salaries are inadequate and the amount of travel funds alloted each Case Worker is not sufficient to permit proper covering of the territories involved. The majority of the Case Workers cover an area of from 2 to 6 counties, and while the counties are responsible for part of the costs of guide service and car expenses within the county no funds are available to the worker for inter-county travel. The Com- North Carolina State Commission for the Blind 51 mission believes that in order to maintain the staff of Special Case Workers the state should participate in the payment of their salaries and travel. In addition to the salary and travel of the Special Case Worker for the Blind part of the fund that is being request-ed will be used for necessary clerical staff. At the present there is no clerical assistance available to Special Case Workers for the Blind and other staff members who work on an area basis. Such assistance is essential if the profes-sional staff is to be released from the necessity of spending a large part of its time in performing clerical functions. Fifth, $45,406 is requested for additional administrative ex-penses of the Commission. $2,220 of this amount is to increase the salary of the Execu-tive Secretary to $6,000 per year. The Commission believes that the size of the Agency and the responsibility of the Exe-cutive Secretary have expanded to the point where this increase is justified. $7,320 is requested to employ an Administrative Assistant. This is a new position which is necessary due to the growth of the Agency and the amount of administrative work which must be accomplished. $18,680 is requested to pay the part (one third) of the Field Representatives and Medical Social Workers salaries that is now being paid from Federal funds. The Federal Voca-tional Rehabilitation authorities have taken the position that the payment of the salaries of these persons is a state responsibility. $10,680 additional funds are requested to pay the part (one third) of the travel of the persons mentioned above which is now being paid from these Federal funds. The Commission has been advised that this will not be permissable after July 1, 1947 since it is interpreted to be a state responsibility. $4,320 is requested to provide a $120.00 yearly increment for the salary of the Workshop Foremen, the Manager of Busi-ness Enterprises and the administrative clerical staff. $2,186 in addition to that already appropriated is requested for administrative costs such as postage, printing, repairs and alterations, supplies and materials, office equipment and 52 Biennial Report of the general expenses. This additional amount is needed to meet the demands of an expanded program. Sixth, $53,526 additional funds are requested for an over-all in-crement of 157c in the salaries of the staff. This increase is based on the present compensation schedule. The Commis-sion believes that the increase in the cost of living makes it mandatory to revise the present salary ranges in order to permit the retention and recruitment of an adequate staff. Because of the higher salaries offered many efficient em-ployees have resigned from the Agency to accept employ-ment in private industry or Federal Government Agencies and it has become increasingly difficult to recruit qualified persons to fill the vacancies. Permanent Improvements Pursuant to an act of the Legislature of 1945 the North Caro-lina State Commission for the Blind opened a Pre-Conditioning Center for the purposes of training and rehabilitating visually handicapped persons. No provisions were made however for ade-quately housing such activities. The temporary quarters which are now being used are an abandoned N.Y.A. residence center which are loaned to the Commission by the public schools of Greenville, North Carolina. There are nine small separate dilap-idated units of very temporary structure and when the Com-mission accepted it for use it was with the understanding that only the necessary repairs would be made to make it usable until a permanant facility could be obtained. Prior to their being taken over by the Commission the buildings were occupied by a troop of Marines who left them in very poor condition and the expenses involved in putting them into repair to be used for more than a temporary period would be totally impracticable, since it would require major alterations including the installation of at least six furnaces or a central heating plant. In addition, the school Board of Greenville is planning to use the land on which to build a public school, and the Commission has agreed to vacate the pre-mises as soon as their building program can begin. The lot on which to construct a building in Raleigh is avail-able at no additional expense to the State and by locating it in the Capital City it would afford office space for the Administra- North Carolina State Commission for the Blind 53 tive staff of the Commission which would relieve the over-crowd-ed condition of the present offices. In addition it is most desirable to have this training center close to the Administrative staff in order that close supervision can be given without the expense of excessive travel. By locating the Center in Raleigh it would also be near the central part of the State and would, therefore, be more accessible to the persons whom it is intended to serve. The year's experience since the Center was opened has definite-ly proven that the far-sighted vision of the Legislature of 1945 was based on the sound judgment that the adult blind of North Carolina needed and would take advantage of training opportu-nities if offered them. The request for $275,000 for the construc-tion of a permanent building in which to house these activities is therefore considered by the Commission to be justified. APPENDIX I Data by counties giving the age, diagnosis, and vision before and after treatment of the 1,163 persons removed from the classification of blindness. North Carolina State Commission for the Blind 55 INFORMATIONAL DATA ON 1,163 PERSONS REMOVED FROM CLASSIFICATION OF BLINDNESS JULY 1, 1944—JUNE 30, 1946 NOTE- 20/20 is normal vision, that is, the individual can see an object at 20 feet which he is supposed to see at that distance. 20/200 means that the person must be within 20 feet of an object to see it while he should be able to see it 200 feet away. The numerator in this fraction is always the distance at which the person should be able to see if vision were normal. In the table below, "L.P." means "Light Perception"; "H.M." "Hand Movements"; "F.C." "Finger Count"; "Nil" means "Total Blindness." County Alamance- Alexander.. Alleghany- Anson.— Ashe.. Avery.. Beaufort.--. Bertie.. Age Diagnosis Vision Before Medical Care Given Riglit Eye Left Eye Right Eye Left Eye Cataract-Chorio-Retinitis— 20/400 20/100 20/100 20/200 20/200 S7 61 14 9 60 30 75 11 71 55 65 28 47 80 51 17 32 65 60 HyptTopia-Astigmatism.- Hyperopia.- Hyperopia Myopia.- Congenital Nystagmus-Myopia | F-C. 8 ft. Hyperopia Hyperopia Hyperopia-Astigmatism Surgical Aphakia .Ametropia-Presbyopia - Cataracts-Surgical Aphalsia— Hyperopia-Presbyopia Hyperopia Myopia Scjuint-Hyperopia.— Myopia-Astigmatism...- Hyperopia-.Astigmatism - Cataract-Phthisis Bulbi Keratitis.- - ^- Hyperopi a-Presbyopi a. .. _ - - -—: Hyperopia-Presbyopia.— Myopia.- Myopia.- Glaucoma-Hyperopia Hyperopia-Astigmatism Cataract-Surgical Aphakia Myopia-Astigmatism Myopia - Hyperopia.- Hyperopia Presbyopia Astigmatism Presbyopi a Hyperopia.��� Cataract-Surgical Aphakia.- Presbyopia-Hyperopia Myopia-Astigmatism — Progressi ve Myopia Pterygium-Cataract - F-p- Hyperopia Presbyopia I 20/100 Nil 20/200 20/200 F. C. 20/200 10/200 20/100 20/100 20/100 20/200 20/200 20/100 20/100 20/200 20/200 20/200 2t5'/200 20/200 Nil 20/200 20/200 20/100 20/100 20/200 20/200 20/400 20/100 20/200 20/100 20/200 20/200 Vision After Medical Care Given Nil 20/100 20/200 20/200 20/200 F.C. 10 ft 20/200 20/200 20/200 F.C. 20/200 8/200 20/100 , 20/200 20/100 I 20/200 20/200 20/100 Nil 20/200 20/200 20/100 20/200 20/200 20/200 20/200 20/200 20/100 20/100 20/200 20/200 20/400 20/100 F.C. 5ft. 20/200 20/200 10/200 20/200 20/100 20/50 20/30 20/20 20/20 20/30 20/50 Nil 20/70 .- 20/20 20/70 20/30 20/70 20/20 20/70 20/SO 20/20 20/40 20/20 20/30 02/30 20/20 20/40 14/20 14/20 Nil 20/70 20/40 20/8O 20 /60 20/20 20/30 20/100 20/20 20/40 20/20 20/.5O 20/70 F.C. 20/50 Nil 20/30 20/20 20/20 20/30 20/70 20/30 20/70 20/40 20/50 20/30 20/70 20/30 20/100 20 /80 20/20 20/25 20/20 Nil 20/40 20/20 20/20 14/20 14/20 20/15 20/70 20/40 20/8O 20 /60 20/20 20/30 20/70 20/20 F.C. 5 ft. 20/20 20/50 20/50 20/50 1 20/20 56 Biennial Report of the County Age Diagnosis Vision Before Medical Care Given Rigiit Eye Left Eye Vision After Medical Care Given Right Eye Left Eye Bladen. Brunswick._ Buncombe- Burke. Cabarrus.. 63 87 11 43 25 65 51 64 49 12 24 63 54 61 60 49 76 60 67 15 9 62 26 47 70 66 4S 67 45 72 70 72 61 9 64 64 30 53 66 53 12 9 12 13 11 11 14 8 14 15 9 71 74 57 73 Cataract-Surgical Aphakia— Surgical Aphakia-Cataract Myopia-Astigmatism Cataract-Surgical-Aphakia Cataract Surgical Aphakia.- Presbyopia-Hyperopia Hyperopia Presbyopia Hyperopia-Presbyopia Hyperopia Presbyopia Strabismus-Hyperopia Anisometropia Cataract-Surgical Aphakia - Hyperopia-Presbyopia Cataract-Opacities Hyperopia-Presbyopia Cataract-Dacrocystitis Cataract-Hyperopia-Presbyopia Hyperopia-Presbyopia Hypermetropia-Presbyopia Hyperopia.- Strabismus-Hyperopia-Astigmatism.. Hyperopia.- Myopia-Astigmatism Myopia-Astigmatism.- Cataract-Surgical Aphakia _ Surgical Aphakia Cataracts-Surgical Aphakia Asti gmatism-Hyperopia-Phthisi s Bulbi Cataract-Surgical Aphakia Surgical Aphakia-Cataracts Cataract-Surgical Aphakia.- Hyperopia-Astigmatism Cataract-Surgical Aphaki a Astigmatism Hypi ropia-Presbyopia Cataract-Surgical Aphakia Astigmatism Presbyopia-Hyperopia Presbyopia-Hyperopia— Hyperopia-Presbyopia Myopia.- Myopia., Astigmatism Astigmatism Astigmatism Astigmatism-Hyperopia.- Myopia.- Hyperopia.- Myopia.- Myopia.- Hyperopia-Amblyopia _ Cataracts-Surgical Aphakia Hyperopia-Presbyopia Hyperopia-Presbyopia Hyperopia-Presbyopia H.M. 2ft. 20/200 20/100 F.C. 5ft. 20/100 15/200 7/200 20/200 6/200 20/200 20/200 20/400 20/100 10/200 12/200 20/200 L. P. 12/200 20/100 20/200 20/100 20/100 5/200 20/200 20/200 L. P. L. P. 20/16O L. P. 20/100 L. P. 20/100 F.C. 10ft. 20/200 20/200 1/200 20/200 20/200 20/200 20/200 20/200 4/200 20/200 20/100 20/200 20/200 20/200 20/100 20/200 15/200 20/200 5/200 20/100 20/100 12/200 F.C. 2ft. Nil 20/100 F.C. 5ft. F.C. 15/200 14/200 20/200 5/200 20/100 10/200 20/400 20/100 10/200 14/200 20/200 10/200 12/200 20/200 20/200 20/100 20/100 10/200 20/200 20/200 L. P. L. P. Nil L. P. F.C. 3ft. F.C. 2ft. 20/100 8/200 20/200 20/200 L. P. 20/200 20/200 20/200 20/200 20/200 4/200 20/200 20/100 20/200 20/200 20/200 20/200 20/200 15/200 20/200 4/200 20/100 20/100 15/200 H.M. 2ft. 20/40 20/50 20/15 20/30 20/20 20/50 20/20 20/40 20/200 20/30 20/50 20/40 10/200 20/30 20/50 L. P. 20/20 20/20 20/70 20/50 20/30 20/40 20/40 20/60 20/20 L. P. 20/25 L. P. 20/100 L. P. 20/30 20/30 20/30 20/20 1/200 20/8O 20/20 20/20 20/20 20/20 20/30 20/20 20/20 20/80 20/15 20/20 20/30 20/20 20/20 20/20 20/25 20/20 20/20 20/20 Nil 20/50 20/15 20/30 20/20 20/50 20/20 20/40 20/30 20/70 20/50 20/40 20/25 20/30 20/50 20/70 20/20 20/20 20/70 20/50 20/25 20/40 20/200 20/60 20/20 20/40 Nil 20/40 20/50 20/30 20/30 8/200 20/30 20/20 20/24 20/200 20/20 20/20 20/20 20/20 20/30 20/30 20/20 20/8O 20/15 20/20 20/30 20/20 20/20 20/20 20/25 20/20 20/20 20/20 North Carolina State Commission for the Blind 57 County Cabarrus.. Caldwell- Camden... Carteret. Catawba.- Chatham.. Cherokee.. Age 71 73 61 70 7 54 54 84 50 26 15 18 41 55 9 38 74 22 47 65 15 68 61 66 27 16 80 27 72 75 13 15 66 16 54 46 39 21 38 16 19 72 63 36 50 66 65 43 20 40 13 13 7 Diagnosis Myopia-Presbyopia Hyperopia-Amblyopia-Presbyopia._. Retinitis-Hyperopia Cataract-Surgical Aphakia Cataract-Surgical Aphakia..- Hyperopia Hyperopia-Presbyopia Myopia.- Cataract-Hyperopia-Presbyopia Hyperopia-Presbyopia Myopia.- Myopia.- Coloboma-Choroiditis-Surgical Aphakia Hyperopia-Retinitis Hyperopia-Persbyopia Nystagmus-Hypreopia._ Myopia-Chorio-Retinitis Hyperopia M.vopia.- Coloboma-Chorio-Retinitis- Sur-gical Aphakia Hyperopia-Presbyopia Myopia.- Surgical Aphakia Optia Atrophy-Myopia.- Cataract-Surgical Aphakia Myopia— Myopia.- Cataracts-Surgical Aphakia Conical Cornea-Contact Lenses Cataract-Surgi cal Aphakia Cataract-Surgical Aphakia Myopia.- Hyperopia-Astigmatism.- Squint-Cataract-Surgical Aphakia.-.. Hyperopia Hyperopia-Presbyopia Trauma Strabismus-Nystagmus-Myopia Retinitis Pigmentosa-Myopia.- Glaucoma-Myopia H.vptropia-Astigmatism Nystagmus-Hyperopia Cataracts-Surgioal Aphakia Hyperopia-.\stigmatism-Presbyopia._ Hyperopia.. Presbyopia-Hyperopi a-.Asti gmati sm... Hyperopia-Astigmatism Hyperopia-Ast i gmati sm-Presbyopia. .. Astigmatism-Hyperopia Hyperopia _ Strabismus-Nystagmus-Hyperopia Myopia.- Myopia.- Hyperopia-Astigmatism Vision Before IVIedical Care Given Right Eye Left Eye 25/100 7/200 5/200 F.C. lOin. 3/200 20/100 20/100 20/500 Nil 20/100 20/100 20/200 L. P. 20/200 20/200 20/400 H. M. 10/400 20/200 25/100 5/200 20/200 8/200 L. P. 20/100 20/100 20/500 20/200 20/100 20/100 20/300 F.C. 6 ft. 20/200 20/200 20/400 20/400 15/400 20/200 L. P. F.C. 3 ft 20/200 20/200 20/200 20/200 Nil F.C. 3ft. Nil 20/200 20/200 20/200 20/200 20/200 20/300 20/300 20/SOO 20/800 20/400 F.C. 3 ft. 30/100 L. P. L. P. 5/200 15/200 20/200 20/100 20/100 20/200 20/400 20/100 20/200 20/100 20/100 Nil 20/200 20/100 20/100 20/100 20/100 20/200 F.C. 1 ft. 20/200 20/200 20/100 20/100 20/200 20/100 20/200 20/100 20/200 20/200 20/100 20/100 20/200 20/200 20/100 20/100 20/100 20/200 20/100 20/100 20/100 20/100 20/100 20/100 20/100 20/100 20/200 20/200 Vision After Medical Care Given Right Eye Left Eye 20/30 20/100 5/200 20/33 20/30 20/30 20/20 20/20 Nil 20/20 20/25 20/20 L. P. 20/50 20/30 20/70 H. M. 20/80 20/30 L. P. 20/20 20/25 Nil Nil 20/200 20/25 20/25 20/800 20/40 20/100 20/25 20/30 20/20 20/50 20/20 20/20 Nil 20/100 20/70 20/25 20/30 20/70 20/50 20/40 20/20 20/20 20/20 20/30 20/20 20/70 20/100 20/20 20/40 20/70 20/30 20/20 20/40 8/200 L. P. 20/30 20/20 20/20 20/30 20/20 20/25 20/20 20/50 20/70 20/30 20/40 20/40 20/40 20/30 20/30 20/20 20/25 20/50 20/50 20/25 20/25 20/25 20/50 20/40 20/40 20/25 20/30 20/20 20/400 20/20 20/20 20/50 20/70 20/50 F.C. 1ft. 20/30 20/100 20/70 20/40 20/20 20/20 20/20 20/30 20/30 20/50 20/70 20/20 20/40 20/50 58 Biennial Report of the County Cherokee.. Chowan- Clay.. Cleveland-. Columbus Craven- Cumberland.. Age Diagnosis Myopia-Astigmatism _ Astigmatism „ Hyperopia-Astigmatism-Presbyopia... Myopia-Astigmatism _ : Blephari tis-Cataracts-Surgi cal Aphakia Hyperopia-Astigmatism Cataract-Pterygium-Surgical Aphakia.- Hyperopia Hyperopia Myopia-Astigmatism Filtering Cicartix-Hyperopia.- Astigmatism Cataract-Surgical Aphakia Cataract-Surgical Aphakic Hyperopia Cataract-Surgical Aphakia Hyperopia-Astigmatism Hyperopia-Presbyopia Myopia-Astigmatism _ Myopia.- Coloboma-Iris Atrophy-Hyperopia..... Myopia Cataract-Surgical Aphakia Cataract-Presbyopia Cataract. Hyperopia-Astigmatism.- Cataract-Presbyopia Optic Atrophy-Myopia-Astigmatism. Edema of Retina Myopia.-. Cataract-Surgical Aphakia Optic Atrophy-Hyperopia Hyperopia-Presbyopia Hyperopia-Presbyopia Myopia-Astigmatism. Hyperopia.— Astigmatism Cataract-Surgical Aphakia _ Hyperopia-Cataract-Surgi c al Aphakia Nystagmus Hyperopia. _ Astigmatism-Amblyopia Astigmatism-Strabismus _ Astigmatism Astigmatism Hyperopia-Astigmatism Astigmatism Hyperopia-Presbyopia Hyperopia-Presbyopia Myopia-Astigmatism Hyperopia-Astigmatism Hyperopia Hyperopia Visi on Before Me dical Care Given Right Eye Left Eye 20/200 20/100 5/200 10/200 F.C. 5ft. 20/100 20/100 20/100 20/200 20/100 Nil 20/100 F.C. 1ft. F.C. 5ft. 20/100 20/100 20/200 15/200 20/400 20/100 10/200 20/200 20/200 20/200 Nil 20/100 20/100 F. C..3ft. 20/200 20/400 L. P. 20/100 20/100 20/100 20/100 20/100 20/100 20/300 20/200 20/200 L. P. 20/200 20/100 20/100 20/200 20/200 20/200 Nil 20/200 20/100 20/100 20/100 20/200 20/200 20/200 10/200 F.C. oft. 20/100 Nil 20/100 20/100 20/200 10/200 20/100 L. P. L. P. 20/100 20/100 20/100 15/200 20/300 20/100 Nil 20/200 Nil 20/200 20/100 20/100 20/100 20/100 20/300 20/400 20/400 Nil 20/100 20/100 20/100 20/100 20/100 L. P. 20/200 20/200 20/200 20/200 20/100 20/100 20/100 20/200 20/200 20/200 20/200 20/100 20/100 20/100 Vision After IVIedical Care Given Right Eye 20/20 20/100 20/20 20/20 20/70 20/30 20/70 20/20 20/30 20/30 Nil 20/20 20/40 20/40 20/30 20/70 20/30 20/50 20/30 20/30 20/50 20/20 20/70 20/40 Nil 20/30 20/40 F.C. 3ft. 20/30 20/30 L. P. 20/50 20/50 20/20 20/15 20/100 20/30 20/30 20/40 20/40 20/200 20/40 20/40 20/20 20/20 20/30 20/20 Nil 2/020 20/40 20/50 20/30 Left Eye 20/20 20/40 20/20 20/20 20/30 20/30 Nil 20/30 20/30 20/30 20/40 20/20 C.F. 6ft. F.C. 6ft. 20/30 20/100 20/30 20/20 20/30 20/30 Nil 20/20 Nil 20/40 20/30 20/30 20/40 20/30 20/200 20/30 20/70 Nil 20/50 20/20 20/20 20/70 20/30 20/30 20/40 20/100 20/30 20/100 20/40 20/20 20/30 20/30 20/20 20/20 20/20 20/40 20/50 20/30 North Carolina State Commission for the Blind 59 County Age Diagnosis Vision Before Medical Care Given Right Eye Left Eye Vision After Medical Care Given Right Eye Left Eye Cumberland Hyperopia Astigmatism-Amblyopia Hyperopia-Astigmatism Hyperopia-Presbyopia Hyperopia Astigmatism Astigmatism-Presbyopia _ Astigmatism-Presbyopia Astigmatism-Myopia.__ Hyperopia-Astigmatism Hyperopia-Astigmatism Astigmatism Hyperopia.- Cataract-Surgical Aphakia Strabismus-Hyperopia Intraocular Infection-Hyperopia Astigmatism Astigmalism Astigmatism.., Optic Atrophy-Astigmatism Extropia-Amblyopia Hyperopia Hyperopia-Astigmatism Cataract-Arterio-Sclerosis- Suraical Aphakia Surgical Aphakia Cataracts-Surgical Aphakia Arterio-sclerosis-Hyperopia.— Presbyopia- Astigmatism Astigmatism Surgical Aphakia Surgical Aphakia Cataract-Surgical Aphakia Cataract-Surgical Aphakia _ Cataract-Surgical Aphakia _ Hyperopia Hyperopia Hyperopia Hyperopia-Presbyopia Hyperopia-Presbyopia Hyperopia Hyperopia Astigmatism Astigmatism.- Cataracts-Surgi cal Aphakia Hyperopia Hyperopia Hyperopia Cataract-Surgical Aphakia Hyperopia-Presbyopia Hyperopia-Presbyopia Hyperopia-Astigmatism.. Cataract-Surgical Aphakia...- Presbyopia-Hyperopia 20/100 20/200 20/100 20/100 20/100 20/100 20/100 20/200 20/400 20/400 20/200 20/100 20/200 20/100 Nil 20/200 20/100 20/100 20/200 Nil L. P. 20/100 Nil F. C. F. C. 20/100 20/200 20/200 C. F. C. F. 20/200 C. F. 20/100 20/100 20/200 20/100 20/100 20/100 20/100 20/200 20/100 20/200 20/200 20/400 20/100 20/100 20/200 Nil 20/100 20/100 20/200 20/200 20/100 20/200 20/100 20/100 20/100 20/100 20/100 20/200 20/200 20/400 20/200 20/100 20/200 20/100 20/100 20/200 20/100 20/100 20/200 20/100 L. P. 20/400 20/200 F. C. F. C. 20/100 20/200 20/200 C. F. C. F. 20/200 C. K. 20/100 20/100 20/200 20/100 20/100 20/100 20/100 20/200 20/100 20/200 20/200 20/300 20/100 20/200 L. P. 20/100 20/100 L. P. 20/200 20/200 20/20 20/200 20/20 20/20 20/20 20/30 20/20 20/20 20/100 20/40 20/20 20/20 20/20 20/40 Nil 20/40 20/20 20/20 20/20 Nil 20/50 20/30 Nil 20/30 20/30 20/40 20/20 20/20 20/20 C.F. 20/20 20/80 20/40 20/20 20/40 20/40 20/20 20/20 20/20 20/20 20/30 20/30 20/70 20/20 20/20 20/20 20/50 Ki' 20/20 20/30 20/50 20/30 20/20 20/40 20/20 20/20 20/20 20/30 20/20 20/20 20/40 20/40 20/20 20/20 20/25 20/40 20/50 20/40 20/20 20/20 20/20 20/20 20/200 20/30 20/50 20/20 20/30 20/40 20/20 20/20 20/30 20/40 20/20 20/80 20/40 20/40 20/40 20/46 20/20 20/20 20/20 20/20 20/30 20/30 20/200 20/20 20/20 20/20 L. P. 20/20 20/20 L. P. 20/50 20/30 60 Biennial Report of the County Gumberland— Currituck Currituck Dare- Davidson.. Davie- Duplin.. Age Diagnosis Presbyopia.-.. Cataract-Surgical Aphakia Astigmatism-Myopia Astigmatism-Myopia Astigmatism-Myopia Astigmatism-Myopia , Hyperopia Astigmatism-Hyperopia.- Hyperopia-Presbyopia Hyperopia Hyperopia-Presbyopia Hyperopia Astigmatism Astigmatism Astigmatism Astigmatism Astigmatism Cataract-Surgical Aphakia.- Cataract-Surgical Aphakia Surgical Aphakia Cataract-Surgical Aphakia - Cataract-Surgical Aphakia Myopia Myopia-Presbyopia Hyperopia-Presbyopia Hyperopia-Presbyopia Senile Cataract-Surgical Aphakia Opacity of Lens-Surgical Aphakia Hyperopia-Astigmatism.- Bilateral Cataract-Surgical Aphakia Myopia.- Hyperopia Hyperopia Myopia-Astigmatism Surgical Aphakia Hyperopia-Presbyopia Cataract-Surgical Aphakia _ Hyperopia.— Hyperopia _ Cataract-Surgical Aphakia Cataract-Surgical Aphakia - Hyperopia-Presbyopia Surgical Aphakia.- Hyperopia-Astigmatism.- Ametropia.- Ametropia.- Ametropia Myopia Hyperopia Myopia.- Presbyopia-Myopia Hyperopia.- Myopia.- Vision Before Medical Care Given Right Eye 20/100 L. P. 20/200 20/100 20/100 20/100 20/100 20/100 20/100 20/100 20/200 20/100 20/400 20/200 20/100 20/100 20/100 20/100 L. P. 20/400 20/200 20/200 20/200 5/200 20/200 10/200 20/200 F. C. 20/200 LP. F.C. 18in 20/100 6/200 10/200 20/200 10/200 20/100 20/100 20/100 F.C. 20/400 20/100 20/200 20/1 80 20/200 20/200 20/100 6/200 20/100 6/200 20/100 20/100 10/200 Left Eye 20/100 L. P. 20/200 20/100 20/100 20/100 20/100 20/100 20/100 20/100 20/200 20/100 20/400 20/200 20/100 20/100 20/100 20/100 L. P. Nil 20/200 L. P. 20/200 L. P. 20/200 20/200 20/200 20/200 20/200 F.C. F.C. IS in 20/100 10/200 10/200 10/200 20/200 20/100 20/200 F.C. F.C. 20/100 20/200 20/I8O 20/200 20/200 20/100 6/200 20/100 20/200 20/100 10/200 Vision After Medical Care Given Right Eye 20/30 20/60 20/20 20/40 20/20 20/20 20/20 20/50 20/20 20/20 20/200 20/20 20/400 20/20 20/20 20/50 20/40 20/40 L. P. 20/30 20/20 20/50 20/40 20/50 20/40 20/40 20/50 F.C. 20/70 L. P. 20/100 20/30 20/60 20/30 20/200 20/50 20/30 20/70 20/20 18/200 F.C. 2 ft. 20/20 20/200 20/35 20/20 20/20 20/20 20/40 20/70 20/60 20/25 20/30 Left Eye 20/30 20/6O 20/20 20/40 20/20 20/20 20/20 20/50 20/20 20/20 20/40 20/20 20/70 20/20 20/20 20/50 20/30 20/100 20/6O Nil 20/20 L. P. 20/40 L. P. 20/40 20/30 20/50 20/50 20/70 20/50 20/70 20/30 20/6O 20/50 20/50 20/50 20/6O 20/100 20/30 20/40 20/30 20/20 20/20 20/35 20/20 20/20 20/30 20/40 20/30 20/400 20/70 20/25 20/30 North Carolina State Commission for the Blind 61 Countv Duplin 66 73 63 14 10 14 6« 17 87 68 68 14 65 8 90 70 60 53 70 72 51 10 29 56 75 7 12 14 19 10 13 10 11 75 52 43 71 75 22 21 9 25 67 71 12 75 64 76 77 , J j^ << <. " - << .< <• << ,. << <• << .. << << .< ^j << .. .. .. . .< .. << .. .< .< " .< " <> .< " ,, .. " << .. " Age Diagnosis Cataract-Surgical Aphakia Cataract-Choria-retinitib-Surgical Aphakia Pterygium-Ectropion-Cataract- Surgical Cor _ Myopia.- Myopia.- Hypi;ropia-Amblyopia Myopia-Presbyopia.- Cataracts-Surgical Aphakia.- Extropia-Optic Atrophy-Hypcropia... Cataract-Surgical Aphakia _ Hyperopia Hyperopia Hyperopia-Presbyopia Myopia.- Myopia.- Cataract-Surgical Aphakia Cataract-Surgical Aphakia Cataract-Surgical .4phakia Surgical Aphakia Hyperopia-Presbyopia Corneal Soar-Hyperopia Myopia-Astigmatism Cataracts-Glaucoma-Surgieal Aphakia Presbyopia-Hyperopia Cataracts-Surgical Aphakia.— Myopia.- Myopia-Astigmatism Astigmatism Myopia.- Myopia.- Myopia.- Myopia.- Myopia-.\stigmatism Cataract-Sura;! cal Aphakia Hyperopia-Presbyopia Hyperopia Cataracts-Surgical Aphakia Presbyopia-Hyperopia-Hypertcnsion. Myopia _ Myopia-Nystagmus Myopia-Astigmatism-Squint Scarred Cornea-Hyperopia Thrombusis-Cataract-Surgical Aphakia.- Cataracts-Surgical Aphakia Hyperopia-Astigiuatism.- Hyperopia...- Presbyopia-Hyperopia Cataracts-Surgical Aphakia Lenticular Debris-Cataracts- Surgical Aphakia Vision Before IVIedical Care Given Right Eye 20/200 L. P. 20/400 20/300 20/200 10/200 L. P. L. P. F.C. 2 ft. 20/200 20/200 20/400 20/100 20/400 F.C. 2 it. 20/200 L. P. F.C. 4 ft. F.C. 7 ft. H.M. 20/200 20/400 20/200 20/200 20/100 20/200 20/100 20/400 20/200 20/100 20/200 10/400 20/100 20/200 20/200 F.C. 5 ft. 20/200 20/400 F.C. 2 ft. 20/100 15/400 L. P. F.C. 5 ft. 20/100 20/200 20/100 10/400 10/400 Left Eye F.C. 5ft. H.M. F. C.lft. 20/400 20/300 20/200 10/200 L. P. 20/400 5/200 20/200 20/200 20/400 20/100 20/100 20/200 L. P. F.C. F.C. 4ft. 10/100 20/400 20/200 F.C. 5/400 20/200 20/100 20/100 20/100 5/200 20/200 20/200 20/200 10/400 20/100 20/200 20/200 F.C. 2ft. 20/400 20/200 20/400 20/100 15/400 F.C. F.C. 2ft. 20/200 20/200 20/100 20/200 10/400 Vision After Medical Care Given Right Eye 20/20 20/100 20/50 20/40 20/200 20/50 L. P. L. P. 20/40 20/20 20/20 20/25 20/25 20/80 20/50 20/200 L. P. 20/25 20/50 H.M. 20/40 20/50 20/20 20/40 20/20 20/20 20/20 20/70 20/30 20/20 20/20 20/20 20/50 20/20 20/20 F.C. 5ft. 20/40 20/20 20/100 22/400 20/20 L. P. F.C. 5ft. 20/50 20/25 20/20 20/30 20/70 Left Eye 20/40 H. M. 20/50 20/50 20/40 20/30 20/50 20/20 20/50 5/200 20/20 20/20 20/25 20/25 20/40 20/60 20/70 20/60 F.C. 2 ft. 20/25 20/50 20/40 20/400 20/400 20/50 20/20 20/20 20/20 20/80 20/30 20/20 20/20 20/20 20/50 20/20 20/20 20/25 20/25 20/20 20/50 20/40 20/20 20/80 20/25 20/6O 20/30 20/40 20/200 20/70 62 Biennial Report of the Age Diagnosis Vision Before Medical Care Given Vision IVIedical C After are Given County Right Eye Left Eye Right Eye Left Eye Durha 45 55 58 8 60 72 12 10 18 58 76 43 64 6 11 13 7 65 78 10 8 15 69 7 12 54 81 12 9 9 60 25 47 36 35 69 36 12 48 68 14 14 14 40 68 12 11 14 40 74 69 37 32 Ret. Atrophy-Macular Deg. 20/100 20/400 L. P. 20/100 20/200 20/300 20/400 12/200 F.C. Nn L. P. 20/400 20/200 20/100 20/200 20/100 20/400 20/400 20/200 20/200 20/100 20/400 Nil 20/400 20/200 Nil F.C. 3ft. 20/100 20/200 20/200 20/100 20/200 20/100 20/200 Nil 20/100 20/200 20/400 20/400 20/200 20/100 20/200 20/100 20/800 20/100 20/100 20/240 20/100 20/100 20/200 20/200 20/400 20/800 Nil L. P. F.C. 20/100 20/200 20/300 20/100 20/200 F.C. 20/100 20/100 L. P. 20/100 20/100 20/200 20/200 20/400 20/400 Nil 20/200 20/100 20/200 20/100 20/400 20/200 20/100 F.C. 3ft. 20/100 20/100 20/200 L.P. 20/200 20/100 20/200 20/200 20/200 20/200 20/300 20/800 20/200 20/100 20/200 20/100 Nil F.C. 3ft. 20/100 20/240 20/100 F.C. 5ft. 20/200 20/200 20/400 Nil 20/40 20/50 L.P. 20/20 20/20 20/20 20/30 20/20 F.C. Nil L.P. 20/40 20/20 20/30 20/25 20/20 20/30 20/20 20/20 20/40 20/20 20/70 Nil 20/40 20/40 Nil 20/100 20/20 20/50 20/20 20/30 20/20 20/20 20/100 Nil 20/20 20/20 20/20 20/50 20/20 20/40 20/40 20/40 20/50 20/40 20/20 20/30 20/40 20/30 20/30 20/30 20/20 20/50 Nil L.P. 20/50 20/20 Hyperopia-Astigmatism-Presbyopia.-. Myopia-Presbyopia.- _ 20/20 20/20 20/30 .. """ "1 20/20 Cataracts-Surgical Aphakia.- 20/40 Diabetic- Retinitis-Cataract 20/70 Nuclea Opacity-Surgical Aphakia Cataraf't-Snro'ical Aphakia , 20/80 L.P. 20/20 20/30 20/25 20/20 20/30 Hyperopia-Nystagmus Astigmatism _ 20/20 Ni! 20/40 .. ' : 20/20 IMyopia-Nystagmus. Astigmatism 20/80 20/25 20/40 Astigmatism Senile Cataract-Surgical Aphakia Senile Cataract-Surgical Aphakia.- 20/40 20/40 20/30 20/20 , Myopia-Astigmatism 20/50 , 20/20 . Senile Cataract-Surgical Aphakia.- L.P. . 20/20 < 20/20 . 20/30 . 20/50 th .. .. Myopia-Presbvopia. 20/50 Ametropia.- 20/100 20/20 Ametropia-Presbyopia— _ 20/100 20/20 20/30 20/40 20/40 Keratoconus-Anophthalmus Corneal Scar-Ametropia.. Nil F.C. 3ft. 20/20 Myopia-Astigmatism 20/30 - 20/40 Ametropia-Choriod Degeneration Ametropia-Presbyopia F.C. 5ft. 20/30 Ametropia...- Ametropia 20/30 20/20 Keratoconus _. Nil North Carolina State Commission for the Blind 63 County Forsyth.. Fraaklin Gaston. Gastoa_ Gates.. Graham Granville.. Greene Guilford Age Diagnosis Ametropia-Cataracts-Surgical Aphakia Surgical Aphakia Ametropia Hyperopia Hyperopia.- Hyperopia.- Hyperopia.- Astigmatism-Hyperopia _ Bilateral Cataracts-Surgical Aphakia Nuclear Cataracts-Surgical Aphakia Cataraets-Surgi cal Aphakia Cataracts-Surgical Aphakia Cataracts-Surgical Aphakia...- Hyperopia-Presbyopia Hyperopia-Presbyopia Hyperopia-Presbyopia. _. Cataracts-Surgical Aphakia : ..... Myopia-Presbyopia.- Myopia.- Cataract-Surgical Aphakia Hyperopia-Astigmatism Myopia.- Retinal Arterio-Sclerosis-Cataracts- Surgical Aphakia Hyperopia-Presbyopia Presbyopia.- Myopia-Astigmatism Hyperopia-Presbyopia Myopia-Astigmatism Myopia-Astigmatism Myopia-.A.stigmati3m Myopia-Astigmatism Myopia.- Cataracts-Surgical Aphakia.- Vision Before IVIedical Care Given Riglit Eye Myopia— _ Hyperopia Hyperopia.- Amblyopia-Squint-Myopia Astigmatism-Myopia. Astigmatism-Hyperopia. Cataract-Surgical Aphakia Astigmatism Astigmatism _ Astigmatism Myopia.- Hyperopia-Convergent Squint Myopia.- Strabismus-Hyperopia Cataracts-Surgical Aphakia Hyperopia-Presbyopia Presbyopia-Cataract-Surgical Aphakia 5/200 20/100 20/200 20/200 20/100 20/100 20/400 20/200 F.C. 3ft. H. M. L. P. L. P. L. P. 20/100 20/200 20/400 F.C. 5 ft. 10/400 20/100 L. P. 20/200 20/100 5/200 20/100 20/100 20/200 20/200 20/100 20/100 20/300 20/100 20/100 20/200 20/200 20/100 20/100 20/100 20/100 10/200 0/200 20/100 20/100 20/100 20/100 20/100 20/100 F.C. 4ft. Nil 20/200 20/200 Vision After IVIedical Care Given Left Eye Right Eye F.C. 2ft. F.C. 3ft. 20/200 20/200 20/100 20/100 20/400 20/200 F.C. 4ft. F.C. 2ft. F.C. 5ft. 20/400 F.C. 5ft. 20/400 20/200 20/400 20/200 10/400 Nil 20/200 20/200 20/100 L. P. 20/100 20/100 Nil 20/200 20/100 20/100 20/400 20/100 20/100 20/200 20/200 20/100 20/100 20/100 20/100 10/200 20/200 20/100 20/100 20/100 20/100 20/100 20/100 20/400 20/200 20/200 20/200 5/200 20/100 20/20 20/20 20/20 20/20 20/20 20/40 F.C. 3 ft. 20/30 L. P. 20/40 L. P. 20/20 20/40 20/30 F.C. 5 ft. 20/25 20/40 L. P. 20/70 20/20 20/20 20/50 20/20 20/50 20/30 20/20 20/30 20/70 20/50 20/20 20/70 20/15 20/20 20/30 20/sO 20/20 20/25 0/200 20/30 20/30 20/40 20/20 20/50 20/20 20/50 Nil 20/20 20/20 Left Eye 20/20 20/50 20/50 20/20 20/20 20/70 20/20 20/40 20/30 F.C. 2 ft. 20/20 20/40 20/20 20/40 20/40 20/30 20/50 20/25 Nil 20/40 20/70 20/20 L. P. 20/50 20/20 Nil 20/20 20/20 20/30 20/70 20/50 20/20 20/50 20/15 20/30 20/40 20/100 20/20 20/25 20/50 20/30 20/30 20/40 20/20 20/50 20/20 20/20 20/50 20/20 20/200 64 Biennial Report of the County Guilford. Halifax.. Harnett Haywood.-., Henderson Age 65 10 12 70 4S 14 11 74 60 12 25 10 12 2 60 43 59 24 7 9 9 26 15 12 50 73 62 72 52 85 12 67 75 Diagnosis Myopia-Lenticular Opacity-Sur-gical Aphakia.. Prosbyopia-Hyperopia Hyperopia Surgical Aphakia Hyperopia-Astigmatism Hypertension-Presbyopia-Hyperopia.- Cataraot-Surgical Aphakia Cataract-Surgical Aphakia Presbyopia-Astigmatism Hyperopia Surgical Aphakia-Hyperopia Cataract Prcsbyopia-Hyperopia Hyperopia. Astigmatism Cataract-Surgical Aphakia.__ Hyperopia Hyperopia Hyperopia.- Presbyopia-Hyperopia Optic Nerve Atrophy-Hyperopia._ Hyperopia _ Hyperopia Myopia— Hyperopia-Astigmatism.- Marked Hyperopia., Souik' Cataracts-Surgical Aphakia. Nystagmus-Anisotropia Retinal Detachment-Surgical Correction...- Bilateral Keratoconus...- Alternating Strabismus-Hyperopia Hyperopia Astigmatism Hyperopia-Presbyopia Myopia-Astigmatism Hyperopia-Astigmatism Myopia-Presbyopia Presbyopia Myopia-Presbyopia Hyperopia Hyperopia Cataracts-Surgical Aphakia.- Astigmatism , Hyperopia High Myopia. Cataract-High Myopia-Surgical Aphakia Cataract-High Myopia-Surgical Aphakia Myopia-Astigmatism Myopia.- Hyperopia Hyperopia Vision Before Medical Care Given Right Eye F.C. 10ft. 20/100 20/100 F.C. 1ft. 20/100 15/200 F.C. 2ft. L. P. 20/200 20/100 20/200 20/100 20/200 20/100 10/200 20/200 15/200 20/200 20/100 Nil 20/100 10/200 20/200 20/200 20/200 F.C. 20/200 20/200 F.C. 6ft. 20/200 20/100 20/200 20/200 20/100 20/100 20/100 20/100 Nil 20/100 20/100 20/200 20/200 20/200 20/400 F.C. L. P. 20/400 20/400 20/100 20/400 Left Eye F.C. 10ft. 20/100 20/100 F.C. 1ft. 12/200 10/200 L. P. 20/300 20/200 20/100 20/200 20/200 20/200 20/100 10/200 20/200 15/200 20/200 20/100 20/100 20/100 10/200 20/200 20/200 20/200 L. P. 20/100 Nil F.C. 6ft, 20/200 20/100 20/200 20/100 20/100 20/100 20/100 20/100 20/100 20/200 20/100 Nil 20/100 20/200 20/400 20/200 20/400 20/400 20/400 20/100 20/400 Vision After Medical Care Given Right Eye 20/60 20/20 20/20 20/30 20/25 20/40 20/30 L. P. 20/20 20/70 20/70 20/70 20/20 20/20 20/70 20/25 20/25 20/50 20/20 Nil 20/100 20/70 20/20 20/50 20/50 F.C. 20/50 20/60 20/30 20/30 20/15 20/15 20/30 20/20 20/20 20/20 20/20 Nil 20/70 20/30 20/70 20/50 20/20 20/70 F.C. L. P. 20/70 20/70 20/40 20/70 Left Eye 20/60 20/25 20/20 20/100 20/25 20/20 L. P. 20/25 20/20 20/70 20/70 20/70 20/20 20/20 20/70 20/25 20/25 20/200 20/20 20/50 20/30 20/70 20/20 20/50 20/50 20/30 20/70 F.C.4in. 20/30 20/30 20/15 20/15 20/30 20/20 20/20 20/20 20/20 20/40 20/100 20/30 Nil 20/40 20/20 20/70 20/70 20/70 20/70 20/40 20/70 North Carolina State Commission for the Blind 65 County Henderson Age 12 73 53 81 76 67 14 65 15 11 72 15 Hertford. I 53 Hoke.__ I Hyde Hertford Iredell Jackson.. Johnston.. Jones.. Lee Lenoir. Diagnosis Vision Before Medical Care Given Right Eye Myopia-.Astigmalism I 20/100 Hyperopia 20/lOO Hyperopia-Presbyopia 20/200 59 12 69 75 64 61 38 13 83 63 73 70 70 14 9 10 54 68 69 70 76 75 16 60 77 Myopia-Presbyopia Myopia-Presbyopia... Hyperopia...- Myopia-Astigmatism— Hyperopia-Astigmatism-Chori odi t i s Myopia.- Hyperopia Senile Cataract-Surgical Aphakia.... Hypermetropia-Dislocated Lens Presbyopia.— 20/200 20/400 20/200 20/200 20/200 20/100 20/100 F.C. 3ft. 20/200 20/100 Left Eye Vision After Medical Care Given Right Eye Cataracts-Surgical Aphakia L. P. Convergent Squint-Hyperopia 20/i00 Myopia-Presbyopia.- 20/300 Surgical Aphakia-Poaterior Synechie Surgical Aphakia-Senile Cataract. Ametropia-Presbyopia Hyperopia Hyperopia Cataracts-Surgical Aphakia Surgical Aphakia Pterygium-Hyperopia Cataract-Surgical Aphakia Cataract-Surgical Aphakia Hyperopia-Astigmatisni .. Hyperopia - Optic Atrophy-Hyperopia Ametropia-Presbyopia Ametropia-Presbyopia. _ Ametropia Ametropia-Presbyopia Cataract-Surgical Aphakia Arteric-Sclerosis-Hyperopia Myopia.- Hyperopia Cataract-Surgical Aphakia Coloboma.- Bilateral Senile Cataracts- Surgical Aphakia Hyperopia-Presbyopia. Bilateral Senile Cataracts- Surgical Aphakia - Nuclear Cataract-Surgical Aphakia... Bilateral Cataract-Surgical .Aphakia Cataracts-Presbyopia-Surgical Aphakia.. Cataract-Surgical Aphakia— Myopia-Hyptropia.- Cataract-Surgical Aphakia — L. P. Hyperopia-Presbyopia.— 20/400 Hyperopia-Optic Atrophy.- 1 Nil 20/200 F.C. 2ft 20/100 20/100 20/100 10/200 20/200 20/100 20/100 F.C. 3ft. L.P. 20/100 F.C. 18ft 20/100 10/200 20/100 20/200 Nil 20/200 20/300 20/200 Nil 20/200 20/200 20/200 F.C. 10ft. F.C. 10ft. 20/100 F.C. 3ft. 20/100 20/100 20/100 20/200 20/100 20/400 20/200 20/100 F.C. 20/100 20/100 F.C. 3ft. 20/100 20/200 F. C. 20/200 20/100 F.C. 3ft. L.P. 20/100 20/100 20/100 F.C. 2ft. 20/200 10/200 20/200 H. M. 20/200 20/200 20/200 20/100 10/200 20/100 20/200 L.P. 20/200 20/300 20/200 20/100 18/200 20/200 20/200 F.C. 10ft F.C. 10ft. 20/200 20/100 20/100 20/400 20/400 20/200 20/40 20/30 20/30 20/200 20/70 20/30 20/30 20/30 20/30 20/70 F.C. 3ft. 20/40 20/20 L.P. 20/40 20/30 20/50 20/30 20/30 20/20 20/20 10/200 20/200 20/50 20/80 20/70 20/100 20/20 20/100 20/20 20/20 20/20 20/20 Nil 20/70 20/200 20/30 L.P. 20/50 20/40 Left Eye 20/40 20/30 20/30 20/70 20/70 20/30 20/35 20/200 20/30 20/70 20/50 20/40 20/20 20/20 20/100 20/30 20/50 L.P. 20/30 20/20 20/20 20/30 20/50 20/100 20/100 H. M. 20/50 20/20 20/50 20/20 20/30 20/20 20/30 20/30 20/70 20/70 20/30 20/30 20/50 20/40 20/70 20/70 20/50 20/50 F.C. 3ft. 20/20 L.P. 20/20 Nil 20/200 20/70 20/50 20/70 20/30 20/20 20/60 20/20 20/25 66 Biennial Report of the County Age Lenoir Lincoln Macon „... Madison Martin McDowell.. Mecklenburg 75 12 45 77 81 68 13 75 67 43 80 75 47 12 38 27 22 29 65 72 12 11 76 32 74 11 73 SO 10 55 31 10 76 63 14 50 43 12 45 50 11 12 45 34 10 14 13 15 63 15 Diagnosis Myopia _ Ptosis-Hyperopia.. Optic Atrophy-Hypcropia- Presbyopia Cataracts-Surgical Aphalcia Hyperopia.- Cataracts-Surgical Aphaiiia._ Hyperopia. ._ Cataracts-Surgical Aphakia. Bilateral Cataracts-Surgical Aphakia Astigmatism-Presbyopia Cataract-Surgical Aphakia Ametropia-Hyperopia. Ametropia-Hyperopia-Presbyopia Bilateral Ectopioii-Myopia. Cataract-Chronic Glaucoma- Surgical Aphakia Sftuint-Hypcropi a. _ Strabismus-Myopia Cataract-Surgical Aphakia...- Presbyopia-Hyperopia Presbyopi a-Hyperopia Nystagmus-Albinism-Hyperopia Myopia— Cai aracts-Surgical Aphakia.- Surgical Aphakia Corneal Scar-Pterygium-Hyperopia... Ametropia Senile Cataract-Surgical Aphakia Incipient Cataract-Myopia. Hypermetropia Myopia Hyperopia.- Astigmatism Myopia. Incipient Cataracts-Myopia Chronic Glaucoma-Myopia Simple Myopia.. Hyperopia-Presbyopia Myopia-Astigmatism-Presbyopia.- Hj'permetropia Hypermetropia-Presbyopia Myopia-Astigmatism-Presbyopia Myopia ._ _.. .... Myopia.- Myopia— Hyperopia-Astigmatism-Presbyopia... Cataracts-Surgical Aphapia Nystagmus-Hyporopia.- Congonital Nystagmus-Myopia Myopia— Myopia— Myopia-Prcsbyopia.- Traumatic Cataracts-Surgical Aphakia Vision Before Medical Care Given Right Eye 20/200 Nil 20/400 Nil 20/400 L. P. 20/100 L.P. L. P. 20/100 20/200 20/200 10/200 20/100 F.C. 8fi.. 20/400 C.F. 10ft, Nil 20/200 20/200 20/200 20/100 L.Proj. C.F. 3ft. 20/200 20/100 Left Eye 5/200 20/100 20/800 20/200 20/100 20/100 C.F. 4ft. Nil 20/100 20/200 20/100 20/100 20/100 20/100 12/200 20/200 20/200 20/200 3/200 20/100 20/100 20/200 20/100 L.P 20/200 20/200 20/100 20/400 20/200 20/400 20/400 20/100 20/400 L.P. 20/200 20/200 20/200 10/200 20/100 F.C. 10ft, 20/400 C.F. 10ft. 4/200 20/200 10/200 20/200 20/100 L.Proi. Nil C.F. 2ft. 20/100 C.F. 6in. 4/200 20/100 20/SOO 20/200 20/200 20/100 C.F. 2ft. L.P. 20/200 C. F. 20/200 20/100 20/100 20/200 12/200 20/200 20/200 20/200 10/200 20/100 20/100 20/200 20/200 8/200 L.P. Vision After iVIeclical Care Given Right Eye 20/70 Nil 20/40 Nil 20/100 L.P. 20/30 L.P. 20/50 20/30 20/100 20/20 20/20 20/70 20/50 20/200 20/50 Nil 20/30 20/30 20/70 20/50 L.Pro;. 20/40 20/50 25/20 6/200 • 20/50 20/50 20/6O 20/20 20/20 20/20 C.F. 4ft. Nil 20/25 20/20 20/20 20/20 20/20 20/30 20/20 20/20 20/20 20/30 20/80 20/80 20/120 20/25 20/25 20/20 20/45 Left Eye 20/70 20/20 20/400 20/70 20/60 20/60 20/25 20/40 L.P. 20/30 20/50 20/20 20/20 20/70 20/20 20/80 20/50 25/30 20/30 20/20 20/70 20/50 20/50 Nil C.F. 2ft. 20/20 20/30 20/30 20/40 20/60 20/20 20/20 20/20 20/40 20/40 20/20 20/25 20/200 20/20 20/20 20/20 20/20 20/20 20/20 20/30 20/100 20/80 20/80 20/25 20/25 8/200 L.P. North Carolina State Commission for the Blind 67 County Age Di?.gnosis Vision Before Medical Care Given Right Eye Left Eye Vision After IVledical Care Given Right Eye Left Eye MeckletiburK 6S ' ' 52 " 56 " 14 ' ' ..04 • • 44 " {A " 40 n 57 -. 71 13 " 50 " 49 " _ 55 82 " 71 " 62 .' n " 7 " 43 " 46 " 36 Mitchell 9 10 ' ' 9 " 77 << 10 << 11 70 56 << 77 " 6 " 54 65 10 <• 49 • < 15 <. 85 << 5? << 73 " 62 " 79 .. 5? " 56 << 73 << 7? .< 75 << '/3 • < 63 Nash.. 1^3 11 New Hanover.. 15 Surgical Aphakia. Incipient Cataracts-Myopia.— , Senile Cataracts-Surgical Aphakia. Myopia- Astigmatism.- , Cataract-Surgical Aphakia Presbyopia-IIyperopia.— Presbyopia-Myopia Myopia-Prcibjopia Hyperopia-Presbyopia Myopia-Presbyopia Myopia-Astigmatism Presbyopia-Astigmatism Hyperopia-Presbyopia Presbyopia Chronic Dacrocystitis-Myopia Hyperopia-Presbyopia Myopi a-Presbyopi a -Cataract Surgical Aphukia Hypermetropia.- Hyperopia Hypermciropiii-Presbyopia Hyperopia-Astigmatism Hypermature (Cataract-Surgical Aphakia...: Hyperopia-Astigmatism. Hyperopia-Astigmatism._ Hyperopic Astigmatism. Hyperopia Astigmatism. Hyperopic Astigmatism...- Hypermetropia-.'\stigmatism... Senile Cataract-Hyperopia - Bilateral Cataracts-Surgical Aphakia Senile Cataracts-Surgical Aphakia Astigmatism Cataracts-Surgical Aphakia Senile Cataracts-Surgical Aphakia Amblyopia-Hyperopia Hyperopic Astigmatism. Myopic Astigmatism Cataracts-Surgical Aphakia...- Opanuo Cornea-Surgical Aphakia Presbyopia-Hyperopia Cataracts-Surgical Aphakia.. Bilateral Cataracts-Surgical Aphakia Hyperopia-Presbyopia Surgical Aphakia Hyperopia-Presbyopia Hyperopia Incipient Cataracts-Hyperopia Cataracts-Surgical Aphapia Cataracts-Surgical Aphapia Myopic Astigmatism.. Esotropia-Chorio-Retinitis- Astigmatism _ Cataracts-Surgical Aphapia C.F. 5ft. L. P. 20/200 20/100 Light 20/200 20/ 100 20/200 20/100 20/200 20/200 20/200 20/200 20/200 C.F. 5ft. 20/200 L. P. 20/200 20/100 20/200 20/200 20/200 20/100 20/100 20/iOO 20/200 20/100 Nil 20/100 20/100 20/200 20/100 L. P. 5/100 20/100 20/200 20/100 Nil Nil 20/200 C.F. 3ft. C.F. 20/100 20/200 20/100 20/100 C.F. 10ft, C.F. 3ft. 20/100 20/100 H. M. L. P. C.F. 4ft. 20/200 20/300 20/100 6/200 20/200 20/200 20/100 20/100 20/200 20/100 20/2CO 20/200 20/100 C.F. 10ft. 20/200 8/200 20/100 20/100 20/200 20/200 L. P. 20/100 20/100 20/200 20/200 20/100 20/100 20/200 L. P. 20/200 20/100 L. P. 5/100 20/200 20/200 20/100 20/100 20/400 • 15/200 Nil Nil 20/100 20/100 20/200 20/100 C.F. 10ft C.F. 3ft. 20/200 Nil 20/200 Nil 20/50 20/50 20/30 20/30 Light 20/40 20/20 20/20 20/20 20/200 20/50 20/40 20/30 20/20 20/40 20/25 L. P. 20/20 20/50 20/20 20/30 20/200 20/20 20/50 20/50 20/30 20/40 Nil 20/100 20/100 20/20 20/40 20/30 20/70 20/30 20/20 20/40 Nil Nil 20/30 20/50 20/20 20/30 20/200 20/30 20/20 20/70 C.F. 8ft. 20/40 20/30 H. M. 20/70 20/50 20/200 20/300 20/40 20/50 20/40 20/20 20/20 20/20 20/50 20/200 20/30 20/70 20/20 20/40 20/25 20/4,0 20/20 20/50 20/20 20/30 20/20 20/20 20/50 20/200 20/100 20/50 20/20 20/30 20/40 20/200 20/40 L. P. 20/70 20/100 20/20 20/50 20/40 20/40 20/45 Nil Nil 20/30 20/30 20/30 20/20 20/70 20/70 20/40 Ml 20/70 Nil 68 Biennial Report of the County New Hanover 46 Northampton.. Onslow Orange... Pamlico.. Pasquotank.. Pende Perquimans.- Person.- Pitt Age 67 22 24 8 6S 13 59 10 58 69 71 67 54 77 5S 79 38 9 8 13 8 10 8 8 72 70 68 65 11 70 SS 79 16 72 40 65 14 8 62 68 39 8 76 44 13 10 10 50 70 79 Diagnosis Cornea & Conjunctiva bunied- Hyperopia SeTiile Cataracts-Siirgica! Aphakia . Astigmatism Hyperopia Astigmatism Myopia-Cataracts Myopia.- Surgical Aphapia Hyptropic .Astigmatism. Catara ct-Opti c Atrophy-Surgi cal Aphakia Surgical Aphapia Prcsbyopia-HypcTopia Corneal Scar-Presbyopia-Myopia Cataract-Surgical Aphakia Cataract-Surgical .Aphakia Surgical Aphakia Hyperopia-Presbyopia...- Myopic Astigmatism Hyperopia Myopia.- Hyperopia.- Hyperopia.- ^ Hyperopia Astigmatism Astigmatism Cataract -Surgi cal Aphakia Presbyojiia-Hyperopia , Hyperopia Cataracts-Surgical Aphakia Ametropia _ Cataracts-SiArgical Aphakia Cataracts-S'jrgical Aphakia.— Astigmatism-Presbyopia...- .Ametropia Incipieni Cataracts-Myopia., Myopic .Astigmatism Hyperopia-Prcsbyopia.... Myopia.- Traumatic Cataract-Surgical Aphakia.... Prcsbyopia-Hyperopia. Astigmatism-Presbyopia.- Myopia Hyperopia Surgical Aphakia Astigmatism _ Astigmatism _ Astigmatism Hyperopia - Astigmatism-Presbyopia Astigmatism-Presbyopia Astigmatism-Presbyopia-Pterygium... Vision Before Medical Care Given Right Eye Left Eye 20/200 20/400 20/100 20/200 20/200 20/400 15/100 L. P. 20/100 L. P. H. M. 20/400 L. P. 20/200 20/100 Nil 10/200 5/200 20/100 20/200 20/100 20/100 20/100 20/100 20/400 20/400 20/200 20/200 Nil 20/200 L. P. 20/400 20/200 20/100 20/200 20/100 20/100 20/200 20/100 20/100 20/100 10/200 20/100 C.F. 2ft. 20/200 20/100 20/200 20/400 20/100 20/100 20/200 20/200 20/400 20/100 20/200 20/200 20/8OO 15/100 20/400 20/100 C. 1'. 20/200 20/400 20/200 20/200 L. P. 3/200 10/200 5/200 20/100 20/200 20/100 20/100 20/100 20/100 20/400 20/100 20/200 20/200 20/200 20/200 L.P. 20/400 20/200 20/200 20/200 20/100 20/200 20/200 Nil 20/100 20/100 20/100 20/100 L.P. 20/200 20/100 20/200 20/200 20/100 20/100 20/100 VUioQ After Medical Care Given Right Eye 20/100 20/70 20/20 20/20 20/50 20/200 20/20 20/30 20/40 L.P. H..M. 20/30 L.P. 20/40 20/60 Nil 20/30 20/60 20/50 20/70 20/20 20/40 20/50 20/70 20/40 20/400 20/60 20/50 Nil 20/40 20,'25 20/400 20/70 20/20 20/50 20/20 20/20 20/60 20/30 20/20 20/25 20/70 20/70 20/25 20/30 20/20 20/20 20/70 20/30 20/20 20/70 Left Eye 20/70 20/100 20/20 20/20 20/50 20/70 20/15 20/400 20/40 20/40 20/70 20/30 20/25 20/50 L.P. 20/60 20/70 20/60 20/50 20/100 20/50 20/40 20/50 20/100 20/40 20/40 20/50 20/200 20/20 20/40 L.P. 20/SO 20/70 20/20 20/100 20/20 20/25 20/60 Nil 20/20 20/25 20/70 20/70 L.P. 20/20 20/20 20/20 20/20 20/30 20/20 20/70 NOETH CAROLINA STATE COMMISSION FOR THE BLIND 69 County Pitt.. Pclk...— . Age Uiagncsis 69 6S 9 73 05 75 52 74 139 77 78 70 70 09 SO 14 11 14 50 ^S 17 16 55 77 55 13 11 6 9 15 13 13 16 11 13 10 Randolph ] 14 14 15 Richmond | 10 11 Incipient Cataracts-Hyporopia.... 20/200 Vision Before Medical Care Given Right Eyt 20/200 20/100 20/200 20/200 10/200 Nil 5/400 20/300 20/400 5/400 20/200 L. P. Cataracts-Snrgical Aphakia Astigmatism...- Myopia Hyperopia Myopia - Incipient Cataracts-Hyperopia Surgical Aphakia-Cataraet I,cukoma-Cutaract-Surgical Aphakia Aitigmatism-Prtsbyopia M.\ opia-Cataracts Opacities-Surgical Aphakia Cataract-Trauma-Surgical Aphakia.. ^ Cataract-Presbyopia 20,^400 Astigmatism-Cataracts 20,200 Hyperopia-Asiigmatism 20/400 Astigmatism 20/400 Hyperopia-Astigmatism | 20,200 Myopia-Astigmati^m-Hyperopia Presbyopia-Hypi-ropia Cataract-Surgl.al Aphakia... Myopia Hyperopia Optic Atrophy-Myopia Chorio-Retiwilis-Myopia- Hyoperpic Astigmatism Myopic Astigmatism.. Hyperopia .'vstigniatism..... Hyperopia Astigmatism.. Myopia. .- MyopiaAstigmatisin Myopic Astigmatism .'. . - Myopia - ^ Myopic Astigmatism Myopic Astigmatism Hyperopia AstigmstiMii Myopia ; 120/ WO Myopia • Myopia Hyperopia-Anisometropia Compound Myopic Astigmatism...... 11 Hyperopic .Astigmatism. 14 Exotorpia-Alternating-Hyperopia 75 Cataratts-Surgi'-al Aphakia 54 Surgical Aphakia-Cataracts 13 Myopia.- 7 Esotropia 49 Retinal-Arterio-Sclerosis-Hyperopia 78 Hyperopia-Astigmatism... 74 Hyperopia Astigmatism 51 Hypertension-Hyperopia.- 73 Hyperopia-Presbyopia 72 Hyperopia-Myopiu-Pterygium........ 83 Senile Cataract-Myopia Lett Eye 20/200 20/400 20/200 20/400 20/200 20/200 20/200 20/100 20/100 20/100 20/100 20/400 20/200 20/200 20/200 20/100 20/200 20/lOU Vision After Medical Care Given Right Eye Left Eye 20/100 20/100 20/100 20/l00 20/100 20/200 H. M. C.F. It. 20/200 20/100 20/100 20/200 1/200 10/200 20/200 20/200 C.F. Oft. 20/200 Nil 20/100 20/200 20/200 10/200 20/100 L. P. 20/100 20/400 5/400 20/200 20/400 20/400 20/400 20/400 20/400 20/200 20/200 20/400 LP. 20/400 20/200 20/400 20/200 20/100 20/100 20/100 20/100 20/400 20/200 20/200 20/200 20/100 20/200 20/100 20/100 00/100 20/100 20/100 20/200 20/100 20/100 CF. 1 ft 5/200 20/200 20/200 20/100 20/100 5/200 20/200 20/200 10/200 20/200 20/70 20/20 20/20 20/40 20/30 20/70 Nil 20/20 20/300 20/25 20/40 20/40 L.P. 20/400 20/50 20/400 20/30 20/40 20;'20 20/30 20/20 20/40 20/70 20/00 20/70 20/00 20/35 20/30 20/40 20/20 20/30 20/40 20/40 20/40 20/30 20,'30 2C/30 20/20 20/20 20/20 20/50 20/50 20/70 5/25 1 20/30 20/20 20/20 20/30 20/20 20/20 20/50 20/25 20/50 20/40 70 Biennial Report of the County Richmond Robeson- Robeson.. Rockingham. Rowan- Rutherford Age Diagnosis 75 10 71 70 83 65 95 46 67 68 67 64 9 11 78 12 76 56 11 22 69 73 66 76 80 76 72 74 8 13 46 74 53 74 80 75 72 10 75 75 73 72 38 84 11 72 10 9 9 12 9 10 Senile Cataract-Surgical Aphakia Hjfperopia-Squint Hyperopio .\stigmatism. Incipient Cataracts-Hyperopia Surgical Aphakia-Cataract Pterygium-Myopia...- Incipient Cataract-Myopia. Cataract-Myopia Myopia. Cataract-Surgical Aphakia Cataract-Surgical Aphakia Pterygium-Hyperopia Hyperopia Hyperopia.- Myopia-Incipient Cataracts Hypcropic Astigmatism Presbyopia-Myopia.. Cataraet-Presbyopia-Hyperopia Hyperopia Amblyopia Myopia Hyperopia-Presbyopia Hyperopia-Presbyopia ^. Lenticular changes-Myopia Hyperopia-Presbyopia.- Hyperopia-Presbyopia Hyperopia-Astigmatism Hyperopia-Presbyopia Hyperopia-Presbyopia Hyperopia Strabismus. Hyperopia- Hyperopia Myopia-Opacities Hyperopia-Presbyopia _.. Leukoma-Hyporopia-Astigmatism.... Myopia-Astigmatism -_ _ Astigmatism Hyperopia-Presbyopia Senile Cataract-Surgical Aphakia Ametropia-Myopia Ametropi a-Leukoma Senile Cataracts-Surgical Aphakia.... Presbyopia-Astigmatism Cataracts-Surgical Aphakia.- Bilateral Mature Cataracts-Surgical Aphakia „ - Senile Cataracts-Surgical Aphakia.... Myopia.- Hyperopia-Presbyopia „ Hyperopia-Astigmatism.- Hyperopia.. _ Myopia Hyperopia.- Hyperopia _ , Hyperopia.- Vsion Before Medical Care Given Right Eye H. M. 20/200 20/100 7/100 3/200 20/200 L. P. 15/200 20/200 C.I'. 3ft. C.F. 2ft. 20/100 5/200 20/200 10/200 20/100 20/100 Nil 20/200 15/200 20/200 20/200 20/300 10/200 15/200 20/400 20/400 20/100 20/100 20/200 20/400 20/200 20/400 20/100 20/100 20/200 20/400 20/200 C |
OCLC Number-Original | 22615762 |