tern of ihe watcinnan q bscription per year two dor.lars payable in f r . ce " ut '■ not p a ' l ' in advance two dollars ivi'il'tv cts will be charged iswiknts inserted at 1 for the first and 2j cts r e each subsequent insertion court orders ch-irged 2 per ct higher ihan ihe.se rates a liberal deduc ', t hose who advertise by the year letters to ilie editors must be pest paid rail road the lumbers of carlton no vii cost of conveyance calculated a promise has been made to show lhat when poods wares or merchandise are actually arrived upon the rail road at any point of it from the neighboring part of the country the expense and time of trans portation to the sea coast or to any other point upon tin rail road are of so little consequence as to be scarcely worthy of notice h amounts as has heen said to little short of a complete annihilation of time and space to place lhf.se poods waro ° r merchandise at any other point 0 n the rail way is lime for instance wanted in those parts of lhe country nexl ro j ' this article is only to be prepared ijn surry siokes or elsewhere and bro't . , 0 the rail road hy lhe nearest route — then with the additional expense of two cents u;.on the bushel it may be placed in raleigh if the reader will consent lo accompa nvilli calculation now to be made ii will itirnmi a specimen of such calculations in all instances where there is uncertain ty lhe numbers will be taken lo the dis advantage of lhe rail road and of lhe i million of expense by it it will be thus sepn that the rate of charge upon the hun dred in which it terminates is greater than it would be in reality and that the conclusion at which we arrive stands up on sale ground it were easy to make addresses lo our pride or our passions to become exuberant in figures of rhetoriek and to present a thousand phantoms to play delightfully before our wrapped im sginalions were this done however to i its fullest extent no sooner would our uiiids be permitted lo cool and return to sober feeling than we should say and cor ! recti v loo all this was very handsome hut how much dependence is lo be placed on it something more than this is ne icessary to convince me thai there is any klhmg substantial and tangible and prac llically true in the utility of a rail road and in ihe ease ol constructing it this man certainly speaks to us with no ordi nary pow is ol persuasion ; but he has ton much sense and we shall do well lo take care how we trust him let him give us plain truth so lhat we are not pur suing visions of fancy instead of substan ces to the substance therefore let us return and deal in figures of arithmetic nut in figures of oratory to conveyance on a rail road are ne cessary 1 horses 2 wagons i men 1 let if be admitted lhat one horse villi another will endure five years in ser vice for example from the end of his filth io lhe end ot his tenth year he is such 8 we may get for one hundred dollars qlence twenty four dollars a year must be jiiade good lor the perpetuity of such an einimal it he eats twenty four barrels f corn a year at two dollars a barrel his will cost forty eight dollars should le require a ton and a half of hay or any ither forage for a year at fifty cents per lundred it will be fifteen dollars more flic maintenance of a burse a year then will be for capital 24 for corn 48 for hay 15 total 87 ; ll lhe owner receive thirty per cent profit upon ibis species of capital the pro lit upon eighty seven dollars will be twen ty six dollars and ten cents bul we shall call it in round numbers twenty seven dollars this added to eighty seven dol lars gives an amount of one hundred and fourteen dollars which ought to be receiv eil annually upon the service of every iorsc for keeping up the property and obtaining a handsome profit upon it of : jhirty per cent this will be admitted to be liberal profit enough and such as he would not be allowed to enjoy long by yen competition but we shall suppose it ihe sum of one hundred and fourteen dollars a year is nine dollars and a half 11 month or less than ihirly seven cents a wy allowing three hundred and thirteen fays to the year by the exclusion of sun a.vs this receipt of thirty seven cents day keeps up the capital and yields a nil t of thirty per cent upon it »• let us next suppose that five wag smust be procured all to be connected vihcr upon the rail road and to be mwn by this horse of which the value . d maintenance have been computed >> cost of one of these iron wagons ac cording to strickland is one hundred and t'y dollars and therefore the live will ,. 1*t seven hundred the wheels are of * jjst iron and axletrees wrought and we m suppose them to las thirty years by jyinglhe axletrees anew sometimes if ifc proprietor of lhe wagons be allowed ae uy lour dollars a year for thirty years j*'»l more than make good his capital . e s«al further allow him an interest of percent upon this capital of seven flre d dollars six per cent is common f erp 8t hut we shall allow eight : and i^llkncvv that the profits upon such jg ' e ill l certain materials ought to be rp t from that upon horses and other h ri us and consumable properly — l p v iu | r<x ' ot fm h per cent upon seven k it ° llars ' ' s iuiy six ollars per an foe twenty four dollars capital i " ; . v six dollars interest will be eighty lj rs il year r or ,[,., j v(1 wagons which l r r r e l,un icd and thirteen days to a if 1 * 1 ''' ss than twenty six cents a day a i l sba l call it twenty six c shall next suppose a man or a the carolina watchman bruner & james f / ' kr.ep a chf.ck upox alr vocr editors <$• proprietors ) rulers ( new series do this and i.iblkty is safe < gent harrison ( volume y—xumber 50 salisbury n c thursday april 19 1849 voiitli al eighteen or twenty years to drive and take care of the horse enough of such persons may be had at twelve dol lars a month or one hundred and forty four dollars a year each finding himself this will be less than forty eight cents a day but we shall say fifty in a regular line of carriages for the transportation of goods a horse passes ten miles with a load toward the sea in one part of a day and after resting return with another load bade to the place from which he first set out by this means ten horses put in successively and travelling each ten miles forward and ten miles back convey one set of goods one hun dred miles in one direction in twenty four hours and a returning load the same dis tance back on the same day hence the ten horses carry loads through the space of two hundred miles in twenty lour hours . it is one half only of the expense of this work done by the ten horses which falls upon a load on its way to market to this it is equivalent to consider five of the ( horses as travelling forward in one direc ; lion twenty miles each so as lo complete the distance of one hundred miles per day and this shows us the cost of conveyance to the owner of the goods collecting together these different items we shall have the following estimate of expense for carrying ten ions a hundred miles in ! twenty four hours : 5 horses at 37 cents each 81 85 5 wagons continuing through the whole distance 26 5 men or boys at 50 cents per day 2 50 for 10 tons 100 miles a day 4 61 we can now determine the cost of this j transportation by dividing the four dol lars and sixty one cents among lhe ten '■ tons and the result will be less than two cenis and a third upon a hundred weight through the distance of a hundred miles in a day this exposition may have been tedious ' hut it is of infinitely greater value than a i hundred arguments and twice as many periods of glowing imagery that enter not into the recess of the subject nor lis j close its essential merits il is hoped that though it has been necessary to pass through a detail of numerical statements ' ; it is siill so obvious in its nature and all its successive particulars to every farmer ! and every experienced man that he has had no difficulty in following it should this have been the case or should it not i the reader is requested to peruse it a se j cond time with a close and attentive eye i lest an error may have crept in of suffi cient consequence to impair or destroy its validity it is a subject for the in vest i ; gation of every arithmetician and ac countant every planter and professional man should it be satisfactory and con j vincing to any one whose neighbor unfor ! innately cannot look into it for want of the education which himself has enjoyed is it not of a magnitude to induce him to j take the first opportunity to read it in his hearing and set it before him with such confirmation and evidence as his own views will furnish ? is there a member [ of our senate or house of commons who i will not feed himself solicited by the ties ■ ! that bind him to his constituents to enter 1 calmly with them into the discussion of this subject not as a partizan.or with the ' heat of argumentation but as a sincere : and dispassionate lover of his country that truths of such vital importance to every man and ever family may be per ceived in their plainness and felt with all their effect upon their interests it is not recommended to any man of influence in ; society or to any candidate to engage in j this subject or any other involving the i public good so as to excite apprehensions of him in the minds of others or to lose the confidence of the people let it be sincerely with a view both to receive and impart information and when in pro cess of time all or at least a large major ity shall have seen their interests and made up their opinions then let him car ry their concurring wishes to the legisla tive body that the state may by its or ganized representation resolve deliber ately and with perseverance founded on conviction to prosecute their mature and enlightened purpose these are undoubt edly the true methods of a free state at once growing in strength and augmenting the happiness of the people the breadth of our state from north to south in its western part is a hundred miles by extending a rail road through the middle of it from east to west the greatest distance at which any man can be is fifty miles or two days travel with a loaded wagon if we were to divide this distance of fifty miles on each side of the rail road into three equal parts.it be comes evident that one third of the state would be within seventeen miles of this great high way running through the coun try like a public street through a com mercial city another third would be be tween seventeen and thirty four miles from it and the remaining third between thirty four and fifty xo sooner does a farmer a manufacturer or a merchant arrive with his produce or his goods at such a rail way than the whole extent of it with all lhe adjacent country is thrown open to him for a market by the payment of two cents and a third upon the convey ance of a hundred weight a hundred miles every twenty four hours until he is at the sea shore let us consider lhat it is as important and desirable to all others as it is lo ourselves to resort to this rail road for the opportunities of trade the towns and villages and merchantile houses that spring up on each side of it become the depositories and places of assemblage for every species of merchandise which oth ers wish to sell or we to purchase and at any of these places it may in an hour be determined where is the best market along the whole extent of the line through the whole of our own state and in foreign countries for such articles as it may be our object to vend where the farmer at the distance of three hundred miles from the sea the transport of a barrel of flour to the coast would cost him fourteen cents with respect to tolls they are of little consequence and can have but slight ef fect upon the expense of transportation so great is the assemblage of merchan dise of every species passing to and fro upon such a highway that a very small payment upon the hundred amounts to a vasl sum this can be realized by reflect ing upon the result of two cents a hun dred upon five hundred tons every hun dred miles the facility afforded to tra ! veiling upon such a rail way where a stage could run continually nine or ten miles an hour together with the business created to merchants planters and other persons from one extremity to the other would doubtless soon create such a cur , rent of passengers that the tolls necessa ry for sustaining the expenses of the rail way being levied chiefly and yet without oppression upon them would reduce those upon merchandise and agricultural pro ductions to a rate scarcely worthy of our notice it was just now stated that according to the calculation already given in this number with every disadvantage against ; the rail way the expense of carriage up ; on a barrel of flour three hundred miles would be fourteen cents could other states with all their privileges of soil j and habits of closer industry cope any ; longer with the farmer of xorth carolina ! within his own state ? if they can sell us flour at six dollars a barrel our own flour brought from lhe remotest parts of the country could then be sold at beaufort with profit for five and a half could they ! afford it at five and a half we could furnish it at five by opening the harlow canal for steam boats a thing to be done by a few j thousand dollars in a single season we could enter with fair competition through i our seaport at beaufort into a trade with europe the mediterranean south ameri j ca and the west indies as well as the united states money would flow in a moug us from abroad and the prompt and easy transportation through the whole ex tent of our slate would distribute this returning tide of wealih into numberless streams and rills to quicken our energies and infuse alacrity and confidence into all our exertions sea serpent — since the account pub ! fished last fall in the english journals of the discovery of a monster of the deep by j the officers of her majesty's frigate dae ! dalus in many respects resembling the creature known as the sea serpent the belief in the existence of such an animal is beginning to obtain many adherents — ' we find in a florida paper the following account of a monster furnished by capt adams of the schooner lucy and nancy ' which arrived at jacksonville on the 1st instant from new york : " captain adams states that on the ' morning of sunday the 18th of february about 9 o'clock when off the south point of cumberland island about 12 miles ! from ihe st john's florida bar the at tention of himself crew and passengers was suddenly riveted upon an immense sea monster which he look to be a ser pent it lified its head which was that of a snake several limes out of the water seemingly to lake a survey of the vessel ; and at such limes displayed the largest portion of its body and a pair of frightful fins or claws several feet in length his . tail was not seen at any time but judg ing from the dimensions of the body the captain supposes the leviathan to be a bout ninety feet in length its neck ta ! pered small from the head to the body and it appeared to measure about seven feet across the broadest part of the back the color of the creature was that of a dirty brown when first seen it was mov i ing towards the mouth of the st john's the monster moved from the side of the vessel and placed itself athwart its track in front of her bows ; but capt adams not feeling partial to an encounter with his snakeship ordered the vessel to be kept off a hoy on the deck not knowing : his antagnist had seized a harpoon and was in the act of striking when he was prevented by the vessel moving off the bussing service — the new york journal of commerce states lhat gen taylor was kissed by 500 young ladies at georgetown ri ♦ i eckoning twenty seconds to a kiss which we think a very moderate average considering these who hung fire and those who held on strong it must have required two hours and for ty minutes to go through the labial exercise — ; the general we think on despatching the ex ! treme left of this battalion must have felt in a j good condition to give the word order arms i — resl !" — communiceuor ' photography the discoveries which have been made in this art are wonderful so important is it now considered that many distinguished men in france are claiming to have been the inventors according to the revue eles deux mondes however joseph xice phore xiepce was the first who found the means of fixing by the chemical action of light the image of external objects ; but louis mandi daguerre perfected the photographic process of xiepce and dis covered the method now in use m xiepce was a simple proprietor who lived in a country house on the banks of the saone he was a lover of science but made no pretension to learning his photographic attempts go back to 1s13 and he made his discovery in 1814 the principles of his photographic proceedings according to the journal al luded to " were of wonderful simplicity he knew what all painters know lhat a certain resinous substance of a black co lor asphalte exposed to the action of the light bleached very quickly ; he knew what all chemists know that most of the compounds of silver which are naturally without color bleached by the action of luminous rays this is the use he made of this property he occupied himself at first with an object very insignificant in appearance but which had the advan tage of preparing and proving his future proceedings he applied himself to the reproduction of engravings lie varnish ed an engraving on the back to render it more transparant and he put it afterwards on a plate of pewter or tin covered with a layer of asphalte the black parts of the engraving arrested the luminous rays on the contrary the transparent parts or those which present no line of the graver allow them lo pass through freely the luminous rays passing through ihe trans parent parts of the paper go to whiten the layer as asphalte spread over lhe me tallic plate and thus was obtained a faith ful image of the drawing in which the lights and shades preserved their natural situation by afterwards plunging the metallic plate into the essence of laven der the portions of asphalte not impress ed by the light were dissolved and the image was thus protected from the ulte rior action of the light " meantime the photogenic-copying of engravings was only a prelude to more interesting operations the end to be obtained was the reproduction of the drawings of tbe camera obscura every body knows the camera obscura it is a sort of box closed on all sides into which the light introduces itself through a small orifice the luminous rays emanating from objects placed without intersect each olher at the entrance and produce a de creased representation of these objects — to give more field to the image and to augment the distinctness of it a conver gent lens is placed at the luminous orifice of it it becomes then an artificial eye on which all exterior views are painted these ephemeral images are to be fixed ; the camera obscura is a mirror ; of ihis mirror a picture is to be made " xiepce resolved this problem in 1824 to a plate of plated or silvered copper he applied a layer of asphalte the plate thus covered was placed in the camera obscura and the image transmitted by the lens of the instrument is made to fall upon its surface at the end of a some what long time the light had acted on the sensible substance the plate then being plunged into a mixture of essence of lav ender and petral the parts of the bitu minous plaster that the light had struck remained untouched the others dissolved rapidly a drawing was thus obtained in which the light corresponded to the light and the shades lo the shades ; the lights were formed by the whitish plaster of bitumen the shades by the polished and uncovered parts of the metal the half tints by the portions of varnish on which the dissolvent had partially acted these metallic drawings had only a mediocre vigor xiepce attempted to give them strength by exposing the plate to the spon taneous operation of iodine or vapors emanating from sulphuret of potass with the design of producing a black or color ed ground on which the lines should be drawn with more firmness and vigor : he succeeded however but incompletely — the inconvenience of this photograph ic method however was the length of time exacted for the luminous impression the asphalte is a substance which takes the impression of the light very slowly : as much as ten hours exposure is neces sary to produce a design during this interval the sun which does not await the good pleasure of this indolent substance displaced the ligh's and shadows before the reflection was entirely fixed the success could never he assured before hand this process then very imperfect ; nevertheless as it is perceived the photo graphic problem was resolved in its prin ciple considering his discovery under all its aspects xiepce thought lhat by apply ing the art of engraving to his results he should render his invention more useful and give it a serious development his attempts in this new direction were crown ed with success in attaching his plates by a weak acid lie cut into the metal the parts protected by the resinous coat re maining untouched he formed thusplates ior the use of engravers m daguerre who followed xiepce in his interesting studies and discoveries was a skilful painter in paris and the in ventor of the diorama it was in lsjt that he first received in the shop of a pa ris optician the news of niepce's discov eries means were then employed for bringing the two philosophers togelher and an intimacy sprung up which lasted four years tluring which time daguerre became possessed of all the facts relating to the discoveries of xiepce once ini tiated into the secret daguerre applied himself without relaxation to bring the discovery to perfection and the result is now before the world in the beautiful por traits and pictures of the daguerreotype it seems to be an established fact that the real inventor of what is called the daguerreotype was niepce who al the age of 03 years died in 1s33 it was not reserved for him to enjoy the definitive triumph in which he had placed the hopes of his life lie died in poverty and ob scurity the combined discoveries of xiepce were first announced to the public by m arago in 1839 a short time after ihis the art became public property and i national recompense was awarded to da guerre in the shape of a pension of 6,090 francs and to a son ol xiepce a pension of 4.000 francs with regard to the ad vantages which have already accrued to the world from the invention of photogra phy they are matters which we leave for the investigation of those who are inter ested in the inquiry ami are qualified for it the few facts that we have now giv en were new to us and we presume will he so to many of our readers — nat int cuba diplomatic disclo sures the charleston courier of the 22d inst contains an address to the public bv thomas c reynolds esq of virginia late secretary of the american l°gation at madrid mainly explanatory of his conduct in certain particulars in which it appears that the minister mr saun ders and himself disagree the commu nication of mr r occupies several col umns of the courier and embracing as it does references to various subjects of diplomatic aim and anxiety on the part of other legations at madiid as well as our own it is not without public interest : but as all these arc mixed up with mat ters of personal and official controversv with the minister and animadversion on his character and proceedings we do not feel at liberty lo transfer the article to our columns one of i's topics however is of such grave concern and discloses so confidently a deep scheme of our demo cratic administrations which they have appeared to disavow and would fain have lhe country to discredit that we consider it proper to quote lhe testimony of mr reynolds on the subject ; and this is no less than the alleged intrigue set on foot with a view to the acquisition of cuba the following passages divesting ihem of some personal references)contain what mr reynolds says in regard to that mat ter : m the instructions given by mr forsyth when secretary of state in relation to cuba the very existence of which i fell bound to keep concealed until it was re vealed by mr cass in his published speech on the yucatan question and the terms of which i have communicated to no one — were consideied by me as soon as i examined them in may lsii to be eminently unconstitutional it was chief ly for this reason that i called the atten tion of the department of state to them in my first despatch in relation to the an glo spanish debt hough lhe humbleness of my position prompted me to make no comments on their legality or propriety in addition i felt assured that ihey had had the most disastrous effects on our re lations with spain particularly in refer ence to our present and also our possible future interests in cuba these views i i did not conceal from mr saundeis and i was gratified to find before my depart ure from madrid that when suggested to him from another quarter the latter of the opinions above expressed was in prac tice adopted by him but somewhat to my surprise he had on his return from france thought proper to act en these in structions although he had himself refer red ihem back to the department of state fur re vision lo mr buchanan because he " had greater confidence in th present mr polk's cabinet in regard to this important subject and should like much to have the benefit of hi>[mr buchanan's views so as lo avail himself mr saun ders of ihem should it bec-rn necessa ry hereafter lo take act on the matter " i have on several occasions taken an oath to support the constitution of the v stales and that of yirginia lhe state of my residence the democratic parly f which i am a member has always con tended against lhe extension of executive power : and i myself have always partic ularly supported that principle of the par ty expressed in one of lhe resolutions of the baltimore convention weich enjoins on all otlicers of lhe government howev er humble iheir sphere to carry out lhat conservative doctrine the conscientious scruples i felt concerning lhe use of ihose instructions i found but little difficulty in reconciling with mv firm conviction that a diplomatic otficer of the government is bound while such to carrv out with zeal and good faith and lo the best of his abil ity the instructions of the government without regard to his own views respect ing their proprietv expediency or even their hgrl.'ty 1 then-fore determined that fit should prove possible and reconcila ble with lhe private interests which re quired my speedy return lo the united states 1 would delay the dissolution ot my connexion with the legation until the department of state had had an opportu nity of passing lhat action of mr saun ders in review this 1 succeeded in do ing reasons unnecessary here lo men tion but founded on considerations i nected with tbe interests of the u si induced me to postpone all action in lhe premises until 1 bad learned tbe result of lhe presidential election had mr cass been elected i should though i am and always have been a decided member of the political parly which chiefly support ed him hive felt constrained lolahe the advice of some eminent counsel learned in lhe law concerning lhe proper l<*grtl mode if any there be for a simple citizen of the united s:ales of bringing to the cognizance of the llous ot representa tives an executive pr eed.'->g < ich i h mbly conceive to ' not o iv beyond the constitutional power of the presides or his agents but vi lative of the - - tntioaal rights of ever citizen oi i . uu it i co trary to good is . de jry lo the dignity a ! eminent detrimental to the interests ol i u co:i.i on country 1 ** the statements contained in the letter of a correspondent oi he x }. herald dated madrid september 19 l848,nraoont to an assertion that mr polk adminis tration had given mr sit 1 .- instr tions under which that en ny comer i himself authorized ' to sou i the i government on iheir dispositions to sell or cede lhe island ol cub i to the ' nited states and if so to buy it : that mr saunders ' made an informal inquiry into the subject ; an ! thai ' accordingly nego tiations with lhat object in view may be said to be opened by the desp itch con taining th«"se instructions (.), ihe sub stantial correctness of those assertions have not the slightest doubt the spanish government very properly confining ii self lo its own acts and availing itself of the careless expression of the correspon dent has denied that there were any ne gotiations on the subject : for ' negation tion is a technical term with a fixed meaning and the spanish government could with truth deny its existence for as i am entirely sure in answer to the in quiry of mr saunders the duke ol ya lencia general narvaes gave lhe same answer which he gave to the inquiry made him in lhe couits some months before and when he has repeated in replv to the same inquiry when made of him lately as published in the american pa pers had i bad any doubt of the cor rectness of the assertions of lhe hi i aid's correspondent it would have been entire ly removed by the fact that the official organ of the late administration be un ion confined itself to copying the denial of the spanish government ; by what i learned of the matter in cuba itself by lhe reasons given by mr berrien in the u s senate lor his request that mr mil ler should withdraw his resolution of in quiry on the matter ; by the tactics o mr rusk and mr foote in the senate debate thereon ; and by the fact that though mr miller's resolution was adopted ihere hi been no response to it on the part ol president of the united slates unit ss that response has been communicated in secret session of tin senate ojt readers will recollect lhat the span ish government gave an apparent con tradiction to the reality of this alleged overture and the organ of mr polk's ad ministration in thiscity endorsed this con tradiction hy copying it if mr r is light there must have been equivocation in tba denial — nat int the slavery question wong the cht — the fi-ud in the methodisl episcopal (.' i ., x l a s i i :^ b :■ lie 1 i i 1 h 8 ' n ..). v country in i m i rencoi , - ?'. . the southern church hare supplied e cbei with pn-t"r p r i .• i..e church north according to 1 1 t , -.•?, < t ihe 26th february sent an i<t pa-tor v ;. .'.-. ed iii due time 1 be . it i ■ - - " no religious met ing ran ix : ti ni^i t v houl a riot mr guriej •> " p d it al private house where it was - d-d to lecluie hi . - » seen <■■ ers which be d ich in the pu gregaiion '! : .-• ■*-. was sur rounded by a ni 1 '. mr '■'■<>■■ • cuntpelh ui flee aud the me ing l»r kei up fhe win d four new i k < lun i • i ed t pieces ' : " down 1 d ihe in terior of ihe church thrown into lhe w disorder hence act 1 reli — the e\ritfr tit 1 t s l o;i • _' lhe in git«ut portion of the nation and muter must com to a ciisis shortly there were 29fl death in new o leans i-t the week ending f>n the 17th itisf of which 192 were ofcholcia