' term of the watchman j subscription per year two dollars payable in : vance but '• not l-ai v advance two dollar * rl fifty ts will be charged * crtii-nifvts inserted at 1 for the first nnd 25 els *&, each subsequent insertion court orders chirged , 2 per i't higher than these rates a liberal deduc tion t h0?e w'10 advertise by t,ie year 1-jters to the editors must be post paid z %. vr have on hand and for sale at this office the fol to(nng blanks to wit ajnimistrator's bonds . v >, s c fi fas guardian " " wit tickets appeal " " com to take depo constable " equity executions ct " " subpoenas bail statecases " ; " prosecution bonds vll u ] i com.toul_edepasu.0_m h'^y " . ,. :: enduioni exponas prosecution _ f | , , , , . fot binding free negroes vlarriage license „ ; i apprentice indentures baslar.lv bonds ' letters of administration notes 81 hand ■ , « bank notes c r special letters testamentary land deeds ,: \ s ( ourt writs i'1 la ol trust ejectment " sheriff's deeds ittachment " l saa n'1 bonds r aod s c subpoenas couniy an.i superior court scire facias vs defaulting witnesses do do to revive judgment lo do to heirs al law to show cause , do do do et al do do vs special bail 8 i l.u'ids do fi !' a hi and battery lo i ifrays i , foi nicalion and adultery j for retailing without license u many others of not so com mon use courts and others who require blank give us a call or forward their orders ■•■ led to _ i fl terated above are aiso kept • , \\ stockton at statesville vm m henderson at concord v i f watts at mocksville .- faw al jefferson ashe co s . hich we may not have on lan(j „ to order wiihout delay if a copy m watchman office job pjmting am who wish printing of any description done are requested t j bruner & james icall they are prepared to do almost every variety | infirst-ra:e btyle from a hook down io the alphabet advertising bu been aptly compared lo greasing wheels wheels i hi,1 often turn without grease and so may a merchant or mechanic gel on without advertising hut it is hard work ami nil who have properly tried the experiment know well ihe advantage both of oil to machiney and advertising to business 2 cheap for cash harris is crump are now receiving from new york and philadel ; j.ln i a large and splendid stock ol spring and simmer goods which they are determined to sell as low a any house in this pari of north carolina consisting of all kinds of ladies and gentlemen's dress goods of the latest and newest sij li - « liicb have i n selected with great care ind bought al the very lowest cash prices for ladies wear lustres mode cashmeres colored do riped do mouseline de lanes silk and worsted . k and col'd merinos.plaid ginghams french do shawls gloves ribbons fine c irs.linen cambric hand'ffs bonnet silk velvets b : ' ! for gentlemen's wear black french and english cloths french cassimeres bg'ddo fancy do wool tweed kentucky janes ker leys fig'd satin vesting cut velvet do plain satin do ' ird worsted do also brown and bleach'd drills do \\ hitney blankets mais a caps hoot v shoes beside ■ ick of hardware and cutlery groceries crockery c th wc respectfully invite their attention to the above stock as we are determined nol to !>■• outsol | : v anv wood grove rowan co oct 26 1848 iy25 cipjtfear steamboat company of fayetteville ws ? r wilmington steamer cur graha v 20 inch draft tm boat mike brown telegraph gen taylor the above boats run regularly between fayette .■' ■' and v • the late reduced rates ,,| well prepared for the speedy and safe f gi up and down as anv line on the v.-i hankful for the last year's imi ness we solicit acon " and incre \ g00(js ,.,,„_ '• w 1 m i v.w ilmington,n.c.,will free ••! comm ss on v mtry cut to w l mcga to where desired live of ve the earliest informa tion ol lhe 0{js j " aedtoj & w 1 mcgary j'«»ing.on,and\v i mcgary fayetteville.willmee w.l mcgary.agent £?"''■ '"!:' u-39 aimodious ware houses u>e river and h 0ng engaged in the for _ business will receive and forward all goods sent wftts address at ihe usual commission ji w l mcgary come and buy bargains ! carriage 11ayifactory pi ie undersigned having formed a co-partnership in business respectfully invite public atten -"> tu their establishment and to their supply of superb carriages barouches rockaways buggies c c ,■ ' ' r lightness beauty of design manner of execu j n ' of material cannot be surpassed by j*ork in the southern country o it y a ''' employ a largenumber of excellent blacksmiths wood-workmen trim fe * l,'1i11!,'rs all men of experience anid have skill in their several departments >* c ■ i ]■' ■'.'._' done on very short notice work done ' ap for cash or approved notes ; or countrv produce ta n exchange overman brown & co ary feb 9 1849 iy40 t a card ll&s.brown&jameshavingassociaiedthein ,■ sewea in the practice of medicine can always be an|l attheirdrugstore when not professionally engaged salisbury december 16 1647 tl 33 the carolina watchman ! bruner & james ) / keep a cneck upon all vour editors cf proprietors ) rulers ( new series uo this and liberty is safe < gen'l harrison ( volume vi number 5 salisbury n..c thursday june 7 1849 the disunion question yes we may fairly vvrile it down ; there is such a question mooted in this american re public as a question of disunion ! but we are happy lo say that save in south carolina and accomac no grave and solemn issue ever enlisted so small a share of popular sympathy j whilst the business of manufacturing political capital is in hand it is very easy for sounding resolutions concerning lhe wilmot proviso to be adopted but the thoughts of the people are far away from any such lamentable emergency [ as a ruptureof our glorious confederacy the new york riot the st louis fire the new orleans inundation the progress ofthe cholera are lhe subjects lhat command public attention at the very moment when a convention of de putiea in south carolina was the other day not only resolving upon conditional dissolution but actually deliberating the wild scheme of present non-intercourse with lhe north a large majority of the southern people were more in terested in thc contest of the hungarians with their austrian rulers than in the subject ofthe discussions at columbia a very remarkable and gratifying proof of the attachment of the people of most of the southern states to the union has recently been afforded in tennessee where as our readers have been apprised the state convention of the democratic party seeking to gain political profit by assuming a peculiar righteousness on the slavery question adopted as a portion of the party creed the resolutions of the virginia legislature general trousdale a distinguish ed soldier was put forward as the champion of the principles adopted for the occasion — his competitor gov brown had taken his stand on the side ofthe union as is the cus tom in tennessee the candidates went before lhe people sustaining heir respective causes i by public speeches in the different counties — the following notice of one of their discussions we find in the augusta ga chronicle : " in the course of a stump speech made at springfield on the tth inst gen trousdale the democratic candidate for governor exclaim ed : ' who was mad enough to talk of a dis \ solution ofthe union ? we must resist but we will not give up lhe union in all future time — j it is above everv thing " in reply to gov brown gen t said : " his competitor had travelled beyond the res • olution of the democratic convention — some thing lie had heard of beyond ihem ! he had been called upon to answer specifically — to answer as to whether he was in faver of this other matter so alluded to he did not con i sider himself called upon to answer the ques j tion he was for the democratic platform and did not stand there lo be catechized he did not believe the union could be broken up by ! any invention of man he was opposed to dis union let it come from ichcrc it might does not this language of general trousdale j incontestably demonstrate that he has found the temper of the people of tennessee to be different from what he democratic convention j thought it committed to he resolution of i resistance he adheres to lhat but pressed to the wall he declares lhat the union is \ vbove every tning and that he is opposed j to disunion let it come fkom what quar ter it may the sentiment will be separated by nine lenths ol the people ofthe south ; but what a commentary is its utterance by the i nominee of ihe democrats of tennessee upon the brave declarations of their political mana gers ! — richmond times secrets of iikjttisition — the correspon dent of the london daily news describes : a visit he had paid to the many small dark and damp dungeons of the inquisi tion at rome which have lately been thrown open to the public it is out of the beaten track behind st peter's the correspondent says " the oflicer in charge led me down to where the men were digging in the vaults below they had cleared a downward flight of steps which was choked up with old rubbish and had come to a series of dungeons under ihe vaults deeper still and which immediately brought to my mind the prisons of the doge under the canal ofthe bridge of sighs at venice on ly that here there was a surpassing hor ror i saw imbedded in old masonary unsymmetrically arranged five skele tons in various recesses and the clearance had only just begun ; the period of their insertion in this spot must have been more than a century and a half from anoth er vault full of skulls and scattered hu man remains there was a shaft about four feet square ascending perpendicular ly to the first floor of the building and ending in a passage off the hall ofthe chancery where a trap-door lay between the tribunal and the way into a suite of rooms destined for one of the officials — the object of this shaft could not admit of but one surmise the ground of the vaults was made up of decayed amimal matter a lump of which held imbedded in it a long silken lock of hair as i found by personal examination as it was shov elled up from below but that is not all ; there are two large subterranean lime kilns if i may so call them shaped like a beehive in masonry filled with layers of calcined bones forming the substratum of two other chambers on the ground floor in the immediate vicinity of the very mys terious shaft above mentioned 0*gov marcy hus sprained his ankle at lockport it is an unfortunate place fur him t'<»r there is where the awful rent occurred wliich cost the state of new york fifty cents important information no man who has paid regularly for his newspaper was ever known to be bit by a mail dog — exchange district attornf.v — henry w miller esq of raleigh has been appointed attorney of the united states for the district of north carolina in place of duncan k mcrae removed lecture ox tiie north and tiie south delivered before the young mens mer \ cantile library association of cincin nati ohio ; january 10 1849 by ellwood fisher continued but the most disastrous and appalling consequences of city avocations is the waste of human life in the city of new york the deaths last year exceeded 14 000 or one person out of every twenty j eight ; and it was a year of no uncom ; mon mortality for that place the great mortality ofthe eastern cities is supposed to belong chiefly to the emigrant popula tion but this is not the ease in 1836 when the deaths were 8009 in new york only a little over one-fourth were foreign and that must have been about the pro portion of that population in 1847 the deaths in the city of new york were 15 788 of whom only 5,412 were foreigners although the mortality of that year was increased by the ship fever which was very fatal to emigrants the deaths week before jast were 236 of which 108 or more than one third were foreign and the i proportion of that population is now much more than one third the mortality of new york is much greater than it seems ; because being so largely emigrant from the interior and from abroad the propor tion of adults in her population is much greater than ordinary and among adult.s j mortality is not near so great as among children new york has 50,000 children • less than her share in the last twenty years the population ' of new york has nearly doubled but its mortality has nearly trebled according to an official statement of the duration of human life in the several j avocations in massachusetts in 1847 it appears that the average of agriculturalists is 64.14 years merchants 49.20 " mechanics 46.45 " laborers 46.73 " this is the average life time in the sev eral occupations beginning al 20 years according to this the three avocations of ' city life merchants mechanics and labor j ers average about 46 years whilst far i mers live more than 64 years or one j third longer ! this enormous and i had i almost said atrocious destruction of hu | man life which is continually going on in i towns and cities is enough of itself to ac ! count for the superior progress of agri ; culture in wealth the loss of so large a proportion of time in adult years the ex ' penses of sickness and the derangement ' of business make an aggregate of itself enough to sink any reasonable rate of profit or accumulation in any pursuit — and hence it is that the south which is so much exempt from the corrosive action of cities on property and population has made such rapid progress in wealth thus then the superior productiveness of agricultural labor the great intrinsic value as articles of necessity of its pro ducts the extravagant style of living in towns and cities and finally the ruinous waste of human life and labor they occa sion are reasons enough to account for the fact previously demonstrated of the triumph of the agricultural states of the south over the more commercial states of the north \ but it is objected that the northern states are more populous and that if the : average wealth of their individual citi zens is less the aggregate wealth of the state is greater this however is of no consequence to the argument the ag gregate wealth of ireland is no doubt greater than that of any of our states as her population is so much greater and yet her people die by thousands of star vation 1 am considering the condition of our people as affected by the respec tive institutions and pursuits and i think this is the great point in which patriotism and philanthropy and philosophy are con cerned but it asserted that the system of the south is depopulating that the people of virginia are deserting her ; that the pop ulation of kentucky is almost stationary ; and that the whole southern section is but thinly settled and promises to remain so if it be meant by all this that south ern modes of living are incompatible with a dense population i admit it and rejoice in it so far as the concentration of peo ple in towns and cities is concerned i have endeavored to show that such a thing is not so much to be desired nor do i think it expedient to promote the augmen tation of numbers within the territorial limits ofa state by a minute subdivision of farms and plantations among a multi tude of proprietors or tenants such is too much the tendency in the free states and in other countries ; and it has been found fatal to agricultural improvement it has resulted in france in reducing the average size of farms to an area of three or four acres held under their laws of descent by the distinct proprietors and in a part of scotland and in ireland tracts of a similar size are held by separate ten ants and it is precisely among the pea santry of france the crofties of scotland and the cottiers of ireland that stagna tion and desolation have overspread the land and semi-barbarism and starvation the people the division of land for cul tivation into very small tracts is destruc tive of its value the soil of france is ' on an average of unusual fertility and its climate so genial as to he favorable to a great variety of productiveness yet there with a dense population of its own and in the neighborhood of great britain with its mighty cities the greatest mar ket in the world the average value of land is only five or six dollars per acre — is less than in virginia in england the average size of tracts held by the several sorts of tenure is about 150 acres which is about as small as can be made profita ble ; as small as is compatible with the due rotation of crops a judicious variety of stock and the prompt adoption of im provements in cullure and utensils in fiance the owner ofa three or four acre farm worth only twenty five dollars can not of course afford to buy an improved plough — much less can the renter of such a tract in ireland it would cost more than the whole crop is worlh according ly a large proportion of french and irish tillage is performed with the spade at a great expense of manual labor ; and ac cordingly it is in england chiefly where the tracts are large that the modern im provements in agriculture have been made — and there the soil is more productive and profitable that some virginians instead of adopting some of the new meth ods of preserving and restoring the fer tility ol their lands choose to emigrate to new states where the soil is already rich by nature and is cheap results from a mere calculation and comparison of the cost of the two systems and if it be found more profitable to remove to a new than to renovate an old soil it is an evi dence of thrift rather than poverty in the ' emigrant and of this the superiority of the new southwestern over the new north western states which will appear by a comparison of their property and popula tion is ample proof but the impression exists that the pop illation ofthe south as a section is really stationary or is declining and this be ing assumed it is regarded as evidence ; that the people of the south are migrat , ing either from dissatisfaction with its institutions or with its progress and pros pects or that the vices peeuliar to its sys tem are unfavorable to the increase of its population — or that all these combine to depopulate her but all this is a mistake if we deduct from the free states the foreign emigra tion and its offspring the residue repre senting the native population does not in dicate so great a natural increase as the present number of people in the southern states of the foreign emigrants no register was kept until 1820 from that year un til 1840 it amounted to more than 700 000 persons according to the returns — but large numbers came by the way of canada for which during a considerable period the facilities were greater than by the direct route these have been esti mated at half the number registered in the custom house assuming however the whole number to be a million which is the lowest estimate i have seen their natural increase in the twenty years could not have been less than half a million — making 1,500,000 now the white popu lation of 1840 in the free states was 9,557.431 ; deducting 1,500,000 it would be 8.057,421 in 1820 it was 5,033.983 and has consequently had a natural in crease of 60 per eent the white population of the south was 1820 2,833,585 and is now 4,635.g37 which exhibits a natural increase of 65 percent i have included all the foreign emigration in the north a little of it however has gone to the south ; but not more than the excess of southern people who have removed to the northwestern states this evidence of the great natural in crease of southern white population is an answer to another imputation against it very current at the north it has been held that slavery is a degradation of la bor that therefore the white people of the south refuse to work and live in idle ness they become dissipated vicious and violent but vice is fatal to the increase of population it destroys constitutional vigor diminishes the number of children and alllicts the few lhat are born with hereditary infirmity and premature death one fact is disclosed by the census which is very significant on this point there is an excess among the white people of the south of 132,072 males among those of * in the kentucky auditor's report of 1848 we find a table so 16 of the distribution of property in that state which indicates a degree of wealth and of its equitable allotment which may challenge any commu nity for comparison without property 7,4.36 parents with less than 100 worth 12,964 " from 8100 to 400 1*2 344 " » " 400 to 600 5685 «■ " over 600 28,791 " it has been alleged that in the south there are only ' about 200,000 slave holders well supposing each a dult slave holder to have an average family of six the slave holding population of the south wouid amount to 1,800,000 which is probably as large a proportion as tbe land holding population of the north t it has been suggested that the emigrant population arrive poor and therefore when included in the average of individual wealth in the north reduces its rates — but the foreigner is generally adult if he is poor and therefore acquires wealth more easily than the native if however the emigrant population be stricken out of the estimate and the whole property of the north divi . ded among the natives their proportion will yet be far below that of the south the north only 178,275 this is about 97,000 less than the proportion the north ought to have to equal the south but when we consider that the foreign popu lation settles almost exclusively in the ' northern states and contains much more than its proportion of males it is appa rent that the deficit ofthe xorth in male population is much larger now the vi ces of civilized society affect males chief ly young men and boys far more than any other and if it were true that the south is more immoral than the xorth it would appear in lhe deficit of male pop ulation but the reverse seems to be the fact the explanation of this result is to be found in the same circumstances that de termine the relative wealth of the two sections the south is rural in residence and habits it does not present the temp tation or the opportunity for sensual grat ification to be found in the city life it is the cities that the passions and appetites resort for their carnival the theatre the gaming house the drinking house and places of still more abandoned character abound in them and to these the dissipa ted youth goes forth at night from home along the high road to ruin in the fam ily of the southern planter or farmer al though wine may be drank and cards played all is done at home under paren tal and feminine observation : and there . fore excess can never go so far of conrse the sons of planters visit the cities but tl e in their neighborhood are trivial in size and meagre in attractions — those more distant are the more seldom seen — the ancient poets wbo thought that the lower regions were the abode of great and good men as well as bad located ihe : entrance in a remote and solitary place thus homer conducts ulysses on his visit to theshadesof his brother warrior greeks to a thinly settled country of dark skinned people " when lo we reached old ocean's utmost hounds where rocks control his waves with ever-during mounds ! there in a lonely lanj and gloomy cells the dusky nation of cimmeria dwells there he found the portals of the infer nal world so \ irgil conducts eneas to the sombre and solemn forest of the cu ! mean sybil but with our improved con ceptions of the character of that place and its inmates and the most direct avenues to approach it the modern epic poet who desires to give his hero a view of it will have to fix the gateway in the heart ofa great city where tbe vices hold their rev i els tis there " the gates of hell are open night and day smooth the descent and easy is the way it cannot be said that the excessive mor tality among the ma'es of the north is i owing to their unwholesome employments for the females are employed in similar or more destructive avocations in mas ' sachusetts about fifty thousand women work in factories and yet in that state there is an excess of 7,672 females where , as if the natural proportion of the sexes existed among the native population or such as is found at the south massachu setts ought to have an excess of twenty two thousand females beyond the due pro portion it is true that massachusetts loses a portion of her male population by emigration to the west although she is reinforced again by the excess of males in the foreign emigrants that have settled there but there still remains a large portion who must have perished by the sickness and vices of the towns and cities that contain so large a part of her people — boston alone with its suburb towns having a population of 200,000 or nearly one third of all the state so then the operation of the institutions of this model state of the north is to violate the laws of nature by a separation of the sexes to send thousands of her sons away from their happy condition athome to encoun ter the hardships of the west ; to send multitudes of others to die by dissipation in her cities and to place her lonely and deserted women not in convents but in factories 1 have said that there are about fifty thousand women employed in the fac tories of massachusetts such is the tes timony of lhe oliicial census of the state in 1845 those who are thus employed it is well known are generally young un married women : as such a vocation would he rather incompatible with the domestic duties of wives now according to the census of 1840 there were but 57,000 women in that s'.atu betweeu the agesol 17 and 25 so that about seven-eighths of the marriageable women of massa chusetts at a lime of life that ought to be sacred to love and courtship to pleasure and to hope to home and to society are ent forth from the parental roof to labor for years confined to an over heated room containing a hundred persons each con fined to a space five feet squa for thir teen hours a day under a male overseer and not permitted to receive a visit from a lover or a relative in the mill except by the permission of the proprietor's agent or at the boarding house except by the permission of the proprietor's house keep er ; for such are the the regulations and condition of lowell this confinement to factories postpones the marriage ofthe women of massachusetts to an average of 23 or 21 years i do not know at what age preciselv marriages occur in \ irgin ia but the census shows that \ irgima with fewer adults has 100,000 more of children in d"termining the condition of civiliz ed communities it is generally considered essential to inquire into the state of their pauperism ; not only because the paupers themselves usually consiitute a consider able class but because their number af fects vitally the condition of the entire la boring class in tbe state of xew york the progress of pauperism has been rapid in 1830 the number supported or relieved was 15.505 in 1835 it was 38,462 accord ing to chaplin's u s gazetcer for 1811 in 1843 or 44 the number had increased to about 72,000 permanent and the same number of occasional paupers making a total of 141.000 as appears from the journal of commerce these were for the whole state and there was thus one pauper^to every seventeen inhabitants — in is 17 there were received at the prin cipal alms houses for the city of new oik 38,692 persons and out-door relief was given out of public funds to 44-572 persons making a total of 73,264 so that about one person out of every five in the city of xew vork was dependent more or less on public charity the total cost that year of this pauperism was 310 292 ss for this present year of 1849 the estimate is 8400,000 according to the mayor's message in massachusetts it appears by the re turns that there were in 1s36 5,580 pau pers and in 1s4s 1sg93 these were all in the alms-houses those relieved out ofthe alms-houses were 9.s17 making a total of 2s.510 according to the report of the secretary of state of massachusetts and the returns from forty-one towns are omitted if allowance be made for these it will be seen that in massachusetts one person out of every twenty is a constant or occasional pauper it thus appears that in these two states pauperism is ad vancing ten times as rapidly as their wealth or population it has become so great as to include large numbers of able bodied men who it appears connot or what is worse will not earn a sub ence and if such be the case what must he the condition of the great mass of people hanging on the verge ot pauperism but withheld by an honorable pride from ap plying for public charily now throughout the greater part of virginia and kentucky pauperism is al most unknown 1 passed some time ago the poor house of campbell county ken tucky on the opposite side of the river and there was not a solitary inmate and i have known a populous county in vir ginia to have but one it has generally been supposed that tho paupers of massachusetts and xew vork are principally foreign emigrants but this is a mistake in th 5,580 paupers of massachusetts in 1s36 ouly 1 102 were of foreign birth — but little over one fifth which does not probably exceed the pro portion then of that population in the state in 1845 of 1010 persons admitted into the alms houses of boston 400 were foreign of whom 3s2 were irish ; but that was the year of irish famine in is is of 18,993 paupers received into the alms houses of massachusetts 7.113 vve^e for eigners we do not know what propor tion of the people of that state are for eigners ; in boston there is about one third when pauperism extends to the class that are able to labor it is evident that the wages of labor are reduced to the cost of subsistence and hence the whole class must be subjected to the melancholy and terrible necessity of working rather to avoid the poor house than of bettering their condition and the pauper in an alms bouse is a slave he works under a master and receives nothing but a sub sistence and there are already in xew york and ma.-sachuselts about one hun dred thousand persons in this condition ; about an equal number occasionally so and they are increasing at the rate ol 200 percent whilst the whole population does not increase twenty percent in ten years in cincinnati the number of paupers per manent and occasional already amounts to two thousand whilst the property of the xorth is thus compelled to contribute to the support of this great and growing burden and the labor of the xorth must not only assist in its support also but must work in compe tition with it they are subjected to ano ther mighty evil which springs from or at least aggravated by the same causes and that is crime the number of convicts in the three penitentiaries of xew vork auburn sing sing and black well's island is about two thousand in the penitentiary of virginia there are only 1 1 1 whites 89 blacks — this indicates four times the amount of crime in proportion to the white popula tion in xew york as in virginia in massachusetts tliere were in in 17 288 persons in the state pi!**>n which indi cates more than twice the crime in lhat state is in virginia taking ai the xew england states together their penitenti ary convicts are twice as numerous in proportion to population as in virginia as w i il be seen bv consulting the ameri can almanac for is 19 i contains sketch es of the criminal statistics of lhe sever al states and is new england authority in ohio there are 470 person . in the pen i'entiary — in kentucky 135 ohio being 20 per cent the most according to popu lation according to the returns of the kentucky penitentiary one half of her convicts for the last ten vears cam irom the single county in which louisville her principal town i located and one third of the whole number were born in free states so much ior the stales ot the north agricultural manufacturing and commercial old and new as compared with those of the south in crime lhe results are uniformly an i largely in favor of the south if we turn to the official reports of crime in the great cities of tin north we be ! hold a state of society exhibited at winch hemindis.ppalled in boston henum ', ber of person annually arraigned lor