the carolina watchman v3l viii thir ) si eies salisbury h 0 august 2 1877 no 41 a model sentence three saloon-keepers in chicago were found guilty of selling liquor to minors the address of the justice when they were sentenced as reported in the chicago tribune is original and eminently whole some the evils of the liquor traffic and what a license involves are rarely set out in a clearer light than the following ad dress by judge reading by the law you may sell to men and i women if they buy you have given j your bond and paid your license to sell to them and no one has a right to molest you in your legal business no matter what the consequences may be no matter what poverty and destitution are produc ed by your selling according to law you ! have paid your money for this privilege and you are licensed to pursue your call i ing no matter what families are dis tracted and rendered miserable ; no mat ter what children starve or mourn over the degredation of a parent your business is legalized and no one may interfere with you in it no matter what mother may agouize over the loss of a son or a sister blush at the shame of a brother you have a right to disregard them all and pursue your legal calling — you are licens ed you may fit up your lawful place of business in the most enticing and capt i vat ing form you may furnish it with the most costly aud elegent equipments for your lawful trade ; you may fill it with the allurements of amusements ; you may use all your arts to induce visitors you may skillfully arrange aud expose to view your choicest wines and most captivating beverages ; you may than induce a raging appetite for strong drink and then you may supply that appetite to the full be cause it is lawful ; you have paid for it — you have a license you may allow boys almost children to frequent.your saloon ; they may witness the apparent satisfac tion with which their seniors quaff the sparkling glass ; you may be schooling and training them for the period of twen ty-one when they two can participate for all this is lawful you may hold the cup to their lips but you must not let them drink that is unlawful but with all these privileges that of selling to the children is denied you here parents have the right to say leave my son to me uutill the law gives you a right to de stroy him do not anticipate that terri ble moment when i can assert for him uo further rights of protection that will be soon enough for me for his mother for his sister for his friends and for the com munity to take his road to death give him to us iu his childhood at least let us have a few years of his youth in whicli we can enjoy his innocence to repay us in some small degree for the care aud love we have lavished upon him this is somethingyou who now stand prisoners at the bar have not paid for — this is not em braced iu your license for this offense the court sentences you for ten days im prisonment in the county jail and that you pay a tine of seventy five dollars and that you stand committed until the fine and costs of this prosecution are paid do it well how many persons there are who wish they could do a thing well but who are unwilling to give the time and strength to fit themselves for the work iu question young teachers wish they could interest and profit a class as well as 6ome highly successful teacher of their acquaintance ; yet they are not read to study as hard on tlieir lessons week by week as that skilled teacher does ; nor will they pay as much attention as he gives to wise methods of teaching another young per son wishes he could write attractively for the papers ; but he will not wait until he has trained himself for this sphere as without exception the best newspaper writers have he who thinks that a man can preach well or play well or sing well or write well or play on a musical instru ment or in fact do anything well with out hard work in learning how to do that thing is greately mistaken it is never easy to do a thing until a man realizes that it is hard to do it s s times how poisons are spread mr g owen rees consulting physician to guy's hospital london has called public attention to some unexpected sources of arsenical poisoning the green calico lining of bed curtains has been found to hare produced for months se vere systems which were treated as those of natural disease without benefit to the patients when the curtains were re moved the patients at once recovered their health the beautiful pale-green muslin largely used for ladies dresses has been found to contain not less than 60 grains of the arsenical compound known as scheele's green in every square yard he suggests that in order to prevent much of the nausea vomiting headache in flammation of the eyes etc from which so many suffer there be a prohibition of the manufacture of such deleterious fabrics red scarlet and mauve-colored fabrics are not always free from arsenic he adds that the agitation of skirts in dancing discharges arsenical poison which probably causes some of the pallor and 1-inguor almost alway wholly attributed to ill-ventilated and crowded rooms and to bad champagne i mit men to labor below is a statement of the number of tons annually mined by , the coal producing countries : great britain i30,oco,ooo ml ted states 50,000,000 p so.000,000 belgium 15,000,000 france 12,000,000 spam , tioo.000 nova scotia 700,000 the following table shows the amount i of coal to be mined in each of the coal , producing countries the estimate is made according to the number of square miles of surface lying above the coal beds united states joo,000 sq miles great britain ij,0t0 " " prussia l.soo sq.m belgium 900 •« france i,8oo " spain s.ooo " nova scotia 18,000 " in wales the coal goes dowu 12,000 feet in prussia 20,000 so that a large portion can never be mined at 3,000 feet below the surface the temperatme is over 100 higher than blood heat some time ago england became ex cited about her supply of coal and ap pointed a commission to investigate the matter it was calculated that the coal beds of great britain will be exhausted in 300 years the english vessels are ordered to buy coal at foreign stations if possible the source of coal is the carbonic acid of the atmosphere wliich gave food to the trees whose bodies partly decaying form ed coal if all the carbonic acid was con verted into coal there would be a layer of coal 1 foot deep over the whole globe or 4 feet deep over the land there is more corbon in the air than in the coal beds most of the carbon exists in the form of limestone and all this was also once in the atmosphere graphite of black lead petroleum or rock oil and diamonds are all carbon as well as coal coal in the earth exists in layers of various thickness and at varying depths under ground in wales the formation contains 80 seams or layers of coal aggregation 120 feet of coal and lying from a few hundred to 12,000 feet below the surface a seam must be 2 feet deep to pay for working in pennsylvania some single seams 100 feet deep have been found most of the seams are valueless being less than 2 feet a geologist can tell by the rocks of a country whether it has auy coal and how deep the beds are the earth is made of layers of rocks and coal occurs in partic ular layers coal must have formed very slowly probably 1 yard iu 1,000 years a welsh coal bed of 120 feet of coal must have required 40,000 years to form the coal near egvpt in north carolina is 460 feet below the surface and the layer or seam is 5 feet thick this lecture was well delivered and abundantly illustrated by means of maps these two lectures should be delivered throughout the enf ire state and printed in pamphlet form for distribution we regret our inability to give more than the above exceedingly hasty and meagre sketch t eloquent extracts below we give to our readers a few ex tracts from a lecture delivered before the normal school at chapel hill by prof a w mangum well knowu to our readers : i have therefore concluded that i could find no subject more appropriate for an address before this association than tne bible — the text-book for all men and for all ages prof mangum asked was the bible sufficient to establish the truth and reveal the true character of god an argument of some length clearly establised the great aims and truthfulness ofthe word of god the bible character of god shows itself more plainly and effectively when com pared with the characters which have been assigned to jupiter of mythology the krishm of brahma of paganism the blind chance of the fatalist the crude fancy of materialism the absurd omni i formity of the pantheist or any or all of j the multiform and transcedental vagaries of infidel philosophy * * so the bible is not a failure but in its own glorious sphere is still un rivalled and victorious notwithstand ing all this it has determined enemies the irreligious in the learned world leave no theory untested that gives the faintest promise of its refutation we note es pecially three daring charges of modern infidelity 1st it contends that the bible is con tradicted by known truths in science 2nd it affirms that the bible is too re stricted in its plans of benevolence for this broad humanitarian spirit of this age 3rd it pronounces it antiquated obso lete and unadequate te our era of great intellectual achievements and unprece dented refinement in answer to the , first he raised himself erect and with pride proclaimed that those branches , which are arrayed against the bible are successfully refuted by the bible and its devotees progress is the foster child of christi anity the bible does not profess or aim to teach the world in art science letters and refinement but under its benignant reign these eminent branches of human the georgia convention is composed of lawyers 51 farmers 44 doctors 15 mer chants 13 manufacturers 5 railroad man agers 4 teachers 2 editors 2 preachers 5 professional office-holders 4 this is not a full list i i j mrs wimberly of otter creek fin has netted 312.59 on three-fourths of nu i acre of cucumbers this season on the same piece of land this lady has planted | sugar cane upon which she hopes to make at least 200 the following new anecdote is told of ex-governor letcher of virginia : gov ernor letcher returning from a baptist fair was asked by a friend what he had been doing i have been eating oysters for the lord at a dollar a dozen was the reply the wheeling w va register in an editorial urging the selection of charles ton kanawha county as the permanent location for the state capital where a state-house had already been erected as against clarksburg where these build ings would cost 500,000 makes the an nexed acknowledgment ofthe new state's obligations in regard to the old debt of virginia : attempt to evade it as wo may the people of west virginia will very soon be forced to look fair in the face and pro vide for the payment of her equitable proportion of the old state debt of vir ginia whether that equitable proportion be 5,000,000 or 15,000,000 the strikers on the erie railroad fixed their terms at the outset on friday a committee of firemen and brakesmen handed the superintendent of the road a document in writing containing the fol lowing demands on behalf of the firemen brakesmen switchmen and trackmen to wit that all the men discharged for tak ing part in any meeting or going as com mittee to new york shall be reinstated brakesmen to receive 2 per day switch men 2 and head switchmen 2.25 track men in yards 1.50 per day trackmen on sections to receive 1.40 per day ami pay no rental on company's grounds except as per agreement the firemen to have the same pay or rates of pay as tliey re ceived prior to july i 1677 and monthly passes to be continued same as before and passes be issued to brakesmen and switch men raleigh sens singular but true a few days ago a gentleman who lives near this city was walking through his farm and when quite a distance from his dwelling heard the chirp of a chicken thinking that some hen had stolen her nest he followed up the chirp and found a young chicken foi lowing a partridge he carried the chicken to his house and there related the circumstances to the lady members of his family the ladies prompted by cu riosity repaired to the place where the chicken was found and during their search they discovered a partridge nest with six teen partridge eggs and the shell of a hen's egg which accounted for the waif the partridge eggs were carried home and placed under a sitting hen and much to the surprise of the household there were soon sixteen little partridges running around the yard a few days subsequently the one little chicken could not be found any where about the premises but was aftei - wards discovered with the partridge ia the woods two miles from the dwelling query which is the mother of the chick en the partridge or the hen — wilmington review some hope left when the oxyhy drogen microsope was first exhibited iu edinburgh a poor woman whose riches would never hinder her assent to the king dom above took her seat in the lecture room where the wonders of the instrument were shown and which were for the first time to meet her sight a piece of lace was magnified into a salmon net a flea was metamorphosed into an elephnat and other like marvels were performed before the eyes ofthe venarable dame who sal in silent astonishment staring open mouthed at the disk but when at length a milliner's needle was transformed into a poplar tree and confronted her with its huge eye she could hold in no longer my goodness she exclaimed a camel could go through that there's hope for the rich folks yet it has always been customary in paris and other large cities to name the streets and boula vards after the members of the governing powers and eminent statesmen and savants but it is also customan tu change those names again at every over throw of the government this has ut course , caused many inconveniences and madame zedde had a proof of that nuis ance when her husband came home at 1 o'clock in the morning what kept you so long she inquired well my love in answered w is not my fault if 1 conn home at thi time they have changed the name of our street and i could not lind mv way home consolation the ohio state jour tells ofa village clergyman who visiting a parishoner buttering from a lingering disease expressed to his wife a hope tha she sometimes spoke to bim of the future i do indeed sir wa the reply ol ten and often i wakes him in the uight and says john john you little think of the torture as is prepared for j an progress are most rapidly and inspiringly j developed they flourish most where | christianity most signally triumphs * i * * * here the professor drew i a comparison between those countries i where the bible is read and those where paganism and idolatry exist his picture j of china was very interesting dealing minutely with the manners socially morally and politically in speaking of the bible he said : it tells the navigator ofa ship that rode the i waves that hid the mountains and drown ed the world and even tells of one who walked erect on storm-lashed billows with naught but his sandals beneath him it tells the railroad king of a chariot of j fire rolling its flashing wheels on plains of j ether through the trackless heavens * * * * « * j it tells the architect of jasper walls and ! gates of pearl and streets of shining gold and a city that shall stand through end less ages it tells the sons of mueic of bands of immortal harpers arrayed on glass and fire striking to the numbers of undying praise and joy it points the painter to the unrivalled pictures on the sky robes ofthe morning anil curtains of glory that veil the setting sun and tells him these are but faint shadows of the beauties that shine forever in the inner galleries of the skies ****** then say not the bible is a failure it is sufficent for the age aud it will be suf ficeut for all human ages it will have the place of highest honor known in the alcoves of time when the poetry of shakes peare and homer the science of hum boldt and darwin the history of gibbon and mccauley aud the orators of demos thenes aud webster are lost or forgotten aye it will hold its place in perfected edition through everlasting ages in the library of eternity • * *•*■' * * * in conclusion te all patriotic citizens of this grand old commonwealth or of any other section of this great republic i com mend the principles ofthis matchless vol ume as the guardians of civil and reli gious right and the infallible guides to genuine political economy and permanent national prosperity to woman in what ever sphere of life i commend it as the author and vindicator of that faithful re cognition of her transcendent loveliness and excellency which is to-day one of the most honorable distinction of christian civilization to you gentlemen i commend it as ihe sure unerring chart by which if you are truly loyal we must direct this university — this flag-ship of the educational navy of north carolina with all the life-laden fleet that follows in he wake — on her glorious voyage of beneficience and honor to each and all i commend it as the superhuman mentor ever ready ever sure let it choose your vocation your pleasures your companions your fash ions your honors your rewards your hopes and your destiny marked attention was paid throughout the entire lecture and not unfrequently did the audience bestow the well merited applause it is to be hoped that the en tire lecture will be published valuable testimony — the elections in rome are very significant the cleri cal party have had their candidates and have put forth their utmost strength and they have been utterly defeated this in rome where the pope and the goodness or badness of romanism and romish rule are better known than anywhere on earth ! if the people of this country wish to be informed whether romish supremacy in this country would be a blessing the peo ple of rome are prepared to give testimo ny on the subject they have given it in the elections just held the whole influ ence of the clergy was exerted on the masses of the population aud the entire strength of the clerical party was polled the result is that they were utterly de feated not one clerical candidate was elected — s w presbyterian the following order issued a week or ten days ago is what caused the trouble on the pennsylvania railroad notice to dispatchers on and after thursday july 19 1877 two trains are to be run on union and two trains on national line through between pittsburg and altoona thirty six cars to a train a pusher from pittsburg to deny and a pusher from coneniaugh to altoona no passenger engines to be run on freight balance of trains to divide at derry first in aud first out derry to be the head quarters eastward where engines will lie turned between derry and pittsburg all double-headers thirty-six cars to a train or as many as they can haul to be increased or decreased in the judgment of dispatcher — according to lading in cars robert pitcairn superintendent the pioneers of the catholic colony of saint brendan arrived in spartanburg on the 18th inst thirty thousand acres of land have been purchased in transylva nia and henderson counties in this state for colonization purposes arrangements have been made for the removal thither of sixty-five families from eight different states of the union they will turn their attention to farming and stock-raising — ibilcigh news old dumps tbey nsed to make fun of him at the ffic0 he was a queer old fellow with a olemn to and what we thought ridi y polite ways he would takeoff ltwhen lie came in and say good morning gentlemen i trust i 5f you all in good health this fine day xiul some of the boys would nod and ii11 wouldn't do anything but i never could hdp standing up and bowing per fopa because i knew that my mother rould have said i ought to do it to he sure lie was only on salary like onrselves but he had been at r & p '* twenty-five years and young fel lows had come and gone and there he was am you sec it was gentlemanly of bim i said : and if he was a little creature with a queer little whig why he looked lomething like a gentleman too i said ouce to merrivale next desk to mine ; but well i didn't try it again you see merrivale was up to every thing dressed elegantly sneered at every thing almost and i'd come from a eoun rv town and he was a city man s'obodv was down on old dumps a he was especially after lie made us thaf bpecch about our conduct to the la dies ] lumps made a speech you know ; and i was mini vale who had said the lady only came in to look at him i'm sure she reilly wanted to know the sav to the street she asked for and how die colored and hurried out ! and humps with his brown wig look ed to mc like the gentleman that day ; and merrivale with his fine curling hair and black moustache and broad shoulders like a puppy the man who calls a blush to the eh'eek ofa good woman by look or tone must have forgotten his own mother said old liun ps when hat lady asked you a civil question she relied on ber belief that you were a gentleman mr merrivale when : ynu answered her as you did and spoke j nf in i as you did any one could read your ! insulting thoughts mr merrivale and you did not even rise from your scat i sir vou proved that she was very much j mistaken " mean to say i am no gentleman ?" ■ iiii merrivale in this instance sir said old dumps j vou certainly have not conducted your • self as one should merrivale pulled his coat half off and ■ pulled it on again pshaw said he ; he knows he's safe hiere'd be no fun in knocking down an ■ old hag of bones like that i could do it . with my little finger but you attend to | vour own business will you old dumps • i ran behave myself without your advice and that ain't the first woman that's come i in just for a sort of flirtation i'm used to that sou of thing i am mr dumps is right this time said i bah !" said merrivale you're from tin country thank heaven for it then my young friend said dumps and sat down after that merrivale was never half way . civil to dumps and the boys followed menivalc's lead bnt 1 liked the old li how when we met in the street i'd j take off my hat aud shake hands and ay some of those polite things that moth j er used to say and i wrote of him to j mother and she said she was glad that in r hoy knew what was due to a good old j gentleman bnt after all iu the office ! you know what the boys thought and aid had its influence who were the boys f why there was merrivale with his darling airs and his ay of letting you know he was favorite with the women and carberry who didn't care about rtyle and knew the city and stover who used to come with red ! eyes and headaches and boast that he had jeen making a night of it it was lonely enough in the great city ai i should have liked to join the coin pany with dumps aud walk home with him from church sometimes but i was j afraid of meeting one of the boys and i ' never did bnt 1 would bow to him and we took our hats off to each other always ! sometimes when i lived at haredale w'di my mother i've seen the sky beauti ful and uiight and blue one hour and the ftext black with the clouds of a thunder j torro iu>t that wa.v n,.v trouble came to in an awful trouble such as i could u»t have dreamed of j i had written to my mother that i was u"i»g well and liked my business and oam be down to see her on sunday mien i was sent for to go iuto the inner j ce ; and tljere — i can't go through with i cau't even remember details but i *■••* charged with being a thief you'd have to understand our particu ir business as well as book-keeping to snow how i was supposed to have done jt but they believed i had robbed them ofone hundred pounds ihey urged me to confess i was inno i ce"t and i uid so then they told ine j ey dill not wish to be hard on me • 1 was young the city was a bad place f°r boys they would be merciful and 0l>'y dismiss me without a recom menda tio all i could say had no effect they proved me guilty before they accused mo tony wid ; and at last i staggered out in to the office the boys were getting ready j to go home i saw they knew what had j happened none of you believed tliis of me said i none of you who know me ?" i and merrivale said look here forrester you're very lucky to get off so carberry said : now come we know too much to be fooled it's always your sly boots of a young man that does these sort of things ! and grab said : i say forrester don't talk too much you'll give yourself away and stover said : oh go take a glass of brandy and wa ter and don't go on like a girl about it and with shame and rage and grief i could have died ; when out of his dusty coiner came little old dump in his little 6nuff-colored overcoat and held out his hand mr forrester he said i've watch ed you ever since you've been here i know what you are you are incapable of a dishonest act aud what is more i will prove it before i rest the man who honors his mother will do no dishonorable thing he took my hand in his arm and bovw ing to the others walked out with me i heard crab and stover and carberry laugh but merrivale give us a furious look and stood white to the lips lookiug after ns mr dumps said i i thank you for your confidence iu me — i deserve it — in this at least ; but it saves my heart from breaking under this disgrace how shall i tell my mother ?" don't tell her yet said he wait — others sliall think of you as i do soon then we went on in silence he took me to his room where he kept bachelor's hall he made tea for me and served me with sliced potted beef and thin bread and butter the room was a strange old fashion place enough like a room iu a story — and there was a ininature of a young lady in the costume of forty years before on the wall over the mantel ; and of book shelves old calf-bound voltuiins — fielding's amelia thaddcus of warsaw evelina — i can't tell you all of them ; and on he stand near the fire the prayer book with a book-mark hanging to it and it was not until we had done tea that he said to me very apologetically af ter i had called hitn mr dumps : mr forrester excuse me but i am not named dumps that is the name by which the young men at the store consid ered it witty to call me i confess i could not see the wit but it rather hurt them more than me i saw by your manner tlmt you had made a mistake my name is adams i was so much ashamed of having used the nick-name innocently as i did it i could have cried but my friend comforted me i think that but for hi sympathy that night i should have taken my life i did not be lieve he could help me even then but he did i said i could not tell you just what they accused me of doing unless you knew the ins and outs of our business aud i can't tell you how i did it for the same reason but one day he came to me flushed with triumph and took both my hands and shook them hard and said : my dear boy it's all right i'd watched before and had a clue your character is cleared the firm welcome you back with regrets that they should have sus pected you and the real culprit is found the real culprit is merrivale and stover is his accomplice and so it really was tliey had doc tored my books and meddled with my proof — they made me out a thief as plain ly as though i had been one and they never guessed that old dumps with his suspicions aroused had played detec tive and was able to come to my rescue in the hour of need i went back to my situation aud i've got on well ever since ; but there's more of my story think of my dear old dumps turning out to be my uncle — my mother's own brother — and neither of us guessing it long ago other people had quarreled and so separated these two who were al ways frieuds think of the little man in the shabby wig aud coat proving to be quite rich and going down the country to live with his sister for the rest of his life in vacations aud holidays i go to see them they are happy together and the little tea is set with the china and there is potted beef and jelly and i'm petted like a child and in my uncle's room the old miniature of the young lady haii"s on the mantal piece as it did in his lodgiugs and once he told me its sweet sad sto ry and i knew why the quaint old man iu the office had a more true and tender gal lantry to women and was a braver friend and more perfect gentleman than the young fops who grinned at him from the high stools between his desk and the win dow and gave him the nickname of old dumps prayer is a haven to shipwrecked ma riners an anchor to them thataresiukiug in the waves a staff to the limbs that totter a mine of jewels to the poor a security to the rich a healer of disease and a guar dian of health prayer at once secures the continuance of our blessings ami dis sipates the cloud of our calamities — chrysottom university normal school lecture by professor kerr the state geologist climatology and oeologv special correspondence ofthe n_ws chapel hill july 14 1877 the second lecture of the course was delivered yesterday afternoon by prof w c kerr in the college chapel the subject of the lecture was climatolog the importance of the subject is not generally recognized the climate of a country determines its products cultiva tion the climate of england forbids raising of silkworms or of the grape therefore england in spite of long con tinued and obstinate attempts to carry on these industries is compelled by na ture to import her wine and silk she manufactures silk to be sure but the cocoons are imported climate is determined by temperature and moisture controlled by geographical position and topographical relations temperature is determined chiefly by latitude the thermometer falling 1 to li for 1 of latitude modified by 1 elevation 3 for 1,000 feet 2 the distance and direction of the coast lines and mountain ranges 3 winds 4 ocean currents moisture or humidity depends on — 1 relation to water surface 2 winds 3 ocean currents the winds from the african desert very hot aud dry at first become charged with moisture as they blow over the mediterranean and reach italy and sicily in a condition favorable to vegetation winds from the same county become the hot destructive monsoons of arabia and india the mediterranean has changed the monsoon into the sirocco so mnch for climatology in general let us consider north carolina where is north carolina ? nobody knows everybody says its lati tude is from 33 56 to 36 30 the real latitude is s e corner 30 51 37 n e corner 3g 33 15 "; n w corner 30 34 25 its topographical relations are as follows it lies e and w 475 miles n and s 100 miles it is wide in the east narrow in the west low in the east high iu the west sounds and lakes east mountains west it has five topographical and climate divisions : 1 seaboard 50 feet elevation above the sea level 2 sandy pine barren 100 to 200 feet elevation 3 hill country 600 to 700 feet 4 piedmont 1,000 feet 5 mountain plateau 2,600 feet the east end is thrust into the gulf stream and the west end is elevated the effect is nearly the same as it would be if the state were turned half around and lay lengthwise up and down the coast the winds meet iu north caro lina and contend for the mastery n w hot and dry s w hot and moist ; n e cold it cannot rain with a n w wind the s w wind generally brings rain the climate of north carolina is dry being about 60 that of ireland is 88 london 80 new orleans 86 north carolina has ever range of cli mate producing all kinds of vegetation balsam palmetto hemlock live oak it has more varieties of any one botonical species than any other portion of the g'obe of the same extent it has wild horses whales and corals the state is especially suited for manufacturing our rainfall gives us a power equal to the whole steam power of england the lecture was illustrated by maps wliich displayed by meaus of lines the various features of climate described by prof kerr at night the subject of the lecture was upon geology relating to coal coal is a combustible black stone lt was used by the greeks romans and britons it is used chiefly to feed steam engiues the mining of coal was attend ed by great danger until sir humphey davy invented the safety lamp before that time the operations were either conducted in the dark or by the feeble light of phosphorescent wood usually called fox fire a dangerous gas called fire damp accumulates in the coal mine and explodes in contact with flame davy's lamp cuts off the flame from the surrounding atmosphere by a covering of wire guage through which the flame will not pass prof kerr visited a coal mine in eng land went down a shaft 2500 feet deep iu a car the coal cars were continually ascending and descending bringing up two tons of coal every minute in the mines 2500 feet underground were peo ple horses railways a small village some of the men had not seen tho light of day in thirty years it was very warm and the air had to lie cooled by blasts of cool air blown in by the aid of the steam engine wliich was located in the bank near the shaft 1,250 feet from the surface and furnished the power te carry on all the work coal which is lower than 3,000 feet cannot be mined because at that depth the heat is too intense to per