fp^fent uni j§$tr0f titbit • i ii even nn ..,,:,,,.„„ f-u,n laws which howevet wiie bud good ia tbemielvea have the aemblsnoa of inequality ulnch find no r spume in the he.rl ol the citizen md which will be • raded wai little remorse i'he wisdom of legislation is "' va.l i l.*su„cn,,»cie,.ci lir l,..,n„i.j i " m1 '" 1 n ' r ' ! - m'.'.'.l forbearat.c . vrrlo.,k ihrough azzh tlierelore became a duly ubligatory veneration for the work of their aoces upon all and we may i am confident tors th co uitution waa an exafr count on a cheerful compliance wit iinent committed to the virtue nnd in his high in|u.,ciion on the part of om telligence uf the great mass of our con.tituen it is not to be suppos countrymen in whose ranks the fra that they will object to make sucn men if i themselves were to perform comparatively inconsiderable sacrifices the part of pair tic observation and i.ar the preservation of rights ud icrut.ny , and if they have passed from privileges which other less favor i lhc „ hg of existence with an increased portions ol 13 world have in vain confide ce io its general adaptation to waded through seas ul blood to ac our condition we should learn from l ll ; r '' . .,._., "' h " rit y s0 high the tl.ty of fortifying , "»' pou sb 11 a salt "' , ''' " " bul "' l t1 '" " wii;c '' ae proves t.i faithfully id enl ... a quiescence be exposed rather th n be leterred in die constitutional ■ express ],,,:, ,,,,„„. iroaching them bv the surfges i the majority and the exercise ol le.r or the dictates of mis , lli wi i a ',': it ol i , t ui .,-., placed reverence justice unl li i herli ti i ess nil t .... constitute cc « ,- hi . , ,., i „ . , , ijt,tl ?"" '", '" n " £ ,"?? _ i > hie i-ap,e 4 direct choice it ihur ? ' « d " chief ' m gistrate hot has a tendency ' h f mh '"" " cul »'« «"«'!««• ik to defeat tne.rwiil presented t mi hese rendera moat e.seuuid service „,..,. lch ,,„ j ■ _ , , r country 1u3i ,.,,,- i e„cral spirit of our ir.stitu y tioni,t?i s ' rk " "' ; ' " '' l,r ,! " ' cr > ; '"'- i avas induced to suggest for your con rr io ' ;' p . aise *° «*<™ -^^^ w j ..,;;'. i i . m intention in edict lis wora , a ,, „,, „, llle ,_„, .„„,,,,,■„ „ bk i 1 correct tne evil and to meet m tile intelligence and influence ol the views ol uur constituents tne lhc eo inry ins end ol i i ig to lo n ist r iture rcll cuon inc has id men section prejudice to he 11 j ded , -.- igth to the beiiel that ihe besi subservient 10 puny warfare were in interests i our country require tile gtlod la th ppu,,i to th er d atiou speedy adoption ol some p.au ulcu 01 causes ol local discontent by the im . ted 3 ir<--ct this end a contingency pri/vemeot ol our institutions and by whicn sometimes places ii in 1 . p ,*,-', laciliiating their adapiati n to the con ,, a single member ol the house ol iluio.i i ihc times his task w utd representatives to decide ,. n election prove oue ol less difficulty may c olsahign and solemn a cnaracter is not hope that the obvious interests ot unj-m u the people and becomes our common country nd the dictates when it occurs a source of emfiar ol un eoiigh.e.i.d patriotism will in r.issment 10 ihe individuals thus tne end lead the public mind in that brought into p iwcr and a c use ot __________."- idibtr.is'.ot r,e representative , a invite voor ttenlion to the propriety of promoting such an amcnijmrnt of be ( institution as will render him ineligible alter one term of service i gives ine pleasure io annouce to congress that the benevolent policy ol ihc (. avernment steadily pursued i ir nearly thirty years in relation to inc removal of ihe indians bevnnd the while settlements is approaching to a lappy consnmmition tw > impor portaut trihrs hive acccptid the pro vision made fur their removal a ihe last sessi n of congress • and it is be lieved that iheir example will induce the remaining tribes also to seek the same ibviou advantages the consequences of a sp-edv re ni n-iil will be imporcant to thc united stairs t , individual states and to the i indians themselves the pecuniary idvanuges which ii promises to ihe (.! 1'ciiiin ut arc the least of its rc omme nl lions it p,,ts an end to all possible dangei of colli iou between the authorities of ihe general aad sue qovrrnments on ccout of the indians it will place i dense civil ized population in luge tmcts oi c uu try now occupied by a few avag hunters bv opening the whole ter ritory between tcnnesse ou the uorih and louisana on the south to the set tl-mcui 1 the whites ii will iucalcu lablj strengthe , the southwestern fron tier and render the iljjc.t.t states s.roug enough to repel i.u ire invasi u without u-inoic aid 1 wi'l relieve th vhule state ol mississippi and the western part of alabama i indian occupancy and enable those li.ues to idvance npidlv in population wealih on 1 power it will scp.ra e thr in many powerful i/ibes lia»pp ret | f ron the earth to follow to the ,„,„,, , ho last of bl race ami lo ire : on ih g i.vc of extinct n in ... -, x lies niel.nchon reflections hu true philanthropy remn ciles ihe mind to these vicianiiu.log ,. it does to ibe extinction of one n-n ration io nuke room for another in ihi innn ummtl and forircises of an unknown people spread over ibe extensive region ofthe west we hchold llie memorials of . once powerful race nhich was exter minated or haa disappeared o m , ks room for ihc existing savage tribe nor is etc any t:i tut in bis which upon a umprohemlve view ol he uenerai inter ' s s of the human race is lo he regret cd i'hilanthropy oil id not wish to see this continent stored to the condition in which i w.as found iiv faur forefathers hat t^o.td man would pref r a country covered wiih i rests and h a lew thousand s.av_i>es tn our t,x'c,:_ivc re pub lic stildditd autb ri.iss loiviis and 1ms perous farms ; enil.elli.h.-l with mi th improvement wnicb an cm deviiis or industry execute ; occupied by mora than iivttlv millions of b ppv peuplt and filled with all llie blessing of liberty civiliiauon and religion r i b . d wi 3 vs u-ts a.ob 0 l.rtm 6th at 12 o'clouk the iv l_;.a,,fih u 1 state communicated lo both houses ur tl . igt aa the full ■ >',-.„- message ulidf ■■> lurlait ) ftlli ciliten if the nine and u tin "/ ltt;'ir leiikiliin .- i '. . ial plan ii i cr consideration iv n ) derive ttr.ji.iri ui advantag s from us ceriaimt , and ulat the uiu.t \ s r i ri for these pu r i srs would ht more judiciously applied ind econo mically expended uiul-r inc direction ol ihc s.a i legislature ; . which ev ory part i,f can 1 lie is immediately represented canuo , i think in 1 ubt o.l iu the new hi-tea particularly where a comparatively small popula tion ii scattered iver an extensive s.ir iace and the repreicntation in con gress consequently very limited it ... natural to ekpei.l that the appropria tions made hv ine federal government would be more likely t , be expended iii the vicinity ol tnnse members tbroujfi whose immediate agency thev were obtained than if the finds were plac d undr.r ih cantro of the leg . 1.i.u.c iu whith every county ul mc si-tehai ui own represeaiative tnis supposition doe not nece.a.rily im pugn thc motives of such cdngres i i 1 representatives nor is it so in tended vve nc all sensible of th ida tu which the strongest mi da a 1 purest he.rti arc nndrr such circum stances liable ia respect to the las objection its probable tret upon the «),.; lily anal independent e of lhc state o vcrntncois it appears to me only necessary to itate tic case as it is nd ua it would bc if ihc measure proposed were ad iptedj to show that the opera tion is in st l.kcly io bc the very re verse of tha whi-h thc objection up puses io the our esse thc r--..i»c woulii re ceive it qu ita nf ihc naii'iu.il revenue for dom.a.ic use upon a fixed prim i pu as a muter ol right i 1 1 from a iuntl ti ihe creation ol hitch it had tiself caalriouted its lir proportion h'irciv there cou'.d he natning deroga tora i that as matters now und uir state themselves in ficr sovc icjjn character arc n t uufrequeuil petitioners at the bar of the federal gisljturc for such allowances out of at i.ational treasuiy is it may com port wi;h tneir pleasure or sense ol tluty to bestow upou ihc.-n it cannot require arg intent ta prove which of tmc mo courses is m st compa.ible wiih ihe efficiency or respectability ol tile slate governments the present policy ofthe governmen ts but a continuation f > nmt p o rre.sive chanij hy a mlldei pro i s th ttilies which occupied e countries now constituting h e.sle i s i cs wcrei annihilated or have melted iwaj . , m<ki room fnr ihe whiles the not-a of pop ulation and civilitjiinn are oiling to tba west wai d ; and wc now prnpose to ac quire ihe counlrie nccupi d or the red iien of the south utij west ay ■ fair rt change nd at the expense ol lhe uni ed st.tes to send ihem io it hind hero heir existence may be piolnrujod and perhaps made perpetual doubtless it wilt b p.inful ... ic.ve lhe graves o iheir fathers i but wli.t do they more han our ancestor did or than our children ue uw duin } to bet;.-r iheir cond ton i aii unknown land nur forefathers left all lhat was dear in einhly object our childreoi br ibouaandi yearly le..yr tha land of tlieir nirth n seek n.w • nes in distant regions i . ■•; i.uninu , cep these painful separation lum ory thing auiinii and inanimate win which in young near ha become en wined far hum ii it ll raih.r a source of joy i.'ial our couniry affords scope w.n-re our young p ulaiio.i ui.i rani»e iinronairiin cd in oouy or in mind dtvelnpin lho power and faculties ot man in their high est perfection theie romo»e hunil tds nd iluioai tbnuaan.ls of mile », iheir own expense purcbsie lhc l-ids lief occupy a...l u;>p.iii i ne mselies ai ihcr new i nine horn ihu monism of ihei r rival f r , it tbe crua-.i •:. his i ivern in.'iu woen by er.nu v ur.li n e.iui.ut control the indian is m.de hscontcnicd in bis incieni hoine.lopurchaar bu lands to give him n»w snd extm-ive terri tory io p ihr espente of hii removal and suppuri bun a y.ar in nis oen abode f ] how many thousands of eur oan oplo would gladly embrace the oppo mniv of removing to tne west on sui h coruiiiions if lh oltit ui-uit lu thc ir.di ns w ro landed lo ihem ihoy would be h lied with gratitude and jay a ter ail lhc nature of he subjrcl dues not admit of a plan wholly i.ee liom objection tnat which has lor io nc tunc been in operation s per haps the worst that could extat 3 i every advance that can be m 1 ie . . • j unpiovementisa matiei emiuemi voi ay a j nr moat iclincraic i ition ilis very possible ill ai one brtter cailulated to lilci ihe objects in wc v maj t oc devised ll so it is u be noped ih.t ihne vuo disapprove ol the past and j.ssi it iruui « ma pi . p-iatj lor il.e luture s i.i icei it i.icii iljiy lu jircci i e.r ultcinion 13 it a iii y inuaibesc illb.c ttidt unless s.j ue bxed rule foi tnuactimol me federal overmucut j iftis rcspcul ia estab i l.i e course now attempted . . oc arreited will be again re uicu'ij an iu,,.le w 1,1.11 is , . 11 cut led to give ille degret .. ilc ta.idnaunony u om legislation npo.i the suuje i — a hil 1 shall n at sciie t a keep 1 . in iveineiiisol tne fcder ai uuveiumcut wiiuui the sphere un-ndcd by those woo modelled nd iioae inn ad p ej 11 — which shall lead u ihe extinguish in 111 ol toe -, an 1 al 1 ... in lie sn in apt period .,!,! imp.se ue lightest ojrdc.i-i upon 01 cuustituent.1 sn»ll receive from mc u cordial aud firm support ri.iaiil r thr c-juli derac^a^rom i sid l is irom immediate contact ivilfsefi j 41'cat extent to parties l.unded up.iiil 1 ' 1 """""' whites free th--m from sectional ai.i.si ami to a c ines ' th " power of the stales j enable thcui p i.ia.'ig multiplication of candidate tu put^ue happiness in their own wiv l'.r the presidency the tendency ol and under their twn rude institution j nc co s t.it.i.rnl reference tu ihc j "''" retard lhe progress of decay ll use ol ll iirescntaiivcs in 1 de-j which is lessening their numbers j and \. u.e the ele.;i,..ii upon that body in perhaps cause them gradually under aim ial every instance and whatevei the protection of the c vernmeot and c ' i may then be mide among ihe through the influence of good coun cai-li-l ties ihus presented to thcui to sc i '" cast off their aavas lubi swell i.ie mil mice of particular inter lllf ' m ' an interesting civilised tits to a degree inconsistent with ar d christian commuuiv these tne general good the co.aae consequences tome of mem so trt h-ic ccs o this le.turc of lhe coiisti l in inn the rest a p.obable make tution appear far more threatening to he cimplne execmion of ihe plan ihe peac and in g'itv of ih union sanctioned by congress at their lasi ' an e-.y whn.l i ...,, c mceive s like 1 session an object of much solicitude ly to result from the simple legislative toward the aborigines of ti.e coun . ti ii 1 ihe fideral govern nent try no one can indulge a more friend it wis a leading object wiih the fra ' y feul ' ns th * d mv8elf » •' wmld c m.rs 1 the constitution to k ep as j urther in attempting to reclaim them icparaie as possible the action ol lhc '"" n lhclr andenog habits and l-gislative and executive branches ol m lke them a ha pp and paosperous ibe government to secure hii o p e p le - > h » vc endeavored to im j ct nothiug is moreesscntid i an to ' •""* i 1 lhfm ow " " lcmn con pre.erve tile former from the tempta v i ct w ? * ,} m " k rr " ! p °!* e . r ' 0 ' tion.ol private interest and there '. jf 1 "' 1 government ia relation to lore so to direct the patronage ol ie , th r r , su ,' e anthontjes for the justice latter as not to permit such tempta j of thc '**" p 3 ""' 1 bv lhc h """ ith lions to be ffcred experience abun-l 1 ? lhe 8c p c ol ' h " r ved powers d ii-.lv demonstrates ihat every prec.u the ?' are c °'. re p , .»'. l ' le '° ll >" ,; ° v - m 3 ■" this respect i a v.-.'.uahle safe 1 ""'"""• dividual wc v hut all these are matters fir d'neus eioi and dispassionate consideration tf hit the desired idjus ment vouldbc intended wiih difli : j'ltv iflvda no re ana why it shoui i nil be attempted vne effective ipr ration of such mo tives would have prevented th ad p tiui of me c institution under which we h.vc so long lived aid unj-r tbe benign insuenceof am ch our nelovcd country ha so signally prospered t ic framera f h t sacred instrument had greater difficulties lo overcome and thev did overcame ihem t..-j patriotism of o.z people directed bv i ndeep conviction of the importance of th union produced mu ial conces io and reciprocal forbearance strict ijlu was merged in a spirit of com promise and the result has consecra ted their disinterested devotion to the general wea ijnlesi he american p-mple have degenerated thc ss.nc re u'.t can bc ac;ain effected whenever experience points oui the necessity ol a r sort tu the baoac means lo uphold the lahric which their father have reared i is beyond the power of tn-u to make a system of government | like ours or any other operate with precise equality upon slates situated tike those which compose this confed eracy | oar is ineq lality alwavs injus tice every state cannot expect to dupe the measure of the uenerai government to suit it own particular i latere t the causes which prevent i » ire seated in the nature of things wd caaaet be.cotirely counteracted by i and is il supposed that lhe wintering savaga lis a stronger auschinem to his horoi uian th si lad ii»ihxcd c-hrl tuof la it more iffliciing to nim 10 teavo lh graves of hii f.thers than il is tooiir bintners and children ? rijhtiy onsid ered the policy ul ihe general govern ment towaids the ted ni.u ia not only liberal but genvruui ma is unwilling lo submit tu the laws af the stans nnd min gle wilh their population to s.iva him irom thia altaraatire or p.rhaps uiteran nihilbtinn ikagunaralti ivornmam kind ly ofier iiim a new h»me and pnaposn io pay lhe whole t.peaa.e of hil removal and aenlcanooi in the coniummslimi of a policy nrl giuaiiag at au early paried sad trarilty pu.su.d by every irois ration within ih praisnicaatury—ioiui loth st.tai and su gea.reua o iha india tho eft cuii.e l.ela ii i a rif 1.1 la enposta tho ca apei.iiun at coiifr »„, a i l li good nd dlslalere.ted bum tha sine inoraovar hive a light la dem-ad it it as ttibslaaiially a p.11 f thr compact which _•_;,• ii iiaea.buii ni eur caa kl_»e.,;y v i i |, tt.orgm | \,„, ), ,,„ „» pru ceatra.-i ; with in new si in implied aa ol i 1 uh.if_i.uk why ui authoriatiig o.i indiana w.vnni ulmi.tippi md alabama to fane ewfisii iti'.iaai audbacaaae separata staita did 1 sagr.li include aaaiinu lhair ilaaita si a*.iu tract al ladi./a lands and ia suae vu h «_, powerful 1bj_-m irtbaai was n no undi-rs'oud by boik partial lhat tba pawvr of i in s ||| waste be na alieaiwf ub ibcir liiuits i ml ibil wiia all coa it.aieyl d.ipslcb tb uaoenu luvarn jiasut abnuld aiiuguiak lba ladiaa utle aim remave every biliaiaaata lhe uaaa a ui.ig thc object of great national c luccrn 1 cauooi omit io press again up jo yuar attention ion pan ot inc constitution winch regulates lhe elec tion ol president aud vice president tne necessity fir us amendment is made bo clear to my mind be the mi scrvatioa t us evils and bv the many able ih-cns,i mi which thev have elicited on thc hoar of con gress and elsewhere thai i shoulj he wanting to my duty verr i to viih lioid another expre i>n ol my deep v.licitu le upon lhe subject dor a.s te.n lor.n.iiicli i mi nij.iati s i recur rence to hi si principles did ing in ilns respect irom all ihi have preced ed it aid securing it i irusi equally agai.isi the decay and he commotions viiicn lave mark_ri i ie piog-ess ol other government our>fellow-citi zens oo wno ia proportion io lueir love of liberty k:ep a steady eye upon the means of sustaining it do not re quire i be reminded of ne duty they i-i ■ to themselves t remedy all ess n ual 1-lci s in so vi'.til a part of then system while t it v ate sensible lh every evil attenlant upon ill operation s not neccsaarily indicative of a bid organization b it may proceed from temporary cists yet the habitual pre senile or even a single instance ot evili which can be , dearly traoed is an i organic delect will not f iron be l f lib-nv and one ii hull niy e " teru,n an<l ' x p r '-" s °" r opinio of r i c ions upon the tendencies of our \™ e " **?> , but " a g°verome..t we vaa-.m incline me tn think should bcj hav ? a8 1,,e s ht m control them as mile still stronger it wns f r | we have to prescribe laws to foreign this reason lhat in connexion 08t,on *' with tin amendment of thc constltu wl,h * fu!l und.-rilaniling of the inb ti n removing all intermediate agency j ect ' lhe choc,,w " n<l ohicknaw tribes in he choice d ihe president i re h 7 j j tft ? e,e 1 rm ' ned . , . . . i'o aval ilirrnm vr of ibe ih,.-ia offers coinir,-.-n leal some re.tricii'ins up m lhe , j w ,,.. . . r r .... _ ', presented y ll.e act ol coiil-resa and re.ellgibil ty i thai offl cr ami upon „„ e 1kree j 10 romo¥i u ux i , ha mi the tenure ol officers generally the ( j,.jp,,i r i f r . t'eaiiea have been made reason it'll exist f and i renew the re with ihem which in due se.son will be commendation with an in reused con 1 submitted for consideration in negodi d le ice that its adoption viiil itn ligtn 1 ini iheie ire its tbty were made io un n those checks by which lhe conlti d.ritsnd their tine un liiion and ihcy tuiion designed io secure the uulepen h ' v « preferred rniihtalnlng ibcir ind dc.ce of each department of the gov j pendence in the wcatarn forests to sub ,",-.,•„.. and promote the healt mittlng lo lhe l.ws of tb 8i.i.s in which nd equitable administration of all lhe j w w , h 7l .?! jl'xit j a 1 '..,.. . ... , probably he li.si win b will evei be made trust which i has created i be ageni ] wilh , heni „ e t h , ra , cl ucij b » graal m st l.k lv to coniravene ibis design 1 hbersllly on the pari c r ihr guv.rou.a_u of the constitution is the chief mag thar give iha indi^i a liberal iuai io i»tratc in order particularly that onsidaraiion ot their removal and a nm ii appointment mav as tar s possi foriible subsistence on th.tr arrival ble be placed beyond thc reach of anv heir new h»nies if it ba iheir rr.i t impr per influence ; in order that he < e <»'- [ to naaiuiain a separate exi.t#nce may approach ihe solemn responsibil h f •"' " crb lo »' lib r '« do u ■ res f th i ghest fflce in the gift r l«bouithalnoontenl«ncl.s.nd»axaiiaoi , , . 1 . tn u i.i b ihey would 1 .._>.,.«.• .. |,., 4 » tree people uncommmru 10 iinv . .- . ■ a , w • . 1 • ! , in , heen subject in acnm id munssinni ther course than the strict line cl , ,, '. . ' con.titutionat duty 1 and thai , he se humanity has oftan wept ow lb ui ..,-., 1 . 1 ."! ha auorizliiua ol lhis couniry aa curitiesfor this independence may he 1 pb , j|lw "•„„ b§0b . '• • rendered al strong as ihe nature of ,„.„,, - 1b dtvllin . nleqh j ,„ ,/„, „_ pow r and th weakness oi us pjsse , but hi prograil has nev fur „ ni-_,...iil sor will ndmit i cannot l«u e:,tn-cs'.ly i been ai-rias.td -, ind ore by ane have