western carolinian vol v.1 salisbury jslc tuesday february 8 1825 " 33i t\ilo white of all the road contractors in eng land me that half that size is more useful and more profitable to the country — when the stone is well broken and properly applied there is no occasion for the covering of gravel or slate and i object to it as preventing the con solidation of the stone by keeping the pieces apart whereas they would other wise unite by their own angles 9 " the reason for recommending the laying on the stone at different times and in layers is that if the whole quantity be laid on at once the under part never consolidates properly but continues loose and tends to loos en the upper part so as to allow the water to pass through 10 " nothing is to be laid on the clean stone on pretence of binding broken stone will combine by its own angles into a smooth solid surface which cannot be affected by vicissi tudes of weather or displaced by the action of wheels which will pass over it without a jolt and consequently without injury 11 a carriage ought as much as possible to stand upright in travelling i have generally made roads three inches higher in the centre than at the sides when they are eighteen feet wide if the road be smooth and well made the water will easily run off in such a slope 12 " when roads are very convex travellers generally follow the track in the middle which is the only part where a carriage can run upright ; by which means three furrows are made one by the horses and two by the wheels more water stands on a very convex road than on one that is rea sonably flat 13 " ten inches of well consolida ted materials are equal to bear any kind of carriage i do not care whether the substra tum be soft or hard — indeed i should prefer a soft one provided it was not such as would not allow a man to walk over it v southern p the subscriber has ree this admirable collect the leading features of mr m adam's system are — that the best foundation for a road is the natural soil j that this foundation on which the broken stone is to be laid ought to be elevated two three or four inches above what is usually termed the side or summer road — that the stones should be broken so as not to exceed six ounces in weight he has recently declared a preference of three and so completely consolidated as to prevent the penetration of rain — that the stone should be as far as possible homogeneous as the mixture of hard stones with those easily friable is high ly pernicious — and the bed of the road should be secured against under water by drains or ditches the means by which to produce these effects are de tailed in his work at length and in his various examinations by order of the house of commons and are comprised in the following plain rules 1 " the first operation in making a road should be the reverse cl digging a trench the road should not be sunk below but raised above the or dinary level of the adjacent ground care should be taken that there be _■ sufficient fall from the road to the ad jacent ground to take off the water so that this ground be some inches below that on which the road is intended to be placed side drains or ditches to carry off the water are indispensably thc terms of the western carolinian will w fter be as follows : three dollars a year * ertj ll l e in advance 4*0 nioer discontinued except at the option ■' t k e editor until all arrearages are paid ' t lyertisements will be inserted at fifty cents ' ' j r _ for the first insertion and twenty-five pe „ r , 5 for each subsequent one cc jj otters addressed to the editor must be /,_;,/, or they will not be attended to the courtship being conducted and finished by the relatives of the parties and a present being made to the bride contrary to the custom of most coun tries where the relatives of the bride are expected to bring presents to their husbands a day is appointed for which the calendar is consulted for a lucky one ; the bride sets out locked up in a sedan preceded by relations servants c with lighted flambeaux in their hands although it be noon-day to the house of the bridegroom to whom the key of the sedan is deliver ed by the nearest of kin to the bride as soon as the bride steps from ber chair the bridegroom leads her into the hall where they are seated at dif ferent tables in the same room or hall ; but before the bride and bride groom are seated at table they make four reverences to tien a supposed spirit residing in heaven when sea ted at table they pour wine on the ground before they begin to eat and also set apart some of the provisions for their idols the moment each of them tastes the viands on the table the bridegroom rises up and invites his lady to drink $ upon which she rises also and returns him the compliment after this two cups of wine are bro't of which they drink part and pour the residue into another cup out of which they drink alternately and this last part of the ceremony confirms the nup tials the bride then goes among the ladies and spends the day with them the bridegroom treating his friends at the same time in a separate apartment in china it would be as unfashion able to appear in white at a wedding as it would in europe or america to be dressed in black the laws of china do not permit any subject to have more wives than one ; but he may keep as many concubines in his house as he pleases : these however must be obe dient to his wife and treat her as mis tress the emperor has three wives and the number of his concubines is estimated at about three thousand ; they are called con-gu or ladies of the palace if a wife elopes from her hus band she is sentenced to be whipped and the husband may dispose of her as a slave if she marries another mao the first husband can cause her to be strangled if a man quits his wife and family the wife after an ab sence of three years on representing the case to a mandarin or magistrate is authorized to marry another hus band a man may divorce his wife for adultery bad temper a clamorous tongue disobedience theft barren ness or for any contagious disorder : this is seldom however put in force he offers for sale the and neatly bound it contain interesting 1 view of the grei gospel all the sermons are and most of them eloquent an are equally interesting to presbyterian methodist and i the productions of these differ and advance nothing that ca either the desire to encoui of our own state we hope w pect for the authors clergy m the southern states and a w animated and interesting epi cal truth to produce a speedy trious pious and enterprisim claim on the patronage of a lightened public the subscriber has also ju xntrrnal kmjirotemriit from tu bccks county patbiot on tiie construction of roads the proper construction and preser vation of public roads are objects of the first interest their permanence de p;n d5 entirely on the manner in which they are formed and the expense of repairs is regulated by the correct or erroneous principles adopted by those w ho have charge of them koads in our state are of three de scription 5 — the great public high ways and the township roads both of which are made and kept in order at public expense — and turnpike roads which have been constructed by private capital and by large and liberal contri butions from the commonwealth fe of standard classical among them are the very ex of morse and woodbridge received the unqualified appr celebrated teachers and lite the united states they hai liar excellencies and are acco of a superior kind the is an entire new work t father and his son it is an schools academies and colli ers will find most of the defi re supplied he ha alsc nd of history with notes e rev mr emerson ilia lections at the close of eac r make ; conversations in i with notes and questions by tiful epitome on the element wilkins valpey's greek gr neat editions of milton's fa per's task ; thompson's sea biblical catechism it has been frequently remarked by our citizens who have visited the eas tern states that in those parts of the u:iion the town roads which are the jjme as our public highways or town ship roads are better made and are always in better order than the same roads in pennsylvania why this is the case it will not be difficult to show and at a future period some facts may be com-nunicated on this subject at present it is however only intended to invite the attention of the citizens of the commonwealth to the known and acknowledged fact that our pub lic roacls which re under coumy and township charge are bad in their for mation ai d almost entirely without that care which is necessary to make ihrm passable at some periods of the year to the turnpike roads in pennsyl vania it is the purpose of this paper particularly to call the public attention and by a statement of the erroneous principles upon which they have been made and an exhibition of a better mode of constructing and repairing them it is hoped extensive benefit will be obtained these works he will sell be purchased singly in am capitals lie continues bis classical ; at the old academy parei may have their children and in such branches as they pie common literature jon necessary 2 " having secured the soil from under water the next care is to secure it from rain water by a solid road made of clean dry stone or flint so selected prepared and laid as to be perfectly impervious to water this cannot be effected unless the greatest care be taken that no earth clay chalk or other matter that will hold or conduct water be mixed with the broktn stone which must be so pre pared and laid as to unite by its own angles into a firm compact and im penetrable body 3 " the large stones usually laid at the bottom of roads as a foundation are not only a useless expense but positively injurious ; as being constant ly shaken by heavy carriages they keep the upper stratum louse and open for the reception of rain water 4 the stone or as we term it the metal is to be laid on not all at once but in layers of three inches thick ; after the first layer is laid on it is to be subjected to the traffic or if the road is not open to traffit , a roller of iron should be used if the weather be showery ; if otherwise water should be thrown on it ; for no stone will consolidate when perfectly dry 5 " much has been said and writ ten upon the strength of roads my experience leads me to the conclusion that six inches thickness of well brok en stone properly laid on is quite suf ficient provided the bed of the road be made and kept dry of late years i have made no road thicker ; but on the second year have given it an addition of three inches loosening a little of the hard surface of the road about an inch deep to allow the uew and the old materials to unite j going upon the principle that the natural soil is the real carrier both of the load and the carriages j and that if it could be kept dry by any other means the artificial roads would be altogether unnecessary 6 " the thickness of a road is im material as to its strength for carrying weight this object is already obtain ed by providing a dry surface over which the road is to be placed as a covering or roof to preserve it in that state j experience having shewn that if water passes through a road and fills the native soil the road whatever may be its thickness looses its support and falls to pieces 7 the only proper method of breaking stones both for effect and economy is by persons sitting the stones are to be placed io small heaps j and women boys or old men past hard labor should sit down and break them with small hammers so as none shall exceed six ounces in weight 8 the atones should be broken very small in recommending six ounces as the proper size i went as far as the then old prejudices would admit but experience has convinced salisbury jan 17 1325 the fine young tboroutr aerqjsa the ensuing season at my stable ten miles north east from sa south-west from lexington the season ; ten dollars cash and special contracts will be n suited to particular cases ai i the season will commence or ruary and continue until the 1 will be found constantly at 1 when taken to be shown at i especially during the terms ol county courts a salisbury a which places he will stand term if convenient for the : gentlemen who have not seei description aeronaut is s any bay with black legs ma and blaze in his face four yea nearly sixteen hands high made uniting in a high dejr gancc and grandeur of his s horse eagle ; with the great i try and compactness of his g ported horse dion the gi 14 " when a road is to be formed on the side of a hill the ditch should be on the higher side of the road where it will receive the water falling from the high ground and keep the road dry 15 the materials should be cleansed of the mud and soil with which they are mixed in their native state on the spot where they are pro cured if gravel be used it ought to be cleared by screening or if necessa ry by washing some addition will be hereby made to the expenses in the first instance — but it will be found the most economical mode in the end in the formation of our turnpike roads we commit four great errors : 1 we dig a trench in which to place the large stones which are the foundation of the road and which receives the water that percolates through and undermines and loosens ihe coat of broken stone which forms ihe cover of the road those large stones scarcely ever consolidate weight of body which he w age will entitle him to stand of power tuan any importe stood in the county except tl clown and to him in that res least equal he had a few mares last s it appears that he promises reputation of a sure foalgert youth the excellence of his cc size figure and performances which he descended he cann duce as fine colts as anv hors pedigree aeronai imported horse eagle ; his da horse dion ; gran-dam by e the best sons of the importe out of a medley mare uniting imported horses medley fear and the thorough bred horse t appears that he must be entirely thorough bred and i ancestry the most renowned has ever appeared in englai will be seen by the following eagle was considered the t horse in england since the and hi winnings amounted to sand dollars ; he was got by *\ teer by eclipse eclipse by ma by the devonshire or flying i est horse ever known in engli was got by highflyer a hors ferior to the above celebrate ally admitted to be the best h in england or perhaps in the by the statement made in hi and pedigree nowin my posses by enquirer c dion was one of the best sons of the highflyer ; his dam by the pat famed for his great speed ar run with such unusual hone mile heats twice in one week ; gattalin don quixotic and i racers all of which united wit above famous horses in amer medley james fearnought tute a pedigree inferior to fi ever bred in america all reasonable measures v prevent unfortunate accident bility will be admitted for an koi january 20 1825 16 " twenty par cent of the ex pense of improving and repairing roads is often incurred by rows of trees particularly on the sunny side intercepting the influence of the sun 17 " carriages whatever be the construction of their wheels will make ruts in a newly made road till it con solidates however well the materials may be prepared or however judici ously applied therefore a careful person must attend for some time af ter the road is opened for use to rake in the track made by the wheels it is a curious fact that the roads in sweden which are among the best in the world are made on the plan adop ted by mr m'adam on these roads no stone is ever laid larger than a walnut 2 oar roans are quite too convex hereby carriages are necessarily kept m the middle which is worn down id thus presents a sort of basin for ta reception and detention of rain 3 our stone is not broken small enough and our ro,«ds are generally fn.c_mbe.ed with large stunes which interrupt the progress of carriages kuse up the wheels and by the jolt n juire the roads from ihe neio-york patriot table-talk at a boarding-house breakfast polly ma don't you think this is the most beduchiful morning ever na chur projuced ? mrs proudfit tis very fine in deed polly why don't you ask the gentlemen if their coffee is agreeable vboaideib very good ma'am w polly gentlemen if you don't find your breakfast palatable only ex pound your wishes and we'll think ourselves extremely happy in gratify ing them boarders hem ■*• there is rarely a trench or ditch cut at the side of our roads to carry ff the rain water or if cut it is very worn kept free from obstruction at these errors we are not to won er • for england with centuries of ' x perience in road making and ten old the experience of turnpikes that * e have had has until lately pursued xactl the same career which even present is continued in many parts °' that island but a new system has ken introduced there within a few j^rs past by mr j l m'adam hich has stood the test of the most gorous scru'iny — and received the st unqualified approbations f par ament — of the post master general — * l the proprietor of stage coaches jjd of numbers of the most enlighten persons in the nation it forms no ht recommendation of this system mr m'adam and his family un er his direction and on his system j been and are employed in the instruction and repair of different ads to the extent of nearly 700 jwes—and that he is consulted and 18 p^n followed by the major part dinner polly mr fairchild have you heard of the juel fair what polly have you heard of the juel that was contested across the river this morning fair o i beg your par don — i did not understand you — yes i am told the parties were both se verely wounded polly o mercy ! the very thought of ajueller quite an nihilates me ma will you have a churntp ? mrs p no dear but i'll have a pochatoe remarkable — a paris paper fur nishes the following remarkable anec dote about 100 years ago a man aged 18 was condemned to the gal lies for a hundred years and one day the man has suffered in full the sen tence of the law and has now returned to lyons in france where claiming an estate belonging to his family the proprietor m bertholon who had thought the purchase very fair and safe agreed by the advice of his law yer to settle the contentious matter by giving the real proprietor 4000 sterling nearly 820,000 this wonderful old man at the age of 118 has lately offered his hand to a woman and is shortly to be married ! polly ma will you have some sugar for your tea mrs p no dear — i reckon i don't fancy sweet tea like as you do polly polly i confess my affection for the saccharine dulcet i opine the favosity of the sugar abates the animosity of the tea which is very inimical to my diabolical appetite fair pro-di-gious a jury in chester eng on the 4th last september gave one hundred and twenty-six pounds sterling more than 500 dollars damages in an action for bi ting off a finger hi a scuffle - sheriffs tax deeds for land sold by ! of ra»,for sale at the